GEd 105 Readings in Philippine History Module

GEd 105
Readings in Philippine History

Batangas State University
READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
Module in GEd 105
Prepared by:
CONRADO DM REYES
AMIEL ABACAN
FERDINAND AGENA
Module|Technical Working Committee | 2020 Page|1

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Introduction
This module is intended for all freshmen student, enrolled during the first semester AY 2020-
2021. This is divided into five topics, and further sub-divided into lessons. Each Lesson will
have objectives, lesson proper, learning task and unit activity.
Learning Tasks
Objectives
Lesson Proper Unit Activity
Course Rationale
This course analyzes Philippine history from multiple perspectives through the lens of selected
primary sources. Students are expected to do content and context analysis such as author's
background and main arguments, compare different point of view, identify biases and examine
the evidences presented in the document. The discussion will tackle traditional topics in history
and other interdisciplinary themes that will deepen and broaden the students understanding of
Philippine political, economic, cultural, social, scientific religious history. The end goal is to
develop the historical and critical consciousness of the students so that they will become
versatile, articulate, broadminded, morally upright and responsible citizens.
Intended Learning Outcomes

1. Analyze the context, content and perspective of different kinds of sources.
Main Topic I: Introduction to History

Objectives
1. Understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar with the
underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline.
2. Know the difference between primary and secondary sources
3. Examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences and sources
4. Appreciate research method in history

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Lesson Proper
Lesson 1
History: Introduction and Historical Sources
A. Definition
History refers to the study and interpretation by a historian on the data and other source
of the past human activity, people, societies and civilizations leading to the present day. There
are three important concepts in the definition. First history as we all know is based on past
events. Second it is interpreted by someone usually by historian. They gather, discard and
interpret the sources that they encounter. And finally and the most important history rely on data
and documents which historian call as historical sources.
B. History’s Subject Matter

Like other social science the subject matter of history is the life of people and humanity.
But history has always been known as the study of the past. While this definition of history is not
wrong, it is incomplete. Etymologically, the word history came from the Greek word Historia
which means inquiry. Clearly the word Historia does not mean past events. It denotes asking
question or investigation of the past done by person trained to do so or by persons who are
interested in human past. We can say that historical account must be based on all available
relevant evidence. Therefore a version of the past that cannot be supported by the evidence is
worthless.
Ever heard the taong-ahas story? The half human, half snake creature that supposedly
stalked the ladies room of one of the department store in Manila. The most famous victim of this
creature was supposedly the actress Alice Dixson. It happened three decades ago when Alice
Dixson was only 21 years old. Because it happened in the past, would that story qualify as
history? Or would that story classify as gossip or urban legend?
C. History and the Historian
Historian is an expert or student of history, especially that of a particular period,
geographical region or social phenomenon. There are many duties of a historian. These
historians seek not only historical evidence and facts but also to interpret these facts. He also
gives meaning to these facts and organizes them chronologically. A person who must be able to
recognize the evidence, decide how useful it is and come to conclusion based on what he has
found out. The historian therefore is responsible for reconstructing the past. According to
Gottschalk, historian is many times removed from the events under investigation. He added that
only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who observed it, only a
part of what was remembered was recorded; only a part of what was recorded has survived, only
a part of what was survive has come to the historian attention Moreover only a part of what is
credible has been grasped, and only a part of what has been grasped can expounded or narrated
by the historian.

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Some authors define history as a study of historical perspective. In reconstructing the

past, a historian can be subjective; after all he is human, fallible and capable error. People’s
memories are filled with bias, self righteousness, pride, vanity, spinning, obstruction and outright
lies. Each has his own frame of reference or a set of interlocking values, loyalties assumptions
interest and principle of action. The historian is influenced by his own environment, ideology,
education and influence. His interpretation of the historical fact is affected by his context and
circumstances. It’s like the Indian parable of an elephant and the blind men, historians have
different historical perspective.
Because certain events happened so long ago and because sometimes the evidence is
incomplete, historians have different approaches and views about what happened in the past.
This is the subjective nature of history, one historian claims an event happened a certain way,
while another disagree completely. The best approach is to do all we can to reconstruct as fully
as possible our picture of the past. To do this, most scholars use historiography or what they call
history of history. Historiography is the study of how history was written, by whom and why it
was recorded as such. It is concerned with how historians have presented history. Interpretation
about the past can be objective or true as long as they are free of inherent contradictions, are not
contrary to the laws of nature and are based on actual remains from the time period referred to.
There should also a scientific discourse among historians on a particular controversial event. If
an idea that say Jose Rizal retracted on being a mason stand up to the critique of historian who
are the skeptical of his retraction then the idea must be true. One big advantage of historiography
is that the liars of history are usually quite transparent.
Another way for a historian to be objective is to follow the historical method. It is the
core protocols historians’ use for handling sources. An agreed ground rules for researching and
writing academic research or professional history. An objective historian must verify sources, to
date them, locate the place of origin and identify their intended functions. It is important for a
historian to base their accounts on source materials.

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D. Sources of History
Historical sources are tangible remains of the past. It is an object from the past or
testimony concerning the past on which historians depend in order to create their own depiction
of the past. There are three kinds of sources namely: primary, secondary, and tertiary sources.
Primary sources
A primary source is a testimony of an individual who was a participant in or a direct
witness to the event that is being described. It is a document or physical object which was written
or created during the time under a study. Those sources were present during an experience or
time period and offer an inside view of a particular event. Primary sources are characterized by
their content, regardless of whether they are available in original format, in microfilm, in digital
format or in published format.
There are five main categories of primary sources. It includes written sources, numerical
records, oral statements, relics, and images. The most common are written sources or documents.
They are written or printed materials that have been produced in one form or another sometime
in the past. They may be published materials such as travelogue, transcription of speech,
autobiographies, journals or newspapers (La Solidaridad). They can be also in manuscript form
or any handwritten or type record that has not been printed. Example of these is archival
materials, memoirs, diary, personal letter or correspondence. The next category is the numerical
records which include any type of numerical data in printed or handwritten form. The third
category is oral statements which include any form of statement made orally by an eyewitness. It
maybe through video recordings, audio recordings, or transcribed. Another category is the relics
or any objects whose physical or visual characteristics can provide some information about the
past. These include artifacts, ruins and fossils. The last category of primary sources is the
images. It includes photograph, posters, paintings, drawing cartoons and maps.
Primary sources: Written sources
Travelogue

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Newspaper
Archival material

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Memoir
Primary source: Numerical Records
Printed numerical graph
Primary source: Oral statements

“My first day was a scary one. There was a patient whose earlobes were so long…he had no
nose, only two holes on his face, and no fingers, only the palm of his hands…the other
patients were in different stages of deformity.”
Sr. Maria Luisa Montenegro, SPC 1940
Oral statement of an eyewitness to the Culion Leper Colony
A person interviewing an eyewitness

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Primary source: Relics
Artifacts (Balanginga Bells)
Ruins

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Fossil (Callao man)

Primary sources: Images
Photograph (Bud Dajo Massacre)

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Painting
Cartoon
Map (Murillo Velarde map c.1734)

Secondary Sources
A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or
more steps removed from the event. It is prepared by an individual who was not direct witness to
an event, but not who obtained his or her description of the event from someone else. Secondary
sources may have pictures, votes or graphics of primary sources in them. Some types of
secondary sources are history textbook, printed materials (serials or periodicals which interpret
previews research), biographies, nonfiction text such as newspaper, magazine, journals, works of
criticism and interpretation.
Tertiary Source
The last kind of sources is the tertiary source. It provides third hand information by
reporting ideas and details from secondary source. An eyewitness is more reliable than testimony
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at second hand, which is more reliable than hearsay or tertiary sources. This does not mean that
tertiary sources have no value, merely that they include potential for an additional layer of bias.
Some examples of this kind of source are encyclopedia, almanac, Wikipedia, YouTube,
dictionaries, message boards, social media sites and other search sites.
Learning Tasks
Watch the YouTube channel: I-Witness: ‘Savage: Juan Luna in Paris,’ a documentary by Howie
Severino and answer the following questions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54R1nWALZFw&t=601s
.1. What are the primary sources you encountered in the documentary? Secondary sources?
Tertiary sources?
2. Why did Constancio Ongpin and Mara Pardo de Tavera had different interpretation about the
same event? Based on the sources they presented who is more convincing among the two?
Why?
3. Did Howie Severino presented the documentary objectively? Explain your answer.
References
A. Textbook
Candelaria Jhon Lee P. and Veronica C. Alphorha. Readings in Philippine history -
Rex Book Store 2018
Solmerano, Ernesto Thaddeus et. al. Readings in Philippine History. Fast Books
Educational Supply Inc. 2018
Torres, Jose Victor, Batis; Sources in Philippine History. C&E Publishing, Inc. 2018
B. Other References
Gottschalk, Louis. A Primer of Historical Method. Alfred A. Knopf 1950
Howell, Martha and Walter Prevenier. From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to
Historical Method. Cornell University Press 2001
Navarro, Atoy M. Ang Bagong Kasaysayan sa Wikang Filipino. Palimbagan ng Lahi.
2000
Orillos-Juan, Florina. Historical Method. Commission on Higher Education. Aug. 12,
2016. De La Salle University -Manila
Severino, Howie (Feb.27, 2016) Savage: Juan Luna in Paris. I-Witness, GMA 7 retrieved
Aug.10, 2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54R1nWALZFw&t=706s
Scott, William Henry. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History.
New Day Publication 1984

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Lesson 2
Historical Criticisms
Objectives
1. Provide ideas that guide the discipline of history

2. Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources
3. Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity and provenance
4. Opportunities to improve critical thinking
Lesson Proper
A. Definition
It is also known as the historical-critical method, Historical criticism is a branch of
criticism that investigates the origin of text or source in order to understand the word behind the
text. The primary goal of historical criticism is to discover the text primitive or original historical
context and its literal sense. The secondary goal seeks establish a reconstruction of historical
situation of the author and recipients of the text. Moreover, in order for source to be used as
evidence in history, basic matters about its form and context must be settled. These are two types
of historical criticism namely: external criticism (investigates the documents form) and internal
criticism (investigates the content of the documents).
B. Additional Goal of Historical Criticism
Historical criticism seeks greater understanding of the texts by analyzing the historical
and social contexts in which they developed. The goal of historical criticism, traditionally, has
been to try to understand the text’s meaning in its original context and to answer questions about
the text, such as: Who wrote it? When was it written? What else what happening at the time of
its writing? How did it come to be in the form we have it today? What did it mean to the people
who first read or heard it?
Historical criticism has also often sought answers to the ever-elusive question of what is
called “authorial intent”: What did the author intend for this text to mean in his or her time and
place? (http://queergrace.com/historical-criticism/)
C. External Criticism
This type of criticism looks for the obvious sign of forgery or misrepresentation. This
type of criticism tests the authenticity of the sources. It is interested in the writing styles of the
eyewitness and his ignorance of the facts. The historian also analyzes the original manuscript; its
integrity, localization and the date it was written. To ascertain if a particular data is fabricated,
forge, fake, corrupted or a hoax, that source must undergo the test of authenticity. Since external
criticism is concern with the explicit sign of misrepresentation, it is the first test the historian
employ to ascertain sources validity.
D. Test of authenticity

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The first step to test a source is to determine the date of document to see whether it is
anachronistic. Anachronism means out of time or order, something that could not have been
there at that particular time. It could be a person, thing or idea placed in a wrong time. Being able
to spot anachronism is important because it helps us test the reliability of a source. If a source is
unreliable then we probably should not use it .Example can be found in Rizal’s allegedly first
poem “ Sa Aking Mga Kabata” where we could find the word “kalayaan”. Rizal admitted that he
first encountered the word though a Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s translation of Rizal’s essay “ El Amor
Patrio”. Rizal wrote this essay in 1882 while the poem supposedly was written by him in the
year 1869.
The second step is to determine the author’s handwriting, signature or seal. We can
compare the handwriting of particular author to his other writings. Obvious sign of forgery in
include patch writing, hesitation as revealed by ink blobs, pauses in the writing, tremor causing
poor line quality and erasures. However, some people are highly skilled in imitating others
handwriting. Even a skilled forger can be caught because the act of writing is a skill is learned
through repetition until it becomes a habit. Thus, there is natural variation in everyone
handwriting. In addition, no one can duplicate all of the intricate subconscious writing habits of
another in an extended writing sample. Example of this is the handwriting in the alleged
retraction letter of Jose Rizal.
The third test in determining the authenticity of the source is by looking for the
anachronistic style. In this test we will examine idiomatic expression or the orthography used in
the documents. An idiom is an expression, word or phrase that has a figurative meaning
conventionally understood by native speakers. When we say ‘break a leg’ we all know that it
means good luck. Orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language. It includes norms
of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis and punctuation. When the poem
Sa Aking Mga Kabata was allegedly written in 1869, most Philippine language was widely
written in a variety of ways based on Spanish Orthography:
Early Tagalog System (taken from Doctrina Christiana,)

Ama namin, nasa Lan͠ gitca,
Ypasamba Mo ang N͠ galanmo.
Mouisaamin ang pagcaharimo.
Ypasonor mo ang loob mo
Dito sa lupa para sa Lan͠ git.
Modern Filipino orthography

Ama namin, sumasalangit Ka,
Sambahín ang Ngalan Mo.
Mapasaamin ang kaharián Mo.
Sundín ang loób Mo
Dito sa lupà, para nang sa langit.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_orthography

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The fourth test is the anachronistic reference to events. For example if the event cited in
the document is prior to the actual event, then the document must be forge or fake.
The fifth test of authenticity is the provenance or custody of the document. Provenance is
the place of origin of earliest known history of documents. It traces the roots of any source.
The other two test of authenticity is the semantics and hermeneutics. Semantics is the
linguistic study of meaning. In this test semantics determine the meaning of the text and words of
the source. We may ask: is the meaning of the statements different from its literal meaning?
Hermeneutics on the other hand is theory and methodology of interpretation. Hermeneutics is
more than interpretation or method used when immediate comprehension fails. In historical
criticism we determine ambiguities which are a word or expression that can be understood in two
or more possible ways. Historians may look also if the statement is meant to be ironic (i.e. mean
other than what it says).
E. Internal Criticism
This type of criticism looks for deeper or more intense study of sources. Usually
historians first apply external criticism before undergoing the test of credibility because of
internal criticisms implicit character. It is important that the document must be verisimilar or as
close as what really happened from a critical examination of best available resources. It refers to
the accuracy of the content of a document. Internal criticism has to do with what the document
says. It investigates the content or substance of a document and the author’s point of view. This
type of criticism tests the credibility of the source.
F. Test of Credibility
The first step is the identification of the author. It determines if the witness is reliable or
if he is consistent by comparing his other works. In this steps historian also examine the mental
processes of the witness, if he is capable of telling the truth, or if he is mentally challenge.
Finally we will look for his personal attitudes, if he is telling something beyond what he saw or
bragging about it. Many historian use some kind of rubric to test the credibility of the author.
The second step in testing the credibility of the eyewitness is to determine the
approximate date. Example of this is again Rizal’s poem “Sa aking mga kabata”. He wrote that
poem when he is only eight years old and that poem is with rhythm and meter. To think that
when Rizal was 8 years old the primary education in the Philippines was nonexistent.
The third step in testing the credibility of the source is its ability to tell the truth.
Historians examine how near an eyewitness is to the event. The closer a source is to the event
which it purports to describe, the more one can trust it to give an accurate historical description
of what actually happened Historian also look for the competence of the eyewitness. Basically
they look for the background of the author like education, health, age or social status. The last
test for this step is the degree of the attention of the eyewitness. Whether the sources witness the
event only partly or if he witnesses the event from the start to finish.

