4 x 4 Smart Track

Day 01

Day 02
01' (i) NdKavhl ñ, m%;súmdlh hkq l=ula o@ ta i|yd n,mdk fya;= ljf¾ o@

- ñ, m%;súmdlh hkafkka woyia lrkqfha NdKavhl ñ, fjkia ùu tys b,a¨‍ï

m%udKh u; lrkq ,nk n,mEu hs' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- ñ, m%;súmdlhg fya;= fol ls'

- wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh'
- wdodhï m%;súmdlh' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh fmkakqï lrkqfha wksl=;a lreKq fkd fjkia j ;sìh §"
idfmalaI ñ, fjkia ùula ksid b,a¨ï lrkq ,nk m%udKfha yg .kakd fjkia
ùu hs' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- wdodhï m%;súmdlh fmkakqï lrkqfha wfkl=;a lreKq fkd fjkia j ;sìh §"
NdKavfha ñ, fjkia ùula ksid yg .kakd uQ¾; wdodhu fjkiaùu u;" b,a¨ï
lrkq ,nk m%udKh fjkiaùuhs' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

(ii) ñ,;a b,a¨ï m%udKh;a w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djhla we;súh yels wjia:d fudkjd o @

- .s*ka NdKav iïnkaOj mj;sk b,a¨u

- m%o¾Ykd;aul fyda lemS fmfkk mßfNdack mqreÿ
- ñ, u; .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh ;SrKh lsÍu ^lreKq 3 g ,l=Kq 03 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
(iii) tla;rd NdKavhla iïnkaOfhka b,a¨ï iy iemhqï jl% my; ±la fõ'
P

a
S iemhqï jl%h

b
c

d
D b,a¨ï jl%h

0 e f Q
my; i|yka m%foaY ixfla; wdY%fhka olajkak'
a) Y+kH ñf,a § mdßfNda.slhkaf.a uq¿ Wmfhda.S;djh fldmuK o @
oaf ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

b) iu;=,s;fha § mdßfNda.slhka f.ùug leu;s uq¿ uqo, fldmuK o @

oabe ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

c)
iu;=,;
s fha § iemhqïlrejka wfmalI
a d lrk wju uq¿ uqo, fldmuK o @
odbe ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

d) iu;=,s;fha § iemhqïlrejka wfmalaId lrk wju uq¿ uqo,g jvd" mdßfNda.slhska

f.ùug leu;s uq¿ uqo, fldmuK o @
adb ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

(iv) —ksoyia fjf<| fmd< iu;=,;

s fha § wd¾Ól w;sßla;h Wmßu fõ'˜ meyeÈ,s lrkak'
- wd¾Ól w;sßla;h hkq" fjf<| fmdf<a yqjudrejg iyNd.S jk .ekqïlrejka
iy úl=Kqïlrejka hk fomsßi u iu;=,s; yqjudrefjka ysñlr.kakd jdish
fyj;a ,dNh hs' fuh mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h iy ksIamdol w;sßla;h hk foflka
iukaú; fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd wvq ñ,j, § mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h jeä jqjo" ksIamdol
w;sßla;h wvq fõ' tfia jkafka iu;=,s; m%udKhg jvd wvq m%udKhla ksIamdok
jk neúks' túg Wmßu wd¾Ól w;sßla;h w;alr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a fõ'
P
S

0 Q
^,l=Kq 02 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
- iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd jeä ñ,j,§ wd¾Ól w;sßla;h wvq nj iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd jeä
ñ,j, § mdßfNda.slhd b,a¨‍ï lrk m%udKh muKla imhkafka kï" ksIamdol
w;sßla;h jeä jqjo mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h wvq fõ' tfia jkafka iu;=,s; m%udKhg
jvd wvq m%udKhla ñ,§ .kakd neúks' túg o Wmßu wd¾Ól w;sßla;h w;alr
.ekSug wfmdfydi;a fõ'

P
S

Q
0 ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd jeä ñ,j, § ksIamdokh l, yels Wmßu m%udKh imhkafka
kï" túg o iu;=,s; m%udKhg jvd jeä m%udKhla ksIamdokh lrk neúka ksIamdol
w;sßla;h wvq ù Wmßu wd¾Ól w;sßla;h w;alr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a fõ'

P
S

-DWL

Q
0
^,l=Kq 01 hs&

(v) —fudag¾ r: fjf<| fmdf<ys ñ, .Kka WÉPdjpkh jk m%udKhg jvd jeä

m%udKhlska t<j¿ fjf<| fmdf<ys ñ, .Kka WÉPdjpkh fõ'˜ fuu m%ldYh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'

- fudag¾ r:" ld¾ñl NdKavhla neúka fudag¾ r: i|yd idfmaCIj kuH b,a¨‍ula
iy kuH iemhqula olakg ,efí' tu ksid fudag¾ r: fj<| fmd< b,a¨‍fuys fyda
iemhqfuys úYd, fjkila isÿ jqjo ñ, fjkia jkafka iq¿ jYfhks' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- t<j¿ lDIsld¾ñl NdKavhla neúka t<j¿ i|yd idfmaCIj wkuH b,a¨‍ula

iy wkuH iemhqula olakg ,efí' tu ksid t<j¿ fj<| fmd< b,a¨‍fuys fyda
iemhqfuys yg.kakd l=vd fjkila ksid jqjo ñ, úYd, jYfhka fjkia fõ'
^,l=Kq 01 hs&

