COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

AND ANALYSIS
E S . I N
N OT
KTU

MODULE -VI

module vi 1
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Module VI TOPICS
1. INTERPOLATION FUNCTION
2. PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL ENERGY
3. PLANE STRESS AND PLANE STRAIN CONDITIONS
S . I N
OTE
TUN TRIANGLE – CST
4. CONSTANTKSTRAIN
5. ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATIONS
6. GAUSS QUADRATURE
7. 2D ELASTIC PROBLEMSmodule vi 2
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 INTERPOLATION FUNCTION
• Also called shape functions-(since it is used to express the geometry or shape of the element).
• Used to interpolate the value of field variable( displacement) at any non nodal points inside the
element using the values at nodes.
• Example: consider the three noded triangular element as in figure. The nodes are at the vertices
and at any point inside the element, the field variable𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) is described as:

S
𝜑 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑁1 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜑1 + 𝑁2 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝜑2 +𝑁3 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝜑3. I N
OTE
Non nodal points

K T U N
Nodal points

Characteristics or properties of shape functions:

• The shape function has unit value at its own nodal point and zero value at other nodal points.
• The sum of shape function is equal to one.
• The shape functions are always polynomials of the same type as the original interpolation equations.
• The shape functions for 2D elements are zero along each side that the node does not touch.
module vi 3
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Polynomial shape functions
• Polynomials are generally used as shape function due to
1. Differentiation and integration of polynomials are easy.
2. It is easy to formulate and computerize the fem equations
3. The accuracy of the result can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial.

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 4
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Example for shape function:
x
• For One dimensional bar element shape functions are N1  1 
x and N2 
l
is graphically shown as: l

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 5
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL ENERGY
• Statement
Of all displacement states of a body or structure, subjected to external loading,
that satisfy the geometric boundary conditions, the displacement state that
also satisfies the equilibrium equations is such that the total potential energy s
a minimum for stable equilibrium.
• Potential energy 𝜋 = 𝑈𝑒 + 𝑈𝐹
. I
• 𝑈𝑒 - potential energy associated with strain energy.
S N
T U N OTE
• 𝑈𝐹 - potential energy associated with external forces.
K
• If potential energy is expressed as a function of n displacements,
𝑢𝑖 ,i=1,2,......n. then 𝜋 = 𝑓(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ,.... 𝑢𝑛 )

𝜕𝜋
• Then the potential energy will be minimized if, = 0, where i=1 to n
𝜕𝑢𝑖
module vi 6
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Use of principle of minimum potential energy in FEM:

• To derive the element stiffness matrix.

• For a plane stress problem the total potential energy is a function of nodal
displacements 𝑢𝑖 , 𝑣𝑖 .

• The total potential energy is given by

S . I N
T U N OTE
K
• Where
• U- Strain energy
• Ω𝑏 - Potential energy of the body forces
• Ω𝑝 - Potential energy of concentrated loads
• Ω𝑠 - Potential energy of distributed loads

module vi 7
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• The strain energy U is given by :

• By substituting stress-strain relationship:

• We have strain 𝜀 = 𝐵 𝑑
• Stress

• Substituting in strain energy equation we get strain energy, U=

S . I N
T U N OTE
• 𝜴𝒃 is the potential energyK
of the body forces given by :

• where {ψ} is the general displacement function, and {X} is the body weight/unit volume
or weight density matrix (typically, in units of pounds per cubic inch or kilonewtons per
cubic meter).
module vi 8
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• 𝜴𝒑 is the potential energy of concentrated loads:

• where {d} represents the usual nodal displacements, and {P} now represents the concentrated
external loads.

E S . I N
N O
• The potential energy of distributed loads (or T
surface tractions) moving through respective
by TU
surface displacements is given K

• Where {TS} represents the surface tractions (typically in units of pounds per square inch or
kilonewtons per square meter), {ψS} represents the field of surface displacements through which the
surface tractions act, and S represents the surfaces over which the tractions {TS} act.

module vi 9
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Now substituting the values in the equation for total potential
energy 𝜋𝑝 :

S . I N
T U N OTE
• Now by substituting Kexternal forces
f for

• Where
module vi 10
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Taking derivative of potential energy with respect to nodal displacements
and equating to zero for finding minimum, we have

• Rewriting
S . I N
• From this equation we get K T U N OTE
the element stiffness matrix as:
• By comparing with {f}=[k] {d}, we have stiffness matix [k]:

module vi 11
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Plane stress
• Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal
stress and the shear stresses directed perpendicular to the plane are
assumed to be zero.
• Non zero components:  x ,  y and xy
S . I N
• Zero components  zKT
U OTE
xz   yz  0
N

• Assumptions
• The body is small in one coordinate direction ( thickness = 1/10 of breadth)
• The body is subjected to loading only in the x-y plane.

module vi 12
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• For example the plates in the x-y plane shown in figure subjected to
surface tractions T (pressure acting on the surface edge or face of a
member in units of force/area) in the plane are under a state of plane
stress.
• The normal stress and the shear stresses are assumed to be zero.