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The fourth step is the willingness to tell the truth. If the eyewitness is coerced, forced or
somebody threaten him to tell something then his account is not valid. If the eyewitness wants to
hide something for personal reason
The last step is to look for corroboration. This particular step rest upon the independent
testimony of two or more reliable sources. The words independent testimony must be emphasize.
For instance, if the soldier who fought the battle, a general who oversaw the battle and a doctor
who treated those wounded who fought the battle, all recorded the same fact or all agree about an
event, historians consider that event proven.
Learning Tasks
Watch the YouTube: History with Lourd: Greatest Hoaxes in Philippine History
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1lShfwt930&t=1064s) and answer the following question.
1. Why did Jose Marco became the most successful Conman in the study of Philippine History?
2.What are the hoaxes during Marcos administration? What kind of historical criticism did
historian use to uncover those hoaxes?
3. What lesson did this documentary impart specially in relation with the spread of fake news?
References
A. Textbooks
Candelaria Jhon Lee P. and Veronica C. Alphorha. Readings in Philippine history - Rex
Book Store 2018
Solmerano, Ernesto Thaddeus et. al. Readings in Philippine History. Fast Books
Educational Supply Inc. 2018
Torres, Jose Victor, Batis; Sources in Philippine History. C&E Publishing, Inc. 2018
B. Other References
_______________Rizal’s Poems. National Historical Institute. 2002
_______________Selected Writing of Rizal. Technology Supply Inc. 1999
Bull, Sylvia and Joseph Schattauer Paillé (July 6, 2015) What is Historical Criticism?
Queer Grace Retrieved. August 5, 2020 from http://queergrace.com/historical-criticism/
De Veyra, Lourd (2017) Greatest Hoaxes in Philippine History. History with Lourd.
News 5 Everywhere. Retrieved Aug. 16, 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1lShfwt930
Gottschalk, Louis. A Primer of Historical Method. Alfred A. Knopf 1950
Howell, Martha and Walter Prevenier. From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to
Historical Method. Cornell University Press 2001
Navarro, Atoy M. Ang Bagong Kasaysayan sa Wikang Filipino. Palimbagan ng Lahi.
2000
Orillos-Juan, Florina. Historical Method. Commission on Higher Education. Aug. 12,
2016. De La Salle University -Manila

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Scott, William Henry. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History.
New Day Publication 1984

1. Analyze the context, content and perspective of different kinds of sources
Main Topic II: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected

Primary Sources
Objectives
1. To properly interpret primary sources through examining the content and context of the
documents
2.To familiarize oneself with the primary documents in different historical periods of the
Philippines
3. To determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding
Philippine history
4. To learn history through primary sources
Lesson Proper
A. Background of the Author/Creator

First the researcher must provide brief biographical sketch of the author or creator of the
primary source. Family background, educational attainment, religion and many others shall be
given priority in presenting the biography of the author. Special attention must also be given to
the first four steps of the test of credibility discussed in the previous module.
B. Background of the Document/Primary Source

Basic background of the source like the type of primary source, how many parts or
chapter, how long is the document shall be given attention. Next is to locate where the primary
source can be found. The repository of primary sources may be found in the library, archive,
museum, historical society or special collection of private individuals.
To check the authenticity of the source, check the provenance or origin of the said
document. Determine also the intended audience or the people the author wants to convey their
ideas with. If it is a letter the recipient in the address will be the audience while if it is a diary the
author is the audience. While it is easy to determine the audience of the aforementioned sources,
most of the time you have to guess. What to do? A researcher must find out who are the creator
and the time of creation. Most of the sources have unique type of audience like academic journal
is for students and other university audience or books is for general public.
Next task is to look for the purpose or motive of the source. How do you discover the
purpose or the reason it was originally made? First understand the historical context. Next is to

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do a background research. Then look at important historical event at the time the source was
made. Finally ascertain intended audience.
C. Content Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in the Document

First look for corroboration between the research you gather from the internet and the
primary source that your instructor has given to you. They may not use exact the same word or
they can express the same information in different ways and we can still use as corroboration.
Look also if your source agrees with information from another source. Attention also must be the
given to the intended audience and purpose.
Next, in order to analyze the primary source, look for bias. There is a bias when a
source’s information is unbalance or prejudiced. There are two kinds of bias: either it is strongly
positive (strongly in favor of) or strongly negative (strongly against). If you’re looking for a bias
in written source you’ll need to find word choices that are extreme in their description. If it is a
visual source you’re looking for a depiction that is clearly exaggeration (see the example of
cartoon in module 1). Most of the primary source we will encounter is written documents so we
will focus our attention to that kind of primary source. How can we find bias in word choices? If
it is too positive that provides little negative information then there is an extreme positive bias.
( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95FQZhtpwcs) Example of this is the Gunita ng
Himagsikan of Emilio Aguinaldo. It too much negativity that provide little positive information
on the person, then there is extreme negativity. Example of this is the Filipino Grievances
Against General Leonard Wood. If the document is silent or when the source intentionally leaves
important information of which you are aware from other sources. Example of this silent bias is
the Declaration of the Philippine Independence The author of this document intentionally leaves
important information about the Katipunan. The last if is there are obvious errors or when the
source provides information that you know to be false from alternative sources. How do you
point out the bias in your analysis? First provide a direct quote. Then explain the creator’s
perspective and lastly explain the creator purpose. (https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=
95FQZhtpwcs)
Next is to analyze the historical perspective or a point of view a creator describe the
event. To accomplish this, do a background check of the author with regards to his nationality,
social status, political persuasion, cultural background, religion or education.
Last task is to analyze the historical context of the document. Context is the awareness
that sources were created at times which were very different to our own. Historical empathy
understands the past without judging it by modern standards. To determine historical context, we
must look when the source is made (preferably the exact date). Next is where was it created.
Third, what event occurred at the time and then read the source to identify specific language
D. Contribution and Relevance of the Document in Understanding the Grand Narrative of

Philippine History
In this activity look for the cause and consequences of the primary sources. A cause is a
person or thing that makes something happens while a consequences is a direct result of the
cause. Example is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. That event is the cause while being
converted to Catholicism is the effect or the consequence.
In this part of the analysis look also for the turning point or dramatic moment of change
that was cause by the event or primary source.

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E. Relevance of the documents to the present time.

Look for the historical significance or what modern people consider to be important from
the past. There are many events in our history we have to choose but few people, events or ideas
to focus on. Since significant is a decision we make, it means different people can decide
different thing are particularly the most important. They can disagree also the reason why
particular event is important.
How to determine significance of the event? We have to follow the acronym NAME or
Novelty, Applicability, Memory and Effect. Novelty or when something is new or never been
seen before. Example is when Cory Aquino became President; it is significant because she is the
first female president of the Philippines. Applicability or when it is similar to the present. The
Spanish Flu of 1918 suddenly became important topic because of Covid-19. Memory or how it
has been remembered over time. The typhoon Yolanda is remembered because it is the strongest
weather disturbance that hit the country. Lastly the Effect or how people have been affected.
Taal Volcanic Eruption is significant particularly in Batangas area because many were affected.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EWlZzuQ-3Y)
Example of Content and Contextual Analysis

Type of Primary Source: Images
Painting- Juan Luna’s The Parisian Life
Background of the Author -Juan Luna (1857-1899)

He was born on October 24, 1857 in Badoc Ilocos Norte. He is the third among seven
children of a well to do couple Joaquin Luna ad Laureana Novicio.
He took the Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo de Municipal and Marine Transportation (sailor)
from Escuela Nautica de Manila. He took drawing lesson from Lorenzo Guererro and Agustin
Saez. He went to Europe in 1877 and took painting lessons in Escuela de Bellas de San Fernando
(Madrid) but dropped out to work with the painter Alejo Vera.
With the opening of Exposicion National de Ballas Artes 1878, his artistic talent was
established. From them on, Luna became engrossed in painting and produced a collection of
painting that he exhibited from several expositions from 1881. He won a gold medal from
Madrid Exposition for his Spoliarium while after his death in 1904 The Parisian Life won the
silver medal at the St. Louis (USA) Exposition. In 1883 Luna started the painting Blood
Compact to fulfill his pensionado obligation from the Ayuntamiento (Manila Council). He also
developed a friendship with the king of Spain so that the Spanish Senate commissioned the
painting La Batalla de Lepanto. During this period he became part of propaganda movement and
befriended several members of the organization like Jose Rizal and Trinidad Pardo de Tevera.
He married Maria de la Paz Pardo de Tavera. They had one son Andres and a daughter
Maria de la Paz who died when she was three year old. After the death of his daughter the couple
had marriage difficulties. It culminated in the killing of his wife, mother in law and wounding of
Felix, one of his brothers in law.
On September 16, 1896, he and his brother Antonio were arrested by Spanish authorities
for being involved with the KKK. He was pardoned by the Spanish court on May 27, 1897 and
he travelled back to Spain in July. In 1899 he was appointed by the Malolos Republic as a

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member of Paris delegation which was working for the diplomatic recognition of the Republic.
He travelled back to the Philippines upon hearing the death of his brother, Antonio. He travelled
to Hongkong but died there aged 42 on December 7, 1899 from a heart attack.
Historical Background of the Primary Source

The Parisian Life is also known as Inside a Café. It is 1892 oil on canvas painting that
measures 22”x31” which was made in Paris, France. Considered to be one of the last major
works Luna has done during his post academic and life in Paris.
The painting is housed in the National Museum. Provenance of Dr. Ariston Bautista Lin,
one of the three audience to the woman pictured in the painting. It is now owned by the GSIS
(brought from Christie’s Hong Kong in 2002 for Php 46,000,000)
Apparently the painting is for European audience. The woman in the painting is a
Caucasian and this work of art belong to the impressionistic movement originated with the group
of Paris-based artist whose exhibition brought them to prominence during the 1870’s and 1880’s.
But some interpretation points that the painting is really for Filipino’s. The first owner of this
primary source was a Filipino and the woman symbolizes the Philippines.
What is the motive of the painter? If we look at the historical context, the year 1892 was
the year when Rizal went back to the Philippines to established La Liga Filipino because he was
disappointed with the Propaganda movement. Juan Luna also experience personal difficulties at
that time with his insulares wife Paz. Soon after the La Liga foundation, Rizal was arrested and
deported to Dapitan. Thereafter Juan Luna must be affected by what happened to his best friend
and his disappointment with his wife so that the subject matter of this masterpiece must had been
the result.
Content Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in the Painting

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One interpretation claims the lady as the mirror image of the Philippine archipelago.
Superimposition of the Philippine map’s mirror image on the lady highlights the following: the
contour of Northern Luzon follows the same contour of the lady’s bodice; the distance between
Infanta, Quezon and San Antonio, Zambales is exact to the small waistline of the lady ; all
islands of Visayas and Mindanao are evenly spread out within the pink gown of the lady; the
island of Palawan has exactly the same incline and shape as the arm of the lady; the mountain
range that separates Surigao from Agusan and Davao is exact to the dark fold of the lady’s gown
from north to south; the site of the birth of 1898 Philippine Independence, Kawit Cavite, is exact
on the lady’s womb, site of a woman’s birthing; the site of the declaration of 1899 Constitution,
Malolos, Bulacan, is exact on the navel of the lady. Constitution is the bloodline of the nation
and the umbilical cord is the infant’s bloodline to his mother; and Cebu covers a knee of the
lady. Cebu is the site of the first Christianization in the country.
Simply the interpretation contends the lady as our motherland. The motherland is
awkwardly poised, disturbed with a blank stare, unsure whether to stand up or remain seated.
Wrth this contention, it integrates cohesively other elements in the painting. ORDER FORM The
three heroes are discussing the disturbed state of the motherland in 1892. It is the exact year
when La Liga Filipina was formed (July 3); when the Katipunan was formed (July 7) and when
Jose Rizal was banished to exile in Dapitan (July 7). The year 1892 was the eve of the Philippine
Revolution. The newspaper L’Echo De Paris is folded behind the lady. The newspaper signifies
the Cry of Bastille or French Revolution, inspiration of the Philippine Revolution. The French
aspirations of Liberty, Fraternity and Equality were identical to the longings of the Filipinos.
Thus, the French revolution, the echo of Paris, figures clearly behind the disturbed state of
Philippine motherland in 1892.https://philippine-trivia.com/trivia/trivias-about-the-parisian-life-
by-juan-luna/
For more interesting interpretation watch Xiao Time: Mga interpretasyon ng Parisian
Life ni Juan Luna Part 1 and 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUDbg_QEy2M and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_8M4qYmPgU
Contribution and Relevance of the Document in Understanding the Grand Narrative of

Philippine History
(Juan Luna) was able to convey multitude of message in a very limited space in an
otherwise simple subject. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317329012_Parisian_
Life_Luna's_Call_for_Temperance) Although his character was not heroic for he has many
character flaws. But then he used his great talent to advance the Filipino cause. This painting and
other visual arts can be use as a primary source to motivate our students to do move for our
nation. The message of this painting can be a cause while a simple compliance of the new normal
can be the consequence.
Relevance of the Document to the Present Time

The significant of this work of art is that it is one of the products of the genius of Juan
Luna. He was one of the first international celebrities that highlight Filipino talent. He was the
Manny Pacquiao and Hidelyn Diaz of the 19th century.
The year of 1892 is one of the turning point in our history. The failure of the propaganda
movement and the establishment of the katipunan are very important in our history. Many of the

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propagandists like Juan Luna and Rizal contributed their talents to advance the Filipino
aspirations. In doing so many of them suffered personal tradegies (download Xiao Chua blog
about Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena). As to the katipuneros, many of them died
in their quest for freedom. Today 2020 is another turning point in our history, the Covid 19
pandemic cause death and economic downturn never seen in our history. If the katipunero and
propagandist gave their lives for our freedom, we can contribute by cooperating with the
guidelines of government agencies.
The painting causes controversies when it was purchase by GSIS in 2002. Many
members of GSIS accused Winston Garcia (then President of GSIS) of corruption. Now 2020,
another government own and controlled corporation is in the midst of scandal. Philhealth
President Ricardo Morales was forced to resign because of the so called Mafia inside the agency.
The painting is not the most recognize of Juan Luna many painting. But by spreading its
massage, the painting could encourage us to be patriotic and nationalistic. And maybe the
message of this painting can also influence students to understand history better and love it as
well.
Learning Tasks
1. What are the three interpretations of Parisian Life that is presented in Xiao Time?
2. Is there any depiction that is clearly exaggeration? Can you say that as a form of bias?
3. Based on the guidelines in the content analysis of the important historical information found in
the painting, write a historical context of this primary source.
Unit Activity. Content and contextual analysis

Research about the background of the author and documents using the internet in pre-reading
activities. After you submitted your pre-reading activities, get your readings from your instructor
to examine the primary source using the guidelines presented in the content analysis. Finally
using your own words and using guidelines enumerated in the relevance in understanding history
and relevance to present times, write the post-reading activities.
Readings 1: (Travelogue) Antonio Pigafetta’s First Voyage Around the World

Pre-reading Activity
Background of the Author
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Historical Background of the Text

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While-reading activity
Content Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in the Document

GEd 105
Saturday, the 16th of March, 1521, we arrived at daybreak in sight of a high island, three
hundred leagues distant from the before-mentioned Thieves’ island. This isle is named
Zamal. The next day the captain-general wished to land at another uninhabited island near
the first, to be in greater security and to take water, also to repose there a few days. He set
up their two tents on shore for the sick, and had a sow killed for them.
Monday, the 18th of March, after dinner, he saw a boat come toward us with nine men in
it: upon which a captain-general ordered that no one should move or speak without his
permission. When these people had come into this island towards us, immediately
principal one amongst them went towards the captain-general with demonstration of being
very joyous at our arrival. Five of the most showy of them remained with us, the other who
remained with boat went to call some men who were fishing, and afterwards all of them
came together. The captain seeing that these people were reasonable, ordered food and
drink to be given them, and he gave them some red caps, looking glasses, combs, bells,
ivory, and other things. When these people saw the politeness of the captain, they
presented some fish, and a vessel of palm wine, which they call in their language Uraca;
figs more than a foot long, and other smaller and of a better savour, and two cochos. At the
time, they had nothing to give him, and they made signs to us with their hands that four
days they would bring us Umai, which is rice, cocos, and many other victuals.
To explain the kind of fruits above-named it must be known that the one which they call
cochi, is the fruit which the palm trees bear. And as we have bread, wine, oil, and vinegar,
proceeding from different kinds, so these people have those things proceeding from these
palm trees only. It must be said that wine proceeds from the said palm trees in the
following manner. They make a hole at the summit of the tree as far as its heart, which is
named palmito, from which a liquor comes out in drops down the tree, like white must,
which is sweet, but with somewhat of bitter. They have canes as thick as the leg, in which
they draw off this liquor, and they fasten them to the tree from the evening till next
morning, and from the morning to the evening, because this liquor comes little by little.
This palm produces a fruit named cocho, which is as large as the head, or thereabouts: its
first husk is green, and two fingers in thickness, in it they find certain threads, with which
they make the cords for fastening their boats. Under this husk there is another very hard,
and ticker than that of a walnut. They burn this second rind, and make with it a powder
which is useful to them. Under this rind there is a white marrow of a finger’s thickness,
which they eat fresh with meat and fish, as we do bread, and it has the taste an almond,
and if anyone dried it he might bread of it. From the middle of this marrow there comes
out a clear sweet water, and very cordial, which, when it has rested a little, and settled,
congeals, and becomes like an apple. When they wish to make oil they take this fruit, the
coco, and let it get rotten, and they corrupt this marrow in the water, then they boil it, and
it becomes oil in the manner of butter. When they want to make vinegar, they let the water
in the cocoa-nut get bad, and they put in the sun, when it turns to vinegar like white wine.
From this fruit milk also can be made, as we experienced, for we scraped this marrow and

