Year 10 Summer Pack - 2022.2023

Summer
Revision Pack
Biology – Year 10
2022/23
Content:
1) Proposed schedule
2) Topic checklist
3) Summarized notes on the self-study chapters
4) Topic past paper questions
(Make sure you solve the MCQs for each chapter on Savemyexams after going through the
checklists in the following pages)
Proposed Schedule
Week Topic √ Pastpapers √
Human Influence and

2 Save my exams Q’s
their environment
- Summer 2016
- Biological Molecules
3 - Summer 2017
- Enzymes
- Summer 2018
- Human Nutrition - Summer 2019
4 - Diet - Summer 2020
- Plant Nutrition - Winter 2016
- Gas exchange
5 Save my exams Q’s
- Respiration
- Plant Transport - Winter 2019

6
- Animal Transport - Winter 2020
- MRS GREN - March 2017
- Cell Structure
7 - March 2018
- Movement in & out of
Cells - March 2019
Humans and their influence on Ecosystems
Checklist
(Refer to the syllabus, pages 42 – 44:
https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/595426-2023-2025-syllabus.pdf)
1. How does modern technology contribute to food production? (Machinery,
fertilisers, insecticides and selective breeding)
2. What’s meant by Monocultures of crop plants?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of large-scale monocultures of
crop plants?
4. What are the factors leading to famines?
5. What are the factors contributing to habitat destruction?
6. What are the effects of deforestation? (Describe & explain)
7. What are the causes of land and water pollution?
8. What are the negative impacts of hormonal contraception on water courses
and the aquatic life? (To answer that, you’re advised to read about female hormonal
contraception and its effect)
9. Explain the process of Eutrophication of water.
10. What are the effects of using non-biodegradable plastics on both
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems?
11. Describe the greenhouse effect and how CO2 and methane affect it.
12. Define Sustainable Resources and give examples.
13. Define Sustainable Development.
14. Describe the process of water treatment.
15. List the reasons why organisms become endangered or extinct.
16. What are Conservation Programs? (describe). Why are they important?
17. How can forests and fish stocks be sustained?
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MRS GREN Checklist
1) Define Movement: as an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a

change of position or place.
2) Define Respiration: as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient
molecules and release energy for metabolism.
3) Define Sensitivity: as the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or

external environment and to make appropriate responses.
4) Define Growth: as a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in

cell number or cell size or both.
5) Define Reproduction: as the processes that make more of the same kind of
organism by passing on the genetic material.
6) Define Excretion: as removal from organisms of the waste products of

metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxic materials, and
substances in excess of requirements.
7) Define Nutrition: as taking in of materials for energy, growth and development;

plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic
compounds and ions and usually need water.
Structure of Cells Checklist
1) Draw a labelled diagram of the plant and animal cell highlighting the following
structures:
- Cell wall - Vacuole
- Nucleus - Mitochondria
- Cytoplasm - Endoplasmic reticulum (Rough
- Chloroplast and Smooth)
2) Write down the function of each one of them.

3) Compare between the components of plant cells and animal cells.
4) Where does aerobic respiration take place in the cell?
5) Define tissue as a group of cells with similar structures, working together to
perform a shared function.
6) Define organ as a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together
to perform specific functions.
7) Define organ system as a group of organs with related functions, working
together to perform body functions.
8) What’s the formula of magnification?
Movement in and out of Cells Checklist
1) Define diffusion.
2) What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion?
3) Explain how each factor affects the rate of diffusion (speed up/slow down and
how).
4) Give examples to substances that move in and out by diffusion.
5) Define Osmosis.
6) Explain what happens to plant cells when immersed in a dilute solution.
7) Explain what happens to plant cells when immersed in a concentrated solution.
8) Explain what happens to animal cells when immersed in a dilute solution.
9) Explain what happens to animal cells when immersed in a concentrated solution.
10) What is plasmolysis?
11)Why don’t plant cells burst when placed in a dilute solution?
12) Define active transport.
13) Give examples to substances that move in and out by active transport.
Biological Molecules Checklist
1) What are the elements that make up Carbohydrates? (Carbon, Hydrogen &
Oxygen)
2) What are the elements that make up Fats?
3) What are the elements that make up Proteins?
4) What are the building units of Carbohydrates?
5) What are the building units of Fats?
6) What are the building units of Proteins?
7) What is the test for Sugar?
8) What is the test for Starch?
9) What is the test for Fats?
10) What is the test for Proteins?
11)What is the test for Vitamin C?
12) What is the role of water in our body? (Relate its function to different
systems)
Enzymes Checklist
1) What is the definition of enzymes?

2) How do enzymes carry out their function? (Describe the mechanism)
3) Describe the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
4) Describe the effect of pH on enzyme activity.
Plant Nutrition Checklist
1) What is the definition of photosynthesis?

2) State the word equation of photosynthesis.
3) State the chemical equation of photosynthesis.
4) What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
5) What are the reactants in photosynthesis?
6) What are the products in photosynthesis?
7) Give examples to the carbohydrates present in plants.
8) What are the uses of those carbohydrates in plants?
9) Name two minerals required for plants.
10) What are the uses of these two minerals?
11)What are the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?
12) What is meant by the term limiting factor?
13) Give examples to limiting factors in photosynthesis.
14) Describe 3-5 ways in which the leaf is adapted to its function.
Human Nutrition Checklist
1) What is the definition of balanced diet?

2) State the importance of the following components in our diet:
1. Proteins 5. Iron
2. Vitamin C 6. Fibres
3. Vitamin D 7. Water
4. Calcium
3) What happens in case of deficiency in each one of the above components?
4) Describe the cause of diarrhea and its treatment.
5) Describe the cause of constipation and its treatment.
Digestive System Checklist
1) Identify in diagrams and images the main organs of the digestive system.
2) Define the following processes:
(a) ingestion (d) assimilation
(b) digestion (e) egestion
(c) absorption
3) Describe what is meant by mechanical digestion.

4) What is the advantage of mechanical digestion?
5) Describe what is meant by chemical digestion.
6) Define peristalsis.
7) What are the components of the saliva?
8) What is the use of each component?
9) What are the components of gastric juice?
10) Name the enzymes released by the pancreas?
11) Name their substrates & products.
12) Which organ releases bile?
13) Define emulsification.
14) What is the advantage of emulsification?
15) Name the enzymes released by the small intestine?
16) Name their substrates & products.
17) What is the function of villi?
18) Describe how the structure of the villi is adapted to its function.
19) What is the role of lacteal in the villi?
20) What is the role of capillaries in the villi?
21) Identify the substrates, products and producing organ for the following
enzymes:
1.Amylase 4. Protease
2. Pepsin 5. Lipase
3. Trypsin 6. Maltase
22) Where is water absorbed? Name two parts of the alimentary canal.
23) Identify in diagrams and images the types of human teeth: incisors,
canines, premolars and molars.
24) Describe the structure of human teeth, limited to enamel, dentine, pulp,
nerves, blood vessels and cement.
25) Describe the functions of the types of human teeth in mechanical
digestion.
Transport in Plants Checklist

