Bar soap

Introduction

According to an ancient Roman legend, soap got us it's name from

mount sapo, where animals were sacrificed. Rain washed a

mixture of animal fat or tallow along with ashes down into the clay

soil to the Tiber river. It was found that this clay mixture cleaned

and washed clothes with much less effort.

The term soap is a class name for the sodium or potassium salts

of fatty acids. These fatty acid were found in animal fats and in

plant oils such as coconut, oil, olive oil, castor oil, cotton seal oil

Raw materials

Soap are manufactured from a renewable source. The triglyceride

(to trimesters of fatty acids) are the raw materials for the protection

of soap tallow and coconut oil are the principal fatty materials in

soap making in the united States. The palm oils, palm kernel oil

and their derivative are used in soap manufacture in many other

parts of the world.

Fatty acid

- caprylic (C8H16O2)

- lausic (C12 H24O2)

- muriatic (C14H28O2)

- palmitic (C16H32O2)

- steanic (C16H3202)

The soap maker represents one of the largest consumers of

chemicals especially caustic soda, soda ash, caustic potash,

sodium silicate, sodium bicarbonate altrisodium phosphate.

Builders are mainly chemical added to soap e.g sodium

tripotasium posphate (STPP)

Chemistry of soap

Soaps are Waters sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids

containing 8-22 combinations. The fatty acids are generally a

mixture of saturated and unsaturated Compounds

Saturated soap: CH3 CH2)n (001)

Mono unsaturated soap : CH3 (CH2)n CH2 CH = CH CH2(CH2)m -

(001)

Poly - unsaturated soap: CH3 (CH2 CH=CH)x CH2 CH2)y - (001)

( n = Na, k, R4N+)

The basic chemical reaction in the making of soap is saponification

3NaOH + C17H35(003C3H5 ===> 3C17H35C00Na + C3H5(0H)3

Sodium Glyceryl stearate sodium sterate glycerin

The other method for making soap comprises fat splitting followed

by the neutralized process with sodium hydroxide

(C17H35(00)3C3H5 + 3H20 fat/splitting - 3C17H35C00H + C3H5(0H)3

Steanic acid glycerm

Classification of soap

 Toilet soap

 laundry soap (bar)

 Industrial soap

Laundry soap: Soap is considered a surfactant ( surface-active

agents) because it comprises of two distinct ends: the hydrocarbon

end, which is lipophilic and non-polar and a hydrophilic end, which

is polar. The non-polar end is capable of dissolving non-polar

molecules, whereas the polar end of the soap is capable of

dissolving polar molecules..

The efficiency of soap is affected by various factors such as pH,

the composition of the solvent ( e.g the elements/ ions present in

the solvent), and Temperature. Temperature is a physical property

of matter that is vital not only in the soap efficiency, but also in the

formation of soap. High temperature in soap making increases the

collision of the reactant molecules, thus, increasing the reaction

rate, hence high product yield. Moreover, low temperature

increases the rate of separation of soap from the solvent.

 Economic important of bar soap: Soap qualified as a

surfactant due to its molecular structure. The non-polar tail is

capable of dissolving non-polar molecules (such as oils and

grease) and the polar head is capable of dissolving polar

molecules ( such as water). Multiple soap molecules

Associate into droplets called micelle when the non-polar tail

dissolve the non-polar molecules in the centre and the

hydrophilic heads projects outward the surface where they

can interact with water molecules. Biological membranes

 form using the same principles.

Limitations of bar soap It forms a scum when used in hard water

because the cations in hard water (Ca2+, mg2+, fe3+) forms insoluble

salts with the carboxylate ions of soap.

M2+aq + 2RC00aq. (RC00)2. M(s)

The fraction of a scum prevents a soap from forming a lather

readily in hard water. These ions in water renders the use of soap

for washing highly unfavourable.

2. It is not stable in acid solution because it yields a slightly

alkaline solution due to the hydrolysis of its caboxylate ions. This

reduces the cleansing action of the soap since the RCOO- group is
are mainly responsible for the solubility of soap in water.

However, a soap has the advantage of being biodegradable, that is

it can be decomposed by microorganisms into simple inorganic

substance. Hence, its use does not cause environmental pollution

(water pollution)

 Properties of soap

- micellization: if a soap is dissolved in water, its molecules

aggregate to from micelle. A normal micclle may contain between

10 and 100 molecules. These molecules are arranged such that

the non-polar hydrocarbon tails are in the interior part (being

hydrophobic) while the ionic head form the exterior part (being
hydrophilic) that is in contact with water. Electrostatic repulsion

between the negatively charged ionic head keeps the micelles

apart in the soap solution. The Concentration of the soap solution

at the point of micellization is known as the critical micelle

concentration (c.m.c)

- cleansing action,: a soap has the ability to remove dirts from

materials e.g (fabric). The cleansing action of a soap is related to

the structure of its molecules. A molecule of soap has dual nature

a polar head - COO-M+(M = Na or k), which is hydrophilic (water

loving) hence, water - soluble and a non- polar hydrocarbon tail R

(a long carbon chain)which is hydrophobic (water hating hence

water insoluble but soluble in oil and organic solvent.