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then put it with its water, and passed it trough a cloth, and thus is was milk like that of
goals. This kind of palm tree is like the date-palm, but not so rugged. Two of these trees
can maintain a family of ten persons: but they do not draw wine as above-mentioned
always from one tree, but draw from one for eight days, and from the other as long. For it
they did not, otherwise the trees would dry up. In this manner they last a hundred years.
These people became very familiar and friendly with us, and explained many things to us
in their language, and told us the names of some islands which we saw with our eyes
before us. *The island where they dwelt is called Zuluam, and it is not large.* As they
were sufficiently agreeable and conversible we had great pleasure with them. The captain
seeing that they were of this good condition, to do them greater honour conducted them to
the ship, and showed them all his goods, that is to say, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger,
nutmeg, mace, gold and all that was in the ship. He also had some shots fired with his
artillery, at which they were so much afraid that they wished to jump from the ship into the
sea. They made signs that the things which the captain had shown them grew there where
we were going. When they wished to leave us, they took leave of the captain and of us
with very good manners and gracefulness, promising us to come back to see us. The island
we were at was named Humunu; nevertheless, because we found there two springs of very
fresh water we named it the Watering Place of good signs, and because we found here the
first signs of gold. There is much white coral to be found here, and large trees which bear
fruit smaller than an almond, and which are like pines. There were also many palm trees
both good and bad. In this place there were many circumjacent islands, on which account
we named them the archipelago of St. Lazarus, because we stayed there on the day and
feast of St. Lazarus. This region and archipelago is in ten degrees north latitude, and a
hundred and sixty-one degrees longitude from the line of demarcation.
Friday, the 22nd of March , the above-mentioned people, who had promised us to return,
came about midday, with two boats laden with the said fruit cochi, sweet oranges, a vessel
of palm wine, and a cock, to give us to understand that they had poultry in their country, so
that we bought all the they brought. The lord of this people was old, and had his face
painted, and had gold rings suspended to his ears, which they name Schione, and the
others had many bracelets and rings of gold on their arms, with a wrapper of linen round
their head. We remained at this place eight days: the captain went there every day to see
his sick men, whom he had placed on this island to refresh them: and he gave them himself
every day the water of this said fruit the cocho, which comforted them much. Near this isle
is another where there are a kind of people who wear holes in their ears so large than they
can pass their arms through them; these people are Caphre, that is to say, Gentiles, and
they go naked, except that round their middles they wear cloth made of the bark of trees.
But there are some of the more remarkable of them who wear cotton stuff, and at the

GEd 105
end of it there is some work of silk with a needle. These people are tawny, fat, and painted, and
they anoint themselves with the oil of coco nuts and sesame, to preserve them from the sun and
the wind. Their hair is very black and long, reaching to the waist, and they carry small daggers
and knives, ornamented with gold, and many other things, such as darts, harpoons, and nets to
fish, like …….., and their boats are like ours.
The Monday of Passion week, the 25th of March, and feats of our Lady, in the afternoon, and
being ready to depart from this place, I went to the side of our ship to fish and putting my feet
on a spar to go down to the store room, my feet slipped, because it had rained, and I fell into the
sea without any one seeing me, and being near drowning by luck I found at my left hand the
sheet of the large sail which was in the sea, I caught hold of it and began to cry out till they
came to help and pick me up with the boat. I was assisted not by my merits, but by the mercy
and grace of the fountain of pity. That same day we took the course between west and
southwest, and passed amidst four small islands, that is to say, Cenalo, Huinanghar, Ibusson,
and Abarien.
Thursday , the 28th of March, having seen the night before fire upon an island, at the morning
we came to anchor at this island; where we saw a small boat which they call Boloto, with eight
men inside, which approached the ship of the captain-general. Then a slaves of the captain’s,
who was from Sumatra, otherwise named Traprobana, spoke from afar to these people, who
understood his talk, and came near to the side of the ship, but they withdrew immediately, and
would not enter the ship from fear of us. So the captain seeing that they would not trust to us
showed them a red cap, and other things, which he had tied and placed on a little plank, and the
people in the boat took them immediately and joyously, and then returned to advise their king.
Two hours afterwards, or thereabouts, we saw come two long boats, which they call Ballanghai,
full of men. In the largest of them was their king sitting under an awning of mats; when they
were near the ship of the captain-general, the said slave spoke to the king, who understood him
well, because in these countries the kings know more languages than the common people. Then
the king ordered some of his people to go to the captain’s ship, whilst he would not move from
his boat, which was near enough to us. This was done, and when his people returned to the boat,
he went away at once. The captain gave good entertainment to the men who came to his ship,
and gave them all sorts of things, on which account the king wished to give the captain a rather
large bar of solid gold, and a chest full of ginger. However, the captain thanked him very much
but would not accept the present. After that, when it was late, we went with the ships near to the
houses and adobe of the king.
The next day which was Good Friday, the captain sent on shore the before-mentioned slave,
who was our interpreter, to the king beg him to give him for money some provisions for his
ships, sending him word that he had not come to his country as an enemy, but as a friend. The
king on hearing this came with seven or eight men in a boat, and entered the ship, and embraced
the captain, and gave him three china dishes covered with leaves full of rice, and two dorades,
which are rather large fish, and of the sort above-mentioned, and he gave him several other
things. The captain gave this king a robe of red and yellow cloth, made in the Turkish fashion,
and a very fine red cap, and to his people he gave to some of them knives, and to others mirrors.

GEd 105
After that refreshments were served up to them. The captain told the king through the said
interpreter, that he wished to be with him, cassi cassi, that is to say, brothers. To which the king
answered that he desire to be the same towards him. After that the captain showed him cloths of
different colours, linen, coral, and much other merchandise, and all the artillery, of which he
had some pieces fried before him, at which the king was much astonished; after that the captain
had one of his soldiers armed with white armour, and place him in the midst of three comrades,
who stuck him with swords and daggers. The king thought this very strange, and the captain
told him, through the interpreter, that a man thus in white armour was worth a hundred of his
men; he answered that it was true; he was further informed that there where in each ship two
hundred like that man. After that the captain showed him a great number of swords, cuirasses,
and helmets, and made of two of the men play with their swords before the king; he then
showed him the sea chart and the ship compass, and informed him how he had found the strait
to come there, and of the time which he had spent in coming also of the time he had been
without seeing any land, at which the king was astonished. At the end the captain asked if he
would be pleased that two of his people should go with him to the places where they lived, to
see some of the things of his country. This the king granted, and I went with another.
When I had landed, the king raised his hands to the sky, and turned to us two, and we did the
same as he did; after that he took me by the hand, and one of his principal people took my
companion, and led us under a place covered with canes, where there was a ballanghai, that is to
say, a boat, eighty feet long or thereabouts, resembling a fusta. We set with the king upon its
poop, always conversing with him by signs, and his people stood up around us, with their
swords, spears, and bucklers. Then the king ordered to be brought a dish of pig’s flesh and
wine. Their fashion of drinking is in this wise, they first raise their hands to heaven, then take
the drinking vessel in their right hand, and extend the left hand closed towards the people. This
king did, and presented to me his fist, so that I thought that he wanted to strike me; I did the
same thing towards him; so with this ceremony, and other signs of friendships, we banqueted,
and afterwards supped with him.
I ate flesh on Good Friday, not being able to do otherwise, and before the hour of supper, I gave
several things to the king, which I had brought. There I wrote down several things as they name
them in their language, and when the king and the other saw me write, and I told them their
manner of speech, they were all astonished. When the hour for supper and come, they brought
two large china dishes, of which one was full of rice, and the other of pig’s flesh, with its broth
and sauce. We supped with the same signs and ceremonies, and then went to the king’s place,
which was made a built like a hay grange, covered with fig and palm leaves. It was built on
great timbers high above the ground, and it was necessary to go up steps and ladders to it. Then
the king made us sit on a cane mat, with our legs doubled as was the custom; after half an hour
there was brought a dish of fish roast in pieces, and ginger fresh gathered that moment, and
some wine. The eldest son of the king, who was the prince, came where we were, and the king
told him to sit down near us, which he did; then two dishes were brought, one of fish, with its
sauce, and the other of rice, and this was done for us to eat with the prince. My companion
enjoyed the food and drink so much that he got drunk. They use for candles or torches the gum
of a tree which is named Anime, wrapped up in leaves of palms of fig trees. The king made a

GEd 105
sign that he wished to go to rest, and left with us the prince, with whom we slept on a cane mat,
with some cushions and pillows of leaves. Next morning the king came and took me by the
hand, and so we went to the place where we had supped, to breakfast, but the boat came to fetch
us. The king, before we went away, was very gay, and kissed hour hands, and we kissed his.
There came with us a brother of his, the king of another island, accompanied by three men. The
captain-general detained him to dine with us, and we gave him several things. In the island
belonging to the king who came to the ship there are mines of gold, which they find in pieces as
big as a walnut or an egg, by seeking in the ground. All the vessels which he makes use of are
made of it, and also some parts of his house, which was well fitted up according to the custom
of the country, and he was the handsomest man that we saw among these nations. He had very
black hair coming down to his shoulders, with silk cloth on his head, and two large gold rings
hanging from his ears, he had a cloth of cotton worked with silk, which covered him from the
waist to the knees, at his side he wore a dagger, with a long handle which was all of gold its
sheath was of carved wood. Besides he carried upon him scents of storax and benzoin. He was
tawny and painted all over. The island of this king is named Zaluan and Calagan, and when this
two kings wish to visit one another they come to hunt in this island where we were. Of these
kings the painted kings is called Raia Calambu, and the other Raia Siani.
On Sunday, the last day of March, and feast of Easter, the captain sent the chaplain ashore early
to say mass, and the interpreter went with him to tell the king that they were not coming on
shore to dine with him, but only to hear the mass. The king hearing that sent two dead pigs.
When it was time for saying mass, the captain went ashore with fifty men, not with their arms,
but only with their swords, and dressed as well as each one was able to dress, and before the
boats reached the shore our ships fired six cannon shots as a sign of peace. At our landing the
two kings were there, and received our captain in a friendly manner, and placed him between
them, and then we went to the place prepared for saying mass, which was not far from the
shore. Before the mass began the captain threw a quantity of musk rose water on those two
kings, and when the offertory of the mass came, the two kings went to kiss the cross like us, but
they offered nothing, and at the elevation of the body of our Lord they were kneeling like us,
and adored our Lord with joined hands. The ships fired all their artillery at the elevation of the
body of our Lord. After that the captain had some sword-play by his people, which gave great
pleasure to the kings. Then he had across brought, with the nails and crown, to which the kings
made reverence, and the captain had them told that these things which he showed them were the
sign of the emperor his lord and master, from whom he had charge and commandment to place
it in it all places where he might go or pass by. He told them that he wished to place it in their
country for their profit, because if there came afterwards any ships from Spain to those islands,
on seeing this cross, they would know that he had been there, and therefore they would not
cause them any displeasure to their persons nor their goods; and if they took any of their people,
on showing them this sign, they would at once let them go. Besides this, the captain told them
that it was necessary that this cross should be placed on the summit of the highest mountain in
their country, so that seeing it every day they might adore it, and that if they did thus, neither
thunder, lightning, nor the tempest could do them hurt. The kings thanked the captain, and said
they would do it willingly. Then he asked whether they were Moors or Gentiles, and in what

GEd 105
they believed. They answered that they did not perform any other adoration, but only joined
their hands, looking up to heaven, and that they called their God, Aba. Hearing this, the captain
was very joyful, on seeing that, the first king raised his hands to the sky and said that he wished
it were possible for him to be able to show the affection which he felt towards him. The
interpreter asked him for what reason there was so little to eat in that place, to which the king
replied that he did not reside in the place except when he came to hunt and to see his brother,
but that he lived in another island where he had all his family. Then the captain asked him if he
had any enemies who made war upon him, and that if he had any he would go and defeat them
with his men and ships, to put them under his obedience. The king thanked him, and answered
that there were two islands the inhabitant of which were is enemies; however, that for the
present is was not the time to attack them. The captain therefore said to him that if God
permitted him to return another time to this country, he would bring so many men that he would
put them by force under his obedience. Then he bade the interpreter tell them that he was going
away to dine, and after that he would return to place the cross on the summit of the mountain.
The two kings said they were content, and on that they embraced the captain, and he separated
from them. (“First Voyage Round the World/Pigafetta’s Account of Magellan’s Voyage –
Wikisource, the free online library,” n.d.)
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Post reading activity

Philippine History
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Readings 2: (Proclamation) Act of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino

People
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GEd 105
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In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th days of June 1898:
BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Baustista, War Counsellor and Special Delegate
designated to proclaim and solemnize this Declaration of Independence by the Dictatorial
Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of, a decree issued by the Engregious
Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy,
The undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and others of the army who could not attend, as
well as representatives of the various towns,
Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing the
ominous joke of Spanish domination,
Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in connivance
with and ever under the express orders of their superior officers who at times would order the
shooting of those placed under arrest under the pretext that they attempted to escape in
violation of known Rules and Regulations, which abuses were left unpunished, and because of
unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially those decreed by General Blanco at the
instigation of the Archbishop and friars interested in keeping them in ignorance for egoistic and
selfish ends, which deportations were carried out through processes more execrable than those
of the Inquisition which every civilized nation repudiates as a trials without hearing.
Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence and
sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi who, continuing the course followed by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who
landed on the shores of Cebu and occupied said Island by means of a Pact of Friendship with
Chief Tupas, although he was killed in the battle that took placed in said shores to which battle
he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako of Mactan who suspected his evil designs, landed of the
Island of Bohol by entering also into a Blood Compact with its Chief Sikatuna, with the
purpose of later taking by force the Island of Cebu, and because his successor Tupas did not
allow him to occupy it, he went to Manila, the capital, winning likewise the friendship of its
Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, later taking possession of the city and the whole Archipelago
in the name of Spain by virtue of an order of King Philip II, and with these historical precedents
and because in international law the prescription establish by law to legalize the vicious
acquisition of private property is not recognized, the legitimacy of such revolution cannot be
put in doubt which was calmed but not complete stifled by the pacification proposed by Don

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Pedro A.Paterno with Don Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the Republic established in Biak-
na-Bato and accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo De Rivera under terms, both
written and oral, among them a being a general amnesty for all deported and convicted persons;
that by reason of the non-fulfillment of some of the terms, after the destruction of the plaza of
Cavite, Don Emilio Aguinaldo returned in order to initiate a new revolution and no sooner had
he given the order to rise on the 31st of last month of several towns anticipating the revolution,
rose in revolt on the 28th , such that a Spanish contingent of 178 men, between Imus Cavite-
Viejo, under the command of major of the Marine Infantry capitulated, the revolutionary
movement spreading like wild fire to other towns of Cavite and the other provinces of Bataan,
Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan,Laguna,and Morong,some of them with seaports and such was
the success of the victory of our arms, truly marvelous and without equal in the history of
colonial revolution that in the first mentioned province only the Detachments in Naic and
Indang remained to surrender; in the second all Detachments had been wiped out; and the third
the resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the town of san Fernando where the greater
part of them are concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe, Sexmoan , and Guagua;in the fourth,
in the town of Lipa;in the fifth ,in the Capital and Calumpit; and in last two remaining
provinces, only in their respective capitals, and the city of Manila will soon be besieged by our
forces as well as the province of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union, Zambales, and
some others in the Visayas where he revolution at the time of the pacification and others even
before, so that the independence of our country and the revindication of our sovereignty is
assured.
And having as witness to the rectitude of our intensions the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and
under the protection of our Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, The United States of America,
we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly in the name by the authority of the people of these
Philippine Islands,
That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have
allegiance to the crown of Spain; that all political ties between them are should be completely
severed and annulled; and that, like other free and Independent States, they enjoy the full power
to make War and Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate commerce,
and do all other acts and things which and Independent State Has right to do,
And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually bind ourselves to
support this Declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and with our sacred possession, our
Honor.
We recognized, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the
Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we revere as the Supreme Head of
this Nation, which today begins to have a life of its own, in the conviction that he has been the
instrument chosen by God, inspite of his humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of this
unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his magnificent verses which he
composed in his prison cell prior to his execution, liberating it from the Yoke of Spanish
domination,

