CE 3213 Column

Generally concrete compression members whose

unsupported length is more than 3 times the least
RC Column dimension of the cross section are classified as
columns.

Columns are primarily classified as short column and

long column

Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Short Column Long Column

The majority of reinforced concrete columns are
subjected to primary stresses caused by flexure,
axial force, and shear. Secondary stresses
associated with deformations are usually very
small in most columns used in practice. These
columns are referred to as "short columns."

Short columns are simply designed using the
interaction diagrams. The capacity of a short
column is the same as the capacity of its section
under primary stresses, irrespective of its length.

Long columns, columns with small cross-
sectional dimensions, and columns with little
end restraints may develop secondary
stresses associated with column
deformations, especially if they are not
braced laterally. These columns are referred
to as "slender columns". Slender columns
resist lower axial loads than short columns
having the same cross-section.

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 Analysis and Design of “Short” Columns
Analysis and Design of “Short”
Columns
General Information General Information

Column Types:
Column: Vertical Structural members
1. Tied
Transmits axial compressive loads with
or without moment 2. Spiral
transmit loads from the floor & roof to 3. Composite
the foundation
4. Combination
5. Steel pipe

Analysis and Design of “Short” Columns

Tied Columns - About 95% of all columns in

buildings are tied

Tie spacing ≅ h (except for seismic)

tie support long bars (reduce buckling)
ties provide negligible restraint to
lateral expose of core

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 Analysis and Design of “Short” Columns

Spiral Columns

Pitch “S” = 1.375 inch to 3.375 inch

spiral restrains lateral (Poisson’s effect)
axial load delays failure (ductile)

Members which sustain chiefly axial
compression load, it is economical to make
the concrete carry most of the load. Still, some
steel reinforcement is always provided for
resisting any bending that may exist.
If part of load carried by the steel which
is much greater strength, the dimension of the
member can be reduced.
When axial load is applied , the compression
strain is the same over the entire cross
section, and the bonding between steel and
concrete also same.
The loading rate is practically very slower
than the rate in lab. Under this condition the
maximum available compression strength
of reinforced concrete is about 0.85f’c.

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 An elastic analysis using the transformed section
method would be:

At low stress, up to about f’c /2, the concrete For concentrated load, P
behaves nearly elastically, ie. Stress and
P
strains are closely proportional. The fc = uniform stress over section
compression strain in the concrete at any Ac + nAst
n = Es / Ec
given load, is equal to the compression
Ac = concrete area
strain in the steel. f s = nf c
As = steel area

Ac = concrete area
As = steel area
Ag = gross are
Column are chiefly carry loads in
P= axial load compression, but simultaneously
bending is almost always present.
Then P = fc Ac + fs As = fc Ac + nfc As
Or P = fc (Ac + n As)
P = fc [Ag + (n-1) As]

Prob. Column section is 15 x 15 inch and is

reinforced with 8 nos 16 mm dia MS bar. Determine
the axial load which will stress the concrete to 1250
psi. f’c is 3 ksi and fy is 60 ksi.

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 Elastic Behavior
Elastic Behavior
The change in concrete strain with respect to time will
Due to Concrete creeps and shrinks we can not
effect the concrete and steel stresses as follows:
calculate the stresses in the steel and concrete for
“acting” loads using an elastic analysis.
Concrete stress
Therefore, we are not able to calculate the real
stresses in the reinforced concrete column under
acting loads over time. As a result, an “allowable
stress” design procedure using an elastic analysis
Steel stress was found to be unacceptable. Reinforced concrete
columns have been designed by a “strength” method
since the 1940’s.

Design Assumptions for RC column
Assumption 3

(Strength Design) Stress in reinforcement fs below the

Assumption 1 yield strength fy shall be taken as Es
times the steel strain εs. For strains
Strain in reinforcement and concrete
greater than fy/Es, stress in
shall be assumed directly proportional reinforcement shall be considered
to the distance from the neutral axis. independent of strain and equal to fy.

Assumption 2
Assumption 4
Maximum Useable Strain at extreme Tensile strength of concrete shall be
concrete compression fiber shall be neglected in flexural calculations of
assumed equal to εu=0.003 reinforced concrete.

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Assumption 6

Assumption 5 Assumption 5 may be considered satisfied by an
equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution
Relationship between concrete defined as:
compressive stress distribution and A concrete stress of 0.85f’c shall be assumed
uniformly distributed over an equivalent compressive
concrete strain shall be assumed to be zone bounded by edge of the cross section and a
rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic or any straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a
other shape that results in prediction of distance a=β1c from the fiber of maximum
compressive strain. Distance c from the fiber of
strength in substantial agreement with maximum compressive strain to the neutral axis.
results of compressive tests. (most Fraction β1 shall be taken as 0.85 for strength f’c up
common stress distributions are parabolic, to 4000 psi and shall be reduced continuously at a
rate of 0.05 for each 1000 psi of strength in excess
trapezoidal and rectangular)
of 4000 psi, but β1 shall not be taken less than 0.65.