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m%ia;dßl ksrEmKh (

fudag¾ r: fj<| fmd< iemhqu úYd, jYfhka t<j¿ fj<| fmd< iemhqu l=vd jYfhka
wvq jqjo ñ, jeä jkafka iq¿ jYfhks' wvq jqjo ñ, úYd, jYfhka jeä fõ'

P P

S1
S1 S

S P1
P1
P0 P0
D

D
0 Q 0 Q
Q0 Q0

^,l=Kq 01 hs& ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

02' (i) b,a¨ï kS;h

s " b,a¨ï kHdfhka fjkia ixl,amhla o@ iólrK weiqfrka fmkajd fokak'

- Tõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- b,a¨ï kS;sh hkq" lsishï ksYaÑ; ld,mßÉfþohl § NdKavhl b,a¨u ;SrKh

lrk wksl=;a lreKq ia:djr j ;sìh §" tu NdKavfha ñ,;a" b,a¨ï m%udKh;a
w;r mj;sk m%;sf,dau fyj;a iDK iïnkaO;djh hs'
Qd = f (b)
Qd = a - bp ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- b,a¨ï kHdh hkq" NdKav yd fiajd f;aÍfuys ,d mdßfNda.slfhl=f.a iuia;

yeisßu ú.%y lsÍu yd meyeÈ,s lsÍu hs' tu.ska lsishï fok ,o wjia:djl §
b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk idOl fyj;a b,a¨ï ;Srl y÷kd .kS'
Qd = f (P, Pn, Y, T, Ex, O) ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- b,a¨‍ï kS;sh uÕska NdKavhl b,a¨‍ï m%udKh flfrys ñf,ys n,mEu y÷kd
.kq ,nk w;r b,a¨‍ï kHdh uÕska NdKavhl b,a¨‍u flfrys n,mdkq ,nk
ish¨‍ idOl y÷kd .efka' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

(ii) —b,a¨fï jeäùula iemhqï m%udKh jeä lsÍug o" iemhqfï jeäùula b,a¨ï m%udKh
jeä lsÍug o fya;= fõ'˜ meyeÈ,s lrkak'

- wksl=;a lreKq fkd fjkia j ;sìh § b,a¨‍fï jeä ùula fya;=fjka b,a¨‍ï jl%h
ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' túg ñ, jeä fõ' tu ksid iemhqï m%udKh jeä ù iu;=,s;
,laIHh iemhqï jl%h Èf.a by,g .uka lrhs' tkï b,a¨‍fï jeäùula iemhqï
m%udKh jeä ùug fya;= fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
P

D1

D
Q

^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- wksl=;a lreKq fkd fjkia j ;sìh § iemhqfï jeä ùula fya;=fjka iemhqï
jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' túg iu;=,s; ñ, wvq fõ' tu ksid b,a¨‍ï m%udKh
jeä ù iu;=,s; ,laIHh b,a¨‍ï jl%h Èf.a my,g .uka lrhs' tkï iemhqu
jeäùula b,a¨‍ï m%udKh jeä ùug fya;= fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

S1

^,l=Kq 01 hs&

(iii) —iEu .s*ka NdKavhla u nd, NdKavhla jk kuq;a iEu nd, NdKavhla u .s*ka
NdKavhla fkdfõ'˜ meyeÈ,s lrkak'

- wdodhu yd b,a¨ï lrkq ,nk m%udKh w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaOhla olakg ,efnk
NdKav nd, NdKav fõ' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

[úl,am ms<s;=rla(
- wdodhu jeäjk úg b,a¨ï lrkq ,nk m%udKh wvq jk yd wdodhu wvq jk úg
b,a¨ï lrkq ,nk m%udKh jeä jk NdKav nd, NdKav fõ'] ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

- ñ, jeä jk úg b,a¨ï lrkq ,nk m%udKh o jeä jk iy ñ, wvqjk úg b,a¨ï

lrkq ,nk NdKav m%udKh o wvqjk NdKav .s*ka NdKav kñka ye¢ka fõ'
^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
[úl,am ms<s;=rla(
- i,ld n,kq ,nk NdKavfha ñ, iy b,a¨ï lrkq ,nk m%udKh w;r wkqf,dau
iïnkaO;djhla fmkakqï flfrk NdKav .s*ka NdKav fõ' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&]

- nd, NdKa v hl wdfoa Y k m% ; s ú mdlh yd wdodhï m% ; s ú mdlh m% ; s ú reoa O ÈYdjka g

l% s h d;a u l jq j o wdodhï m% ; s ú mdlhg jvd wdfoa Y k m% ; s ú mdlh idfmaCIj
n,j;a fõ' tu ksid nd, NdKavhl RK wdodhï m%;súmdlh uq¨‍ukska u
ksfYaOkh lsÍug wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh iu;ajk neúka nd, NdKavhla b,a¨‍ï
kS;shg wkql+, fõ' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

