Topic 2.

1 Motion

Topic 2.1 Motion

Mr. Ahn
Topic 2.1 Motion

Kinematical Quantities - Defining Velocity in

Straight Lines Non-uniform Motion
Average Velocity Special Acceleration
Proof Projectile Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion Fluid Resistance
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines

Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines

Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines

Straight line motion in one dimension. Position can

be described by coordinates on a straight line.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines

Uniform motion - within equal intervals of time,

position changes by same amount.:
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines

Uniform motion - within equal intervals of time,

position changes by same amount.: Slope of
position time graph is constant - and defined as
average velocity.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Average Velocity

∆s
v=
∆t

I v ≡ average velocity (ms−1 )

I ∆s ≡ change in position (m)
I ∆t ≡ change in time (s)
Average Velocity
Average velocity is the ratio between ∆s and ∆t
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Average Velocity

!!
In uniform motion velocity is constant - making
average redundant in this situation.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

s − si
v=
t − ti

I v ≡ average velocity (ms−1 )

I s ≡ position at time t (m)
I si ≡ position at time ti (m)
I t ≡ time (s)
I ti ≡ initial time (s)
I generally ti = 0
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

s − si
v=
t−0
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

s − si
v=
t−0

s = si + vt
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

Example
Two cyclists, A and B, start moving at the
same time. The initial position of A is 0km
and her velocity is +20kmh−1 . The initial
position of B is 150km and she cycles at a
velocity of −30kmh−1 Determine the time and
position they meet.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

Example
Two cyclists, A and B, start moving at the
same time. The initial position of A is 0km
and her velocity is +20kmh−1 . The initial
position of B is 150km and she cycles at a
velocity of −30kmh−1 Determine the time and
position they meet.
IA
I sAi = 0m
I vA = +20kmh−1
IB
I sBi = 150km
I vB = −30kmh−1
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

Example

I Position of A: sA = 0 + 20t
I Position of B: sB = 150 − 30t
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

Example

I Position of A: sA = 0 + 20t
I Position of B: sB = 150 − 30t
sA = sB
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

Example

I Position of A: sA = 0 + 20t
I Position of B: sB = 150 − 30t
sA = sB

20t = 150 − 30t

Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

Example

I Position of A: sA = 0 + 20t
I Position of B: sB = 150 − 30t
sA = sB

20t = 150 − 30t

50t = 150
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

Example

I Position of A: sA = 0 + 20t
I Position of B: sB = 150 − 30t
sA = sB

20t = 150 − 30t

50t = 150

t = 3.0h
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

Example
Common position is found using the time
I sA = 0 + 20(3.0) = 60km
I sB = 150 − 30(3.0) = 60km
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

I Displacement = change in position

I Distance = length of path followed
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

I Displacement = change in position

I Distance = length of path followed
For second motion total distance is 24m but
∆s = sf − si = 4.0 − 12 = −8.0m
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

For constant velocity, velocity versus time graph is a

straight horizontal line.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

For constant velocity, velocity versus time graph is a

straight horizontal line. The total area under the
graph is vt
Topic 2.1 Motion
Kinematical Quantities - Straight Lines
Proof

This area represents the change in position or the

displacement.
s = si + vt
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

In most motion velocity is not constant. Uniformly

accelerated motion the graph of velocity versus
time is a non-horizontal straight line.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

∆v
a=
∆t

I a ≡ acceleration (ms−2 )
I ∆v ≡ change in velocity (ms−1 )
I ∆t ≡ interval of time (s)
the slope of a velocity versus times graph is the
acceleration
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

v−u
a=
t − ti

I v ≡ velocity at time t (ms−1 )

I u ≡ velocity at time ti (s)
I t ≡ time (s)
I ti ≡ initial time (s)
I ti = 0 generally
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

v−u
a=
t−0
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

v−u
a=
t−0

v = u + at

Equation gives velocity for uniformly accelerated

motion.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Example
A particle has initial velocity of 12ms−1 and
moves with a constant acceleration of
−3.0ms−2 . Determine the time at which the
particles stops instantaneously
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Example
A particle has initial velocity of 12ms−1 and
moves with a constant acceleration of
−3.0ms−2 . Determine the time at which the
particles stops instantaneously
I u = 12ms−1
I a = −3.0ms−2
I v=0
I t =?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Example

v = u + at
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Example

v = u + at

0 = 12 + (−3.0) × t
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Example

v = u + at

0 = 12 + (−3.0) × t

3.0t = 12
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Example

v = u + at

0 = 12 + (−3.0) × t

3.0t = 12

t = 4.0s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

∆s
v̄ =
∆t
For non-uniform motion average velocity has
different values at different times.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