This structure enables soap molecules to emulsify an organic dirt

(e.g oil) present on a fabric in water. By mechanical action(e.g

scrubbing) on the fabric followed by rinsing, the organic dirt is

removed. A soap is therefore, an emulsifying agent during

cleansing. That is, a soap causes the suspension of tiny oil

droplets in the aqueous medium.

 conical flask

 Biker

 sturer ( mixer)
  mould

 nose mask

 hand glove

 Bowl

 Thermometer

 pot

 heating source

Reagents involved

1 caustic soda: in pure form, it is white solid, readily absorbs

acids on natural fats or oils, such as tallow or vegetable oil, to

produce sodium fatty acid salt (soap and glycerin). This

saponification reaction is the basic for all soap making. It forms a

solid, opaque bar soap.

Other uses of caustic soap

- used in the extract alumina from bauxite

- Used In manufacturing of pulp and paper

- used in purification of water

- used to clear drains of

Soda ash (sodium carbonate)This is a mild cleansing agents.

Soda ash is also very effective in removing alcohol and grease

stain from clothing

Oils: oils are an extremely important of the soap making process,

and without oil (fatty acids of oils) the saponification ’s reaction

cannot take place. Oils could be saturated or unsaturated, It can

also come from plant or animal source. The type used in the soap
have an important role in deterring the final properties. Butter like ,

coco suiter and mango butter tends to help make hand bars of

soap with stable lallow.

Example of oil

Palm oil: is used to create a hand bar with a stable lallow, and is

often used to make something more in – lasting and resistant to

melting easily.

Avacodo oil: using avacodo oil for soap making with many the

conditioning properties of your finished product and added

creaminess to the soaps formation. It has a wonderful skin

advantages such as a high content of vitamin A, D and E

Olive oil: it has anti- inflammating effects and is non - irritating to

the skin. It helps to gently clean even the most sensitive skin

including skin abrasions, rashes, sunburns.

Olive oil soap is know to provide relief to skin cuilitus like eczema

psoriasis

Tranpeseed oil; this cosmetic oil high conditioning property phs,

this oil has sine added benefit of a creaming laller all adding to the

ventless of your soap bar. Additionally ,this oil course used to

create a soap that is anti acne

 Sodium silicate (Na2SIO2): it is commonly known as water

 glass .it is an antioxidant agent.it increases the diameter of

the soap and the rapid drying of the soap is prevented. The

sodium silicate in soap manufacturing is also used to

increase the hardness of the soap bar inorder to prevent

resistance to acid, high temperature and water. It also does

this are future in cement.

 Sodium LSL sodium lauryl sulfate: this is a cleaning

agents mostly found in household cleaners detergent

soap .the purpose of these sulphate is to create a lallening

effort to remove oil and dirt from objects which could be

plates,fasure etc
 Kaolin is mainly used as a filler in soap perimeter. It also use

the structure and acts as a riser ,but most importantly ,it

reduces the cost of production, it also improves the opacity

at whiteness of a soup

 preservatives : is this added to prevent microbial growth and

to enhance Longevity

 Colour: for attractiveness in Sight

 Fragrance: To enhance good smell

measurement of the quantities

 _ a table spoon of Kaloin

 500g of Caustic soda

 600g of Soda ash

  _ 60ml spoon of sodium silicate

 Add 1 litre of palm kernel oil

 Add 20g of preservative ( Meryl parabin)

 Add 20ml of fragrance

 Add 10g of colour ( oil soluble or water soluble)

Pre-production

 Soak 500gbof caustic sola in 1000ml of what for 24hours

before production

 Soak 600g of soda ash in 1200ml of water 24hours before

Production

Actual production

Use hydrometer to check if the specific gravity reached 1275 if

not work-up

 Measure out 500ml of the solution of caustic soda

 Measure out 450ml of the solution of soda ash

 Pour in 1000ml of palm kernel oil and stir constantly

 afterwards a teaspoon of Kaloin + stir

 a teaspoon of sodium silicate + stir

 20g of preservative + stir

 20ml of fragrance + stir very thoroughly

Pro into mold and allow for 3 days soap is ready for use.