1) What is function of the xylem?
2) What is function of the phloem?
3) What is meant by vascular bundles?
4) Identify the xylem and phloem in the leaf, stem & root.
5) Describe how water moves from the soil to the roots.
6) How are the root hair cells adapted for their function?
7) Describe how water moves from the root to the top of the leaf.
8) What is meant by cohesion?
9) What is meant by adhesion?
10) Define transpiration.
11) What are the factors that affect transpiration?
12) Define translocation.
13) What is meant by sink?
14) What is meant by source?
15) What are the two main substances that are translocated in the phloem?
16) In what form is glucose stored in plants?
Transport in Humans Checklist
1) Describe the term double circulation.
2) What are the advantages of having a double circulation?
3) Identify and label all heart chambers, valves and blood vessels.
4) Explain why the walls of the ventricles are thicker than the walls of the atria.
5) Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right
ventricle.
6) What is the role of the septum in the heart?
7) Explain how the heart works to pump blood. (In terms of contractions,
relaxations, valves opening & closing)
8) Describe the events that lead to coronary heart disease.
9) Describe two ways by which CHD can be treated. (Angioplasty & Bypass
surgery)
10) Compare the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries in terms of wall
thickness, elasticity and muscle content.
11)What is the function of: arteries, veins & capillaries?
12) Name a structure that is present in the veins but not arteries.
13) Name the largest artery.
14) Name the largest vein.
15) What is the role of the lungs in blood circulation?
16) Describe the structure & function of RBCs.
17) Describe the structure & function of lymphocytes. (In terms of antigens &
antibodies)
18) Describe the structure & function of phagocytes.
19) Describe the process of blood clotting, and comment on the role of
platelets, thrombin & fibrin in the process.
20) What are the advantages of blood clotting?
Immunity and Disease Checklist
1) Define what is meant by a transmissible disease.
2) Identify three body defense mechanisms.
3) Give examples to each mechanism.
4) Compare and contrast between active and passive immunity.
5) How do vaccines stimulate active immunity?
6) How is passive immunity passed from one person to another?
Gas Exchange Checklist
1) Highlight the difference between respiration and breathing.
2) Which organ is responsible for breathing?
3) Identify and label all structures involved in breathing including:
1. Lungs 6. Intercostal muscles (internal
2. Diaphragm & external)
3. Ribs 7. Bronchi
4. Larynx 8. Bronchioles
5. Trachea 9. Alveoli
4) What is the function of cartilage in the trachea?

5) What is the function of goblet cells?
6) What is the function of ciliated cells?
7) Compare between the gas composition of inspired air and expired air.
8) Describe the mechanism of inhalation/inspiration. (Include the Diaphragm,
intercostal muscles, rips, volume and pressure in your answer)
9) Describe the mechanism of exhalation/expiration.
10) Describe the effect of exercise on breathing rate and heart rate.
11) Explain why exercise has this effect on breathing rate and heart rate.
Respiration Checklist
1. Define aerobic respiration.
2. State the word and the balanced chemical equation of respiration.
3. Plan an experiment to investigate the effect of temp on the rate of
respiration of germinating seeds.
4. Define anaerobic respiration.
5. State the word and the balanced chemical equation of anaerobic respiration.
6. Compare between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
7. Explain what’s meant by oxygen debt.
8. Describe how oxygen debt is paid off (link to breathing rate and depth).
Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
* 6 3 6 7 9 5 5 4 1 2 *
BIOLOGY 0610/32
Paper 3 Extended February/March 2015
1 hour 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer all questions.
Electronic calculators may be used.

You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.
This document consists of 22 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
DC (LK/FD) 99109/3
© UCLES 2015 [Turn over
2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a diagram of a cross-section of a dicotyledonous leaf, as seen using a light
microscope.
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Name tissue A and cell B.
A .......................................................................................................................................
B .................................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Describe two ways in which tissue A is adapted for maximum photosynthesis.
1 .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15

3
(b) Plants use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
(i) Describe where and how carbon dioxide enters a leaf.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State the two products of photosynthesis.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15 [Turn over

4
(c) Hydrophytes are plants that grow in water. Fig. 1.2 shows a photograph of Indian lotus,
Nelumbo nucifera, which is a hydrophyte.
Fig. 1.2
Describe and explain two adaptations of hydrophytes to their environment.
adaptation .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
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adaptation .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
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[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15

12
4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows the structure of a typical fish.
GRUVDOILQ
FDXGDOILQ
XSSHU
PDQGLEOH
ORZHU
DQDOILQ PDQGLEOH
SHOYLFILQ SHFWRUDOILQ
Fig 4.1
Fig. 4.2 shows four species of freshwater fish, A, B, C and D.
A B
Haplochromis nyererei Protopterus dolloi
C D
Salmo trutta Polyodon spathula
not drawn to the same scale
Fig. 4.2
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15

13
Biologists use dichotomous keys to identify different species.
Describe one visible feature of each species of fish A, B, C and D, that could be used to distinguish
it from the other three species in Fig. 4.2.
Only use descriptions of the features labelled in Fig. 4.1 in your answers.
Write your answers in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
fish distinguishing feature
[4]

14
(b) Pollution is harm done to the environment by release of substances produced by human
activities. Acid rain is one form of pollution that damages many lakes, ponds and rivers.
(i) State one pollutant that causes acid rain.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Fig. 4.3 shows the effect of pH on the mean number of species of fish found in lakes in
New York State, USA.
7
6
mean 5
number 4
of fish
species in 3
the lake 2
1
0
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
pH
Fig. 4.3
Describe the results shown in Fig. 4.3.
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(iii) Explain the effects of acid rain on the environment.
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[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15
21
6 Fig. 6.1 shows changes in the global human population between 1910 and 2010.
8000
7000
6000
5000
population 4000
(in millions)
3000
2000
1000
0
1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010
year
Fig. 6.1
(a) Improved food production has contributed to the increase in the human population.
(i) State and explain two ways in which modern technology has resulted in increased food
production.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State one reason, other than food production, why the human population has increased
so rapidly between 1910 and 2010.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

22
(b) In view of the increasing human population, people are sometimes encouraged to eat less
meat and more fruit and vegetables, to improve the energy efficiency of their food supply.
Explain why eating less meat and more fruit and vegetables is more energy efficient.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) As the human population has increased, forests have been cleared for farming.
Outline the effects of deforestation on the environment.
...................................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15

* 7 9 6 6 0 2 6 2 8 1 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2016
1 hour 15 minutes

DC (CW/FD) 112431/6
2
1 A researcher used a light microscope to observe epithelial cells from a human cheek.
Fig. 1.1 is a photograph that the researcher made of these cells.
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Name the parts labelled A and B.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) The cells in Fig. 1.1 each have a cell membrane.
State one of the functions of a cell membrane.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) State how the shape of the cells shown in Fig. 1.1 differs from the shape of a palisade
mesophyll cell in a leaf.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

3
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion.
Fig. 1.2
Mitochondria have two membranes, an inner membrane and an outer membrane. The inner
membrane is folded and used in respiration.
Suggest why the inner membrane of mitochondria is folded.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

4
(c) Table 1.1 shows different specialised cells and the average number of mitochondria each cell
contains.
Table 1.1
specialised cell type average number of

mitochondria
liver cell 1000–2000
red blood cell 0
sperm cell 25–75
heart muscle cell 1500
Explain the differences between the average numbers of mitochondria in the cells shown in
Table 1.1.
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...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

5
2 Reflexes are simple responses that protect the body.

The pathway that nerve impulses travel along during a reflex is called a reflex arc.
(a) Letters A to G show the components of a reflex arc.
A stimulus
B motor neurone
C sensory neurone
D receptor cell
E response
F relay neurone
G effector
Put the components into the correct sequence. Two have been done for you.
A E
[1]
(b) Impulses travel between neurones across a synapse.
Describe how impulses travel across the synapse from one neurone to another.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Drugs such as heroin restrict the movement of impulses across synapses. Users can become
addicted to heroin. When users stop taking heroin they may experience withdrawal symptoms.
(i) State two withdrawal symptoms that heroin users may experience.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Suggest why heroin abuse may increase criminal activity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

9
4 (a) Increasing human population is linked to a change in carbon dioxide concentration in the
atmosphere. Fig. 4.1 shows the carbon dioxide concentration between 1958 and 2010
measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii.
400
390
380
carbon
dioxide 370
concentration
/ parts per 360
million
350
340
330
320
310
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
year
Fig. 4.1
Describe how the carbon dioxide concentration has changed between 1958 and 2010.
You will gain credit for using data from Fig. 4.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

10
(b) (i) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

Name one other greenhouse gas.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain how carbon dioxide enhances the greenhouse effect.
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.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Mineral ions are needed for plant growth.
Complete Table 4.1 to show the function and effect of the lack of some mineral ions on plants.
One has been done for you.
Table 4.1
mineral ion function in plants effect of lack of mineral ion on plants
nitrate
magnesium
phosphate used for making DNA poor root growth
[4]
© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

11
(d) Fertilisers can cause pollution to aquatic systems. Overuse of fertilisers may cause
eutrophication. Lake Udai Sagar in India is an example of an aquatic system that shows high
levels of eutrophication.
Explain what happens in aquatic environments, such as Lake Udai Sagar, when eutrophication
occurs.
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[Total: 17]