∆s
v = lim
∆t→0 ∆t

To find the velocity at an instance of time

(instantaneous velocity), we make the ∆t very
small.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

∆s
v = lim
∆t→0 ∆t

To find the velocity at an instance of time

(instantaneous velocity), we make the ∆t very
small. Instantaneous velocity is the average velocity
calculated during an extremely small interval of
time.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

The slope of the tangent line on a curve represents

Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

The slope of the tangent line on a curve represents

Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

The slope of the tangent line at t = 3.0s is

calculated by
25 − 1.0
= 6.0 ms−1
5.0 − 1.0
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

The slope of the tangent line at t = 3.0s is

calculated by
25 − 1.0
= 6.0 ms−1
5.0 − 1.0
Taking the tangent at other points would give us
other instantaneous velocities.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Instantaneous velocity can be either negative or

positive. Instantaneous speed is the magnitude of
instantaneous velocity.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

total distance travelled

average speed =
total time taken

displacement
average velocity =
total time taken
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

We can approximate the area under the curve as a

staircase. The goal is to make the steps as small as
possible so they become indistinguishable with the
line.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
v = u + at
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
v = u + at
u + u + at 1
∆s = ( )t = ut + at2
2 2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
v = u + at
u + u + at 1
∆s = ( )t = ut + at2
2 2
∆s = s − si
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
v = u + at
u + u + at 1
∆s = ( )t = ut + at2
2 2
∆s = s − si
1
s − si = ut + at2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
v = u + at
u + u + at 1
∆s = ( )t = ut + at2
2 2
∆s = s − si
1
s − si = ut + at2
2

1
s = si + ut + at2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

1
s − si = ut + at2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

1
s − si = ut + at2
2
v−u
t= a
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

1
s − si = ut + at2
2
v−u
t= a

v−u 1 v−u 2
s − si = u( ) + a( )
a 2 a
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

1
s − si = ut + at2
2
v−u
t= a

v−u 1 v−u 2
s − si = u( ) + a( )
a 2 a

v 2 = u2 + 2a∆s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Position versus times graphs for uniform

acceleration are parabolas.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

v = u + at
1
∆s = ut + at2
2
u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
v 2 = u2 + 2a∆s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
A particle has initial velocity of 2.00ms−1 and
acceleration a = 4.00ms−2 . Find its
displacement after 10.0s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
A particle has initial velocity of 2.00ms−1 and
acceleration a = 4.00ms−2 . Find its
displacement after 10.0s
I u = 2.00ms−1
I a = 4.00ms−2
I ∆s =?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
A particle has initial velocity of 2.00ms−1 and
acceleration a = 4.00ms−2 . Find its
displacement after 10.0s
I u = 2.00ms−1
I a = 4.00ms−2
I ∆s =?
1
δs = ut + at2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

1
∆s = ut + at2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

1
∆s = ut + at2
2
1
∆s = 2.00 × 10.0 + × 4.00 × 10.02
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

1
∆s = ut + at2
2
1
∆s = 2.00 × 10.0 + × 4.00 × 10.02
2

∆s = 220m
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
A car has an initial velocity of u = 5.0ms−1 .
After a displacement of 20m, its velocity
becomes 7.0ms−1 . Find the acceleration of the
car.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
A car has an initial velocity of u = 5.0ms−1 .
After a displacement of 20m, its velocity
becomes 7.0ms−1 . Find the acceleration of the
car.
I u = 5.0ms−1
I ∆s = 20m
I v = 7.0ms−1
I a =?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
A car has an initial velocity of u = 5.0ms−1 .
After a displacement of 20m, its velocity
becomes 7.0ms−1 . Find the acceleration of the
car.
I u = 5.0ms−1
I ∆s = 20m
I v = 7.0ms−1
I a =?
v 2 = u2 + 2a∆s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