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And in punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned the commission of
abuses by its officials, and for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who were sacrificed in
order to please the insatiable friars in their hydropical thirst for vengeance against and
extermination of all those who oppose their Machiavillian ends, trampling upon the Penal Code
of these Islands; and of those suspected person arrested by the Chiefs of Detachments at the
instigation of the friars, without any forms nor semblance of trial and without any spiritual aid
of our sacred Religion; and likewise; and for the same ends, eminent Filipino priest, Doctor
Don Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora were hanged whose innocent
blood was shed to the intrigues of these so-called Religious corporation which made the
authorities to believe that the military uprising at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of
January 21, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino martyrs, thereby impeding the execution of
the decree-sentence issued by the Council of State in the appeal in the administrative case
interposed by the secular clergy against the Royal Orders that directed that parishes under them
within the jurisdiction of this Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for those
controlled by them in Mindanao which were to be transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking them
completely and ordering the return of those parishes, all of which proceeding are on file with
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which they are sent last month of the year of the issuance of
the proper Royal Degree which, in turn, caused the grow of the tree of the liberty in our dear
land that grow more and more through the iniquitous measures of oppressions, until the last
drop of our chalice of suffering having been drained, the first spark of revolution broke out in
Caloocan, spread out to Santa Mesa and continued its course to the adjoining regions of the
province were the unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought a one sided battle against
superior forces of General Blanco and General Polavieja for a period of 3 months, without
proper arms nor ammunitions, except bolos, pointed bamboos, and arrows.
Moreover , we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers
necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of
granting pardon and amnesty,
And lastly, in was result unanimously that this Nation, already free and independent as of this
day, must use the same flag which up to now is being used, whose designed and colored are
found described in the attachment drawing, the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem
of the famous Society of the “KATIPUNAN” which by means of its blood compact inspired the
masses to rise in revolution; the tree stars, signifying the three principal Island of these
Archipelago-Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where the revolutionary movement started; the sun
representing the gigantic step made by the son of the country along the path of Progress and
Civilization; the eight rays; signifying the eight provinces-Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga,
Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas-which declares themselves in a state of war as soon
as the first revolt was initiated; and the colors of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the
flag of the United State of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this
Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and continuous leading us.
93 signatories

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Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their blood.
In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence was signed by me and
by all those here assembled including the only stranger who attended those proceedings, a
citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L.M. Johnson, a Colonel of Artillery.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
War Counsellor and Special Delegate-Designate
(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence)
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Readings 3: (Speech) Speech before the Joint Session of the United State Congress
(1986) by Corazon Aquino
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Mr. Speaker, Senator Thurmond, Distinguished members of Congress, 3 years ago I left
America in grief, to bury my husband Ninoy Aquino. I thought I had left it also, to lay to rest his
restless dream of Philippine freedom. Today, I have returned as the President of a free people.
In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him by that brave and selfless act of giving honor to a
nation in shame recovered its own. A country that had lost faith in its future, founded in a
faithless and brazen act of murder. So, in giving we receive, in losing we find, and out of defeat
we snatched our victory.

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For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their prayers for freedom. For
myself and our children, Ninoy was a loving husband and father. His loss, three times in our lives
was always a deep and painful one.
Fourteen years ago this month, was the first time we lost him. A President turned dictator and
traitor to his oath, suspended the constitution and shut down the Congress that was much like this
one before which I’m honored to speak. He detained my husband along with thousands of others-
Senators, publishers, and anyone who had spoken up for the democracy as its end drew near. But
for Ninoy, a long and cruel ordeal was reserved. The dictator already knew that Ninoy was not a
body merely to be imprisoned but a spirit he must break. For even as the dictatorship demolished
one-by-one; the institutions of democracy, the press, the congress, the independence of judiciary,
the protection of the Bill of Rights, Ninoy keep their spirit alive in himself. The government sought
to break him by indignities and terror. They looked him up in a tiny, nearly airless cell in a military
camp in the north. They stripped him naked and held a threat of a sudden midnight execution over
his head. Ninoy held up manfully under all of it. I barely did as well. For forty-three days, the
authorities would not tell me what had happened to him. This was the first time my children and I
left we had lost him.
When that didn’t work, they put him on trial for subversion, murder, and a host of other crimes
before a military commission. Ninoy challenged its authority and went on a fast. If he survived it,
then he felt God intended him for another fate. We had lost him again. For nothing would hold him
back from his determination to see his fast through to the end. He stopped only when it dawned on
him that the government would keep his body alive after the fast had destroyed his brain. And so,
with barely any life in his body, he called off the fast on the 40th day. God meant him for other
things, he felt. He did not known that an early death would still be his fate, that only the timing was
wrong.
At any time during his long ordeal, Ninoy could have made a separate peace with a dictatorship as
so many of his countrymen had done. But the spirit of democracy that inheres in our race and
animates this chamber could not be allowed to die. He held out in the loneliness of his cell and the
frustration of exile, the democratic alternative to the insatiable greed and mindless cruelty of the
right and the purging holocaust of the left.
And then, we lost him irrevocably and more painfully than in the past. The news came to us in
Boston. It had to be after the three happiest years of our lives together. But his death was my
country’s resurrection and the courage and faith by which alone they could be free again. The
dictator had called him a nobody. Yet, two million people threw aside their passivity and fear and
escorted him to his grave. And so began the revolution that has brought me to democracy’s most
famous home, the Congress of the United States.
The task had fallen on my shoulders, to continue offering the democratic alternative to our people.
Archibald Macleish had said that democracy must be defended by arms when it is attacked by
arms, and with truth when it is attacked by lies. He failed to say how it shall be won.

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I held fast to Ninoy’s conviction that it must be by the ways of democracy. I held out for
participation in the 1984 election the dictatorship called, even if I knew it would be rigged. I was
warned by the lawyers of the opposition, that I ran the grave risk of legitimizing the foregone result
of elections that were clearly going to be fraudulent. But I was fighting not for lawyers but for the
people in whose intelligence, I had implicit faith. By the exercise of democracy even in a
dictatorship, they would be prepared for democracy when it came. And then also, it was the only
way I knew by which we could measure our power even in the terms dictated by the dictatorship.
The people vindicated me in a election shamefully marked by government thuggery and fraud. The
opposition swept the elections, garnering a clear majority of the votes even if they ended up
(thanks to a corrupt Commission on Elections) with barely a third of the seats in Parliament. Now, I
knew our power.
Last year, in an excess of arrogance, the dictatorship called for its doom in a snap election. The
people obliged. With over a million signatures they drafted me to challenge the dictatorship. And I,
obliged. The rest is the history that dramatically unfolded on your television screens and across the
front pages of your newspapers.
You saw a nation armed with courage and integrity, stand fast by democracy against threats and
corruption. You saw women poll watchers break out in tears as armed goons crashed the polling
places to steal the ballots. But just the same, they tied themselves to the ballots boxes. You saw a
people so committed to the ways of democracy that they were prepared to give their lives for its
pale imitation. At the end of the day before another way of fraud could distort the result, I
announced the people’s victory.
Many of you here today played a part in changing the policy of your country towards ours. We, the
Filipinos thank each of you for what you did. For balancing America’s strategic interest against
human concerns illuminates the American vision of the world. The co-chairman of the United
States observer team, in his report to the President said, “I was witness to an extraordinary
manifestation of democracy on the part the Filipino people. The ultimate result was the election of
Mrs. Corazon Aquino as President and Mr. Salvador Laurel as Vice-President of the Philippines.”
When a subservient parliament announced my opponent’s victory, the people then turned out in
the streets and proclaim aided me the President of all the people. And true to their word, when a
handful of military leaders declared themselves against the dictatorship, the people rallied to their
protection. Surely, the people take care of their own. It is on that faith and the obligation it entails
that I assumed the Presidency.
As a came to power peacefully, so shall I keep it. That is my contract with my people and to my
commitment to God. He had willed that the blood drawn with a last shall not in my country be
paid by blood drawn by the sword but by tearful joy of reconciliation. We have swept away
absolute power by a limited revolution that respected the life and freedom of every Filipino.

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Now, we are restoring full constitutional government. Again, as we restore democracy by the
ways of democracy, so are we completing the constitutional structures of our new democracy
under a constitution that already gives full respect to the Bill of Rights. A jealously independent
constitutional commission is completing is draft which will be submitted later this year to a
popular referendum. When it is approved, there will be elections for both national and local
positions. So, within about a year from a peaceful but national upheaval that overturned a
dictatorship, we shall have returned to full constitutional government.
Given the polarization and broken down inherited, this is no small achievements. My predecessor
set aside democracy to save it from it communist insurgency that numbered less than five
hundred. Unhampered by respect for human rights he went at it with hammer and tongs. By the
time he fled, that insurgency had grown to more than sixteen thousand. I think there is a lesson
here to be learned about trying to stifle a thing with a means by which it grows. I don’t think
anybody in or outside our country, concerned for a democratic and open Philippines doubts what
must be done. Through political initiatives and local re-integration programs, we must seek to
bring the insurgents down from hills and by economic progress and justice, show them that which
the best intentioned among them fight. As president among my people, I will not betray the cause
of peace by which I came to power. Yet, equally and again, no friend of Filipino democracy will
challenge this. I will not stand by and allow an insurgent leadership to spurn our offer of peace
and kill our young soldiers and threaten our new freedom.
Yet, I must explore the path of peace to the utmost. For at its end, whatever disappointment I
meet there is the moral basis for lying down the Olive branch of peace and taking up the sword of
war.
Still, should it come to that, I will not waiver from the course laid down by your great liberator.
“With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see
the right, let us finish the work we are in to bind up the nation’s wounds. To care for him who
shall have borne the battle and for his widow and for his orphans to do all which may achieve and
cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”
Like Abraham Lincoln, I understand that force may be necessary before mercy. Like Lincoln, I
don’t relish it. Yet, I will do whatever it takes to defend the integrity and freedom of my country.
Finally, may I turn to that other slavery: our $26 billion foreign debt. I have said that we shall
honor it. Yet, the means by which we shall be able to do so are kept from us. Many of the
conditions imposed in the previeous government that stole this debt, continue to be imposed on us
who never benefited from it.
And no assistance or liberality commensurate with the calamity that was vested on us have been
extended. Yet ours must have been the cheapest revolution ever. With little help from others, we
Filipinos fulfilled the first and the most difficult condition of the debt negotiation, the full
restoration of democracy and responsible government. Elsewhere and in others times, a more

GEd 105
stringent world economic conditions, marshal plans and their like were felt to be necessary
companions of returning democracy.
When I met with President Reagan, we began an important dialogue about cooperation and the
strengthening of friendship between our two countries. That meeting was both a confirmation
and a new beginning. I am sure it will lead to positive result in all areas of common concern.
Today, we face the aspiration of a people who have known so much poverty and massive
unemployment for the past 14 years. And yet offer their lives for the abstraction of democracy.
Wherever I went in the campaign, slum area or impoverished village. They came to me with
one cry, democracy. Not food although they clearly needed it but democracy. Not work,
although they surely wanted it but democracy. Not money, for they gave what little they had
to my campaign. They didn’t expect mo to work a miracle that would instantly put food into
their mouths, clothes on their back, education in their children and give them work that will
put dignity in their lives. But I feel the pressing obligation to respond quickly as the leader of
the people so deserving for all these things.
We face a communist insurgency that feeds on economic deterioration even as we carry a

great of the free world defenses in the Pacific. These are only two of the many burdens my
people carry even as they try to build a worthy and enduring house for their new democracy.
That may serve as well as a redoubt for freedom in Asia. Yet, no sooner as one stone laid than
two are taken away. Half our export earnings, $2 billion dollars out of $4 billion dollars which
is all we can earn in the restrictive market of the world, must go to pay just the interest on a
debt whose benefit the Filipino people never received.
Still we fought for honor and if only for honor, we shall pay. And yet, should we have to ring
the payments from the sweat of our men’s faces and sink all the wealth piled by the
bondsman’s two-hundred fifty years of unrequited toil. Yet, to all Americans, as the leader to
a proud and free people, I address this question, “Has there been a greater test of national
commitment to the ideals you hold dear than that my people have gone through? You have
spent many lives and much treasure to bring freedom to many lands that were reluctant to
receive it. And here, you have a people who wants it by themselves and need only the help to
preserve it.”
Three years ago I said, Thank you America for the haven from oppression and the home you
gave Ninoy, myself and our children and for the three happiest years of our lives together.
Today I say, join us America as we build a new home for democracy; another haven for the
oppressed so it may stand as a shining testament of our two nations’ commitment to the
freedom. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZnnvbKyNCQ.)
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Intended Learning Outcome

1. demonstrate the ability to formulate arguments in favor or against a particular issue
Main Topic III: One Past But Many Histories
Objectives
1. To interpret historical events using primary sources

2. To recognize the multiplicity of interpretation that can be read from a historical text
3. To identify the advantages and disadvantages of employing critical tools in interpreting
historical events

GEd 105
Lesson Proper
A, The First Mass Site in the Philippines

According to Pigafetta, the first Mass was celebrated on March 31, 1521, an Easter
Sunday. Pigafetta referred to the venue as “Mazaua.” Some say that the venue is the island of
Limasawa in Leyte. Others, however, claim that Pigafetta was referring to Masao the community
at the mouth of Agusan River adjacent to what is now the city of Butuan.
Nearing 500 years since the first Mass, debates continue whether it was held on Limasawa
Island, in Agusan or somewhere else. https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/270037/limasawa‐or‐
butuan‐debates‐continue‐on‐where‐first‐mass‐was‐held
1. Readings-Primary sources
 Antonio Pigafetta. First Voyage Around the World
 Francisco Albo Logbook
2. Reading-Secondary sources
 Bernad, Miguel A. Butuan or Limasawa? The Site of the First Mass in the
Philippines: A Reexamination of the Evidence. Kinaadman: A Journal of
Southern Philippines, vol. III (1981) pp 1-35
B. The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny

Two major events happened in 1872, first was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the other was
the martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA). However, not all of us knew that there were
different accounts in reference to the said event. All Filipinos must know the different sides of
the story—since this event led to another tragic yet meaningful part of our history—the
execution of GOMBURZA which in effect a major factor in the awakening of nationalism
among the Filipinos. https://nhcp.gov.ph/the‐two‐faces‐of‐the‐1872‐cavite‐
mutiny/#:~:text=Two%20major%20events%20happened%20in,reference%20to%20the%20said%20eve
nt.
1. Readings- Primary sources
 Montero y Vidal, Jose, “Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872” in
Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History,
Vol.7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990) 269-273
 Izquierdo, Rafael, “ Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny” in Gregorio F. Zaide
and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Vol.7 (Manila:
National Book Store, 1990) 281-286
 Pardo de Tavera, Trinidad, “ Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny” in Gregorio
F. Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Vol.7
(Manila: National Book Store, 1990) 274-280
 Plauchut, Edmund, The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-
Za” in Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine
History, Vol.7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990) 251-268
C. Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin?
The controversy among historians continues to the present day. The “Cry of Pugad
Lawin” (August 23, 1896) cannot be accepted as historically accurate. It lacks positive

GEd 105
documentation and supporting evidence from the witness. The testimony of only one eyewitness
(Dr. Pio Valenzuela) is not enough to authenticate and verify a controversial issue in history.
Historians and their living participants, not politicians and their sycophants, should settle this
controversy. https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/balintawak-the-cry-for-a-
nationwide-revolution/
1. Readings- Primary Source
 Valenzuela, Pio, “Cry of Pugadawin” in Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia Zaide,
Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Vol.8 (Manila: National Book Store,
1990) 301-302
 Alvarez, Santiago, “Cry of Bahay Toro” in Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia Zaide,
Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Vol.8 (Manila: National Book Store,
1990) 303-304
 De Jesus, Gregoria, “ Version of the First Cry” in Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia
Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Vol.8 (Manila: National Book
Store, 1990) 305-306
 Masangkay, Guillermo, “Cry of Balintawak” in Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia
Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Vol.8 (Manila: National Book
Store, 1990) 307-309
2. Reading- Secondary Source
 Guerrero, Milagros C. et.al. Balintawak : The Cry for a Nationwide Revolution
https://ncca.gov.ph/about‐culture‐and‐arts/in‐focus/balintawak‐the‐cry‐for‐a‐
nationwide‐revolution/
D. Five Steps to Writing Strong Position Paper