12
5 Fig. 5.1 shows the different types of human teeth.
PRODUV
SUHPRODUV
FDQLQH
LQFLVRUV
Fig. 5.1
(a) Describe the functions of the canine and molar teeth.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the skulls of a tiger and a rabbit.
WLJHU UDEELW
Fig. 5.2 not to scale
© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

13
(i) State two ways in which the teeth of a tiger differ from the teeth of a rabbit, using evidence
from Fig. 5.2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Suggest one feature visible in Fig. 5.2 that indicates the tiger is a carnivore.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

14
(c) Omnivores are animals that eat both animals and plants. Scientists use the number and types
of teeth to classify animals as carnivores, herbivores or omnivores.
Table 5.1 shows examples of different types of mammals and their teeth.
Table 5.1
mammal carnivore, herbivore incisors canines premolars molars total

or omnivore number
of teeth
1 omnivore 12 4 16 12
2 omnivore 12 4 16 12 44
3 herbivore 12 4 12 12 40
4 herbivore 6 2 12 12 32
5 carnivore 12 4 16 10 42
6 carnivore 12 4 10 8 34
X 12 4 12 8 36
(i) Calculate the number of molars as a percentage of the total number of teeth for
mammal 1.
Show your working.
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
.............................................................%
[2]
(ii) The skull of an unidentified mammal, X, is likely to be a carnivore.

Discuss the evidence in Table 5.1 for and against classifying mammal X as a carnivore.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16
15
(d) Mechanically digested food travels from the mouth to the stomach. The gastric juice in the
stomach contains hydrochloric acid, giving a low pH environment.
Explain why it is important to have a low pH in the stomach.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(e) Products of digestion are absorbed through the villi in the small intestine.
Explain how villi are adapted for absorption.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(f) Coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to a protein called gluten. The villi become damaged
causing a reduction in the absorption of nutrients.
Suggest possible effects on the body of a reduction in the absorption of nutrients.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 20]
* 0 1 0 5 4 8 2 2 6 6 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2017
1 hour 15 minutes

This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (LK/SG) 129196/2
2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a vertical section through a human heart and the major blood vessels.
O
L
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) State the names of the structures labelled L, M and O as shown in Fig. 1.1.
L ..................................
M ..................................
O ..................................
[3]
(ii) Identify a letter on Fig. 1.1 that represents a blood vessel that has:
blood with the highest concentration of carbon dioxide ...........
blood with the highest concentration of oxygen ...........
the highest pressure ...........

[3]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/F/M/17

3
(b) (i) Describe how blood is moved by the heart from blood vessel K to blood vessel J.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[5]
(ii) Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 13]

10
4 (a) Water is one requirement for photosynthesis.
State two other requirements needed by plants to carry out photosynthesis.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
Table 4.1 shows the number of hectares of forested area in some countries in Africa in the years
1990, 2000 and 2005.
Table 4.1
hectares of forest per 1000 hectares of land

country
1990 2000 2005
Cameroon 25 22 21
Tanzania 41 37 35
Nigeria 17 13 11
Zambia 49 45 43
Zimbabwe 22 19 18
(b) Calculate the percentage loss of forested area in Nigeria between 2000 and 2005.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.
............................................................ %
[2]
(c) Some forested areas are cleared to provide land to grow crop plants. Deforestation reduces
the local rainfall and the concentration of water vapour in the air.
(i) Describe and explain how a reduced concentration of water vapour in the air would
increase the movement of water through crop plants.
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...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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© UCLES 2017 0610/42/F/M/17
11
(ii) Describe how water moves from the soil into the roots of crop plants.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Describe the consequences of deforestation on the animals that live in forests.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 14]

12
5 (a) (i) Alcohol can be made by the microorganism yeast.
State the balanced chemical equation for the production of alcohol by yeast.
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Name the organ that breaks down alcohol in the human body.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a computer model of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which is the enzyme
responsible for breaking down alcohol.
Fig. 5.1
Enzymes have a specific three dimensional shape.
Explain why the shape of an enzyme is important.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/F/M/17

13
(c) Table 5.1 shows the enzyme activity of alcohol dehydrogenase at different temperatures.
Table 5.1
temperature / °C enzyme activity

/ arbitrary units
30 115
42 175
(i) The information in Table 5.1 shows that an increase in temperature increases the activity
of alcohol dehydrogenase.
Explain why an increase in temperature causes an increase in enzyme activity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) State one factor, other than temperature, that affects enzyme activity.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) A gene is involved in the production of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.
(i) Define the term gene.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Describe the role of ribosomes in the synthesis of proteins such as enzymes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 14]
14
6 (a) Table 6.1 shows some of the enzymes, their substrates, products and where they are
produced in the digestive system.
Complete Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
location of enzyme
enzyme substrate product(s)
production
starch salivary glands

.............................. ..............................
maltase maltose
.............................. ..............................
amino acids stomach wall

.............................. ..............................
pancreas and
amino acids
.............................. .............................. small intestinal wall
lipase fats
.............................. ..............................
[5]
(b) Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and passes into the small intestine.
Describe the role of bile in digestion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) After chemical digestion the products of digestion are absorbed.
Define absorption.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/F/M/17
15
(d) Lack of protein in the diet can result in protein-energy malnutrition.
State the name of one disease caused by protein-energy malnutrition.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) People that eat a diet that is high in fats are often advised to reduce their intake of fats.
Suggest the health benefits of this change in diet.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/F/M/17

* 7 4 5 2 7 3 3 5 3 5 *
BIOLOGY 0610/32
Paper 3 Extended May/June 2015
1 hour 15 minutes

This document consists of 20 printed pages.
DC (NF/SW) 99331/3
6
(d) The student’s results are shown in Fig. 2.2.
100
90
80
70
60
time for colour
change 50
/ minutes
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
distance from lamp / cm
Fig. 2.2
Describe and explain how the rate of photosynthesis is affected by light intensity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15

7
3 Fig. 3.1 shows images of red blood cells from a human, A, and a bird, B.
nucleus
A B
Fig. 3.1
(a) State the function of red blood cells.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) There is a nucleus present in each of the red blood cells of the bird, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
(i) State the function of a nucleus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Human red blood cells do not contain a nucleus.
State an advantage of this.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15 [Turn over

8
Red blood cells from humans were placed into three test-tubes. Each test-tube contained a salt
solution of a different concentration. A sample was taken from each test-tube and viewed using a
microscope. The results are shown in Fig. 3.2.
salt concentration / mol dm–3 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Fig. 3.2
(c) (i) Describe the appearance of the red blood cells in the 0.15 mol dm−3 salt solution and the
red blood cells in the 0.20 mol dm−3 salt solution.
0.15 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
0.20 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) The red blood cells in the 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution burst.
Explain why the red blood cells burst.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Suggest why a plant cell in 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution would not burst.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15

9
(d) Some people in accidents lose a lot of blood. Doctors give patients fluid to replace lost blood.
(i) Use the information in Fig. 3.2 to predict and explain the concentration of fluid replacement
given to patients who have lost blood.
prediction ...........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe the process of blood clotting.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 14]

10
4 Fig. 4.1 shows part of the human gas exchange system.
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) Name structure K.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Ciliated cells and goblet cells line structure L.
Explain the function of these cells in structure L.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15

11
(b) Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli.
(i) Describe how oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the blood.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) During inspiration, air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
Describe the mechanism of inspiration.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(iii) Name one gas that is found in a higher concentration in expired air than in inspired air.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

*4518800444*
BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2016
1 hour 15 minutes


06_0610_42_2016_1.10
2
1 All mammals have a double circulatory system. Fig. 1.1 shows part of the human double circulatory
system.
right lung left lung
P J
O B K
C
A
D
N muscular wall
of heart
right kidney left kidney
L
M
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name the muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the human heart.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Describe what is meant by the term double circulation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State one advantage of a double circulation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
© UCLES 2016 06_0610_42_2016_1.10

3
(c) Table 1.1 describes some of the structures of the human circulatory system shown in Fig.1.1.
Complete the table.
One row has been done for you.
Table 1.1
description name of structure letter on Fig. 1.1
heart chamber with the

thickest muscular wall
blood vessel that carries

oxygenated blood to the heart
blood vessel that carries

oxygenated blood away from the heart
blood vessel that carries blood away

from the kidneys
blood vessel with the largest vena cava N

lumen
[4]
(d) Describe how blood is transported from the vena cava to the lungs. You may use the letters
on Fig. 1.1 in your description.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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© UCLES 2016 06_0610_42_2016_1.10 [Turn over