v 2 = u2 + 2a∆s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

v 2 = u2 + 2a∆s

7.02 = 5.02 + 2a × 20
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

v 2 = u2 + 2a∆s

7.02 = 5.02 + 2a × 20

24 = 40a
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

v 2 = u2 + 2a∆s

7.02 = 5.02 + 2a × 20

24 = 40a

a = 0.60ms−2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
A body has initial velocity 4.0ms−1 . After 6.0s
the velocity is 12ms−1 . Determine the
displacement of the body in the 6.0s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
A body has initial velocity 4.0ms−1 . After 6.0s
the velocity is 12ms−1 . Determine the
displacement of the body in the 6.0s
I u = 4.0ms−1
I ti = 0
I t = 6.0s
I v = 12.0ms−1
I ∆s =?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
A body has initial velocity 4.0ms−1 . After 6.0s
the velocity is 12ms−1 . Determine the
displacement of the body in the 6.0s
I u = 4.0ms−1
I ti = 0
I t = 6.0s
I v = 12.0ms−1
I ∆s =?
u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
12 + 4.0
∆s = ( ) × 6.0
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

u+v
∆s = ( )t
2
12 + 4.0
∆s = ( ) × 6.0
2

∆s = 48m

You can solve this another way - however, this way

is faster.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
Two balls start out moving to the right with
constant velocities of 5.0ms−1 and 4.0ms−1 .
The slow ball starts first and the other 4.0s
later. Determine the position of the balls
when they meet.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
Two balls start out moving to the right with
constant velocities of 5.0ms−1 and 4.0ms−1 .
The slow ball starts first and the other 4.0s
later. Determine the position of the balls
when they meet.
I Slow ball: s = 4.0t
I Fast ball: s = 5.0(t − 4.0) where t ≥ 4.0s
I sf ast = sslow
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

sf ast = sslow
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

sf ast = sslow

5.0(t − 4.0) = 4.0t

Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

sf ast = sslow

5.0(t − 4.0) = 4.0t

5.0t − 20 = 4.0t
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

sf ast = sslow

5.0(t − 4.0) = 4.0t

5.0t − 20 = 4.0t

t = 20s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

s = 4.0t
t = 20s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

s = 4.0t
t = 20s
s = 4.0(20) = 80m
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
A particle starts out from the origin with a
velocity of 10ms−1 and continues moving at
this velocity for 5s. The velocity is then
abruptly reversed to −5ms−1 and the object
moves at this velocity for 10s. For this motion
find:
1. change in position
2. total distance travelled
3. average speed
4. average velocity
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
Problems like these are best visualized using a graph
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

1. change in position
2. total distance travelled
3. average speed
4. average velocity
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

1. change in position
Initial position is zero.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

1. change in position
Initial position is zero. After 5.0s the position is
10 × 5.0s = 50m.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

1. change in position
Initial position is zero. After 5.0s the position is
10 × 5.0s = 50m. In the next 10s the displacement
changes −5.0 × 10 = −50m.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

1. change in position
Initial position is zero. After 5.0s the position is
10 × 5.0s = 50m. In the next 10s the displacement
changes −5.0 × 10 = −50m. The displacement is
50 − 50 = 0m.
You can solve this by finding the areas underneath
the graph
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

2. total distance travelled

Assume right is positive direction.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

2. total distance travelled

Assume right is positive direction. Object moved
50m to the right.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

2. total distance travelled

Assume right is positive direction. Object moved
50m to the right. Object then stopped, travelled
50m in the opposite direction.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

2. total distance travelled

Assume right is positive direction. Object moved
50m to the right. Object then stopped, travelled
50m in the opposite direction. Total distance
travelled is 50 + 50 = 100m.
We know that the displacement at t = 0 is 0.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

3. average speed
100m
= 6.7ms−1
15s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

4. average velocity
0
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

4. average velocity
0
Displacement is 0. Therefore velocity is also 0
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
An object with initial velocity 20ms−1 and
initial position of −75m experiences a
constant acceleration of −2ms−2 . Sketch the
position-time graph for this motion for the
first 20s.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
An object with initial velocity 20ms−1 and
initial position of −75m experiences a
constant acceleration of −2ms−2 . Sketch the
position-time graph for this motion for the
first 20s.
I u = 20ms−1
I si = −75m
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example
An object with initial velocity 20ms−1 and
initial position of −75m experiences a
constant acceleration of −2ms−2 . Sketch the
position-time graph for this motion for the
first 20s.
I u = 20ms−1
I si = −75m
Need to graph...
1
s = si + ut + at2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

1
s = si + ut + at2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

1
s = si + ut + at2
2

s = −75 + 20t − t2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Defining Velocity in Non-uniform Motion

Example

1
s = si + ut + at2
2

s = −75 + 20t − t2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Special Acceleration
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Neglecting frictional forces, objects thrown in the

air experience acceleration of free fall. This
acceleration is caused by the attraction between the
Earth and a body.