- .s*ka NdKavhl o wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh yd wdodhï m%;súmdlh m%;súreoaO ÈYdjkag

l%shd;aul jk kuq;a tys wdfoaYk m%;súmdlhg jvd wdodhï m%;súmdlh idfmaCIj
n,j;a fõ' tu ksid .s*ka NdKavhl RK wdodhï m%;súmdlh uq¨‍ukska u
ksfYaOkh lsÍug ;‍rï wdfoaYk m%;súmdl iu;a fkdjk neúka" .s*ka NdKav
b,a¨‍ï kS;shg wkql+, fkdfõ' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

- nd, NdKav b,a¨‍ï kS;shg wkql+, neúka nd, NdKav i|yd we;af;a RK ñ, b,a¨‍ï
kuH;djh ls' tkï ñ,;a b,a¨‍ï m%udKh;a w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djhla mj;sk
w;r my,g nEjqï jk b,a¨‍ï jl%hlg uqyqK fohs' .s*ka NdKav b,a¨‍ï kS;shg
wkql+, fkdjk neúka .s*ka NdKav i|yd we;af;a Ok ñ, b,a¨‍ï kuH;djh ls'
tkï ñ,;a b,a¨‍ï m%udKh;a w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djhla mj;sk w;r by,g
nEjqï jk b,a¨‍ï jl%hlg uqyqK fohs' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- .s*ka NdKavhl RK wdodhï m%;súmdlhla l%shd;aul ùu fya;=fjka iEu .s*ka

NdKavhla u nd, NdKavhla f,i ie,fla' yqfola u RK wdodhï m%;súmdlhla
;sîu muKla u nd, NdKavhla i|yd m%udKj;a jk kuq;a" .s*ka NdKavhla
i|yd th muKla m%udKj;a fkdfõ' .s*ka NdKavhla ùu i|yd RK wdodhï
m%;súmdlh" wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh uq¨‍ukska u ksfYaOkh lsÍug wjYH m%udKhg;a
jvd n,.;= tlla úh hq;=h' tneúka iEu .s*ka NdKavhla u nd, NdKavhla jk
kuq;a iEu nd, NdKavhla u .s*ka NdKavhla fkdfõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

(iv)
ñ, ^re'&
S1

S2

S3

0 m%udKh ^tall&
a drfha ±lafjk S1, S2 yd S3 hk iemhqï jl%j, nEjqu tlsfklg fjkia jqj o" tu
by; m%i;
iEu iemhqï jl%hla u; u iEu ,lIHhl § u kuH;djh tlsfklg iudk jkafka
wehs @

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
- iemhqï jl%hla u; ,laIHhl kuH;djh .Kkh lrkqfha jl%fha nEjqu (ΔQ/ ΔP)"
tu ,laIHhg wod, ñ, yd m%udKh w;r wkqmd;fhka (P/Q) .=K lsÍfuks'
^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

- uQ,fhka mgka .kakd ir, f¾Çh iemhqï jl%hl ´kEu ,laIHhl ñ, yd

iemhqï m%udKh w;r wkqmd;h (P/Q)" tu jl%fha nEjqfï mriamrhg iudk fõ'
^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

- tu ksid ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r wkqmd;h" nEjqfuka .=Kl< úg ,efnk

ms<s;=r iEu úg u 1 ^talSh& fõ' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

- ta wkqj uQ,fhka mgka .kakd iEu ir, f¾Çh iemhqï jl%hl u ´kEu
ia:dkhl kuH;dj talSh fõ' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

(v) wkuH iemhqï jl%hla Èf.a by<g .uka lrk úg kuH;djh l%ufhka jeä jkafka;a"
kuH iemhqï jl%hla Èf.a by<g .uka lrk úg kuH;djh l%ufhka wvq jkafka;a
wehs@

- iemhqï jl%hla u; ,laIHhl kuH;djh .Kkh lrkqfha jl%fha nEjqu

(ΔQ/ ΔP)" tu ,laIHhg wod, ñ, yd m%udKh w;r wkqmd;fhka (P/Q) .=K
lsÍfuks'

- wkuH iemhqï jl%hla m%udK wlaIfhka werö by,g .uka lrk w;r tys
ñ, kuH;djh l%ufhka jeä fõ' Bg fya;= jkafka ñ, jeäjk m%;sY;hg
idfmalaI j wvq m%;sY;hlska iemhqï m%udKh jeä ùu ksid jl%h Èf.a by,g
.uka lrk úg ñ, yd m%udKh w;r wkqmd;h" tkï P/Q ys w.h l%ufhka
jeä ùu hs' nEjqu fyj;a ΔQ/ΔP fkd fjkia j ;snqK o" jl%h Èf.a by,g P/Q
ys w.h l%ufhka jeäùu ksid kuH;d ix.=Klfha w.h o l%ufhka jeä fõ'
^,l=Kq 02 hs&