4
(e) (i) Doctors recommend that a healthy diet can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
Give one other lifestyle improvement patients can make that can reduce the risk of
coronary heart disease.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Sometimes surgery is required to treat coronary heart disease.
Describe one named example of surgery that can treat coronary heart disease.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2016 06_0610_42_2016_1.10

5
2 Fig. 2.1 is an electron micrograph showing the bacteria, Vibrio cholerae.
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Bacteria are prokaryotes.
State two distinguishing features of all prokaryotes.
1 .............................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) The bacteria shown in Fig. 2.1 each have a flagellum.
Suggest the function of the flagellum in bacteria.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
© UCLES 2016 06_0610_42_2016_1.10 [Turn over

6
(b) V. cholerae is the pathogen that causes cholera. Vaccination is used to control the spread of
cholera during an outbreak.
Explain how vaccination can control the spread of diseases.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [4]
(c) Many years ago scientists discovered that V. cholerae secretes a toxin. Fig. 2.2 shows the
results of an experiment to measure the flow of chloride ions out of human cells with and
without the toxin.
14
12
10
key
8 with toxin
flow of chloride
ions / arbitrary without toxin
units 6
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
time / s
Fig. 2.2
© UCLES 2016 06_0610_42_2016_1.10

7
(i) Calculate the difference in flow of chloride ions between the cells with the toxin and the
cells without the toxin at 50 seconds.
Show your working and state the units in your answer.
................................................. [2]
(ii) Use the data in Fig. 2.2 to describe the effect of the toxin on the flow of chloride ions
out of the cells.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
(iii) Chloride ions cannot move out of cells by simple diffusion.
Suggest and describe how chloride ions could move out of cells.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
© UCLES 2016 06_0610_42_2016_1.10 [Turn over

8
(d) The loss of chloride ions from cells causes diarrhoea and dehydration in patients with cholera.
(i) State which organ in the alimentary canal is affected by the cholera toxin.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Describe the treatment for cholera.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2016 06_0610_42_2016_1.10

11
4 Some students investigated osmosis in raw potato sticks.
(a) Define the term osmosis.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) The students measured the mass of four of the potato sticks using an electronic balance.
Fig. 4.1 shows an electronic balance.
Fig. 4.1
The students left each potato stick in one of four different liquids for 5 hours:
• distilled water
3
• 0.1 mol per dm sodium chloride solution
3
• 0.5 mol per dm sodium chloride solution
3
• 1.0 mol per dm sodium chloride solution.
After 5 hours they measured the mass again and calculated the change in mass.
© UCLES 2016 06_0610_42_2016_1.10 [Turn over

12
(i) Predict which of the liquids would cause the largest decrease in mass of a potato stick.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) The students dried the potato sticks with paper towels before putting them on the
electronic balance.
Suggest why.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) After the experiment the students noticed that the potato stick with the lowest mass was soft
and floppy.
Explain why the potato stick had become soft and floppy.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
(d) The students followed the same experimental procedure with boiled potato sticks and found
no overall change in mass in any of the solutions.
Suggest why the mass of the boiled potato sticks remained the same.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2016 06_0610_42_2016_1.10

* 8 3 7 8 4 6 0 9 5 9 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes

DC (NH/SW) 129193/4
2
1 Wheat is a crop plant grown to produce flour.
(a) Flour is used to make dough for bread.
(i) State the name of the organism used to make dough rise.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the name of the process that this organism uses to produce the gas that makes
dough rise.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Farmers grow crop plants such as wheat to provide food.
(i) State two types of natural event that could cause widespread food shortages.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) The increasing human population is another reason for food shortages.
Explain how the increasing human population contributes to food shortages.
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/M/J/17

3
(c) Many farmers grow crop plants as monocultures to improve yields.
Fig. 1.1 shows a monoculture of wheat.
Fig. 1.1
Describe the impact of large-scale monocultures on the environment.
...................................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 11]

6
3 Heart rate is influenced by electrical impulses from the brain.
(a) State the name of the type of cell that conducts electrical impulses to the heart.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The electrical activity of the heart can be recorded on an ECG.
Fig. 3.1 shows an ECG of one heartbeat.
T
P
Q
S
Fig. 3.1
(i) Table 3.1 shows how the electrical activity, during one heartbeat, corresponds to the
opening and closing of the valves in the heart.
Complete Table 3.1 using the words ‘open’ and ‘closed’.
Table 3.1
part of the ECG result of electrical atrioventricular

semilunar valves
shown in Fig. 3.1 activity valves
P atria contract
QRS ventricles contract
atria and ventricles
T
relax
[3]
(ii) State the function of heart valves.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/M/J/17

7
(c) Fig. 3.2 shows the ECG of an athlete before and during exercise.
exercise begins
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
time / s
Fig. 3.2
(i) Calculate the heart rate, in beats per minute, before exercise begins.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.
..................................... beats per minute

[2]
(ii) Using Fig. 3.2, describe how the electrical activity of the heart during exercise differs
from the electrical activity before exercise begins.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]

8
(iii) Describe how the ventilation of the lungs will change while the athlete exercises.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/M/J/17

9
4 A balanced diet is required to ensure healthy weight gain as children grow.
(a) Explain the term balanced diet.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) A doctor diagnosed a young child with marasmus.
Describe the symptoms of marasmus.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

10
(c) The child with marasmus was put on a special diet.
He was given fortified milk, which is milk that has extra nutrients added to it.
The child was encouraged to drink as much fortified milk as he wanted over a period of seven
months.
Table 4.1 shows the composition of the fortified milk given to the child and the composition of
cow’s milk for comparison.
Table 4.1
type of milk milk composition

percentage of percentage of percentage of energy / kJ dm–3
protein carbohydrate fat
fortified milk 16.5 57.0 17.0 5468
cow’s milk 3.3 4.6 3.9 2845
The body mass of the child who had marasmus and the mean body mass of healthy children
of the same age were recorded. The data is shown in Fig. 4.1.
12
10
Key
marasmus
healthy
8
body mass / kg
0
12 14 16 18 20 22
time / months
Fig. 4.1
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/M/J/17

11
Using the information in Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.1, describe and explain the importance of diet
when treating children affected by marasmus.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
(d) It is important that children with marasmus produce enough bile.
Describe the role of bile in the digestion of fats.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 15]

12
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/M/J/17

13
5 Acid rain has negative effects on many ecosystems.
(a) Describe the negative effects of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems, such as streams, rivers
and lakes.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
(b) Two groups of students were asked to investigate the effects of acid rain on the germination
of pine tree seeds.
(i) Both groups of students decided to use sulfuric acid rather than hydrochloric acid to
represent acid rain in their investigation.
Suggest why.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State how the students could have measured the pH of the sulfuric acid.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) The students provided the environmental conditions that seeds need to germinate.
State two of these environmental conditions.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

14
(c) One group of students recorded the change in temperature as the seeds germinated in five
insulated flasks, labelled A to E.
(i) Suggest why germinating seeds increase in temperature.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) The students sterilised the seeds before their investigation.
Their teacher told them to use a sterilising solution to wash the seeds because steam
would kill the seeds and prevent the seeds from germinating.
Explain why steam sterilisation would prevent seed germination.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
The results from this group of students are shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
flask pH group 1
temperature
of seeds after
72 hours / °C
A 2.0 20.6
B 3.5 20.3
C 4.0 21.2
D 5.5 34.1
E 7.0 46.2
(iii) Describe the results obtained by group 1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/M/J/17

15
(d) The second group of students placed 100 seeds in each of five Petri dishes, labelled 1 to 5.
Group 2 used the same range of pH values as group 1.
They recorded the percentage of seeds that had germinated after 72 hours.
Their results are shown in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2
Petri pH group 2
dish
percentage of
seeds germinated
after 72 hours
1 2.0 20
2 3.5 82
3 4.0 19
4 5.5 65
5 7.0 87
The teacher thought that group 2 had forgotten to add the sulfuric acid to one of their Petri
dishes.
Suggest which Petri dish was not set up correctly.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 15]