g = 9.8ms−2

I g ≡ magnitude of acceleration due to gravity -

near the surface of Earth (ms−2 )
This acceleration is always vertically downward.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example
An object is thrown vertically upwards with an
initial velocity of 20ms−1 from the edge of a
cliff that is 30m from the sea below.
Determine
1. ball’s maximum height
2. time taken for ball to reach its maximum
height
3. time to hit the sea
4. the speed it hits the sea.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

I u = 20ms−1
I y = 30m
I g = −9.8ms−2
I Can do this.. sometimes...
g ≈ −10
I Negative because of
direction.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

1. ball’s maximum
height
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

1. ball’s maximum
height
v 2 = u2 − 2gy
a = −g
v=0
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

1. ball’s maximum
height
v 2 = u2 − 2gy
a = −g
v=0

0 = 202 − 2 × 10y
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

1. ball’s maximum
height
v 2 = u2 − 2gy
a = −g
v=0

0 = 202 − 2 × 10y

y = 20m
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

2. time taken for ball to reach its maximum

height
highest point - ball’s velocity is zero

v = u − gt

a = −g
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

2. time taken for ball to reach its maximum

height
highest point - ball’s velocity is zero

v = u − gt

a = −g
0 = 20 − 10 × t
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

2. time taken for ball to reach its maximum

height
highest point - ball’s velocity is zero

v = u − gt

a = −g
0 = 20 − 10 × t

20
t= = 2.0s
10
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

3. time to hit the sea

Many ways to do this
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

I u = 20ms−1
I y = −30m
I a = −g
I t =?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

I u = 20ms−1
I y = −30m
I a = −g
I t =?

1
y = ut + at2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

1
y = ut − gt2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

1
y = ut − gt2
2

30 = 20 × t − 5 × t2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

1
y = ut − gt2
2

30 = 20 × t − 5 × t2

t2 − 4t − 6 = 0
quadratic equation - find roots
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

1
y = ut − gt2
2

30 = 20 × t − 5 × t2

t2 − 4t − 6 = 0
quadratic equation - find roots

t = −1.2 & 5.2s

Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

4. the speed it hits the sea

Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

4. the speed it hits the sea

I t = 5.2s
I u = 20ms−1
I a = −g
I v =?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

4. the speed it hits the sea

I t = 5.2s
I u = 20ms−1
I a = −g
I v =?
v = u + at
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

v = u − gt
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

v = u − gt

v = 20 − 10 × 5.2 = −32ms−1
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

Example

v = u − gt

v = 20 − 10 × 5.2 = −32ms−1
Topic 2.1 Motion
Special Acceleration

!!
Try to never use g ≈ 10 - only for specific scenario.
Do all calculation with g = 9.8ms−2 or whatever
value given in the question.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Projectile Motion
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

An object projected at some angle can be analyzed

by looking at its vertical and horizontal components.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Horizontal
I vx = ux
I vx = ux = u cos θ

Vertical
I uy = u sin θ
I vy = uy − gt
I vy = u sin θ − gt
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

The vector above represents the position of the

projectile.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Above shows the velocity vectors and different

points within its trajectory.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

!!
I Use the kinematic formulas separately for each
direction
I In the x-direction there is zero acceleration
I In the y-direction there is an acceleration of −g
(when upwards is the positive direction)
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

To find the displacement of a projectile we use the

formulas for position.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Horizontal Vertical

I x = ux t I y = uy t − 21 gt2
I x = ut cos θ I y = ut sin θ − 12 gt2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Vertical
Horizontal
I y = uy t − 21 gt2
I x = ux t
I y = ut sin θ − 12 gt2
I x = ut cos θ
I uy = u sin θ
I vx = ux
I vy = uy − gt
I vx = ux = u cos θ
I vy = u sin θ − gt
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Making use out of

v 2 = u2 − 2gy

is a little trickier.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

v 2 = vx2 + vy2
u2 = u2x + u2y
vx2 = u2x
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

v 2 = vx2 + vy2
u2 = u2x + u2y
vx2 = u2x

vy2 = u2y − 2gy

Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

!!
Always choose the beginning of your projectile
motion at the origin of your x and y axis.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
A body is launched with a speed of 18.0ms−1
at the following angles:
1. 30◦ to the horizontal
2. 0◦ to the horizontal
3. 90◦ to the horizontal
Find the x and y components of each case.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

1. 30◦ to the horizontal

u = 18.0ms−1

vx = u cos θ vy = u sin θ
vx = 18.0 × cos 30◦ vy = 18.0 × sin 30◦
vx = 15.6ms−1 vy = 9.00ms−1
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