Strength of column subjected to axial

load only

Ideally, if a column is subjected the pure axial load,

concrete and reinforcing steel will have the
same amount of shortening. Concrete reaches
its maximum strength at 0.85fc' first. Then,
concrete continues to yield until steel reaches its
yield strength, fy, when the column fails.
The strength contributed by concrete is
0.85f’c(Ag-Ast), where fc' is compressive
strength of concreter, Ag is gross area of
column, Ast is areas of reinforcing steel.

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 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads Design under Concentric Axial loads

1. Initial Behavior up to Nominal Load - Tied and

spiral columns.

Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial loads Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial loads

P0 = 0.85 f c * (Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast

Let 2. Maximum Nominal Capacity for Design ⇒ Pn (max)
Ag = Gross Area = b*h Ast = area of long steel
fc = concrete compressive strength
Pn (max ) = rP0
fy = steel yield strength
r = Reduction factor to account for accidents/bending

Factor due to less than ideal consolidation and curing r = 0.80 ( tied )
ACI 10.3.6.3
conditions for column as compared to a cylinder. r = 0.85 ( spiral )

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Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial loads Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial loads

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast) 3. Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)
Ast - Minimum # of Bars ACI Code 10.9.2
Let ρg = min. of 6 bars in circular arrangement
Ag
w/min. spiral reinforcement.
- ACI Code 10.9.1 requires 0.01 ≤ ρ g ≤ 0.08 min. of 4 bars in rectangular
arrangement
min. of 3 bars in triangular ties

Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial loads Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial loads

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties) 3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)

ACI Code 7.10.5.1 Vertical spacing: (ACI 7.10.5.2)

size ≥ # 3 bar if longitudinal bar ≤ # 10 bar s ≤ 16 db ( db for longitudinal bars )

≥ # 4 bar if longitudinal bar ≥ # 11 bar s ≤ 48 db ( db for tie bar )
≥ # 4 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled s ≤ least lateral dimension of column

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Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial loads Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial loads

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties) Examples of

Arrangement Vertical spacing: (ACI 7.10.5.3) lateral ties.

1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have

lateral support from the corner of a tie with an
included angle ≤ 135o.
2.) No longitudinal bar shall be more than 6 in.
clear on either side from “support” bar.

Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial loads Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)

Spiral Reinforcement Ratio, ρs

Reinforcement Requirements (Spirals ) ρs = volume of spiral in one loop
volume of core for a spacing S
ACI Code 7.10.4

size ≥ 3/8 “ dia. (3/8” φ smooth bar, Volume of Spiral 4 Asp

#3 bar dll or wll wire) ρs = =
Volume of Core Dc s
1 in. ≤ clear spacing
between spirals ≤ 3 in. ACI 7.10.4.3
 A π Dc 
 from : ρ s = sp 
 1 4 π Dc2 s 

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Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial loads

Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)

A   f ′
 
ρ s = 0.45 *  g − 1 *  c  ACI Eqn. 10-5
 
 Ac   f y 
where
Asp = cross - sectional area of spiral reinforcement

π Dc2

CE 3213
Ac = core area =
4
Dc = core diameter : outside edge to outside edge of spiral
s = spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)
f y = yield strength of spiral steel (≤ 60,000 psi )

4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads

4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads
(a) Load Combination
(b) General Strength Requirement
Gravity: Pu = 1.2 PDL + 1.6 PLL
Gravity + Wind: Pu = 1.2 PDL + 1.0 PLL + 1.6 Pw φ Pn ≥ Pu
and Pu = 0.9 PDL + 1.3Pw
where, φ = 0.65 for tied columns
etc. Check for
tension φ = 0.70 for spiral columns

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 (c) Expression for Design
defined: * when ρg is known or assumed:

ACI Code (0.01 ≤ ρ g ≤ 0.08)

Ast Pu
ρg = Ag ≥
φ r [0.85 f c + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f c )]
Ag

  * when Ag is known or assumed:

φ Pn = φ r  Ag (0.85 f c ) + Ast ( f y − 0.85 f c ) ≥ Pu P 
14243 1442443 1
 concrete  Ast ≥  u − Ag (0.85 f c )
steel
( f y − 0.85 f c )  φr 

or

φ Pn = φ r Ag [0.85 f c + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f c )] ≥ Pu

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 Design tied column for concentric axial load Check the compression or tension in the column

Pdl = 150 k; Pll = 300 k; Pw = 50 k

Pu = 0.9 Pdl − 1.3Pw
= 0.9 (150 k ) − 1.3 ( 50 k ) = 70 k
fc = 4500 psi fy = 60 ksi
For a square column r = 0.80 and φ = 0.65 and let ρ = 0.03
Design a square column. Select longitudinal
transverse reinforcement. Pu
Ag ≥
SOLUTION: Determine the loading
(
φ r 0.85f c + ρ g ( f y − 0.85f c ))
Pu = 1.2 Pdl + 1.6 Pll 660 k
≥
 0.85 ( 4.5 ksi ) 
= 1.2 (150 k ) + 1.6 ( 300 k ) = 660 k ( 0.65 )( 0.8 )  
 + ( 0.03) ( 60 ksi − 0.85 ( 4.5 ksi ) ) 
Pu = 1.2 Pdl + 1.0 Pll + 1.6 Pw
≥ 230.4 in 2
= 1.2 (150 k ) + 1.0 ( 300 k ) + 1.6 ( 50 k ) = 560 k Ag = d 2 ⇒ d = 15.2 in. ⇒ d = 16 in.