18
Fig. 6.3 shows some human teeth that require dental treatment.
Fig. 6.3
(d) (i) Identify the type of teeth in Fig. 6.3.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain how bacteria dissolve enamel to cause tooth decay.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(e) Describe two ways of preventing tooth decay.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/M/J/17

* 7 4 5 2 7 3 3 5 3 5 *
BIOLOGY 0610/32
Paper 3 Extended May/June 2015
1 hour 15 minutes

DC (NF/SW) 99331/3
2
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows seven plant species that are important crops.
B
A
C D E
F
G
not drawn to scale
Fig. 1.1
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15

3
Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct
box beside the key. One has been done for you.
Key
1 (a) branched veins on leaves go to 2

(b) parallel veins (not branched) on leaves go to 3
2 (a) leaves divided into leaflets (look like small individual leaves) go to 4
(b) leaves not divided into leaflets go to 5
3 (a) flowers grouped tightly together at the top of the stalk Triticum aestivum
(b) flowers grouped loosely together at the top of the stalk go to 6
4 (a) large flowers located at top of stem Solanum tuberosum
(b) small flowers located along the stem Glycine max
5 (a) leaves have five lobes Manihot esculenta F
(b) leaves have three lobes Ipomoea batatas
6 (a) flowers above youngest leaf Zea mays
(b) flowers bend down below youngest leaf Oryza sativa
[3]
(b) The pattern of the veins on the leaves was used in the key to separate the monocotyledonous
crop plants and eudicotyledonous (dicotyledonous) crop plants shown in Fig. 1.1.
State one other feature that could be used to identify monocotyledonous plants from
eudicotyledonous plants.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

4
(c) The leaves of some crop plants are not eaten but are used to make paper. This reduces
deforestation because fewer trees are cut down for making paper. Deforestation has negative
effects on soil ecosystems.
(i) Describe the negative effects of deforestation on soil ecosystems.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Paper recycling can reduce deforestation.
Outline how paper can be recycled.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15

5
2 (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.
................................................................... ................................................................... [3]
A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of algae.
Fig. 2.1 shows the apparatus set up for the investigation.
glass tank with water
bottle containing algae

suspension and hydrogencarbonate
lamp stop-clock
indicator solution
ruler 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Fig. 2.1
(b) Suggest why a glass tank with water was placed between the lamp and the bottle in the
investigation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The hydrogencarbonate indicator solution changes colour when the pH changes. At pH 8.4 it
is red, at pH 7.6 it is yellow and at pH 9 it is purple.
Predict the colour of the hydrogencarbonate indicator solution in the bottle nearest the lamp
at the end of the investigation. Explain your answer.
colour prediction .......................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
6
(d) The student’s results are shown in Fig. 2.2.
100
90
80
70
60
time for colour
change 50
/ minutes
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
distance from lamp / cm
Fig. 2.2
Describe and explain how the rate of photosynthesis is affected by light intensity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15

7
3 Fig. 3.1 shows images of red blood cells from a human, A, and a bird, B.
nucleus
A B
Fig. 3.1
(a) State the function of red blood cells.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) There is a nucleus present in each of the red blood cells of the bird, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
(i) State the function of a nucleus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Human red blood cells do not contain a nucleus.
State an advantage of this.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

8
Red blood cells from humans were placed into three test-tubes. Each test-tube contained a salt
solution of a different concentration. A sample was taken from each test-tube and viewed using a
microscope. The results are shown in Fig. 3.2.
salt concentration / mol dm–3 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Fig. 3.2
(c) (i) Describe the appearance of the red blood cells in the 0.15 mol dm−3 salt solution and the
red blood cells in the 0.20 mol dm−3 salt solution.
0.15 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
0.20 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) The red blood cells in the 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution burst.
Explain why the red blood cells burst.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Suggest why a plant cell in 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution would not burst.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15

9
(d) Some people in accidents lose a lot of blood. Doctors give patients fluid to replace lost blood.
(i) Use the information in Fig. 3.2 to predict and explain the concentration of fluid replacement
given to patients who have lost blood.
prediction ...........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe the process of blood clotting.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 14]

10
4 Fig. 4.1 shows part of the human gas exchange system.
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) Name structure K.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Ciliated cells and goblet cells line structure L.
Explain the function of these cells in structure L.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15

11
(b) Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli.
(i) Describe how oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the blood.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) During inspiration, air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
Describe the mechanism of inspiration.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(iii) Name one gas that is found in a higher concentration in expired air than in inspired air.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

12
(c) Tobacco smoke affects the gas exchange system.
Name two components of tobacco smoke and describe their effect on the gas exchange
system.
component 1 .............................................................................................................................
effect .........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
component 2 .............................................................................................................................
effect .........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15

13
Question 5 begins on page 14.

19
6 The human population is growing rapidly. This is increasing the pressure on the world food supply.
(a) Name the rapid growth phase of any population of organisms.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
In Canada farmers are breeding fish in large nets because the wild stocks of fish are decreasing.
Fig. 6.1 is a diagram of a salmon fish farm in the ocean. The salmon only eat the food provided by
the worker.
fish farmer
worker feeds salmon monitors water
with fish pieces from from boat
floating walkway
net
waste excreted from salmon

collects at the bottom of
excess fish pieces the ocean
pass into the ocean ocean floor
Fig. 6.1
(b) Explain the effects of the excess fish pieces and waste excreted from the salmon on the
environment.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

20
(c) State the lowest possible trophic level of the salmon shown in Fig. 6.1.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Other farmers grow seaweed. Salmon farming is a less energy efficient way of producing food
for humans than seaweed farming.
Explain why.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/M/J/15

* 7 6 6 8 0 6 5 7 2 5 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes

This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.
DC (NF/SW) 145576/4
2
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/M/J/18

3
1 (a) Red pandas, Ailurus fulgens, and humans have a similar arrangement of teeth.
Fig. 1.1 shows a section through one tooth of a red panda. Fig. 1.2 shows the side view of the
lower jaw of a red panda.
C D E F
Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2
(i) State the names of the structures labelled A to F in Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
C ........................................................................................................................................
D ........................................................................................................................................
E ........................................................................................................................................
F ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) State the type of digestion that breaks down large pieces of food.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Food that sticks to the teeth can be used by bacteria for anaerobic respiration.
This type of respiration releases a substance that can cause tooth decay.
(i) State the type of substance released by the bacteria, during respiration, that causes
tooth decay.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

4
(ii) State the names of the two parts of a tooth that are dissolved by the substance released
by bacterial respiration.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) The teeth of red pandas do not decay as much as human teeth.
Suggest the component of a human diet that causes teeth to decay as a result of bacterial
respiration.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/M/J/18

5
2 Mangrove trees are hydrophytes because they grow in water.
Fig. 2.1 shows a young mangrove tree.
Fig. 2.1
(a) An adaptive feature is a feature that increases the fitness of an organism.
(i) Define the term fitness.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Mangrove trees have many aerial roots and floating seeds.
Suggest how these adaptive features allow mangrove trees to survive in water.
many aerial roots ...............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
floating seeds ....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

6
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a food chain in a mangrove forest.
mangrove tree fiddler crab seagull
Fig. 2.2
Table 2.1 gives the number of organisms and their biomass in a mangrove forest.
Table 2.1
organism number of organisms biomass of organisms / kg

mangrove trees 1 000 450 000
fiddler crabs 7 500 000 8 000
seagulls 150 000 1 200
(i) Estimate the biomass of one fiddler crab in grams.
Write your answer to two significant figures.
Show your working.
............................ g
[2]
(ii) Sketch a pyramid of numbers, using the information in Table 2.1, for the food chain
shown in Fig. 2.2.
Write the number of each trophic level on the appropriate part of your pyramid.
[3]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/M/J/18
7
(iii) Explain why the shape of a pyramid of biomass, for the information given in Table 2.1,
would be different from the shape of your pyramid of numbers.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 12]

8
3 Aphids are insects that feed on the phloem sap in plants.
Fig. 3.1 shows a diagram of an aphid with its mouth parts inserted into the stem of a plant.
phloem xylem
Fig. 3.1
(a) The mouth parts of the aphid reach the phloem tissue of the stem.
(i) State the name of the foods the aphid could suck out of the phloem tissue.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain the role of phloem in plant transport. Use the words source and sink in your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/M/J/18