2. 0◦ to the horizontal
cos 0◦ = 1 sin 0◦ = 0
vx = 18.0 vy = 0ms−1
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

3. 90◦ to the horizontal

cos 90◦ = 0 sin 90◦ = 1
vx = 0 vy = 18.0ms−1
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
Sketch graphs to show the variation with time
of the horizontal and vertical components of
velocity for a projectile launched at some
angle above the horizontal.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
Sketch graphs to show the variation with time
of the horizontal and vertical components of
velocity for a projectile launched at some
angle above the horizontal.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
An object is launched horizontally from a
height of 20m above the ground with speed
15ms−1 . Determine
1. the time it hits the ground
2. the horizontal distance travelled
3. speed with which it hits the ground
Use g ≈ 10
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

1. the time it hits the ground

Horizontal launch so that means...
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

1. the time it hits the ground

Horizontal launch so that means... θ = 0◦
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

1. the time it hits the ground

Horizontal launch so that means... θ = 0◦
1 1
y = ut sin θ − gt2 = − gt2
2 2
Object will hit ground at y = −20m
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

1. the time it hits the ground

Horizontal launch so that means... θ = 0◦
1 1
y = ut sin θ − gt2 = − gt2
2 2
Object will hit ground at y = −20m

−20 = −5t2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

1. the time it hits the ground

Horizontal launch so that means... θ = 0◦
1 1
y = ut sin θ − gt2 = − gt2
2 2
Object will hit ground at y = −20m

−20 = −5t2

t = 2.0s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

2. the horizontal distance travelled

x = ut cos θ
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

2. the horizontal distance travelled

x = ut cos θ

x = 15 × 2.0 × cos 0◦ = 30m

cos 0◦ = 1
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

3. the speed it hits the ground

v 2 = u2 − 2gy
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

3. the speed it hits the ground

v 2 = u2 − 2gy

v 2 = 152 − 2 × 10 × (−20)
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

3. the speed it hits the ground

v 2 = u2 − 2gy

v 2 = 152 − 2 × 10 × (−20)

v = 25ms−1

Must know how to do this question

Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
An object is launched horizontally with a
velocity of 12ms−1 . Determine:
1. the vertical component of velocity after
4.0s
2. the x and y components of the position
vector of the object after 4.0s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
An object is launched horizontally with a
velocity of 12ms−1 . Determine:
1. the vertical component of velocity after
4.0s
2. the x and y components of the position
vector of the object after 4.0s
I θ = 0◦ → sin 0◦ = 0
I ux = u = 12ms−1
I vy =?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

1. the vertical component of velocity after

4.0s
vy = ut sin θ − gt = −gt
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

1. the vertical component of velocity after

4.0s
vy = ut sin θ − gt = −gt

vy = −10 × 4.0 = 40ms−1

Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

2. the x and y components of the position

vector of the object after 4.0s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

2. the x and y components of the position

vector of the object after 4.0s
1
x = ut y = − gt2
2
x = 12.0 × 4.0 y = −5 × 16
x = 48m y = −80m
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

u0 means speed at t0 which is usually t = 0.

Generally ui = u0
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

When does the vertical velocity component become

zero?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

When does the vertical velocity component become

zero?
0 = u sin θ − gt
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

When does the vertical velocity component become

zero?
0 = u sin θ − gt

u sin θ
t=
g
zero vertical velocity is connected to the maximum
height of a projectile
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

How do we calculate maximum height?

1
y = ut sin θ + at2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

How do we calculate maximum height?

1
y = ut sin θ + at2
2

u sin θ 1 u sin θ 2
ymax = u( ) sin θ − g( )
g 2 g
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

How do we calculate maximum height?

1
y = ut sin θ + at2
2

u sin θ 1 u sin θ 2
ymax = u( ) sin θ − g( )
g 2 g
u2 sin2 θ
ymax =
2g
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