- kuH iemhqï jl%hla ñ, wlaIfhka werö by,g .uka lrk w;r tys ñ,
kuH;djh l%ufhka wvq fõ' Bg fya;= jkafka ñ, jeäjk m%;Y
s ;hg idfmalI a j
jeä m%;sY;hlska iemhqï m%udKh jeä ùu ksid jl%h Èf.a by,g .uka lrk
úg ñ, yd m%udKh w;r wkqmd;h" tkï P/Q ys w.h l%ufhka wvq ùu hs' nEjqu
fyj;a ΔQ/ΔP fkd fjkia j ;snqK o" jl%h Èf.a by,g P/Q ys w.h l%ufhka
wvq ùu ksid kuH;d ix.=Klfha w.h o l%ufhka wvq fõ' ^,l=Kq 02 hs&

(vi) lsishï mqoa.,fhl=f.a wdodhu l%ufhka jeä jk úg tu mqoa.,hd lsishï NdKavhlg

lrkq ,nk b,a¨‍ï m%udKh my; mßÈ fõ'
wdodhu ^re'& b,a¨ï m%udKh ^tall&
10"000 100
20"000 300
30"000 400
40"000 375
tla tla wdodhï uÜgï j,§ fuu mqoa.,hdg by; NdKavh l=uk iajrEmfha NdKavhla
jkafka o@ fya;= olajkak'

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wdodhu ^re'& b,a¨‍ï m%udKh
^tall&
10000 > 100
100] > 200]
20000 300
> 50] > 33'3]
30000 400
> 33'3] > -6'25]
40000 475

wdodhï uÜgu wLKavj by< hk úg uq,ska iqfLdamfNda.S NdKavhla jQjo" miqj

w;HdjYH NdKavhla ù wjidkfha § nd, NdKavhla njg m;a fõ'
^NdKavfha iajrEm ;=k y÷kd .ekSug ,l=Kq 1 1$2 hs'
fya;= olajd ;sîug ,l=Kq 1$2 h'&

03' (i) a) ñ, jeä ùul wdfoaYk iy wdodhï m%;súmdl úia;r lrkak'

- wfkl=;a lreKq fkdfjkiaj ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, jeä

jqjfyd;a idfmaCI ñ, by, hhs' túg idfmaCIj ñ, jeä NdKavfha b,a¨ï
m%udKh wvq fldg idfmaCIj ñ, wvq NdKavfhka jeämqr ñ, § .kS'
wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh wkqj i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, jeä jk úg tys
b,a¨ï m%udKh wvq fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- wfkl=;a lreK fkdfjkiaj ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, jeä

jqjfyd;a mdßfNda.slhdf.a uQ¾; wdodhu wvqjk neúka i,ld n,k NdKavh
idudkH NdKavhla kï tu NdKavfhka b,a¨ï lrkq ,nk m%udKh wvq
lrhs' wdodhï m%;súmdlh wkqj i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, jeä jk úg th
idudkH NdKavhls tys b,a¨ï m%udKh wvq fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

b)
ñ, jeäjk úg idudkH NdKavhl yd nd, NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh wvq jkafka;a"
.s*ka NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh jeä jkafka;a wehs ±hs meyeÈ,s lrkak'

- idudkH NdKavhl ñ, jeäjk úg wdfoaYk m%;ú s mdlh fya;f

= jka b,a¨‍ï m%udKh
wvq fõ' wdodhï m%;ú
s mdl fya;f
= jka o b,a¨‍ï m%udKh wvq fõ' tu ksid iuia;hla
jYfhka ñ, jeäjk úg idudkH NdKavhl b,a¨‍ï m%udKh wvq fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- nd, NdKavhl ñ, jeäjk úg wdfoaYk m%;ús mdlh fya;f

= jka b,a¨‍ï m%udKh wvq fõ'
wdodhï m%;súmdlh fya;=fjka b,a¨‍ï m%udKh jeä fõ' kuq;a nd, NdKavhl
wdodhï m%;súmdlh blaujk wdfoaYk m%;súmdlhla mj;sk neúka Y=oaO jYfhka
b,a¨‍ï m%udKh wvq fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- .s*ka NdKavhl ñ, jeäjk úg wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh fya;=fjka b,a¨‍ï m%udKh

wvq fõ' wdodhï m%;súmdlh fya;=fjka b,a¨‍ï m%udKh jeä fõ' kuq;a .s*ka
NdKavhl wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh blaujk wdodhï m%;súmdlhla mj;sk neúka Y=oaO
jYfhka b,a¨‍ï m%udKh jeä fõ' ^,l=Kq 02 hs&

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(ii)
lsih
s ï NdKavhl fjf<| fmd< b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK my; mßÈ § we;'
Pd iy Ps u`.ska ms<f s j<ska b,a¨ï ñ, yd iemhqï ñ, remsh,aj,ska o" Qd iy
Qs u`.ska ms<sfj<ska b,a¨ï m%udKh iy iemhqï m%udKh tallj,ska o ±la fõ'
Pd = 50 - 0.25Q ^b,a¨ï iólrKh&
Ps = 20 + 0.5Q ^iemhqï iólrKh&
a) iólrKh úi|d iu;=,s; ñ, iy m%udKh .Kkh lrkak'