9
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows some of the features of xylem.
Describe how xylem is adapted for its functions.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [6]
(c) Some farmers spray their crops with insecticides to kill pests such as aphids.
Explain the benefits of killing pests.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 14]

* 0 5 1 0 8 7 6 3 6 4 *
BIOLOGY 0610/32
Paper 3 Extended October/November 2014
1 hour 15 minutes

DC (NH/JG) 80969/4
2
1 Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of a leaf of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis.
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name A to E.
A ...............................................................................................................................................
B ...............................................................................................................................................
C ...............................................................................................................................................
D ...............................................................................................................................................
E ...........................................................................................................................................[5]
© UCLES 2014 0610/32/O/N/14

3
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a cell from region B of the leaf shown in Fig. 1.1.
Fig. 1.2
Use the letters from Fig. 1.2 to complete Table 1.1.
Write one letter only in each box to identify the function. You may use each letter once, more
than once or not at all.
Table 1.1
function letter from

Fig. 1.2
controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
exerts a pressure to help maintain the shape of the cell
produces sugars using light as a source of energy
withstands the internal pressure of the cell
controls all the activities of the cell

[5]
© UCLES 2014 0610/32/O/N/14 [Turn over

4
(c) The enzyme catalase is found in lettuce leaves.
A student investigated the activity of this enzyme by grinding some lettuce leaves and adding
them to a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen produced was measured until
the reaction stopped.
The student’s results are shown in Fig. 1.3.
× × × × ×
6 ×
×
×
×
5 ×
volume of oxygen
collected / cm3 4 ×
3
×
2
0×
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time / s
Fig. 1.3
(i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 1.3. You will gain credit if you use the data in your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2014 0610/32/O/N/14

5
(ii) Explain the action of enzymes during a reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 16]

10
4 Mammals have a double circulatory system. Blood flows between:
• the heart and the lungs

• the heart and the rest of the body (systemic circulation).
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows a cross-section of an artery.
Fig. 4.1
Explain how the structure of an artery, as shown in Fig. 4.1, is related to its functions.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
© UCLES 2014 0610/32/O/N/14

11
Question 4 continues on page 12.

12
(b) Fig. 4.2 shows the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels in the systemic circulation. It
also shows the changes that occur in blood pressure and the speed (velocity) of blood in the
different blood vessels.
aorta vena cava
tissue fluid
4000
3000
total cross-
sectional area
of the blood
2000
vessels / cm2
1000
15
14 pressure
mean blood 13 speed of the
pressure / kPa 12 blood / cm s–1
11
10 50
9 velocity
8 40
7
6 30
5
4 20
3
2 10
1
0 0
aorta arterioles veins
arteries capillaries vena cava
Fig. 4.2
© UCLES 2014 0610/32/O/N/14

13
(i) State the maximum mean blood pressure in the aorta.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe how mean blood pressure and speed of blood change with cross-sectional
area of blood vessels, as shown in Fig. 4.2.
blood pressure ...................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
speed of blood ...................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Describe how substances move from the blood in the capillaries into the tissue fluid.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Blood flows from arteries into arterioles before entering capillaries.
Explain the role of the arterioles in the skin when a person is very cold.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 14]

20
6 Some pollutants are not broken down easily and remain in the environment for a long time. These
are described as persistent pollutants.
PCBs are a waste material from the manufacturing of electrical insulation. PCBs are one of the
most persistent pollutants in the environment.
Between 1947 and 1976, factories dumped large quantities of PCBs into the Hudson River in the
USA. Studies measured the concentrations of PCBs in the tissues of organisms in a food chain in
the sea near the Hudson River, as shown in Fig. 6.1.
concentrations of
PCBs in arbitrary units
11 400 – 17 300 porpoise
6 – 45 herring
1.56 zooplankton
0.85 phytoplankton
not to scale
Fig. 6.1
© UCLES 2014 0610/32/O/N/14

21
(a) (i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 6.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Suggest an explanation for the different concentrations of PCBs in the organisms of the
food chain.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]

* 1 1 5 0 0 4 7 3 4 4 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2017
1 hour 15 minutes
You may use a pencil for any diagrams or graphs.

DC (NH/SW) 139138/3
6
2 A person who wanted to begin a fitness programme did some vigorous exercise.
A fitness trainer took a drop of blood from the person’s finger before, during and after vigorous
exercise and tested it for lactic acid.
(a) Explain why it is important that the equipment used for taking blood is clean (sterile).
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The results of the tests for lactic acid are shown in Fig. 2.1.
period of exercise
14
12
10
8
blood lactic
acid concentration
/ mmol dm–3 6
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
time / min
Fig. 2.1
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/O/N/17

7
Describe and explain the changes in blood lactic acid concentration shown in Fig. 2.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]

8
(c) The concentration of lactic acid in the blood of two athletes was investigated. One athlete, P,
had been training and the other, Q, was returning to training after an injury.
Blood samples were taken from both athletes during a training session. The results are shown
in Fig. 2.2.
10
8
athlete Q
7
blood lactic 6
acid concentration athlete P
/ mmol dm–3 5
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
running speed / km h–1
Fig. 2.2
(i) The lactic acid threshold is the level of exercise where the lactic acid concentration
begins to increase exponentially.
State the lactic acid threshold for athletes P and Q.
P ................................................. km h–1
Q ................................................. km h–1
[1]
(ii) Suggest a reason for the difference in lactic acid threshold of athletes P and Q.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/O/N/17

9
(iii) Explain the link between physical activity and breathing.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 14]

10
3 Tasmania is an island off the south coast of Australia. Sheep were introduced to Tasmania in the
nineteenth century.
Fig. 3.1 shows the population of sheep in Tasmania from 1820 to 1940. The dashed line shows
the trend in the population growth.
2.25
2.00
1.75
1.50
number
of 1.25
Key
sheep
1.00 solid line = actual number
/ millions
of sheep
0.75
dashed line = trend line
0.50
0.25
0.00
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940
year
Fig. 3.1
(a) Describe the trend in the population of sheep in Tasmania between 1820 and 1940, using the
information in Fig. 3.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/O/N/17

11
(b) Explain the change in the trend of the population that you described in 3(a).
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) The sheep that were first introduced to Tasmania were not well adapted to the environment.
Describe how farmers can use selective breeding to improve their sheep so that they are
better adapted to the environment.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]

12
(d) Maintaining very large populations of farm animals is unsustainable.
Define the term sustainable development.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/O/N/17

18
6 Glucose is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine. Fig. 6.1 shows the human circulatory
system and the pathway taken by molecules, such as glucose, when they travel in the blood.
head & arms
lungs
C
heart
liver
stomach &
intestines
kidneys
muscles in
the legs
E
Fig. 6.1
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/O/N/17

19
(a) Complete Table 6.1 by naming the blood vessels labelled on Fig. 6.1 and stating whether
they contain oxygenated blood or deoxygenated blood. One row has been completed for you.
Table 6.1
letter on oxygenated or
name of the blood vessel
Fig. 6.1 deoxygenated blood
E femoral artery oxygenated
[4]
(b) Insulin is a hormone that is secreted by the pancreas.
(i) Define the term hormone.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Describe the role of insulin in the body.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]

20
(c) Explain how blood flow in the skin helps to maintain a constant body temperature in very hot
conditions.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 12]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/O/N/17

* 7 0 3 3 2 6 8 6 2 5 *
BIOLOGY 0610/32
Paper 3 Extended October/November 2015
1 hour 15 minutes

DC (ST/FD) 128659
8
2 Sports physiologists study ways in which athletes can improve their performance by recording
factors such as oxygen uptake and the concentration of lactic acid in the blood. They can also
monitor how these two factors change during training.
Fig. 2.1 shows an athlete running on a treadmill in a physiology laboratory while aspects of his
breathing are measured.
Fig. 2.1
The athlete ran on a treadmill at a slow speed for 11 minutes.
His oxygen uptake was measured before, during and after the exercise.
The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.
The arrows indicate the start and end of the period of exercise.
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/O/N/15