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 13
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Stress- strain relation for plane stress problems

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

• Where [D] is called stress/strain matrix or constitutive matrix

module vi 14
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Plane strain
• Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain normal
to the x-y plane ϵz and the shear strains γxz and γyz are assumed to be
zero.

S . I N
• The assumptions of planeT U N
strain OTE
are realistic for long bodies (say, in the
K cross-sectional area subjected to loads that
z direction) with constant
act only in the x and/or y directions and do not vary in the z direction.

module vi 15
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Examples

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 16
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Stress- strain relation for plane strain problems

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

• Where [D] is called stress/strain matrix or constitutive matrix

module vi 17
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
CONSTANT STRAIN TRIANGLE- CST
• Consider the thin plate subjected to tensile surface traction loads TS
in Figure

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 18
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Derivation of element stiffness matrix for constant strain triangle

• Step 1: select element type

• CST element having 3 nodes (triangular 2D- element.).
• 1,2,3 – nodes
• (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) are the coordinates of the three nodes.
S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 19
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Nodal displacements and nodal coordinates of the element
• u- displacement in x direction
• v- displacement in y direction
• 𝑢1 , 𝑣1 - x, y displacements at node 1.
• Similarly 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , 𝑣2 and 𝑣3 are the displacements at nodes2 and 3.

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 20
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Step 2: select displacement function

• Linear displacement function is selected.

• ...............................................................................................(1)

S . I N
T U N OTE
• In matrix form the general displacement functionψ is
K

module vi 21
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• To obtain the a’s in Equations we begin by substituting the coordinates
of the nodal points.

• 𝑢(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝑢1 𝑣(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝑣1
• 𝑢(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑢2 𝑣(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑣2
• 𝑢(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) = 𝑢3 𝑣(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )I=
N𝑣3
E S .
KTU NOT
𝑢1 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥1 + 𝑎3 𝑦1 ......(2) 𝑣1 = 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 𝑥1 + 𝑎6 𝑦1 ......(5)

𝑢2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑎3 𝑦2 ......(3) 𝑣2 = 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 𝑥2 + 𝑎6 𝑦2 ......(6)

𝑢3 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥3 + 𝑎3 𝑦3 .....(4) 𝑣3 = 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 𝑥3 + 𝑎6 𝑦3 ......(7)

module vi 22
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• To solve for a’s, first take the equations for u’s (3 equations-Eq.(2),(3), (4)) in matrix
form:
𝑢1 1 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑎1
𝑢2 = 1 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑎2 .........................(8)
𝑢3 1 𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑎3

ie, 𝑢 = 𝑥 {𝑎}

• For solving for a’s, we have, S . I N

T U N OTE
.................... ..........(9)
K
where [x] is the 3x3 matrix on the right side of Equation (8).
To find the inverse of a matrix: inverse= transpose of cofactor matrix/determinant
𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3
1
[𝑥]−1 = 𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛽3
2𝐴 𝛾 𝛾2 𝛾3
1module vi 23
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 1 𝑥1 𝑦1
• Where 2𝐴 = 1 𝑥2 𝑦2 is the determinant of the [x] matrix
1 𝑥3 𝑦3
is given by

2𝐴 = 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦3 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 +𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑦2

S . I N
• Here A is the area of the triangle
T U N OTE
and the terms in the inverse matrix is
K matrix.
given by finding the cofactor

𝛼1 = 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑥3 𝑦2 𝛽1 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦3 𝛾1 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥2
𝛼2 = 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 𝛽2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝛾2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥3
𝛼3 = 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 𝛽3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝛾3 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
module vi 24
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

Similarly we can find all other terms

module vi 25
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Now from Eq. (9) substituting for [x]-1

𝑎1 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 𝑢1
1
𝑎2 = 𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛽3 𝑢2
𝑎3 2𝐴 𝛾 𝛾2 𝛾3 𝑢3
1