In a position paper assignments, your charge is to choose a side on a particular topic,
sometimes controversial, and build up a case for your opinion or position. You will use facts,
opinion, statistics, and other forms of evidence to convince your reader that your position is the
best one. To do this, you’ll collect research for your position paper and craft an outline in order
to create a well-constructed argument. https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-write-a-position-
paper-1857251
Collect Supporting Evidence
Once you’ve determined that your position is supportable and the opposite position is (in
your opinion) weaker than your own, you are ready to branch out with your research. Go to a
library and conduct a search, or ask the reference librarian to help you find more sources. You
can, of course, conduct online research as well, but it’s important to know how to properly vet
the validity of the sources you use. Ensure that your articles are written by reputable sources,
and be wary of singular sources that differ from the norm, as these are often subjective rather
than factual in nature.
Try to collect a variety of sources, and include both an expert’s opinion (doctor, lawyer,
or professor, for example) and personal experience (from a friend or family member) that can
add an emotional appeal to your topic. These statements should support your own position but
should read differently than your own words. The point of these is to add depth to your argument
or provide anecdotal support. https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-write-a-position-paper-
1857251

GEd 105
A position paper can be arranged in the following format:

1. Introduce your topic with some basic background information. Build up to your thesis
sentence, which asserts your position. Sample points:
* For decades, the FDA has required that warning labels should be placed on certain products
that pose a threat to public health.
* Fast food restaurants are bad for our health.
* Fast food packages should contain warning labels.
2. Introduce possible objections to your position. Sample points:

* Such label would affect the profits of major corporations.
* Many people would see this overreaching government control.
* Whose job is it to determine which restaurants are bad? Who draws the line?
* The program would be costly.
3. Support and acknowledge the opposing points. Just be sure aren’t discrediting your own
views. Sample points:
* It would be difficult and expensive for any entity to determine which restaurants should adhere
to the policy.
* Nobody wants to see the government overstepping its boundaries.
* Funding would fall on the shoulders of taxpayers.
4. Explain that your position is still the best one, despite the strength of counter-arguments. This
is where you can work to discredit some of the counter-arguments and support your own. Sample
points:
* The cost would be countered by the improvement of public health.
* Restaurants might improve the standards of food if warning labels were put into place.
* One role of the government is to keep citizens safe.
* The government already does this with drugs and cigarettes.
5. Summarize your argument and restate your position. End you paper focusing on your
argument and avoid the counter-arguments. You want your audience to walk away with your
view on the topic being one that resonates with them.
When you write a position paper, write with confidence and state your opinion with authority.
After all, your goal is to demonstrate that your position is the correct one.
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-write-a-position-paper-1857251
Learning Tasks
1. Using the internet, search for additional primary and secondary sources to enhance your
knowledge about each controversial issues presented.
2. Make a suggestion about alternative ways to writing a position paper

GEd 105
Unit Activity: Position Paper Presentation
Using the suggested readings and the guidelines set above on how to make a strong position
paper, submit a position paper on one of the issues assigned by your instructor
Main Topic IV: The Philippine Constitution

1. analyze the context, content and perspective of different kinds of sources
2. demonstrate the ability to formulate arguments in favor or against a particular issue
Objectives
1. Discuss the concepts and ideas regarding a constitution.

2. Recognize the purposes and classifications of the constitution.
3. Explore on the essential qualities and salient parts of a good written constitution
4. Create a topic diary using comic strip style expressing the learning acquired from this
unit of study.
Lesson Proper
Lesson 1
The Meaning of a Constitution
A. Constitution defined
A Constitution is defined as the fundamental law of a nation or state. It is the constitution
that establishes the character and basic principles of the government. The system that runs the
government is often codified in this written document, which forms the fundamental rules and
principles by which an organization is managed. It is these same principles that make clear the
rights of the individual and creates limitations to government power. A constitution is also
described as “the highest expression of the law”.
Some constitutions, such as the constitution of the United Kingdom are uncodified, but
written in numerous fundamental Acts of legislature, court cases or treaties.
The constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in
the world, containing 444 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 146, 585
words in its English-language version. On the other hand, the constitution of Monaco is the
shortest written constitution, containing 10 chapters with 97 articles, and a total of 3,814 words.
B. Purposes of a constitution
1. It prescribes the framework of the system or the kind of government that will exist in
the state.

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2. It creates the different departments and specifies their respective functions and duties.
3. It is the source of the sovereign powers of a government by establishing the fixed, first
or basic principles on which the government is founded.
4. It promotes public welfare, which involves the safety, prosperity, health, and
happiness of the people. The constitution establishes the rights of the people which the
government is obligated to protect. It guarantees freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and
freedom of religion ( People VS Linsangan, 62 Phil 646 ,December 21, 1935).
The constitution is written by a constitutional convention which is a body assembled for
the express purpose of framing or writing a constitution, revising an existing one, or proposing
amendments to it.
After writing the constitution, the draft constitution or its amendments/revisions are
submitted to a plebiscite for ratification in which the peoole will decide whether it is acceptable
to become a law of the land. The results are then considered and followed by the government.
This is different from a referendum in which a law passed by a legislative body is brought before
the people to be voted upon. The results, however, may or may not be considered by the state.
C. Classifications of a Constitution
A constitution is classified as;
1. Written and unwritten.
A written constitution is one in which most of its provisions are embodied in a single formal
written instrument or instruments. It is a work of conscious art and the result of a deliberate
effort to lay down a body of fundamental principles under which government shall be organized
and conducted (Martin, 1960). The classic example of a written constitution is the United States
Constitution. While an unwritten constitution is one which is entirely the product of political
evolution, consisting largely of a mass of customs, usages and judicial decisions together with a
smaller body of statutory enactments of a fundamental character, usually bearing different dates
(Garner, in Cruz, 2002). The English Constitution is an example of an unwritten constitution.
2. Cumulative or evolved and conventional or enacted;
Cumulative and Conventional. A constitution is cumulative or evolved when it has its origin
mainly in custom, common law principles; decisions of courts. It is the product of historical
evolution and growth rather than of deliberate and formal enactment. It has no formal starting
point, is not struck off at a specific date, and it changes by slow gradual accretion rather than by
formal legal process. On the other hand, a conventional or enacted is one, which has been
formulated usually by a constitutional assembly or promulgated by the King (Garner, in Cruz,
2002). It is struck-off at a definite time and place
3. Rigid and flexible
Rigid and Flexible. A rigid constitution is one that can be amended only by a formal and
usually difficult process, while a flexible is one that can be altered by the same body that makes
ordinary laws of the state (Since, 1938). Examples of a rigid constitution are those of the
Philippines and United States, while flexible Constitution includes those of Great Britain,

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Hungary, Italy, and Spain. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines is classified as written,
enacted and rigid constitution.
D. Essential qualities of a good written constitution

A good written constitution must be broad, brief, and definite. It is broad in the sense that it
outlines an organization of the government for the whole state. Brief, because its nature requires
that only its great outline should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor
ingredients which composed those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves.
Definite, since any vagueness resulting from the opposing interpretation of the Constitutional
provisions may.cause incalculable harm and chaos to the nation (Martin, 1960; citing Malcolm,
1936).
E. Parts of the Philippine Constitution
1. Constitution of Government. This portion of the constitution describes the framework of

government and its power; and also defines the electorate.
2. Constitution of Liberty. This part enumerates the fundamental rights of the people guaranteed
under the constitution.
3. Constitution of sovereignty. This part indicates the manner of amending or revising the
constitution
Learning Tasks
Answer these questions.
1. Why do we need a constitution? Explain in not less than 100 words.
2. Which classification of a constitution does the 1987 constitution fall? Why? Support your
answer.
3. Explain in not less than 200 words why any vagueness in the interpretation of any
provision of a constitution may cause incalculable harm and chaos to the nation? Give an
example.
Unit Activity. Creating a Topic Diary – Comic Strip Style.

Make a summary of the learning acquired from the topics presented and discussed above.
Using own sketching skills or subscribing to Make Beliefs Comix (digital or printable) create a
topic diary of the summary – comic strip style in not less than 6 panels or not more than 18
panels.
Lesson 2
The Metamorphosis of the Philippine Constitution

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Objectives
1. Compare and contrast the different constitutions that prevailed in the country.
2. Defend the veracity and truthfulness of the facts affecting the evolution of the
Philippine Constitution.
3. Compose a position paper as to which among the seven Philippine constitutions could
have provided the country with social, economic, and political stability.
unit of study.
Lesson Proper
At least seven Philippine Constitutions were framed in our history.

1. The 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato
The Philippine Revolution reached a stalemate in 1897 when the revolutionary forces of
General Emilio Aguinaldo fled to the mountains of Biak-na-Bato in San Miguel de Mayumo,
Bulacan. The Spanish forces led by Gen. Miguel Primo de Rivera realized that even though they
could crush the rebels in Bulacan, it did not mean the revolution would end for it was already
widespread in the other provinces. The Spaniards soon sued for a truce with the revolutionary
forces.
In order to consolidate the forces still fighting in the other provinces, Aguinaldo met with
his leaders to establish a recognized government. A revolutionary government had already been
formed in March that year with Aguinaldo as President in Tajeros, San Francisco de Malbon
(now General Trias) in Cavite. It was this government that was now in Biak-na-Bato.
An assembly of Filipino rebel leaders were called and it was agreed that a republican form
of government would be formed. Two Filipinos, Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer were tasked to
write a constitution. Both decided to adopt the previsions of the Constitution framed in
Jimaguayu, Cuba and from this, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato was formulated.
The Constitution was promulgated by the Philippine Revolutionary Government on
November 1, 1897, and became the provisionary constitution of the government during the
Revolution against Spain.
In spite of being a copied constitution, the Biak-na-Bato Constitution had its own unique
features: its preamble reiterated the objective of the Revolution which was "the seperation of the
Philippine from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an independent state which its
own government." The government that was formed was a Supreme Council composed of a
President, a Vice-President, a Secretary of the Interior, a Secretary of Foreign Relations, a
Secretary of War, and a Secretary of the Treasury. This Council had sweeping powers of
government which included the power to issue orders and other laws for the security of the State,
to impose and collect taxes, to raise an army, to ratify treaties, and to convene an Assembly of
Representatives." The official language was Tagalog. The judiciary power was vested in another

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Supreme Council of Justice, Articles XXII to XXV were essentially the Bill of Rights accorded
in every Filipino.
This constitution was to last only for two years during which, at certain periods, it was
superseded by laws and decrees made by Aguinaldo.
2. The 1899 Malolos Constitution ( 1899-1901)
Following the defeat of Spain by the United States in the Spanish-American War in 1898,
the Filipinos began their task of creating the independent nation they valiantly fought for in
1896. On June 12, 1898, Philippine independence was declared and two weeks later, Aguinaldo
ordered the convening of a Congress in Malolos, Bulacan. Elections were held for the delegates
in the provinces that were already free from Spanish forces. For the other areas where battles
against Spaniards were still being fought, Aguinaldo appointed delegates. The Malolos Congress
had its inaugural session at Barasoain Church in Malolos on September 15, 1898 amidst a large
celebration and coverage by both the legal and foreign press. The delegates then convened
Congress and elected its officers. One of its first acts was to ratify the Independence declaration
in Kawit.
The Congress was originally conceived by presidential adviser Apolinario Mabini to be an
advisory body to the President.but another group led by Pedro Paterno decided to create a
constitution to form a government that would be recognized by foreign powers. Mabini was
against this for he believed that peaceful conditions should first prevail before a constitution
should be drafted. He was, however, overruled by Paterno and his allies.
Discussion for the Constitution began on October 25 after the submission of a draft by
Felipe Calderon. Calderon drew inspiration from the constitutions of Mexico, Belgium,
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil and France. One of the heated discussions focused on the issue of
the union of Church and State where Catholicism would be the state religion. This proposal was
voted on twice by the Congress. The first was a tie and the second voting session resulted on the
victory for separation by only one vote. The constitution was approved by the Malolos Congress
on November 29, 1898 and forwarded to President Aguinaldo for approval.
The original draft of the constitution, however, emphasized a popular government which
means supreme power is given to a legislative body since it is representative of the people. This
means that the President as well as the judiciary including the Supreme Court would be selected
by the legislative body which, at that time, was the Malolos Congress. Mabini objected to this
proposal and the approval of the Constitution was delayed. The amendments were made and the
document was finally approved by Aguinaldo on January 21.
The Malolos Constitution was the first republican constitution in Asia. Its main features
were as follows:
1. It was based on democratic traditions in which the government formed was “popular,
representative and responsible” with three distinct branches--the executive, the legislative, and
the judicial.
2. It called for a presidential form of government with the president elected for a term of
four years by the majority of the Assembly convened as a constituent assembly;

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3. It recognized the freedom of religion and the separation of the Church and State;
4. It emphasized and safeguarded the basic civil rights of not only Filipinos but foreigners,
through a Bill of Rights ( Article XIX to XIXIII)
The approval of the Constitution and the creation of the republic did not end the strife
between the Congress and Mabini. Mabini was eventually replaced as president of the Cabinet
several months later.
The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899 at Barasoain Church
where Emilio Aguinaldo took his oath of office as the first President of the Republic. This was
followed by the reading of the Malolos Constitution and the taking of the oath of loyalty by the
Army.
The Malolos Republic was the first democratic government of the country. It had a form
of governance that included the management of social services, education, creation of an Army,
a monetary system, and diplomatic activities. It even had a government publication in order to
spread to the foreign nations the ideals of the new republic and to ask for support for its
recognition.
The Republic, however, was a short-lived government. Its demise began at the start of the
Philippine-American War in February 1899 and ceased to exist with the capture of President
Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela in March 1901. By that time, the Americans had firmly
established themselves as the new colonizers of the Philippines with a military government
running the country. In July 1901, the formally established the first civil government in the
islands.
3. The 1935 Constitution and the Commonwealth Government
For over a decade, the Americans ran the government in the Philippines with Filipinos
given a role in the legislative function when the Philippine Assembly was established in 1907. it
was only during the administration of Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison (1913-1921)
that the Filipinization policy of the government put in place. Filipinos were given a hand in
running the country. Majority of the Philippine Commission members and civil servants were
replaced by Filipinos. Soon, the colonial administration placed much of country’s governance in
the hands of the Filipinos. One year later, the Jones Law of 1916also known as the Philippine
Autonomy Act was passed by the US Congress.
The Jones Law reorganized the government with an American governor-general a
Cabinet, and an all-Filipino legislature composed of the Senate and the House of
Representatives. It also provided both executive and legislative sectors power over domestic
affairs. The new Philippine Legislature was inaugurated on October 16, 1916 with Sergio
Osmena as House Speaker and Manuel Quezon as Senate President. In addition to this, Harrison
also formed the Council of State as an advisory body to the governor-general.
Despite the American concession of letting the Filipinos run their own government, the
prospect of independence was not erased from the minds and hearts of the Filipinos. To address
this, the Jones Law provided the presence of two resident commissioners to the US to sit and
observe the proceedings of the US Congress. They were eventually replaced by a Commission
on Independence or parliamentary missions in the US to petition for Philippine independence.

