VALUES

- inner standards from which you Social man

receive the motivation to act as you
do and by which you judge behavior
(both yours and others).
- They serve as the basis for moral
codes and ethical reflection
Macionis, 2001
- Values are standards by which
people assess desirability,
goodness, and beauty , and which
serve as broad guidelines for social
living.
Calhoun, Light and Keller, 1994
- Values are ideas that people share
about what is good or bad, desirable
or undesirable.
Giddens, 1996
- Values are ideas held by individuals
or groups about what is desirable,
proper, good and bad.
FIVE TYPES OF VALUE ORIENTATION
Economic man
- is primarily oriented toward what is
useful.
- is primarily oriented toward the
well-being of the people.
THE IMPRINT PERIOD
At the age of seven, we absorb everything
around us and accepting much of it as true,
especially when it comes to our parents.
The confusion and blind belief of this
period can also lead to early formation of
trauma and other deep problems.
THE MODELLING PERIOD
Between the ages of eight and thirteen, we
copy people, often our parents, but also
other people.
Rather than blind acceptance, we are
trying on things like suit of clothes, to see
how they feel.
THE SOCIALIZATION PERIOD
Between 13 and 21, we are very largely
influenced by our peers

Theoretical man BECOMING PRINCIPLED

- is primarily interested in the
discovery of truth, in the systematic It is tough to have high moral values but
ordering of his knowledge. some people get there

Political man
- is oriented towards power, not
necessarily in politics, but in
whatever area he works.

Aesthetic man
- finds his main interest in the artistic
aspects of life, although he need not
be a creative artist.
PRE-MORAL INTRINSIC VALUES

In this state, we have no real values Something has intrinsic worth simply
(amoral). because of what it is and not necessarily
what it will lead to or because of its
Young children are pre-moral acceptance.

Our basic nature tells us to be PREREQUISITE VALUES

Machiavellian, doing whatever it takes to
achieve our goals, even if it means hurting
other people.
CONVENTIONAL
Most people have conventional values, as
learned from their parents, teachers and
peers.
PRINCIPLED
When we are truly principled, we believe in
our values to the point where they are an
integral and subconscious part of our
person
Right and wrong are absolute things
beyond the person.
These are values that are necessary
before you can get to some bigger goals
PARAMOUNT VALUES
It is a value which is above all other things
OPERATIVE VALUES
This type of values are the ways that we
make judgements on how to live the rest of
our lives
PERSONAL VALUES
Personality traits are typically defined as
description of people in terms of relatively
stable patterns of behavior, thoughts and
emotions.

UNIVERSAL VALUES CULTURAL VALUES

These are values that there is nearly
unanimous agreement as to the importance
of them. include sanctity of human life,
peace and human dignity.
it is dependent on social norms, religious
beliefs and other environmental situations of
people.
THEORETICAL STRUCTURE OF VALUE

INSTRUMENTAL VALUES Achievement

- Ambition, competence
These are values that can be used to get Benevolence
something else. - Helpfulness, loyalty, honesty,
forgivingly
The value serves as an instrument which Conformity
include progress, freedom and knowledge - Self-discipline, obedience
Hedonism
- Fun, enjoying life
Power
- Social power, wealth, authority
Security
- Family, security, social order, clean

Self-direction
- Creativity, freedom, independent,
curious
Stimulation
- Daring, exciting life
Tradition
- Moderation, respect for tradition,
devout
Universalism
- Equality, social justice, protecting the
environment

GUIDE TO HAVE VALUES

● A value must be chosen freely

● A value is always chosen from

among alternatives

● A value results from a choice made

after thoughtful consideration

● When you value something, it has

positive quality for you

● You are willing to publicly stand by

your values

● When you have a value, it shows up

in every aspect of your life

● Values show up again and again in

your actions