S . I N
• Similarly T U N OTE
𝑎4 K 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 𝑣1
1
𝑎5 = 𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛽3 𝑣2
𝑎6 2𝐴 𝛾 𝛾2 𝛾3 𝑣3
1

module vi 26
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Now we have x displacement function u, in terms of x,y coordinate
values as:

• Substituting the values of 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 and𝑎3 in this equation,

𝛼1 𝛼2 N𝛼3
𝑢1
𝑢 =
1
1 𝑥
N OT 𝑦 𝛽1 ES.I 𝑢
𝛽2 𝛽3 2
2𝐴
KTU 𝛾1 𝛾2 𝛾3 𝑢3
• Expanding

𝛼1 𝑢1 + 𝛼2 𝑢2 + 𝛼3 𝑢3
1
𝑢 = 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝛽1 𝑢1 + 𝛽2 𝑢2 + 𝛽3 𝑢3
2𝐴 𝛾1 𝑢1 + 𝛾2 𝑢2 + 𝛾3 𝑢3

module vi 27
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Multiplying and rearranging the terms

1
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝛼1 + 𝛽1 𝑥 + 𝛾1 𝑦 𝑢1 + 𝛼2 + 𝛽2 𝑥 + 𝛾2 𝑦 𝑢2 + 𝛼3 + 𝛽3 𝑥 + 𝛾3 𝑦 𝑢3
2𝐴

S . I N
weTget
• Similarly replacing u with v,K
OTE
UNthe y displacement function as:
1
𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝛼1 + 𝛽1 𝑥 + 𝛾1 𝑦 𝑣1 + 𝛼2 + 𝛽2 𝑥 + 𝛾2 𝑦 𝑣2 + 𝛼3 + 𝛽3 𝑥 + 𝛾3 𝑦 𝑣3
2𝐴

module vi 28
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Now we define the shape functions

1
𝑁1 = 𝛼1 + 𝛽1 𝑥 + 𝛾1 𝑦
2𝐴

1
𝑁2 = 𝛼2 + 𝛽2 𝑥 + 𝛾2 𝑦
2𝐴
S . I N
1 UN OTE
T 𝛼3 + 𝛽3 𝑥 + 𝛾3 𝑦
K2𝐴
𝑁3 =
• Now
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2 +𝑁3 𝑢3

And 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑁1 𝑣1 + 𝑁2 𝑣2 +𝑁3 𝑣3
module vi 29
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Step 3: Define strain-displacement and stress- strain relationships

• Element strain

𝜕𝑢 𝜕
E S . I N 𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3
• Now = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢O
U N 2 T
+𝑁3 𝑢3 = 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + 𝑢3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
K T 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁1 1 𝜕 𝛽1
• = 𝛼1 + 𝛽1 𝑥 + 𝛾1 𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 2𝐴 𝜕𝑥 2𝐴

𝜕𝑁2 1 𝜕 𝛽2
• = 𝛼2 + 𝛽2 𝑥 + 𝛾2 𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 2𝐴 𝜕𝑥 2𝐴

𝜕𝑁3 1 𝜕 𝛽3
• = 𝛼3 + 𝛽3 𝑥 + 𝛾3 𝑦 = module vi 30
𝜕𝑥 2𝐴 𝜕𝑥 2𝐴
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 𝜕𝑢 1
• So, = 𝛽1 𝑢1 + 𝛽2 𝑢2 +𝛽3 𝑢3
𝜕𝑥 2𝐴

𝜕𝑣 1
• Similarly, = (𝛾 𝑣 + 𝛾2 𝑣2 +𝛾3 𝑣3 )
𝜕𝑦 2𝐴 1 1

• Now
𝜕𝑢
=
1
E
𝛾1 𝑢1 + 𝛾2 𝑢2 +𝛾3 𝑢3 and S .
= I N1 𝜕𝑣
𝛽1 𝑣1 + 𝛽2 𝑣2 +𝛽3 𝑣3
𝜕𝑦 2𝐴 N O T 2𝐴 𝜕𝑥
KTU
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1
• Now + = 𝛾1 𝑢1 + 𝛾𝑢2 +𝛾3 𝑢3 + 𝛽1 𝑣1 + 𝛽2 𝑣2 +𝛽3 𝑣3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2𝐴

module vi 31
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• In matrix form:
𝑢1
𝑢2
1 𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝛽3 0 𝑢3
𝜀 = 0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3 𝑣1
2𝐴
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3 𝑣2
𝑣3