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From 1918 to 1932, there were at least five Philippine independence missions to the
United States. The efforts paid off with the creation and approval of the Tydings-McDuffie Law
by the US Congress this law was approve on March 24, 1934 and was known as the Philippines
Independence Act. It provided for the drafting and guidelines of a constitution for a 10-year
“transitional period” government before the granting of independence. This was known as the
Commonwealth Government.
Following the signings of Tydings-McDuffie Law, the Philippine began to ready itself for
its transition from colonial country into a self-governing nation.
On July 10,1934, an election an election was held to vote for the delegates to write a
constitution for the Philippines. Two hundred two delegates were elected and convention was
opened on July 30. The draft of the Constitution was finished by January 31, 1935 and was
approved by the convention by February 8. There was only one dissenter, Tomas Cabili of
Lanao, who felt that the Constitution did not serve the people of Mindanao.
The Constitution was approved by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on March 23,
1935 and ratified by the Filipino people in a plebiscite on May 14, 1935.
The 1935 Constitution of the Philippines served as the fundamental law of the land from
1935 to 1972. It established the Commonwealth of the Philippines and provides that upon
withdrawal of American sovereignty in the country and the declaration of Philippine
independence, the Commonwealth shall be known as the Republic of the Philippines.
The 1935 Constitution enumerated the composition, powers, and duties of the three
branches of the government (the executive, the legislative, and the judicial) and created the
General Auditing Office and laid down the framework in the establishment of the civil service in
the country. The other provisions included the Bill of Rights, a provision for women’s suffrage
giving the women the right to vote and to be part of the Philippine politics for the first time. The
creation of a Philippine Armed Forces for national defense, and the development of the national
language.
The framing of the 1935 Constitution was momentous event for Filipino people. It
showed the Americans that Filipinos had the capability for self-government with the creation of
the Commonwealth Government in 1935 that led the country’s independence a decade later.
4. The Japanese Occupation and the Second Philippine Republic (1943 Constitution)
The Commonwealth Government was interrupted by the Second Word War and the
Japanese Occupation of the Philippines. The commonwealth under President Manuel Quezon
went into exile in the United States. As part of their policy of attraction in their Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere program, the Japanese offered to grant the Philippines its independence.
Acting on the orders of the Japanese military, the Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas or KALIBAPI, a Filipino political party that served as the political party during the
Japanese occupation, convened and elected a Philippine commission for Philippine
Independence (PCPI) to write a new constitution. This was finished and signed on September 4,
1943 in a public ceremony and ratified by the KALIBAPI a few days later. On October 14, 1943,
as provided for in the new constitution, the Second Philippine Republic was inaugurated with
Jose P. Laurel as President.

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The 1943 Constitution was basically a condensed version of the 1935 Constitution
consisting only of a preamble and 12 articles. It was transitory in nature as it was only effective
during the duration of the war. It created a republic with three offices (executive, legislative, and
judicial) but owing to the war, no legislature was convened. Instead, the powers of government
were concentrated with the President. The Bill of Rights basically enumerated the citizen’s duties
and obligations rather than their constitutional rights and Tagalog was declared the national
language.
The 1943 Constitution was recognized as legitimate and binding only in Japanese-
controlled areas of the Philippines but was ignored by the United States government and the
Philippine Commonwealth government in-exile. It was abolished eventually along with the
Second Republic upon the liberation of the Philippines by American forces in 1945 and the re-
establishment of the Commonwealth in the Philippines.
5. The 1973 Constitution and the Marcos Dictatorship
On June 1, 1971, a Constitutional Convention was convened at the Manila Hotel. Its
purpose was to write a new constitution at the Manila Hotel. Its purpose was to write a new
constitution that would meet the new challenges confronting the Philippines Republic that
developed since it was formed in 1946. It was during the second term of President Ferdinand
Marcos that the convention opened.
Almost immediately, the convention became controversial. The delegates concentrated
more on speeches and giving themselves allowances before actually sitting down to discuss the
provisions of the new constitution. Meanwhile, the peace and order situation brought about by
the First Quarter Storm deteriorated with student rallies and other protests rocking the
metropolis. The biggest scandal came when Leyte delegate Eduardo Quintero accused Marcos of
bribing delegates to vote for a provision to extend the presidential term of office and to change
the form of government.
But the convention’s activities soon came to a temporary halt when President Marcos
declared martial law n September 21, 1972. He abolished Congress and reorganized the
government. Several days later, the convention was reconvened and a draft constitution was
finally finished and approved on November 30. Instead of being ratified by a plebiscite,
however, Marcos submitted it to “citizen assemblies” that was formed to approve or reject the
new constitution. The plebiscite was held from January 10-15, 1972 and the constitution was
overwhelming approved. On January 17, 1973, President Marcos signed Proclamation No. 1102
declaring the 1973 Constitution ratified.
The 1973 Constitution provided for a parliamentary form of government in which the
President was the symbolic head of the state and the Prime Minister was the head of government.
The prime Minister, who was nominated by the president, acted as the head of the Cabinet.
Legislative power was vested in the Batasang Pambansa. The constitution also provided
for the establishment of the Civil Service commission, the Commission on Elections, and the
Commission on Audit.
In 1981, amendments were made to the 1973 Constitution and the President was restored
from a symbolic head of state to its original status as the head of the state and chief executive of

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the country. The amended Constitution also granted the President several powers and functions
which were originally vested in the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
The 1973 Constitution remained in force until the February 22-25 EDSA People Power
Revolution of 1986 which toppled the Marcos administration. It was abolished with the adoption
of the 1986 Freedom Constitution by the administration of President Corazon Aquino.
6. The Freedom Constitution (1986)
On March 24, 1986, President Aquino signed Proclamation No. 3 entitled “Declaring a
National Policy to Implements the Reforms mandated By the People, Protecting their basic
rights, Adopting a Provisional Constitution, and Providing for an Orderly Transition constitution,
later called the “Freedom Constitution,” was proclaimed, setting aside the 1973 Constitution
thereby recognizing the new Aquino administration as a temporary revolutionary government
until the framing of a new constitution. It basically adopted some provisions of the 1973
Constitution especially the Bill of Rights.
Under the Freedom Constitution, the President continued to exercise legislative powers
until a legislative powers until a legislature was convened under a new constitution. Furthermore,
the President was given the power to appoint the members of a Constitutional Commission
tasked to draft a new charter “truly reflective of the ideals and aspirations of the Filipino people.”
7. The 1987 Constitution
By virtue of Sec. 1, Article 5 of the Freedom Constitution, President Aquino issued on
April 23, 1986 Proclamation No. 9, consisting a Constitutional Commission (CONCOM)
charged with drafting a new constitution not later that September 2, 1986. In line with this
issuance, President Aquino, on May 26, 1986, appointed the 50 CONCOM members
representing the various sectors of society from politics to the arts and to the religion.
On June 2 the ConCom, headed by former Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma, commenced its
sessions at the Batasang Pambansa in Quezon City. The ConCom completed their task on
October 12, 1986 and presented the draft constitution to President Aquino on October 15. After a
period of nationwide information campaign, a plebiscite for its ratification was held on February
2, 1987. An overwhelming 17,059,495 voted to ratify the constitution while 5,058,714 voted
against it.
On February 11, 1987, the New Constitution was proclaimed ratified and in effect. On
the same day, President Aquino, government officials, and the military pledged allegiance to the
New Constitution.
Among its significant provisions are as follows:
1. A presidential system of government restores the bicameral Congress of the
Philippines, composed of a Senate and a House of Representatives.
2. A modified Bill of Rights (Article III) details the rights of every Filipino citizen. Much
emphasis was placed on the writing of this provision after the violations committed during the
Marcos dictatorship. In addition, the constitution includes the abolition of death penalty, except
when Congress provides otherwise with regard to “heinous crimes.”

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3. The creation of a Commission on Human Rights which under, Section 18, Article XIII,
is tasked to investigate all forms of human rights violation involving civil and political rights. It
provides appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all person within the
Philippines, and several other powers in relation to the protection of human rights.
4. The recognition of Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
5. Limited political autonomy for local government units like the provinces, cities,
municipalities, and barangays and instructing the Congress to establish a Local Government
Code.
The 1987 Constitution consists of 18 articles with a preamble.
Preamble
Article I - National Territory
Article II - Declaration of Principles and State Policies
Article III - Bill of Rights
Article IV - Citizenship
Article V - Suffrage
Article VI - Legislative Department
Article VII - Executive Department
Article VIII - Judicial Department
Article IX - Constitutional Commission
Article X - Local Government
Article XI - Accountability of Public Officers
Article XII - National Economy and Patrimony
Article XIII - Social Justice and Human Rights
Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology and Arts
Article XV - The Family
Article XVI - General Provisions
Article XVII - Amendments and Revision
Article XVIII - Transitory Provisions
Learning Tasks
1. What particular provision in any of the seven Philippine Constitutions do you think was
not necessary, not beneficial, and not practical to the Filipino nation? Why? Support your
answer.
2. If given the chance to contribute in the crafting of a new Philippine Constitution, what
constitution of government are you going to propose? Make your stand with supporting
arguments in not less than 250 words.

Make a summary of the learning acquired from the topics presented and discussed
above. Using own sketching skills or subscribing to Make Beliefs Comix (printable or digital),

GEd 105
continue to create a topic diary of the summary – comic strip style in not less than 6 panels or not
more than 18 panels.
Lesson 3
Parts of the 1987 Constitution
Objectives
1. Recognize and define each of the three salient parts of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
2. Explain each of the rights made available to Filipinos under Article III or The Bill of
Rights as enshrined in the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
3. Analyze as to how a constitution is revised or amended via the principle of constitution of
sovereignty.
unit of study.
Lesson Proper
There are three parts of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. They are the following.
1. Constitution of Government
The present Constitution established a representative democracy or a presidential form of
government acknowledging the civilian authority as supreme over the military. Its prime duty is
to serve and protect the people. It also restored the Bicameral Congress of the Philippines. The
1987 Constitution provided for a tripartite system of government, i.e., the Legislative, Executive,
and the Judiciary. As early as in the case of US vs. Nag Tang Ho in 1922 (43 Phil 1 [Feb.
27,1922]), it was held that the different departments of the government are coordinate, coequal
and each functions independently, uncontrolled and uncontrollable by the other.
Under the 1987 Constitution, the Philippine government is composed of three equal branches.
1. Legislative Department. A branch of government that has the power to pass, amend, and
repeal laws. The legislative power is conferred upon Congress, i.e., House of Representatives
and the Philippine Senate, except to the extent reserve to the people by the provision on initiative
and referendum.
1.1. The House of Senate

1.2. The House of Representatives
2. Executive Department. This is another branch of government charged with the execution and
enforcement of laws and policies and the administration of public affairs. This executive branch
of government is composed of the following;

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2.1 The President

The President of the Philippines is elected by direct vote by the people for a term
of six years. He may only serve for one term, and is ineligible for reelection. The term
of the President of the Philippines starts at noon of the 30th day of June after the
election.
2.2 The Vice –President

The Vice President of the Philippines is elected by direct vote by the people for a
term of six years, and may run for reelection once. The term of the Vice President of
the Philippines starts at noon of the 30th day of June after a regular election is held.
2.3 The Cabinet

Cabinet secretaries act as the alter ego of the President executing, with his
authority, the power of the Office of the President in their respective departments.
The number of cabinet secretaries varies from time to time depending on the need
of an administration. According to the Administrative Code of 1987, the President of
the Philippines may create or dissolve any department as he sees fit.
2.4 The Local Government

The executive branch extends beyond the national government. According to
Article X, Section 4 of the constitution, the President of the Philippines is mandated
to supervise local governments all over the country. However, because of Republic
Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991, local
governments enjoy relative autonomy from the national government.
3.Judicial Department. This is the branch of government charged with the interpretation of laws
and the administration of justice. Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and other lower
courts established by law. The judiciary has the duty to settle actual controversies involving
rights, which are legally demandable and enforceable. This judicial branch of the government is
composed of the following courts;
3.1 Supreme Court

At the top tier of the judicial hierarchy is the Supreme Court. It is presided over
by a Chief Justice and is composed of 14 other Justices. The Court may adjudicate En
Banc or in divisions of three, five or seven Justices each. Currently, the Supreme
Court is organized into the En Banc and three divisions of five (5) Justices each.
3.2. The Court of Appeals

The CA is assigned to review cases elevated to it from the Regional Trial Courts
(RTCs) as well as quasi-judicial agencies such as the Civil Service Commission,
Securities and Exchange Commission, National Labor Relations Commission, and

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the Land Registration Authority. The CA also reviews cases where the sentence is
reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, as well as decisions of the Office of the
Ombudsman in administrative disciplinary cases. The CA is a collegial court and sits
en banc only to exercise administrative, ceremonial or other non-adjudicatory
functions. Being an appellate court, it resolves cases based on the record of the
proceedings from the trial court; in certain cases, however, the CA also conducts
hearings and receives evidence such as, for instance, in applications for the writ of
Amparo or Habeas Data, whether in the exercise of original jurisdiction or on
remand from the Supreme Court.
3.2 The Court of Tax Appeals

The CTA has exclusive jurisdiction to review on appeal decisions in cases
involving disputed assessments, refunds of internal revenue taxes, fees, or other
charges, penalties in relation thereto, or other matters arising under the National
Internal Revenue Code. It also exercises original jurisdiction over all criminal
offenses arising from violations of the Tax or Tariff Codes and other laws
administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue or the Bureau of Customs.
3.3 The Sandiganbayan

The Sandiganbayan is an anti-graft court that has jurisdiction to try public officers
with a salary grade of 27 and above (including any co-accused who are private
persons) charged with criminal cases involving violation of the country’s laws on
graft and corruption, particularly RA 3019, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-
Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, and corresponding civil cases for recovery of civil
liability arising from the offense. Likewise, the Sandiganbayan is vested with
appellate jurisdiction over final judgments, resolutions or orders of the RTC whether
in the exercise of their original or appellate jurisdiction over crimes and civil cases
falling within the original exclusive jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan but which were
committed by public officers below Salary Grade 27.
Private individuals can be tried in cases before the Sandiganbayan if they are
alleged to be in conspiracy with the public officer. The decisions of the
Sandiganbayan are directly appealable to the Supreme Court.
3.5. The Trial Courts of the First and the Second Level
In the first tier are the Courts of the First Level consisting of the Metropolitan
Trial Courts (MeTCs), which are established in Metropolitan Manila; the Municipal Trial
Courts in Cities (MTCCs), in every city which does not form part of Metropolitan
Manila; the Municipal Trial Courts (MTCs), established in each of the other cities or
municipalities; and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts (MTCCs), created in each circuit
comprising such cities and/or municipalities as grouped by law.
At the same level are the Shari’a Circuit Courts (SCC). Shari’a Courts have been
established in Islamic regions and provinces to interpret and apply the Code of Muslim

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Personal Laws (under Presidential Decree No. 1083). Their decisions are appealable to
the Shari’a Appellate Court which, however, has yet to be organized.
The second tier consists of the Regional Trial Courts (RTCs) established in each
of the thirteen (13) regions in the Philippines. Each RTC may be composed of a single
sala or of several branches. RTCs have both original and appellate jurisdiction. In
exercising the former jurisdiction, RTCs act as trial courts receiving evidence in the first
instance from the parties to a case falling within its jurisdiction; in exercising the latter
jurisdiction, the RTCs act as a court of appeal over the decisions of the Courts of the First
Level.
Also on the same level are the Shari’a District Courts (SDC), whose decisions are
appealable to the still-to-be organized Shari’a Appellate Court. Pending such
organization, SDC Decisions are reviewed by the Supreme Court through the special civil
action of certiorari under Rule 65 if the issue is one of jurisdiction or through a petition
for review on certiorari by way of appeal under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.
2. Constitution of Liberty
This part of the 1987 constitution, The Bill of Rights, enumerates the fundamental rights of
the Filipino people.It sets the limits to the government’s power which proves to be not absolute.
Among the rights of the people are freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press. An
important feature here is the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus whivh have three available
grounds such as invasion, insurrection, and rebellion.
There are 22 sections under this Article III of the 1987 Constitution otherwise known as The Bill
of Rights. To wit;
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law,
nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects
against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to
be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to be seized.
Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for
any purpose in any proceeding.
Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press,
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of
grievances.
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Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the
exercise of civil or political rights.
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law
shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be
impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be
provided by law.
Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts,
transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy
development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to
form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall
not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the
right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel
preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be
provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar
forms of detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as
compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.
Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua
when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be
released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even
when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be
required.

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Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of
law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is
proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature
and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the
witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and
the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed
notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his
failure to appear is unjustifiable.
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of
invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all
judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and
aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted.
Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment inflicted. Neither shall the death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already
imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or
detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall
be dealt with by law.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an
act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a
bar to another prosecution for the same act.
Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
3. Constitution of Sovereignty
Sovereignty. It is the quality of having independent authority over a geographic area, such as
a territory. Sovereignty is exercised by the State to exact obedience to its laws upon the citizens.