Ps = Pd Pd = 50 - 0.25Q
20 + 0.5Q = 50 - 0.25Q Pd = 50 - 0.25 x 40
0.5Q + 0.25Q = 50 – 20 Pd = 50 - 10
0.75Q = 30 Pd = 40
Q = 30 fyda
0.75 Ps = 20 + 0.5Q
Q = 40 ^,l=Kq 01 hs& Pd = 20 + 0.5 x 40
Pd = 20 + 20
Pd = 40 ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 40
iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 40

b) tall m%udKh 120 § Wmßu b,a¨ï ñ, lSho@

Pd = 50 - 0.25Q
Pd = 50 - 0.25 x 120
Pd = 50 - 30
Pd = 20 ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

c) by; a iy b ys ms<s;=re m%ia;dr igykl ,l=Kq lr olajkak'

ñ,

S
50

iu;=,s; ñ, 40

30

tall m%udKh 120 §

Wmßu b,a¨ï ñ, 20

10

D
m%udKh
-40 0 40 80 120 160 200
iu;=,s; m%udKh

^ksjerÈ m%ia;dr igykg ,l=Kq 01

ms<s;=re ksjerÈj ,l=Kq lsÍug ,l=Kq 01 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
(iii) —taâia frda.h ksÜgdjg iqj l< yels b;d m%;sM,odhl T!IOhla m¾fhaIK
lKavdhula úiska fidhd.;a w;r" th jdKscuh jYfhka ksIamdokh l< fkd
yelafla jehjk msßjehg wod< ñ, .Kka j , § ls i s ` ÿ mdßfNda . s l fhl= g ñ, §
.; fkdyels ks i d h'˜ fuu ;;a ; a j h m%ia;dßl j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

- iemhqï jl%h uÕska ksIma dolhka NdKavh úlsŒug leu;s wju ñ, .Kka o" b,a¨‍ï
jl%h uÕska mdßfNda.ls hka NdKavh ñ, § .ekSug leu;s Wmßu ñ, .Kka o"
ksrEmKh lrhs'

- lsishï NdKavhla fjf<| fmdf<a wf,ú lr .ekSug kï ta i|yd ksIamdolhkaf.a

yd mdßfNda.slhkaf.a ie,iqï tkÕ;ajhlg m;a úh hq;= h' tkï iu;=,;hla ìys
úh hq;= h' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- taâia i|yd m%;sM,odhl T!IOhla fidhd .ekqk o tys ksIamdok msßjehg

wod,j ksIamdolhd úiska bÈßm;a lrk ñ,g tu T!IOh ñ, § .ekSug lsis÷
mdßfNda.slfhl=g fkd yelsh hkafkka woyia jkafka Wmßu b,a¨‍ï ñ,g jvd
wju iemhqï ñ, by, njhs' tjeks wjia:djl fjf<| fmd< iu;=,s;hla ìysùug
bvla fkdue;' ^,l=Kq 02 hs&

P
S

wju iemhqï ñ,

Wmßu b,a¨ï ñ,

0 Q
Q0
^,l=Kq 01 hs&

(iv) my<g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hl nEjqu ksh; w.hla .;a; o kuH;djh
wmßñ;fha isg Y+kH olajd ;ekska ;ekg fjkia fõ' Bg fya;=j l=ula ±hs meyÈ,s
lrkak'

- my<g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hl ,laIH ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh
lrkqfha my; iQ;%h Ndú;fhks'
ΔQd x P
Ed
= ΔP Qd ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- fuu iQ;%fha jïmi moh ksrEmKh lrkqfha b,a¨ï jl%fha nEjqu fyda nEjqfï
mriamrh hs' f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hla u; iEu ,laIHhl u nEjqu fyda nEjqfï
mriamrh ia:djr w.hla .kS' tneúka f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hla u; ñ, b,a¨ï
kuH;d ix.=Klfha w.h fjkia jkqfha by; iQ;%fha ol=Kq mi mofha w.h P/Q
fjkia ùu u; h' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
- b,a¨‍ï jl%h ñ, wlaIh fÊokh jk ia:dkfha § b,a¨‍ï m%udKh (Q) Y+kH jk
neúka (P/Q) ys w.h wmßñ; fõ' tneúka tys § ,laIH kuH;djh o wmßñ;
w.hla .kS' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

-
b,a¨ï jl%h Èf.a my;g .uka lrk úg ñ, wvq jk w;r m%udKh jeä fõ'
tneúka tla tla ,laIHfha ñ, yd m%udKh w;r wkqmd;h wvq fõ' tu ksid
b,a¨ï jl%h u; my<g .uka lrk úg kuH;d ix.=Klh l%ufhka wvq fõ'
^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- b,a¨‍ï jl%h m%udKh wlaIh fÊokh jk ia:dkfha § ñ, (P) Y+kH jk neúka (P/Q) ys
w.h Y+kH fõ' tneúka tys § ,laIH kuH;djh o Y+kH w.hla .kS' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

04' (i) —;r`.ldÍ fjf<| fmd<la ;=< yg.kakd iu;=,s;fha § fjf<| fmd< ;=< yqjudre
jk m%udKh wd¾Ól ld¾hlaIu;djh ksrEmKh lrhs'˜ meyeÈ,s lrkak'

- wd¾Ól ld¾hlaIu;djh idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd fldkafoais folla imqrd,sh

hq;=fõ' tajdkï(
- ksIamdokfha ld¾hlaIu;djh'
- iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍfï ld¾hlaIu;djh'