E S . I N
• In simplified form we can writeNas
O T
KTU𝜀 = 𝐵 {𝑑}
Here, the [B] matrix is independent of the coordinates x and y. It
depends only on the element nodal coordinates. The strains will be
constant, hence it is called as constant strain triangle.

module vi 32
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Stress – strain relationship:
• In general in plane stress/strain relationship is given by

• Where [D} is the constitutive matrix N

S . I
T U N OTE
K displacement relation we have stress as :
• Now substituting the strain

module vi 33
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Step 4: derive the element stiffness matrix and finite element
equations.
• Using principle of minimum potential energy, we have
• Stiffness matrix [k],

• After integrating I N
S .
T U N OTE
K
• The FEM equation is given by

module vi 34
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Step 5: Assemble the elemental equation to get global equations and
apply boundary conditions

• Step 6: Solve for the nodal displacements

OT S.IN
• Step 7: Solve for the elemental forcesE(stresses).
KTU N

module vi 35
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 PROBLEMS FROM CST ELEMENT
• FORMULAE USED:

S . I N
T U N OTE𝛽 0 𝛽
1 1 2 0 𝛽3 0
K [𝐵] = 0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
2𝐴
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3

𝛽1 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦3 𝛾1 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 𝛽2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝛾2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥3

𝛽3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝛾3 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
module vi 36
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

• 6. Element stiffness matrix for CST element

module vi 37
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 38
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
1.Deteremine the shape functions at the interior point P for the triangular element.

S . I N
T U N OTE
K
Substituting the values, we get three equations. By solving the three equation find the shape
functions N1,N2 and N3.

3.5= 2𝑁1 +7𝑁2 +4𝑁3 𝑁1 =0.4166

5= 3𝑁1 +4𝑁2 +7𝑁3 𝑁2 = 0.1111

𝑁3 = 0.4723
𝑁1 +𝑁2 +𝑁3 = 1
module vi 39
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
2. Determine the x and y coordinates of point for the triangular element. The shape
functions are 𝑁1 =0.2 and 𝑁2=0.3 .

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 40
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
3. For the constant strain triangle, a)assemble the strain-displacement matrix and b)determine the
stiffness matrix. Take E=210GPa and ν=0.25 and t=10 mm.
Given

S . I N
T U N OTE
K
1 𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝛽3 0
a) Strain displacement matrix [𝐵] = 0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
2𝐴
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3
𝛽1 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦3 𝛾1 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥2
𝛽2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝛾2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥3
𝛽3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝛾3 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
module vi 41
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Substituting the values in the equations , we get
𝛽1 = 30 − 120 =-90 𝛾1 = 50 − 80 = −30
1 −90 0 90 0 0 0
𝛽2 = 120 − 30 = 90 𝛾2 = 20 − 50 = −30 [𝐵] = 0 −30 0 −30 0 60
2𝐴
𝛽3 = 30 − 30 = 0 𝛾3 = 80 − 20 = 60 −30 90 −30 90 60 0

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

1 −90 0 90 0 0 0
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, [𝐵] = 0 −30 0 −30 0 60
2𝑥2700
−30 90 −30 90 60 0

module vi 42
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
b) Stiffness matrix

Where A = 2700 mm2

For plane stress problem, stress strain relationship [D] is given by

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 43
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 44
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 45
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Isoparametric elements
• The two and three dimensional regular elements like triangle, rectangle, brick cannot be used
efficiently for irregular geometries.

S . I N
T U NOTE
K boundaries by straight edge elements.
• It is difficult to represent the curved
• A large number of elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between original
body and the assemblage.
• To overcome this drawback, isoparametric elements are used for problems involving curved
boundaries.
• The concept is mapping the regular triangular or rectangular or brick elements from natural
coordinate system to global Cartesian system.
module vi 46
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATIONS
• The term isoparametric is derived from the use of the same shape functions
(or interpolation functions) [N] to define the element’s geometric shape as
are used to define the displacements within the element.
• Thus, when the shape function is u=a1+ a2S
E . I
s for Nthe displacement, we use
x=a1+ a2s for the descriptionTof
U N
theO T
nodal coordinate of a point on the bar
element. K
• Isoparametric element equations are formulated using a natural (or intrinsic)
coordinate system ‘s’ that is defined by element geometry and not by the
element orientation in the global-coordinate system.

module vi 47
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Natural coordinate system:
• A natural coordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by
a set of dimensionless numbers whose magnitude never exceeds unity.