What about maximum horizontal displacement -

with respect to the graph?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

maximum horizontal displacement (range) occurs

when y = 0 - in this circumstance.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

maximum horizontal displacement (range) occurs

when y = 0 - in this circumstance.
1
0 = ut sin θ − gt2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

maximum horizontal displacement (range) occurs

when y = 0 - in this circumstance.
1
0 = ut sin θ − gt2
2

1
0 = t(u sin θ − gt)
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

maximum horizontal displacement (range) occurs

when y = 0 - in this circumstance.
1
0 = ut sin θ − gt2
2

1
0 = t(u sin θ − gt)
2
2u sin θ
t=0 t=
g
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

t = 0 is at the beginning, when the projectile has

yet become airborne. We use the other value
2u sin θ
t=
g
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

t = 0 is at the beginning, when the projectile has

yet become airborne. We use the other value
2u sin θ
t=
g

x = ut cos θ
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

t = 0 is at the beginning, when the projectile has

yet become airborne. We use the other value
2u sin θ
t=
g

x = ut cos θ

2u2 sin θ cos θ

x=
g
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

t = 0 is at the beginning, when the projectile has

yet become airborne. We use the other value
2u sin θ
t=
g

x = ut cos θ

2u2 sin θ cos θ

x=
g
u2 sin(2θ)
x=
g
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
A projectile is launched at 32.0◦ to the
horizontal with initial speed of 25.0ms−1 .
Determine the maximum height reached. Use
g = 9.81ms−2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
A projectile is launched at 32.0◦ to the
horizontal with initial speed of 25.0ms−1 .
Determine the maximum height reached. Use
g = 9.81ms−2
I θ = 32.0◦
I u = 25.0ms−1
I v = 0ms−1
I a = −9.81ms−2
I tymax =?
I ymax =?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

vy = u sin θ − gt
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

vy = u sin θ − gt

u sin θ 25.0 × sin 32.0

t= =
g 9.81
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

vy = u sin θ − gt

u sin θ 25.0 × sin 32.0

t= =
g 9.81

t = 1.35s
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

1
y = ut sin θ − gt2
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

1
y = ut sin θ − gt2
2
1
y = 25 × sin 32.0◦ × 1.35 − × 9.81 × 1.352
2
y = 8.95m

u2 sin2 θ
could just use ymax = 2g - but would need to
show work.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
A projectile is launched horizontally from a
height of 42m above the ground. As it hits
the ground, the velocity makes an angle of 55◦
to the horizontal. Find the velocity of the
launch. Use g = 9.8ms−2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
A projectile is launched horizontally from a
height of 42m above the ground. As it hits
the ground, the velocity makes an angle of 55◦
to the horizontal. Find the velocity of the
launch. Use g = 9.8ms−2
I y = −42m
I θ = 0◦
I uy = 0
I u =?
I t =?
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

y = ut sin θ − gt2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

y = ut sin θ − gt2

1
−42 = − × 9.8t2 → t = 2.928s
2
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
Lets find vy
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
Lets find vy

vy = uy − gt
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
Lets find vy

vy = uy − gt

vy = 0 − 9.8 × 2.928
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example
Lets find vy

vy = uy − gt

vy = 0 − 9.8 × 2.928

vy = −28.69ms−1
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

vy
tan θ = | |
vx
vy
vx =
tan θ◦
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

vy
tan θ = | |
vx
vy
vx =
tan θ◦
28.69
vx =
tan 55◦
Topic 2.1 Motion
Projectile Motion

Example

vy
tan θ = | |
vx
vy
vx =
tan θ◦
28.69
vx =
tan 55◦

vx = 20.03 ≈ 20ms−1
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

Fluid Resistance
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

All previous calculations ignored air resistance

forces. In general, whenever a body moves through
a fluid it experiences a fluid resistance force that
is directed opposite to the velocity.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

F = kv = kv 2

I F ≡ force - fluid resistance force (N )

I k ≡ positive constant - dependent on medium
I v & v 2 ≡ velocity - v for low speeds - v 2 for
high speeds (ms−1 )
Should be −kv and −kv 2 ...
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

Fluid resistance force increases the faster the object

moves. Eventually the fluid resistance force will
equal the weight of the object. The object will then
move at a constant speed called, terminal speed
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

When the fluid resistance force equals the weight

(in magnitude) the object will move at vT (terminal
speed)
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

When the fluid resistance force equals the weight

(in magnitude) the object will move at vT (terminal
speed)
mg = kvT
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

When the fluid resistance force equals the weight

(in magnitude) the object will move at vT (terminal
speed)
mg = kvT

mg
vT =
k
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

Example
The force of air resistance in the motion
below is F = 0.653v. Determine the mass of
the projectile.
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

Example
The terminal speed is 30ms−1
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

Example
The terminal speed is 30ms−1
mg
vT =
k
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

Example
The terminal speed is 30ms−1
mg
vT =
k

kvT 0.653 × 30
m= =
g 9.8
Topic 2.1 Motion
Fluid Resistance

Example
The terminal speed is 30ms−1
mg
vT =
k

kvT 0.653 × 30
m= =
g 9.8

m ≈ 2.0kg