;rÕldÍ fjf<| fmd< ;=< yg.kakd iu;=,s;fha § ksIamdokfha ld¾hlaIu;djh;a"

iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍfï ld¾hlaIu;djh;a w;a lr .efka' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- fjf<| fmdf<a mj;akd ;rÕldÍ miqìu ;=< fyd| u ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lrñka
ksIamdok iïm;a ksIamdok l%shdj,shg fhdod .kakd neúka wvq u ksIamdok msßjehla
iys;j NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍug yelsùfuka ksIamdokfha ld¾hlaIu;djh w;alr
.efka' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- ;rÕldÍ fjf<| fmd<l b,a¨‍ï jl%h uÕska mdßfNda.slhdf.a wdka;sl m%;s,dN;a"

iemhqï jl%h uÕska ksIamdolhdf.a wdka;sl msßjeh;a fmkakqï flf¾' tu ksid
b,a¨‍ï yd iemhqï jl% tlsfkl fÊokh jk ,laIHfha § iïm;a fnod yeÍfï
ld¾hlaIu;djh i|yd wjYH fldkafoaish jk wdka;sl m%;s,dN wdka;sl msßjehg
iudk ùu isÿfõ' tu wjia:dfõ § fldkafoais ;=kla tljr iïmQ¾K fõ'
1' wdka;sl m%;s,dN wdka;sl msßjehg iudk ùu (MB = MC).
2' mdßfNda.slhka f.ùug leu;s Wmßu ñ, ksIamdolhka wfmalaId lrk wju
ñ,g iudk ùu'
3' wd¾Ól w;sßla;h Wmßu ùu' ^,l=Kq 02 hs&

(ii) —b,a¨fï by< hdula iEu úgu iu;=,s; ñ, jeä lrhs'˜ fuu m%ldYh yd Tn tl`.
jkafka o@ meyeÈ,s lrkak'

- tlÕ fkdfõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- b,a¨‍u by, hk fõ.fhka u iemhqu o by, hkafka kï ñ, fjkia fkdfõ'
^,l=Kq 01 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
- b,a¨‍u by, hk fõ.hg jvd jeä fõ.hlska iemhqu by, hkafka kï ñ,
wvq fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- b,a¨‍u by, hk úg iu;=,s; ñ, jeä ùug kï" iemhqu fkdfjkiaj mej;Su

fyda iemhqu wvq ùu fyda b,a¨‍u by, hk fõ.hg jvd wvq fõ.hlska iemhqu
by, hdu isÿúh hq;= h' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

(iii) —iEu ,laIHhl u ia:djr kuH;djhla iys; b,a¨ï jl%hla iEu úg u my<g
nEjqï fõ'˜ fuu m%ldYh yd Tn tl`. jkafka o@ meyeÈ,s lrkak'

- tlÕ fkdfõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- iEu ,laIHhl u ia:djr kuH;djhla iys; my,g nEjqï jk b,a¨‍ï jl%h jkafka
talSh kuH b,a¨‍ï jl%h mu‚' ^iDcq fldaKdi%dldr nyqj,hla& ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- iEu ,laIHhl u ia:djr kuH;djhla iys; ;j;a b,a¨‍ï jl% folla we;' tajdkï
- mQ¾K kuH b,a¨‍ï jl%h
- mQ¾K wkuH b,a¨‍ï jl%h ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

fuu b,a¨‍ï jl%j, o iEu ,laIHhl u kuH;djh ia:djr w.hla .;a; o" tajd
my;g nEjqï fkdfõ' mQ¾K kuH b,a¨‍ï jl%h m%udK wlaIhg iudka;rj msysgk
w;r mQ¾K wkuH b,a¨‍ï jl%h ñ, wlaIhg iudka;rj msysghs' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

(iv) my; i|yka wjia:dj, mdßfNda.l

s iy ksIm
a dol w;sßla;hka m%i;
a dßl j olajkak'

a). b,a¨u mQ¾K wkuH ùu'

P

D
S
mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h

P0

ksIamdol w;sßla;h

Q
0
Q0

lsishï m%udKhl ksIamdol w;sßla;hla we;' mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h wmsßñ; fõ'

^,l=Kq 01 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
b). b,a¨u mQ¾K kuH ùu'

P0 D

ksIamdol w;sßla;h

Q
0 Q0

lsishï m%udKhl ksIamdol w;sßla;hla we;' mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h Y+kH fõ'
^,l=Kq 01 hs&

c). iemhqu mQ¾K wkuH ùu'

P
S

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h

P0
ksIamdol w;sßla;h

D
Q
0
Q0

lsishï m%udKhl mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hla we;' ksIamdol w;sßla;h uq¿ whNdrhg
iudk fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
d). iemhqu mQ¾K kuH ùu'
P

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h

P0 S

D
Q
0 Q0

lsishï m%udKhl mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hla we;' ksIamdol w;sßla;h Y+kH fõ'
^,l=Kq 01 hs&