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 48
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• In other words, axial coordinate s is attached to the bar and remains
directed along the axial length of the bar, regardless of how the bar is
oriented in space.
• There is a relationship (called a transformation mapping) between the
natural coordinate system s and the global coordinate system x for each
element of a specific structure, and this relationship must be used in the
element equation formulations.
OT E S.IN
K TUN
• Isoparametric formulation of linear bar element and rectangular plane
stress element are discussed as an example.

module vi 49
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Isoparametric formulation of linear bar element

• The natural coordinate s is attached to the element, with the origin

located at the center of the element, as shown in Figure.

• The bar element to have two degrees of freedom—axial

E S . I N
displacements u1 and u2 at each node associated with the global x
axis. UNO T
KT

module vi 50
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Now we have the displacement function for a bar element:
𝑢 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥
• In isoparamtric form, we use this function to define the natural coordinate ‘s’ as
follows:
𝑥 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑠
• Where s is such that -1 ≤ s ≤+1.
• Now to find 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 . Give the values at each nodes. Then

• At node 1, 𝑥 = 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = −1; S . I N

→ 𝑥1 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2
• At node 2,
T U N
𝑥 = 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = +1; OTE → 𝑥2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
K
• Solving for 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 , we get
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑎1 = 1 2 and 𝑎2 = 2 1
2 2
• Substituting and rearranging in the above equation for x:

1
𝑥 = 𝑥1 1 −module
𝑠 + vi 𝑥2 1 + 𝑠 51
2
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• In matrix form

• Where the shape functions are

• Now the displacement function within the bar can be defined by using
same shape functions:
S . I N
T U N OTE
K
• When a particular coordinate s of the point of interest is substituted into the
equation yields the displacement of a point on the bar in terms of the nodal
degrees of freedom u1 and u2.
• Since u and x are defined by the same shape functions at the same
nodes, the element is called isoparametric.
module vi 52
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Isoparametric formulation of rectangular element
• Rectangular plane stress element:

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 53
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• For the four noded rectangular element, the displacement function is:

• By finding the values of a’s, we obtain the shape functions of the element
as:
1
𝑁1 = (1 − 𝜀)(1 − 𝜂)
4
S . I N
𝑁K
1 N OTE
T4U(1 + 𝜀)(1 − 𝜂)
2 =

1
𝑁3 = (1 + 𝜀)(1 + 𝜂)
4
1
𝑁4 = (1 − 𝜀)(1 + 𝜂)
4
module vi 54
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Consider a point P with coordinate(𝜀, 𝜂). Using the displacement
function, the displacement components can be found as:
𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2 +𝑁3 𝑢3 +𝑁4 𝑢4

𝑣 = 𝑁1 𝑣1 + 𝑁2 𝑣2 +𝑁3 𝑣3 +𝑁4 𝑣4

E S . I N
• In the isoparametric formulation,O
N T
the coordinates of the nodal points
in the global system areK(𝑥T1U
, 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) and (𝑥4 , 𝑦4 ).
• To get the mapping, the coordinate of the point P is defined as
𝑥 = 𝑁1 𝑥1 + 𝑁2 𝑥2 +𝑁3 𝑥3 +𝑁4 𝑥4
y = 𝑁1 𝑦1 + 𝑁2 𝑦2 +𝑁3 𝑦3 +𝑁4 𝑦4

module vi 55
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
PROBLEMS FROM ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION
1. Evaluate the Cartesian coordinates of the point P which has local coordinates𝜀 =
0.6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂 = 0.8

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 56
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 57
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
2.For the isoparametric 4 noded quadrilateral element, find the local coordinates of point P
which has Cartesian coordinates (7,4).

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 58
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 ..........(3)

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

..........(4)

module vi 59
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Solving equations (3) and (4), we get

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 60
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
3. Determine the jacobian matrix for the 4 node rectangular element.

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 61
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 62
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
GAUSS QUADRATURE
• It is the one of the numerical integration methods to calculate the
definite integrals.
• In this method the numerical integration is expressed as:
1 𝑛

𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑤𝑖 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
S . I N
−1
T U N OTE
𝑖=1
K
• Where 𝑤𝑖 is the weight function and 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) is the values of the function at
predetermined sampling points.

• Function 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )is calculated at several sampling points, n=1,2,3......and

each value of 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) is multiplied by weight function 𝑤𝑖 . Finally all the
terms are added, it gives the value of integration.
module vi 63
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 64
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 PROBLEMS USING GAUSS QUADRATURE
1.

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 65
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 66
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 67
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
2.

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 68
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 69
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
3.

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 70
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

module vi 71
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in