9
Content removed due to copyright restrictions.
Fig. 2.2
(a) (i) State the oxygen uptake at rest, before the athlete started running.
....................................cm3 kg–1 min–1 [1]
(ii) Use Fig. 2.2 to describe the changes in oxygen uptake during and after running on the
treadmill (from 2 to 25 minutes).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]

10
(iii) Explain the change in oxygen uptake during the run (between 2 and 13 minutes).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) The lactic acid concentration in the blood of the athlete was measured at intervals.
At the end of the slow run the lactic acid concentration had increased by 30%.
After a rest, the athlete ran at a much faster speed on the treadmill. At the beginning of this
exercise the lactic acid concentration in his blood was 100 mg dm–3. After 11 minutes running
at the faster speed, his lactic acid concentration was 270 mg dm–3.
(i) Calculate the percentage increase in lactic acid concentration at the end of the faster
run.
Show your working.
answer ........................................................... %
[2]
(ii) Explain why the percentage increase in lactic acid is much greater when running at the
faster speed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/O/N/15
11
BLANK PAGE

12
3 Fig. 3.1 shows part of the thoracic and abdominal cavities of a human.
thoracic
G
cavity
P
O J
K
N abdominal
cavity
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) Name the structures labelled G, H and M.
G .......................................................................................................................................
H ........................................................................................................................................
M .......................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/O/N/15

13
(ii) Table 3.1 shows five functions of organs in the abdominal cavity.
Complete the table by:
• naming the organ that carries out each function

• using the letters from Fig. 3.1 to identify the organ named.
One row has been completed for you.
Table 3.1
function name letter from Fig. 3.1
conversion of glucose to glycogen
secretion of insulin and glucagon pancreas K
absorption of products of digestion
storage of bile
chemical digestion of protein in an

acidic pH
[4]
(b) Fat is particularly difficult to digest as it is not water soluble and forms spherical globules in
the alimentary canal.
Fig. 3.2 is a diagram showing what happens to fat globules when mixed with bile.
fat globules
Fig. 3.2
(i) Name the process shown in Fig. 3.2.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

14
(ii) Explain the advantage of the process shown in Fig. 3.2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by the pancreas to control the concentration of
glucose in the blood.
(i) Complete Table 3.2 to show how the uptake of glucose by cells and the concentration of
glucose in the blood respond when the two hormones are secreted.
Use the words increases, decreases and stays the same to complete the table.
Table 3.2
hormone uptake of glucose by cells concentration of glucose in

the blood
insulin
glucagon
[2]
(ii) State another hormone that influences the concentration of glucose in the blood.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Explain why the control of the concentration of glucose in the blood is an example of negative
feedback.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/O/N/15

15
4 Fig. 4.1 is an electron micrograph of part of the lower surface of a leaf. Three stomata are visible.
Fig. 4.1
(a) Name the cells labelled K.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Stomata allow the movement of gases into and out of the leaf. During the daytime oxygen
passes out and carbon dioxide passes in.
(i) Explain why oxygen passes out of the leaf during the daytime.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]

16
(ii) Describe the path taken by a carbon dioxide molecule after it has passed through the
stomata during the daytime until it becomes part of a glucose molecule.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Plants that live in different types of habitat have leaves that show adaptations for survival.
Table 4.1 shows some features of the leaves of three species of plant from different types of
habitat.
Table 4.1
mean stomatal density

individual / number of stomata per mm2
orientation of
species habitat leaf area
the leaves upper lower
/ cm2
epidermis epidermis
annual meadow
grassland vertical 1 – 10 125 135
grass, Poa annua
the surface
white water lily, more than
of ponds and horizontal 460 none
Nymphaea alba 1000
lakes
common myrtle,
dry scrubland horizontal 2–4 none 508
Myrtus communis
(i) State how the stomatal density of annual meadow grass differs from the stomatal
densities of the other two species in Table 4.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/O/N/15

17
(ii) Suggest explanations for the distribution and density of stomata in white water lily and
common myrtle as shown in Table 4.1.
white water lily ...................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
common myrtle ..................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total: 14]

22
6 Some students studied water pollution in a stream near their school.
They took samples of water at six sampling points along the stream and carried out a chemical
analysis on the water samples. They also counted the numbers of five different invertebrates at the
same sampling points. The students used a four point scale to record the numbers they found in
each sample.
Their results are shown in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
sampling chemical analysis types of invertebrates

points
nitrate oxygen rat-tailed mayfly stonefly tubifex water
concentration concentration maggot nymph nymph worm louse
1 low high + +++ + + +
2 high very low ++ – – +++ ++
3 high very low ++ – – +++ ++
4 very high very low ++ + – +++ ++
5 very high low + ++ – ++ ++
6 low high + +++ + + +
key
– none
+ 1 to 10
++ 11 to 100
+++ too many to count
(a) Using only the information from Table 6.1,
(i) state the invertebrates that survive in polluted water
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) state the invertebrate that is most sensitive to a decrease in the oxygen concentration of
the water.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/O/N/15

23
(b) The students noticed there were many algae and aquatic plants growing in the stream at
sampling points 4 and 5.
Use the results in Table 6.1 to explain why there are many algae and aquatic plants growing
in these parts of the stream.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The students decided there were advantages in sampling invertebrates to assess the level of
pollution in the stream, compared with carrying out a chemical analysis of the water.
Suggest the advantages of carrying out a survey of invertebrates when studying the pollution
of freshwater ecosystems, such as streams and rivers.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) The students found that the stream was polluted by sewage from a nearby house.
Outline how sewage should be treated before entering a stream.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]

24
(e) The stream contained many plastic items that had been thrown away. Most of the plastic was
non-biodegradable.
Describe the likely environmental problems caused by non-biodegradable plastics in streams

and rivers.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 13]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
© UCLES 2015 0610/32/O/N/15

* 3 5 8 0 8 4 5 9 9 9 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes

DC (NF/CT) 152730/3
2
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/O/N/18

3
1 Wetlands are important ecosystems. Researchers studied the feeding relationships between the
organisms in an area of wetland on the coast of Texas.
Fig. 1.1 shows part of the food web that they studied.
bald eagle spotted

sandpiper
stone crab
marsh rice
blenny
rat
mycid shrimp
snow goose oyster pipe fish

water flea
muskrat
clover algae and

grass
phytoplankton
Fig. 1.1
(a) Complete Table 1.1 by giving the name of one organism from the food web in Fig. 1.1 for
each row.
Table 1.1
name of organism from Fig. 1.1
producer
secondary consumer
an animal that feeds

at two trophic levels
[3]

4
The functioning of ecosystems relies on the cycling of nutrients.
Fig. 1.2 shows part of the nitrogen cycle.
nitrogen gas in
the air
C
amino acids
plants nitrate ions
in plants
D A
proteins proteins in dead plants ammonium ions

in plants
Fig. 1.2
(b) State the name of process A in Fig. 1.2 and give the type of organism that converts ammonium
ions to nitrate ions.
A ...............................................................................................................................................
type of organism .......................................................................................................................

[2]
(c) Describe how nitrate ions enter the roots of plants shown by arrow C on Fig. 1.2.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/O/N/18

5
(d) State the name of the structure in plant cells where process D occurs.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) State the process that occurs at B.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) A pyramid of numbers for the wetland ecosystem showed that there were very large numbers
of organisms at the base of the pyramid and very few at the top.
Explain why.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 13]

10
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 is a photomicrograph of some xylem vessels.
Fig. 3.1
(i) State one structural feature of xylem vessels and explain how this is related to the
function of water transport.
feature ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain the mechanism that is responsible for the movement of water in xylem vessels.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/O/N/18

11
(iii) State one role of xylem vessels other than transport.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The rate of transpiration is affected by several factors including the temperature and the
humidity of the air.
State and explain the effect of an increase in temperature on the rate of transpiration.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]

15
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a photomicrograph of human blood.
phagocyte
lymphocyte
red blood
cell
Fig. 5.1
(a) Describe the differences in appearance and the roles of the three cells labelled in Fig. 5.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [6]

16
(b) Fig. 5.2 shows some of the stages of blood clotting.
a blood vessel breaks
platelets collect at the

break in the blood vessel
platelets release an
enzyme
prothrombin thrombin
forms a mesh at the break

in the blood vessel
Fig. 5.2
(i) Complete Fig. 5.2 by filling in the two empty boxes. [1]
(ii) State two roles of blood clotting.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/O/N/18