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Garner defines sovereignty “as the power of the State to command obedience, the power to
which, legally speaking, all interests are practically subject and all will coordinate.”
Sovereignty may be internal or external. Internal sovereignty denotes the power of the State
to control and govern its people, while external sovereignty denotes freedom of a State from
external control; independence.
By virtue of this sovereignty, that power to amend or revise the 1987 Constitution is thereby
vested on the Congress upon a vote of three-fourths of all its members; or through a
constitutional convention.
Learning Tasks
1. Describe very concisely the form of government that prevails in the country. Do you
think this government is effective in terms of economic, social and political stability?
Support your arguments.
2. Do you think the government was wrong when the Congress denied the application of
ABS CBN to renew franchise to operate broadcasting? Why? Support your answer.

Make a summary of the learning acquired from the topics presented and discussed above.
Using own sketching skills or subscribing to Make Beliefs Comix (printable or digital), continue
to create a topic diary of the summary – comic strip style in not less than 6 panels or not more
than 18 panels.

1. manifest interest and concern in promoting and preserving local history.
Main Topic V: Critical Evaluation of Oral, Local History and

Historical Sites
Introduction
Hundreds of sites all over the Philippines became part of our history and culture. Many of these
sites as well as landmarks are recognized by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines
(NHCP). As stated in Republic Act No. 10886, the NHCP is “responsible for the conservation and
preservation of the country’s historical legacies. Its major thrusts encompass an ambitious cultural
program on historical studies, curatorial works, architectural conservation, Philippine heraldry, historical

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information dissemination activities, restoration and preservation of relics and memorabilia of heroes and
other renowned Filipinos.
Objectives
1. Identify the historic sites and landmarks recognized by the National Historical
Commission of the Phlippines (NHCP).
2. Recognize the value of these historic sites and landmarks in the study and
preservation of our history and culture.
3. Create a digital archive or vlog.
Lesson Proper
Historical information dissemination activities also include the recognition of historical

sites and landmarks, turning them into museum and parks, and making them open to visitors such
as students to promote historical awareness among the youth. Here are the following:
LUZON
Northern Luzon Provinces Landmark Town/City
IlocosNorte Juan Luna Shrine Badoc
IlocosNorte Gregorio Aglipay National Batac
Shrine
IlocosNorte ArtemioRicarte Shrine Batac
IlocosNorte Paoay Church Paoay
IlocosNorte Bacarra Church Bacarra
IlocosNorte Cape Bojeador Lighthouse Burgos
National Historical Landmark
Ilocos Sur Santa Maria Church Santa Maria
Ilocos Sur Tirad Pass National Shrine Del Pilar
Ilocos Sur Syquia Mansion Vigan
Isabela Church of Tumauini Tumauini
Pangasinan Old Casa Real and Provincial Lingayen
Capitol
Abra TeodoroBrillantes House Tayum
Ifugao Surrender Site of General Kiangan
Tomuyuki Yamashita
Benguet Mansion House Baguio City
Batanes Church, Convent and Site of Sabtang
the Beaterio of Sabtang
Batanes Church of Ivana Ivana
Central Luzon Provinces Landmark Town/City
Bulacan Barasoain Church Historical Malolos
Landmark
Bulacan Casa Real Shrine Malolos

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Bulacan Malolos Heritage Town Malolos

Bulacan Biak-na-Bato Historic Site San Miguel
Bulacan Birth Site of Marcelo H. del Bulakan
Pilar
Bulacan Alberta Uitangcoy House Bulakan
Pampanga Birthplace of Pres. Diosdado Lubao
P. Macapagal
Pampanga Lubao Church Historical Lubao
Landmark
Pampanga Henson-Hizon Heritage House San Fernando
Pampanga Singian-Hizon Heritage House San Fernando
Pampanga Cuyugan-Dayrit Heritage San Fernando
House
Pampanga Lazatin Heritage House San Fernando
Pampanga Augusto P. Hizon House San Fernando
Tarlac Aquino Ancestral House Tarlac
Tarlac Capas Prisoners-of-War
Memorial Shrince
Bataan Abucay Church Historical Abucay
Landmark
Bataan Mt. Samat National Shrine Mt. Samat
Zambales Pres. Ramon Magsaysay Castillejos
Historical Landmark
Aurora Church of Baler Historical Baler
Landmark
Southern Luzon Provinces Landmark Town/City
Batangas Taal Church Historical Taal
Landmark
Batangas Marcela Agoncillo Historical Taal
Landmark
Batangas Leon Apacible Historical Taal
Landmark
Batangas Taal Historical Landmark Taal
Batangas ApolinarioMabini Shrine Tanauan
Batangas Miguel Malvar Historical Santo Tomas
Landmark
Batangas Luz-Katigbak House Lipa City
Batangas Ylagan-de la Rosa House Taal
Batangas Goco Ancestral House Taal
Batangas Jose P. Laurel Monument Santo Tomas
Batangas Punta de Malabrigo Lobo
Lighthouse
Cavite Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine Kawit
Cavite Baldomero Aguinaldo Shrine Binakayan, Kawit
Cavite Casa Hacienda and its Rosario and Gen. Trias

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Environs, the Site of the

Tejeros Convention
Cavite Site of the Battle of Alapan Bo. Alapan, Imus
Historical Landmark
Cavite Site of the Battle of Imus Imus
Cavite Fort San Felipe Historical Site Cavite City
Cavite Bonifacio Trial House Maragondon
Cavite Corregidor Corregidor Island
Cavite Sarayba House General Trias
Cavite Sta. Cruz Parish Convent Tanza
Laguna Rizal Shrine Calamba
Laguna Calamba Church Historical Calamba
Landmark
Laguna Paciano Rizal Shrine Calamba
Laguna Nagcarlan Underground Nagcarlan
Cemetery Historical
Landmark
Laguna Pila Historical Landmark Pila
Laguna Cuartel de Santo Domingo Santa Rosa City
Rizal Vicente Mansala Historical Binangonan
Landmark
Rizal Pamitinan Cave Historic Site Sitio Wawa, San Rafael,
Rodriguez
Quezon Birthplace of Claro M. Recto Tiaong
Historical Site
Quezon Natalio Enriquez House Sariaya
Quezon Rodriguez House Sariaya
Quezon Gala-Rodriguez House Sariaya
Quezon TayabasProvicial Capitol Tayabas
Building
Marinduque Cathedral of Boac Historical Boac
Landmark
Mariduque Battle Site Memorial of Torrijos
PulangLupa Historical
Landmark
Marinduque Casa Narvas Boac
Mindoro Oriental Kuta Church Ruins Brgy. Anilao, Bongabong
Palawan Cape Melville Lighthouse Cape Melville, Balabac
Hitorical Landmark
Palawan Iwahig Penal Prison and Farm Puerto Princesa
Historical Landmark
Bicol Region Landmark Town/City
CamarinesNorte WenceslaoVinzons Historical Vinzons
Landmark
CamarinesNorte Jose Rizal Monument Daet

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Camarines Sur Holy Rosary Minor Seminary Naga City

Historical Landmark
Camarines Sur Jorge Barlin National Baao
Monument
Camarines Sur Filipino-Japanese Friendship Boncao Hill, Mt. Isarog, Pili
Historical Landmark
Camarines Sur Quipayo Church Historical Calabanga
Landmark
VISAYAS
Provinces Landmark Town/City
Aklan Kalantiaw Shrine Batan
Antique General Leandro Fullon Hamtic
National Shrine
Capiz Church of Santa Monica Pan-ay
Historical Landmark
Iloilo RosendoMejica Historical Iloilo City
Landmark
Iloilo Dumangas Church Historical Dumangas
Landmark
Iloilo Ermita Chapel Historical Dumangas
Landmark
Iloilo Santa Barbara Church and Santa Barbara
Convent Historical Landmark
Iloilo Jaro Belfry Historical Jaro
Landmark
Iloilo Miagao Church Historical Miagao
Landmark
Iloilo Molo Church Historical Molo
Landmark
Iloilo Balantang Memorial Cemetery Jaro
Shrine
Iloilo Barotac Nuevo Church, Barotac Nuevo
Convent and Cemetery
Historical Landmark
Iloilo Plaza Libertad National Iloilo City
Historical Landmark
Iloilo Lopez Heritage House La Paz, Iloilo City
Iloilo Old Iloilo City Hall Iloilo City
Iloilo Portion of the Iloilo City Iloilo City
Central Business District
Guimaras Roca Encantada Heritage Buenavista, Guimaras
House
Negros Occidental General Juan Araneta Bago City
Historical Landmark
Negros Occidental Silay City Historical Silay City
Landmark
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Negros Occidental Victor Fernadez Gaston Silay City

Heritage House
Negros Occidental Carlos ArceoLedesma Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Jose BendictoGamboa Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Angel AranetaLedesma Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Benita Jara Heritage House Silay City
Negros Occidental Amelia Hilado Flores Heritage Silay City
House
Negros Occidental Alejandro Amechazura Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Jose CortezaLocsin Heritage Silay City
House
Negros Occidental Augusto HiladoSeverino Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Severino Building/ Heritage Silay City
House
Negros Occidental Manuel SeverinoHofileña Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Claudio HiladoAkol Heritage Silay City
House
Negros Occidental Manuel de la Rama Locsin Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Felix Tad-y Lacson Heritage Silay City
House
Negros Occidental Soledad and Maria Silay City
MontelibanoLacson Heritage
House
Negros Occidental Kapitan Marciano Silay City
MontelibanoLacson Heritage
House
Negros Occidental Vicente ConluMontelibano Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Maria LedesmaGolez Heritage Silay City
House
Negros Occidental Jose Ledesma Heritage House Silay City
Negros Occidental TeodoroMorada Heritage Silay City
House
Negros Occidental Generoso Reyes Gamboa Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental DignaLocsinConsing Heritage Silay City
House
Negros Occidental German Lacson Gaston Silay City
Heritage House

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Negros Occidental Modesto Ramirez Hojilla Silay City

(Carlos JavelosaJalandoni)
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Dr. Jose CortezaLocsin Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Bernardino Lopez Jalandoni Silay City
Ancestral House
Negros Occidental German LocsinUnson Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental DelfinLedesmaLedesma Silay City
Heritage House
Negros Occidental Infante Heritage House La Carlota City
Negros Occidental Gen.AnicetoLacson Historical Talisay City
Landmark
Negros Occidental Negros Occidental Provincial Bacolod City
Capitol
Negros Oriental Silliman University Historical Dumaguete City
Landmark
Cebu Liberty Shrine/Site of the Lapu-Lapu City, Mactan
Battle of Mactan
Cebu Church and Convent of Santo Cebu City
Niño
Cebu Matilde Bradford Memorial Cebu City
Church Historical Landmark
Cebu Sergio Osmeña House Cebu City
Historical Landmark
Cebu Bank of the Philippine Islands Cebu City
Historical Landmark
Cebu Casa Gorordo Historical Cebu City
Landmark
Cebu Boljoon Church Historical Boljoon
Landmark
Cebu Church of San Guillermo de Dalaguete
Aquintania Historical
Landmark
Cebu Bagacay Point Lighthouse Liloan
Historical Landmark
Cebu Cebu Provincial Capitol Cebu City
Cebu Silva House Carcar
Cebu Balayna Tisa Carcar
Cebu Sa DakongBalay (Don Carcar
Florencio Noel House)
Bohol Baclayon Church Historical Baclayon
Landmark
Bohol San Pedro Apostol Church Loboc
Historical Landmark

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Bohol Church of the Holy Trinity Loay

Historical Landmark
Bohol Clarin Heritage House Loay
Bohol Church of Dauis and Its Dauis
Complex
Bohol President Carlos P. Garcia Tagbiliran City
House
Bohol Church of Loon Loon
Siquijor Lazi Church and Convent Lazo
Historical Landmark
Leyte Leyte Landing Site Bo. Baras, Palo
Leyte Oppus Ancestral Maasin
House/Southern Leyte
Provincial Library
Southern Leyte Limasawa Shrine Limasawa
Southern Leyte Maasin Church Maasin City
Northern Samar Capul Lighthouse Capul
MINDANO
Provinces Landmark Town/City
Zamboanga del Norte Rizal Shrine Dapitan City
Zambianga del Norte Dapitan Plaza Historical Dapitan City
Landmark
Zamboanga del Norte Old Town of Dapitan Dapitan City
Misamis Occidental Fuerte de la Concepcion y del Ozamiz City
TriunfoHistorical Landmark
Lanao del Norte Macapagal-Macaraeg Heritage Buru-un, Iligan City
House
Cotabato Site of the Church of the Cotabato City
Immaculate Conception of
Tamontaka
Cotabato Fort Pikit Pikit, North Cotabato
Lanao del Sur Torogan House Pompongan-a-Marantao,
Marawi City
Tawi-Tawi Sheik KarimolMahkdum TanduBanak, Sibutu
Shrine
Tawi-Tawi Sheik KarimolMahkdum TubigIndangan, Simunul
Mosque
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
City/Provinces Landmark Town/City/District
Manila Rizal Shrine Fort Santiago, Intramuros
Manila Fort Santiago Freedom Shrine Intramuros
(DambanangKalayaan)
Manila San Agustin Church and Intramuros
Convent
Manila Mabini Shrine Pandacan

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Manila Zamora Historical Landmark Pandacan

Manila Army and Navy Club South Boulevard, Ermita
Historical Landmark
Manila Elks Club Building Historical Roxas Boulevard, Ermita
Landmark
Manila Luneta Hotel Historical Ermita
Landmark
Manila Jose Rizal National Rizal Park, Manila
Monument
Manila Rizal Park (Bagumbayan) Rizal Park, Manila
Historical Site
Manila Andres Bonifacio National Mehan Gardens, Ermita
Shrine
Manila Metropolitan LiwasangBonifacio, Ermita
TheaterHistorical Landmark
Manila San Sebastian Church Quiapo
Historical Landmark
Manila University of Santo Tomas Sampaloc
Historical Landmark
(UST Main Building, Central
Seminary, Arch of the Century
and Open Spaces were
declared National Cultural
Treasures)
Manila Malacañang Palace Historical San Miguel
Landmark
Manila Mausoleo de los Veteranos de North Cemetery, Santa Cruz
la Revolucion Historical
Landmark
Manila Mehan Gardens Historical Manila
Landmark
Manila Intramuros and Its Walls Manila
(Declared a National Heritage
Site)
Manila Birthplace of Antonio Luna San Nicolas
Manila Andres Bonifacio Shrine P. Burgos Drive cor.
Concepcion
Manila Manila Hotel Ermita
Manila Old Legislative Building (now Ermita
National Museum)
Manila Lichauco Residence Santa Anta
Manila A Portion of Santa Ana (A Santa Ana
Heritage Site)
Manila BahayNakpil-Bautista 432-A Bautista St., Quiapo
Manila Manila Central Post Office Manila
Building and

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LiwasangBonifacio
Manila Manila Bay and Waterfront Manila
from Del Pan Bridge to the
CCP
Manila ApolinarioMabini Monument National Library of the Phils.,
Manila
Manila Rizal Memorial Sports Malate
Complex (Declared a National
Historical Landmark)
Quezon City Quezon Memorial Shrine Diliman
Quezon City Quezon Monument Quezon City
Quezon City Cry of PugadlawinHistorical Bahay Toro
Landmark
Quezon City Church of the Holy Sacrifice UP Diliman
Quezon City Mira-Nila Heritage House Cubao
Quezon City Resting Place of the Remains Banlat
of Melchora “TandangSora”
Aquino
Pasay City P. Burgos Elementary School P. Burgos Street
Historical Landmark
Caloocan City Bonifacio National Monument Caloocan City Rotonda
Las Piñas City Saint Joseph Parish Church Las Piñas City
Complex
Las Piñas City Zapote Battlefield and Zapote Pinaglabanan Road
Bridge
Taguig LibinganngMgaBayani Fort Bonifacio
National Shrine
Taguig Birthplace of Felix Tipas
ManaloHistorical Landmark
Aside from these historical landmarks and shrines, other places that can be visited to
broaden our knowledge of the Philippine history and culture include government- and private-
run museums:
The National Museum Complex is composed of:

a. the National Museum of Fine Arts (Old Legislative Building)
b. the National Museum of Anthropology (Old Finance Building)
c. the National Museum of Natural History (Old Agriculture and Commerce
Building)
d. and the National Planetarium
Private museums and other institutions also have their share of contributing to the
preservation of our heritage. Many of these places are limited to special collections but are
themselves a significant part of history and in the study of it. Some examples of these museums
are as follows:

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a. UST Museum of Arts and Sciences located at the University of Santo Tomas
campus
b. Ayala Museum located in Makati
c. The Lopez Museum and Library located at the Benpres Building, Ortigas
Complex in Mandaluyong
d. The Kaisa Angelo King Heritage Center located in Intramuros which highlights
our Tsinoy or Chinese-Filipino heritage
e. The Museo Iloilo in Iloilo City which focuses on cultural and historical artifacts
not only from Iloilo but also from Panay Island
f. The Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies, which focuses on the
study of Kapampangan language, history, and culture, located in the campus of
the Holy Angel University in Angeles City, Pampanga
g. The Cultural Center of the Philippines, though recognized as a performance
venue, which houses art galleries for exhibits and a collection of artworks by
recognized Filipino artists including those by the National Artists of the
Philippines
The continuous growth of awareness of the remnants of our historical and cultural past
has made Filipinos places a large value on preserving the old buildings and districts around the
country. This eventually led to the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act (Republic Act
No. 10066) which created the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property and the rules and
regulations to preserve historic buildings that are over 50 years. It was signed into law on March
25, 2009.
There were earlier attempts to preserve the artifacts of history and culture. The first
district that was declared a National Heritage site was the Intramuros district which was the
former Walled City of Manila. This was followed by Vigan City in Ilocos Sur and later by Silay
in Negros Occidental. These areas follow heritage laws formulated to preserve their historic
buildings, open spaces, and local traditions while at the same time blending with the modern
surroundings.
Historic buildings that date back to the Spanish and American colonial periods that
survived the Second World War have also been preserved by either the government or private
institutions. Examples of these are the buildings of the campuses of the University of Santo
Tomas, the Philippine General Hospital, the capitol building of the different provinces such as
Leyte and Pangasinan, as well as private houses and buildings like the Gota de Leche Building in
Sampaloc, Manila. Spanish colonial churches that can be found in towns and cities all over the
country are also included in this category.
Monuments that date back to the colonial eras are also being preserved. Many of these
monuments are found in plazas and parks in different towns and cities in Manila and the urban
areas of provinces. These monuments are important not only because they commemorate places,
people, and historic events but also because they are markers of our past. Examples of these
monuments in Manila are the Carriedo Fountain, King Carlos IV Monument, the Legazpi-
Urdaneta Monument, the Queen Isabel II of Spain, and the Simon de Anda Monument.