For a square column, As=ρAg= 0.03(15.2 in.)2 =6.93 in2

1  Pu  Check P0
Ast ≥ − 0.85f c Ag 
( f y − 0.85fc )  φ r 
P0 = 0.85fc ( Ag − Ast ) + fy Ast
1
≥
( ( 60 ksi ) − 0.85 ( 4.5 ksi ) ) = 0.85( 4.5 ksi) ( 256 in2 −6.32 in2 ) +( 60 ksi) ( 6.32 in2 )
 660 k 2 =1334 k
*  − 0.85 ( 4.5 ksi )(16 in ) 
 ( 0.65 )( 0.8 ) 
φPn =φrP0 = 0.65( 0.8)(1334 k) = 694 k > 660 k OK
≥ 5.16 in 2

Use 8 #8 bars Ast = 8(0.79 in2) = 6.32 in2

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 Stirrup design
Use #3 ties compute the spacing

b − # db − 2( cover + dstirrup ) 16db =16(1.0 in.) =16 in. ⇐ governs

s= 
( # bars −1) s ≤ 48dstirrup = 48( 0.375 in.) =18 in.
smaller b or d =16 in. ⇐ governs
16 in. − 3(1.0 in.) − 2(1.5 in. + 0.375 in.) 
=
2
= 4.625 in. < 6 in. No cross-ties needed Use #3 stirrups with 16 in. spacing in the column

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Consider a column subjected to axial load, P and
bending moment, M. Axial load P produces a uniform The interaction diagrams of concrete column with
stress distribution across the section while bending strength reduction factor is available on ACI
moment produces tensile stress on one side and design handbook.
compressive stress on the other.
Strain and stress distributions of short concrete
The vertical axis is φPn /Ag and the horizontal axis is
column at failure and interactive diagram φMn /Agh, where h is the dimension of column in
Assumption: the direction of moment. The chart is arranged
1. A plan section remains a plan at failure. Strain based on the ratio, γ which is the ratio of the
distributes linearly across section distance between center of longitudinal
2. Concrete fails at a strain of 0.003.
reinforcements to h.
3. Reinforcing steel fails at a strain of 0.005.

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 Behavior under Combined Bending and Axial Loads Behavior under Combined Bending and
Usually moment is represented by axial load times Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment (Failure Envelope )
eccentricity, i.e.

Concrete crushes
before steel yields

Steel yields before

concrete crushes

Note:
Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure.

Axial Compression (P0): This is a theoretical case assuming

that a large axial load is acting at the plastic centroid ; e=0
Example: Column design using
and M=0. In this case failure of the column occurs by Interaction Diagrams
crushing of the concrete and yielding of steel bar.
Maximum Allowable Axial load (P nmax); In this case
Determine the tension and compression
normal force acting on the section with minimum
eccentricity. reinforcement for a 16 in x 24 inch
Compression Controls:
rectangular tied column to support Pu= 840
k and Mu = 420 k-ft. Use fc = 4 ksi and
Balanced Condition :
fy = 60 ksi. Using the interaction diagram.
Tension control:
Pure Flexure
Page 297~299

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 Solution: Interaction Diagrams
γ h = 24 in. − 5.0 in. = 19.0 in.
Compute the initial components 1 9 .0 in .
γ = = 0 .7 9
2 4 in .

Rn = Pn x e / (f’c x Ag x h)
 12 in. 
420 k-ft   = [(840/.65) x (6)] / [ 4 x 384 x 24]
en =
Mu
=  ft  = 6.0 in.
Pu 840 k = 0.21
Kn = Pn / (f’c x Ag)
= (840/.65) / ( 4 x 384)
= 0.84

Using an interaction
Using an interaction
diagram, B-13
diagram, B-14

( Rn , K n ) = ( 0.21, 0.84 ) ( Rn , K n ) = ( 0.21, 0.84 )

γ = 0.7 γ = 0.9
f c = 4 ksi f y = 60 ksi f c = 4 ksi f y = 60 ksi
ρ = 0.042 ρ = 0.034

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 Determine the amount of steel required
Using linear interpolation to find the ρ of the column

ρ0.9 − ρ0.7 Ast = ρ Ag = ( 0.0384 )(16 in.)( 24 in.)

ρ = ρ0.7 + (γ − 0.7 )
( 0.9 − 0.7 ) = 14.75 in 2
( 0.034 − 0.042 ) 0.79 − 0.7
= 0.042 − ( )
( 0.9 − 0.7 ) Select the steel for the column, using #11 bars
= 0.0384
Ast 14.75 in 2
= = 9.45 bars ⇒ 10 bars
Ab 1.56 in 2

Column -----

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