19
6 Fig. 6.1 shows the Galapagos iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus.
Fig. 6.1
(a) (i) State two features that are used to classify animals, such as the Galapagos iguana, as
reptiles.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) State two features that are present in plant cells that are not present in the cells of
reptiles.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Galapagos iguanas feed on seaweed which contains starch and other carbohydrates.
(i) State the name of the enzyme that digests starch.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the names of two parts of the alimentary canal where starch is digested.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

20
(c) There are many threats to wildlife in the Galapagos.
Describe ways in which endangered species can be conserved.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(d) One aim of conservation is to maintain resources in natural ecosystems.
State three resources that natural ecosystems provide for humans.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/O/N/18

* 1 4 9 6 4 4 0 0 9 0 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes

DC (NF/SG) 116625/3
2
1 Milk is sometimes referred to as a ‘complete food’ because it contains all the nutrients that a
young mammal requires.
(a) Table 1.1 shows three nutrients that are contained in milk.
Complete the table by stating one role of each nutrient in the body of a young mammal.
Table 1.1
nutrient role in the body

protein
lactose (milk
sugar)
calcium
[3]
(b) Protein digestion begins in the stomach of the human alimentary canal and is completed in
the small intestine.
Describe in detail how enzymes function to digest protein in the alimentary canal.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [6]
© UCLES 2016 0610/42/O/N/16

3
(c) Some people are unable to digest lactose (milk sugar) and have a condition known as lactose
intolerance.
Fig. 1.1 shows what happens in the intestine of a person who is lactose intolerant if they eat
food containing a lot of lactose.
from stomach
build-up of gas
and water
bacteria produce
hydrogen, methane small intestine
and carbon dioxide
large intestine
bacteria digest
lactose to simple
sugars
water
Key: not to scale

lactose
bacteria
diarrhoea and gas
Fig. 1.1
(i) Explain why lactose is not absorbed by the small intestine.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

4
(ii) Suggest the dangers to health of severe diarrhoea if it is not treated for a long time.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(d) Hydrogen gas is produced by the bacteria that digest lactose in the large intestine. The
gas is absorbed into the blood and excreted through the lungs. Lactose intolerance can be
monitored by measuring the hydrogen gas content of the air a person breathes out.
People taking part in an investigation into lactose intolerance consumed the following milk
products on different days:
A. untreated milk
B. milk treated with lactase immediately before drinking
C. milk treated with lactase three days before drinking
D. yoghurt made by bacteria that digested the lactose in the milk
The hydrogen gas content of the air breathed out was measured every hour for five hours
following the ingestion of each milk product.
The mean results are shown in Fig. 1.2.
60
A
50
B
hydrogen gas 40
breathed out
/ parts per
million 30
C
20
D
10
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
time / hours
Fig. 1.2
© UCLES 2016 0610/42/O/N/16

5
(i) Explain why untreated milk was included in the investigation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why lactase might be added to milk.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Use the results in Fig. 1.2 to explain why yoghurt is the best milk product for people with
lactose intolerance.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 21]

13
4 Hydrophytes are plants that show many adaptive features for life in aquatic habitats.
Fig. 4.1 shows several species of hydrophyte growing in freshwater.
Fig. 4.1
A student investigated the density of stomata on the leaves of two different species of freshwater
hydrophyte.
Table 4.1 shows the results.
Table 4.1
species location of mean stomatal density / number per mm2

leaves
upper epidermis lower epidermis
Brazilian under the 0 0
waterweed, surface of the
Egeria densa water
water lily, on the surface 420 0
Nuphar lutea of the water
(a) Name the epidermal cells that control the size of stomata.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Suggest reasons for the difference between the results for the two species.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

14
(c) Fig. 4.2 shows a section through the leaf of a water lily.
palisade mesophyll
Fig. 4.2
(i) State why the palisade mesophyll is a tissue.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name two other tissues that are present in the leaf in Fig. 4.2.
1 .......................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) The large air spaces are an adaptation of water lily leaves. Suggest why.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) Hydrophytes are adapted to aquatic habitats.
State the name used for plants that are adapted to dry habitats.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2016 0610/42/O/N/16

15
(f) Explain what is meant by the term adaptive feature.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 11]

16
5 The numbers of different cells in a blood sample were counted. The results are shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
cell type number / per mm3 percentage

red blood cells 4 820 000 94.91
lymphocytes 1 900 0.04
phagocytes 6 000 0.12
platelets 250 000
total 5 077 900 100.00
(a) Complete the table by calculating the percentage of platelets. Write your answer in Table 5.1
to two decimal places. [1]
(b) State the role of platelets in the blood and describe the process they are involved in.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) Lymphocytes are white blood cells that are produced in bone marrow. Lymphocytes travel in
the blood from bone marrow to lymph nodes throughout the body.
If a pathogen infects the body, some of these lymphocytes are activated.
State the role of lymphocytes in defence against pathogens.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) During a second infection of the same pathogen the response by lymphocytes is much faster.
Explain how this happens.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2016 0610/42/O/N/16
19
6 Wetlands are internationally important ecosystems. The spoon-billed sandpiper, Calidris pygmaea,
is an endangered species.
Fig. 6.1 shows a spoon-billed sandpiper feeding in a wetland ecosystem. The wetland is a stopover
on the bird’s long migration from north-east Russia to south-east Asia.
The smaller photograph is a close-up of the bird’s legs to show that it has been ringed.
Fig. 6.1
Spoon-billed sandpipers stop to feed at the Rudong mudflats near Shanghai, China.
Putting one or more rings on a bird’s leg is a common way to identify individual birds. Spoon-billed
sandpipers ringed in Russia have been seen at the Rudong mudflats.
(a) Suggest why scientists put leg rings on birds, such as the spoon-billed sandpiper.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

20
(b) Explain why it is important to conserve ecosystems, such as wetlands.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2016 0610/42/O/N/16

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Summer

Human Influence and

- Plant Transport - Winter 2019

1) Define Movement: as an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a

3) Define Sensitivity: as the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or

4) Define Growth: as a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in

6) Define Excretion: as removal from organisms of the waste products of

7) Define Nutrition: as taking in of materials for energy, growth and development;

2) Write down the function of each one of them.

1) What is the definition of enzymes?

1) What is the definition of photosynthesis?

Human Nutrition Checklist

1) What is the definition of balanced diet?

3) Describe what is meant by mechanical digestion.

Transport in Plants Checklist

4) What is the function of cartilage in the trachea?

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer all questions.

Electronic calculators may be used.

This document consists of 22 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

(a) (i) Name tissue A and cell B.

© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15

(b) Plants use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

(i) Describe where and how carbon dioxide enters a leaf.

(ii) State the two products of photosynthesis.

© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15 [Turn over

Describe and explain two adaptations of hydrophytes to their environment.

© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows the structure of a typical fish.

Fig. 4.2 shows four species of freshwater fish, A, B, C and D.

© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15

Biologists use dichotomous keys to identify different species.

Write your answers in Table 4.1.

fish distinguishing feature

© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15 [Turn over

(i) State one pollutant that causes acid rain.

Describe the results shown in Fig. 4.3.

(iii) Explain the effects of acid rain on the environment.

© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15 [Turn over

Outline the effects of deforestation on the environment.

© UCLES 2015 0610/32/F/M/15

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer all questions.

Electronic calculators may be used.

This document consists of 17 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

(a) (i) Name the parts labelled A and B.

(ii) The cells in Fig. 1.1 each have a cell membrane.

State one of the functions of a cell membrane.

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

(b) Fig. 1.2 shows an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion.

Suggest why the inner membrane of mitochondria is folded.

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16 [Turn over

specialised cell type average number of

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

2 Reflexes are simple responses that protect the body.

(a) Letters A to G show the components of a reflex arc.

(b) Impulses travel between neurones across a synapse.

(ii) Suggest why heroin abuse may increase criminal activity.

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16 [Turn over

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16 [Turn over

(b) (i) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

(ii) Explain how carbon dioxide enhances the greenhouse effect.

(c) Mineral ions are needed for plant growth.