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Other significant places are concrete pieces of evidence of our pre-colonial past. These
are the archaeological sites that are mostly found in the provinces. Some of these sites are
already open to public although travelling entails long hikes since many of them are in the
mountainous areas or in islands. Examples of these areas are the Ifugao Rice Terraces, the
Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves, the Neolithic Shell Midden Sites in Lal-lo and Gattaran
Municipalities, and the Paleolithic Archaeological Sites in Cagayan Valley where the bones of
what is believed to be the oldest human being in the Philippines―Callao Man―was found.
Learning Tasks
The pictures below are some of the landmarks in the Philippines. Some of the pictures of
the landmarks have questions below; provide answers to these questions to test your knowledge
about national and local history.
Photos of Some Historical Sites and Landmarks

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Paoay Church, Paoay, Ilocos Norte

Paoay Church, also known as San Agustin Church, is one of the top tourist destinations in
the province. Tourists that visit the church showcased different spectacular view from all angles.
The mentioned church was founded by Augustinian missionaries in 1593, and was a labor of
love over time and in the face of earthquakes and other disasters. Its scars made it beautiful and
worth-visiting. The bell tower was intended to be constructed at a distance from the church to
minimize damage should it fall.
QUESTION: Why do you think the church adopted baroque style out of many architectural
designs?
TRIVIA: During the Philippine Revolution, the bell tower of the church served as observatory
post for Filipinos.
-According to historians, the bell tower also had socio-economic significance. During the
wedding of a prominent and affluent clan, the bell would ring loudly and more often than the
wedding of the underprivileged.
Barasoain Church
Barasoain Church's history began when the town of Barasoain, along with the town of
Santa Isabel, was split from the town of Malolos in 1859. The said chapel was built by
Augustinian missionaries in 1859 with Fr. Fray F. Arriola as the first parish priest. According to

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some people who relate Barasoain in revolution, the word Barasoain came from the term "Baras
ng Suwail" which means "dungeon of the defiant.
QUESTION: Despite the separation of Church and the State, why do you think many important
political events have occurred in this historical, religious place?
TRIVIA: The first Constitution of the Philippines was created at Barasoain Church, therefore,
the first Philippine Republic was established in January 23, 1899
Pamintuan House
This structure was built in 1880’s by a patriarch who earned great fortune on his vast
agricultural lands named Don Florentino Torres Pamintuan who live in 1868-1925. It was the
biggest and most beautiful house in Angeles City. This house was sold in 1959 to Pedro Tablante
but it was not utilized by the owner and in 1964 it was leased to the government which now
becomes the city hall.
QUESTION: On August 2015, the mansion was inaugurated as the first Museum of Social
Science and History in the country. What do you think is its significance in Philippine History?

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TRIVIA: It was the seat of the Philippine Republic in May, 1899.
-During World War II, it served as station occupied by Japanese Kamikaze pilots. Kamikaze is a
Japanese aircraft filled with explosives intended to make suicidal crash.
Interior Pamintuan House

Pamintuan mansion is the place that shows the results of all our colonial experiences and
influence coming from them tgat showcase how diverse our culture is. Many visitors appreciate
how it exhibits different aspects of our social history even before it was inaguarated. It is also a
place where we can see how our local heritage has developed over time.

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Another Interior of Pamintuan House

This museum has a lot of this to offer, it highlights how Filipinos live their lives in a
daily basis expressed in an artwork. This sets contrast with the other museums that showcase
heroes of the country and narrates political and religious events. Even Angeles, the place where
it was located targets to upgrade their whole area that features the diverse sides of the Filipino
heritage. In this museum, there are nine galleries to be found that will make the guests explore
how the lives of people grew over time.
Holy Parish Church

Through the initiative of Don Mariano V. Henson, the early foundation of the building of
Holy Parish Church was established by one of the early settlers of what is now Angeles City on
October 18, 1877. The said church is an iconic landmark among the natives and patrons. To the
locals, the Holy Rosary Parish Church is affectionately called the “Pisambang Maragul,” which
is a literal phrase of the Kapampangan for “Big Church”.
QUESTION: Why did most acts of brutality and injustices happen at churches?
TRIVIA: The church was constructed from 1877 to 1896 by the Polo y Servicio labor system.
Filipinos (called as Indios) were forced to do unpaid labors for 40 days each year under the
Spanish colonial government.
-The church’s backyard became the execution grounds from 1896-1898 in shooting down
Filipino rebels by the Spaniard

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Aguinaldo Shrine, Kawit, Cavite

The shrine is the ancestral home of the first President of the Philippines, the only
president of the First Philippine Republic named Emilio Aguinaldo. This house will give
knowledge about about the Philippine Independence and History. The shrine is open from 8am to
5pm and there is no entrance fee.
QUESTION: Why do you think the shrine was called “house of many secrets”?

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TRIVIA: The house was featured twice in Philippine peso bill. It appeared on the two-peso and
five-peso bills.
-Originally, there was no balcony in 1898. The Philippine flag was waved from a window in a
living room. The balcony was added in1919.
Cannon on Corregidor Island

This World War II gun was the largest defensive gun on the Island of Corregidor during
the 1942 battles. There is cannon known as The Battery that served as the weapon on WW2.
Cannon, big gun, howitzer were distinguished from a musket, rifle, or other small arm. The
island of Corregidor served as the witness to the heavy bombardment, thousands of lives lost,
and also the moment of victory when the Filipino and American forces recaptured the island in
1945.
QUESTION: How would you differentiate the role of American Army and Philippine army in
recapturing the island from Japanese forces?
TRIVIA: Corregidor comes from the Spanish word “corregir” which means “to correct”. Since
all ships entering Manila bay would be inspected and corrected, it was once named “the island of
corrector”.
-Col. Leroy M. Edwards burned $20,000,000 on Corregidor in 1942 and hid millions in silver
from the Japanese which still hasn’t been found.

GEd 105
Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor Island

Over a ten year period from 1922, Malinta Tunnel was built. It is essentially a massive
tunnel bored through a mountainside with several smaller tunnel systems spanning off of its
length. It has seen as the great deal of death for it has been served as a military storage hub,
bomb shelter, quarter and living space as well as a 1000 bed hospital. Many tourists and visitors
came outside the tunnel having unexplainable phenomena, people believed that the energy left
there from hospital patients and soldier still remains.

GEd 105
Middleside Barracks, Corregidor Island

This was the most photographed ruin in Corregidor Island where the barracks served as
the quarters of the 65th Coast Artillery anti-aircraft regiment US Regular Army, and the 91th
Coast Artillery Philippine Scouts, until it was bombed during the World War II. The barracks
comprise of two three-storey buildings with high ceilings and capiz shell windows that depict
tropical design sensibilities.

GEd 105
Marker of Tejeres Convention, General Trias, Cavite

This serves as landmark of the site of Tejeros convention where the two councils settle
their dispute on what type of government to be installed during that time. Bothe factions
convened for tge election of its officers held at the friar estate in Tejeros, a barrio of San
Francisco de Malabon that pave way to the formation of Philippine Revolutionary Government
and the founding of the Philippine Revolutionary army.
Site of Tejeros Convention, Genral Trias, Cavite

Filipino Revolutionaries had their 115th convention on March 22, 1897 and approved the
establishment of a Revolutionary Government headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo held at this site.
The Tejeros Convention was the meeting between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the
Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon –now General Trias.
QUESTION: Do you think it was reasonable and rational for Andres Bonifacio to consider the
Tejeros Convention as null and void?
TRIVIA: Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected absentia during the convention.

GEd 105
Provincial Capitol of Negros, Negros Occidental

Gatuslao St., Bacolod, Philippines was the place where that Provincial Capitol of Negros
Occidental was erected, within its complex is the Capitol Park and Lagoon but before that the
provincial government of Negros Occidental was in the house donated by Jose Ruiz de
Luzuriaga, who was part of the Philippine Commission established by the Americans in 1901. It
is throught the initiative of Governor Jose Locsin that the provincial capitol building will be
place to the place that reflected the province's status as the wealthiest at that time due to the boost
in the sugar industry in 1926.
QUESTION: Considering the beauty and grandeur of the Capitol, how does it reflect the
economic life of Negros occidental?
TRIVIA: The building was used by the Japanese during the Second World War as their
headquarters.
-The Provincial Capitol was originally the old residence of Luzuriaga Family and was donated
by Jose Ruiz de Luzuriaga.

GEd 105
Basilica de Santo Niño, Cebu

This church that was established in 1565 was the first church in the Philippines it is
known for it is the Cebu's holiest church houses a revered Flemish statuette of the Christ child
(Santo Niño) that dates to Magellan's time. Three earlier structures were destroyed by fire, before
the existing baroque structure was built in 1737. Its facade and belfry were badly damaged by the
2013 earthquake but have been restored. Every year, the image is the centrepiece of Cebu's
largest annual event, the Sinulog Festival.
QUESTION: It was believed that the church is “where the image of Sto. Nino had been found.”
What is the role of Ferdinand Magellan in helping the Agustinians christianize the natives?
TRIVIA: It was founded on April 28, 1565, the same day when the Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition
arrived in Cebu Island.
-The church was supposed to be made of bricks. However, the humid weather of Cebu was not
suitable for a brick-church.

GEd 105
Marker of Basilica de Santo Nino

This serves to be the marker of the Basilica that was founded by Fray Andres de
Urdaneta, O.S.A. on April 28, 1565, the day when the image of the Holy Child was found
partially burned hut. More than a week passed after the rediscovery of the image of Santo Nino,
on May 8, 1565. The church was finished around 1739.
Bahay Nakpil, Quiapo, Manila

The picture showed the facade of the Bahay Nakpil in Quiapo, Manila. This hides many
treasures in plain sight and called A. Bautista Street which was named after a Filipino Doctor
who studied in Madrid in the late 1880's. Nakpil's house design represents the traditional urban
Filipino style popular at that time. Ground floor made of brick walls and a second storey made of
wood; sliding windows with ventanillas which was still emerge at present in the old houses in
provinces.
QUESTION: Aside from its remarkable architectural features, why do you think Katipuneros
preferred to occupy this house over other houses?
TRIVIA: One of the most important features of this house is the mirror propped on the ceiling
near the wooden guide to see if there’s someone standing outside, similar to the modern-day
CCTV cameras.
-One of the key-figures who became occupants of the house is Dr. Ariston Bautista, one of the
first professors in the University of the Philippines College of Medicine. He invented a medicine
to combat cholera.

GEd 105
Arch of the Century, University of Santo Tomas, Manila

This Arch of the century UST Manila was declared a National Cultural Treasure in
January 25, 2010. The original Arch faces the Main Building that serves as the main doorway to
the university building before it was destroyed during World War II when it was at Intramuros.
At present, the newer arch faced España Boulevard. Life of Saint Thomas Aquinas, the patron
saint of the university and of all Catholic educational institutions was placed on panels on the
sides at the top of the Arch.
QUESTION: Holding a very historic significance, what do you think is the symbolic importance
of the arch to the culture, beliefs, and traditions of the students of the University?
TRIVIA: The arch was formerly the original entrance to the university when the campus was still
in Intramuros
-It was carried piece-by-piece and was re-erected at the Plaza Intramuros

GEd 105
UST Central Seminary, UST Campus, Espana, Manila

The University of Santo Tomas Central Seminary Building currently houses the
Santisimo Rosario Parish, the Central Seminary, and the Faculties of Ecclesiastical Studies of the
Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila. The building was designed by Ar,
Fernando H. Hizon, Sr.. It was built on 1930’s. The new Colegio originally offered only those
courses which are required as preparation for the priesthood.
QUESTION: Do you think it is important for priests to have high academic performance during
Seminary? Why or why not/.
TRIVIA: During the Japanese Occupation, UST Intramuros campus was bombed while UST
Espana campus became internment camp.
-Pope Francis is the third pope to visit UST. The first was Pope Paul VI in 1970, followed by
Pope John Paul in 1981 and 1995.

GEd 105
UST Main Building and Open Field

This 93-year old building was designed by Fr. Roque Ruaño, O.P., and considered as the
first earthquake-resistant building in the Philippines. It incorporates a seismic design and adopted
the engineering standards of Japan. Moreover, the building is divided into 40 units with four or
six piers strongly tied together, with seismic gaps of an inch filled with loose cement, to
accommodate any movement in case of earthquakes. Moreover, the Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH) planned to build a retarding basin beneath a National Cultural Treasure
inside the University of Santo Tomas (UST) that will minimize flooding in the open field but the
school administrators opposed the offer for it will cause threat to the old buildings and structures.
QUESTION: The main building features three statues called “Tria Haec” that represent Hope,
Faith, and Love. As the oldest existing university in Asia, how do these three representations
reflect UST throughout its history?
TRIVIA: Doctrina Christiana, the first printed book in the Philippines, was produced in 1593 by
the present UST Publishing House.
Unit Activity
Create a digital archive of the historic sites and landmarks found in your locality.
Make sure to include brief descriptions or historical backgrounds.

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GEd 105

Readings in Philippine History

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Lesson Proper Unit Activity

Intended Learning Outcomes

Main Topic I: Introduction to History

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B. History’s Subject Matter

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Some authors define history as a study of historical perspective. In reconstructing the

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Primary source: Numerical Records

Printed numerical graph

Primary source: Oral statements

A person interviewing an eyewitness

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Primary source: Relics

Artifacts (Balanginga Bells)

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Fossil (Callao man)

Photograph (Bud Dajo Massacre)

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Map (Murillo Velarde map c.1734)

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1. Provide ideas that guide the discipline of history

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Early Tagalog System (taken from Doctrina Christiana,)

Modern Filipino orthography

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Intended Learning Outcomes

Main Topic II: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected

A. Background of the Author/Creator

B. Background of the Document/Primary Source

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C. Content Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in the Document

D. Contribution and Relevance of the Document in Understanding the Grand Narrative of

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E. Relevance of the documents to the present time.

Example of Content and Contextual Analysis

Background of the Author -Juan Luna (1857-1899)

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Historical Background of the Primary Source

Content Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in the Painting

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Contribution and Relevance of the Document in Understanding the Grand Narrative of

Relevance of the Document to the Present Time

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Unit Activity. Content and contextual analysis

Readings 1: (Travelogue) Antonio Pigafetta’s First Voyage Around the World

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Historical Background of the Text

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