(v)
;r`.ldÍ fjf<| fmd<l wf,ú jk tla;rd NdKavhla iïnkaOfhka my; f;dr;=re
Tng imhd we;'
ñ, wê b,a¨ï m%udKh iemhqï m%udKh
20 400 200
60 -400 600
a). b,a¨ï iy iemhqï jl% f¾Çh hehs Wml,amkh lrñka m%i;
a dr igykla we| wê
b,a¨u Y+kHfha § fjf<| fmd< ñ, iy yqjudre m%udKh fidhkak'

ñ,

80

S
60

40

20 D

m%udKh
0 200 400 600 800

iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 40
iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 400

^ksjerÈ m%ia;dr igykg ,l=Kq 02 hs&

^ksjerÈ iu;=,s;h i|yd ,l=Kq 01 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
b). ñ, re' 20 ;a re' 60 ;a w;r b,a¨ï kuH;djh .Kkh lrkak'

Ed = ΔQd x P1 + P2
ΔP Q 1 + Q2

Ed = -400 x 20 + 60
40 600 + 200

Ed = -10 x 80
800
Ed = -1 ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

05' (i) rcfha ueÈy;a ùulska f;dr j fjf<| fmd< wd¾Ólhla NdKav ys`.hla fyda
w;sßla;hla iukh lr.kqfha flfia o@

- fjf<| fmd< wd¾Ólhl NdKav ys`.hla fyda w;sßla;hla mj;sk úg th iu;=,s;h

lrd fufyh ùug ksoyia fjf<| fmd< n,fõ. l%shd lrhs' th isÿjkqfha ñ,
ix{d Tiafia h' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- th my; m%ia;dr igyk u.ska meyeÈ,s flf¾'

P
NdKav w;sßla;h
S

NdKav ys`.h D
0 Q
Q
^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- fjf<| fmdf<a wê b,a¨ï ;;a;ajhla mj;sk úg" NdKav ñ, § .ekSug

.eKqïlrejka w;r we;sjk ;rÕh ksid" ysÕh iukh jk ;=re ^iSñ; iemhqug
iß,k b,a¨ula we;sjk f;la& ñ, .Kka by< kexùug fjf<| fmd< n,fõ.
l%shd;aul fõ' fuys § b,a¨‍ï m%udKh wvq jk w;r iemhqï m%udKh jeä fõ'
iu;=,s; ñ, ;SrKh jk f;la fuu l%shdj wLKavj isÿ fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- tfuka u fjf<| fmdf<a wê iemhqï ;;a;ajhla mj;sk úg" NdKav úl=Kd

.ekSug úl=Kqïlrejka w;r we;sjk ;rÕh ksid" w;sßla;h bj;a jk ;=re ñ,
.Kka my< ±óug fjf<| fmd< n,fõ. l%shd;aul fõ' fuys § iemhqï m%udKh
wvq jk w;r b,a¨‍ï m%udKh jeä fõ' iu;=,s; ñ, ;SrKh jk f;la fuu l%shdj
wLKavj isÿ fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
(ii) my; i|yka wjia:dj, §" § we;s NdKav yd fiajdj, b,a¨fï ñ, kuH;djhka
ixikaokh lrkak'

a) rEmjdyskS hka;% iy Sony rEmjdyskS hka;%

- rEmjdyskS hka;% mq¿,a ks¾jpkhla neúka wkuH b,a¨‍ula we;s w;r Sony
rEmjdyskS mgq ks¾jpkhla neúka idfmaCIj kuH b,a¨‍ula we;' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

b) cx.u ÿrl:k iy fnda,afmdhskaÜ mEka

- cx.u ÿrl:k i|yd wdodhfuka idfmaCIj jeä m%;sY;hla jehjk neúka
kuH b,a¨‍ula we;s w;r fnda,afmdhskaÜ mEka i|yd wdodhfuka idfmaCIj wvq
m%;sY;hla jehjk neúka wkuH b,a¨‍ula we;' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

c) we`ÿï iy jdhqiólrK hka;%

- we`ÿï w;HdjYH NdKavhla neúka wkuH b,a¨‍ula we;s w;r jdhqiólrK
hka;% iqfLdamfNda.S NdKavhla neúka kuH b,a¨‍ula we;' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

d) tla;rd whsialS%ï j¾.hla ckms%h ùug fmr iy ckms%h ùfuka miq'

- ckm%sh ùug fmr wdfoaYl idfmalaI j ÿ,n neúka wkuH b,a¨‍ula we;s w;r
ckm%sh ùfuka miq wdfoaYl idfmalaI j iq,n neúka wkuH b,a¨‍ula we;'
^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

(iii) Rcq f lda K di% d ldr nyq j ,hl yevh .ka k d b,a ¨ ï jl% h la u; iEu ,laIHhl
§ u mdßfNda.sl meyeou ksh; w.hla .kq ,nkafka wehs@

- RcqfldaKdi%dldr nyqj,hl yevh .kq ,nk b,a¨‍ï jl%hl iEu ,laIHhl § u

talSh kuH;djhla mj;S' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- talSh kuH b,a¨‍ula hkq ñ, fjkiajk m%;sY;hg iudk m%;sY;hlska b,a¨‍ï

m%udKh m%;sf,dau j fjkia ùu hs' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- talSh kuH b,a¨‍ul § b,a¨‍ï jl%h Èf.a tla ,laIHhl isg ;j;a ,laIHla fj;
.uka lsÍfï § mdßfNda.sl meyeou u; ñf,ka we;s lrk n,mEu" Bg m%;súreoaOj
b,a¨‍ï m%udKh uÕska we;s lrkq ,nk n,mEu uÕska ksfYaOkh flf¾'
Wod( ñ, 10]lska jeä jk úg ta;a iuÕ u b,a¨‍ï m%udKh 10]lska wvqjk neúka"
mdßfNda.sl meyeou fkd fjkia j mj;S' ^,l=Kq 02 hs&

(iv)
my; i|yka wjia:d meyeÈ,s lrkak'
a). NdKavhl ñ, 50] lska jeä jQ úg ksIamdolhskaf.a wf,ú wdodhu o 50] lska
jeä ùu'

- ñ, jeä jk úg tu m%;sY;fhka u wf,ú whNdrh jeä jkafka mQ¾K wkuH

b,a¨‍ula iys; NdKav i|yd h' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
b). NdKavhl ñ, 50] lska jeä jQ úg ksIamdolhskaf.a wf,ú wdodhu Y+kH olajd
wvq ùu'

- ñ, jeä jk úg wf,ú whNdrh Y+kH olajd wvq jkafka mQ¾K kuH b,a¨‍ula
iys; NdKav i|yd h' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

c). NdKavhl ñ, 50] lska jeä jQ úg ksIm

a dolhskf
a .a wf,ú wdodhu 20] lska wvq ùu'

- ñ, jeä jk úg wf,ú whNdrh wvq jkafka kuH b,a¨‍ula iys; NdKav

i|yd h' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

d). NdKavhl ñ, 50] lska jeä jQ úg ksIm

a dolhskf
a .a wf,ú wdodhu 40] lska jeä ùu'

- ñ, jeä jk úg wf,ú whNdrh jeä jkafka wkuH b,a¨‍ula iys; NdKav

i|yd h' ^,l=Kq 1$2 hs&

(v) RcqfldaKdi%dldr nyqj,hl yevh .kakd b,a¨ï jl%hl iEu ,laIHhl § u b,a¨ï
kuH;djh 1 la fõ' my<g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hl o uOH ,laIHfha
kuH;djh 1 la fõ' fuu wjia:d fol w;r iïnkaO;djh l=ula o@

- my,g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨‍ï jl%hl uOH ,laIHhg wod< ñf,a isg
by,g iy my,g we;af;a tlu ÿr ls' tneúka uOH ,laIHhg wod, kuH;djh
fiùfï § P iy ΔP tl iudk w.hla .kS' tfiau Q iy ΔQ o tlu w.hla
.kS' tu ksid my,g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨‍ï jl%hl uOH ,laIHfha
b,a¨‍ï kuH;dj 1la fõ'
- uOH ,laIHfha § P = ΔP iy Q = ΔQ neúka
ΔQd x P
Ed = =1
ΔP Qd ^,l=Kq 02 hs&

- RcqfldaKdi%dldr nyqj,hl tla tla ,laIHh u; kuH;djh fidhkqfha

wod, ,laIHh iam¾I jk whqßka iam¾Ilhla we| tu iam¾Ilfha nEjqu" wod,
,laIHfha ñ, yd m%udKh w;r wkqmd;fhka .=K lsÍfuks' RcqfldaKdi%dldr
nyqj,hl ,laIHla iam¾I jk fia tfia w¢kq ,nk ,nk iam¾Ilfha o wod,
,laIHh uOH ,laIHfha msysgk neúka" kuH;djh 1la fõ' ^,l=Kq 02 hs&

(vi)
hQßhd fmdfydr ñáhl ñ, re' 500 isg re' 900 olajd by< ±óu ksid fldïfmdaiaÜ
fmdfydr b,a¨ï m%udKh ñá 1000 isg 1500 olajd jeä fj;ehs rch wfmalI
a d lrhs'
a). hQßhd fmdfydr iy fldïfmdaiÜ
a fmdfydr w;r yria b,a¨ï kuH;djh .Kkh
lrkak'

Exy = ΔQx x Py
ΔPy Qx
Exy = +500 x 500
+400 1000

Exy = 0.625 ^,l=Kq 02 hs&

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 4 x 4 Smart Track
b). hQßhd fmdfydrj, ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;djh -1'5 la kï" hqßhd fmdfydr ñ, by<
±ófuka f.dùka wffO¾hu;a l< yels o@

- yels fõ' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

- ñ, b,a¨‍ï kuH;djh -1'5la hkafkka woyia jkafka hQßhd fmdfydr i|yd we;af;a
kuH b,a¨‍ula njhs' tu ksid hQßhd fmdfydrj, ñ, iq¿ jYfhka by, .sho f.dùka
hQßhd fmdfydr i|yd b,a¨ï m%udKh úYd, jYfhka wvq lrhs' ^,l=Kq 01 hs&

ieliqu # nKavdr Èidkdhl

B.Sc.(Mgt)Sp (Univercity of Sri Jayewardenapura)

wdpd¾h wdkkao r;akdhl

Senior Lecturer (Univercity of Sri Jayewardenapura)

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