Electrical Drives 113

Chapfer

ELECTRICAL DRIVES

5.0 Introduction:
The combination of a prime-mover, transmission equipment and mechanical load is called
a driye. An electrical drive can be defined as a drive, using an electric motor as a prime mover,
and ultimately converting electrical energy to mechanical
energy. Conversely electric drive may
also be defined as the combination of electric motor with its controlling devices, power transmission
equipment and mechanical load. The success of an electric drive for any purpose depends on the
correct choice of the driving motor for the
particular conditions under which it has tooperate
Among several prime-movers such as IC engines (diesel/petrolengines), turbines,steam
ngines or clectric motors, the electric motors are predominantly used in industrial drives dueto
their inherentadvantages. A drive may require transmission equipmentsuch as gearing or belt
System or chain system to match the speeds of the prime-mover and the load. The transmission
may also be required sometimes to convert rotary to linear motion and vice-versa
51) Advantages of Electric Drive
n e 1ollowing are the advantages of electric drive over other drives

I t is quiet clean due to the absence of fuel, fumes etc-

4 Electric motor's are available over a wide range of power i.e., few watt (5W) to mega watt.
t is more flexible convenient place.
as regard to any
. No need of fuel
storage and fuel transportation
iectrical energy is transmitted casily.
6, It is more economical. «S
. No hazardous
fuel is required.
The
mainten ance is less and easy.
9.
The slarting and stopping of electric motors is easy.
10 The noise level of electric drive is less.
 Electrical Utilisation and Electri
114 trical Tra
11. It occupies less floor area as compared to other drives.
12. Electric braking is superior and economical.
13. Electric drives provide a wide range of torques over a wide range of speeds

14. It can be remote controlled.

15. The operating characteristics of electric drive can be easily modified.

16. It is reliable source of drive.

17. The life of this drive is more.

18. Adaptability to almost any type ofenvironmental or operating conditions, such as nati
forced ventilation, totally enclosed, submerged in liquids, exposed to explosive ete.

19. The speed control of these motors is straight forward.

20. Electric drives have an overload capacity which can be made use ofin selecting a smal-
motor for short time duties.
21. Regenerative braking is possible only in electric drives.

However, clectric drives do have certain drawbacks

1. Non-availability of drive on supply failure.
2. They require continuous power supply.
3. This drive cannot be used in far off places where electricity is not available.
4. Problmesof saturation of iron..
5.2 Factors Governingthe Selection of Motors
The choice of an electric motor for a particular drive includes a large number of factos
Although in any case some of these factors may be definitely fixed by existing circumstances
others will probably be conflicting and a thorough understanding of various possibiliucs
therefore essential to make the most satisfactory compromise.
The following are the factors to be devoted to any or all of them before final selection
the motor is made.
1. Nature of supply
(a) A.C. supply
(b) Pure D.C. supply
(c) Rectified A.C. supply
2. Electrical characteristics
(a) Starting characteristics
(b) Running characteristics
(c) Speed control
(d) Braking characteristics.
E l e c t r i c a lL D r i v e s
115

3. Mechanical characteristics

of enclosure
(a) Type
of power transmission
h) Methods
of bearing
(c) Type
system
(d) Type otf cooling
() Noise level.

Nature of
drive
4.
(a) Individual drive
(b) Group drive.

5. Size and rating of motors

(a) Whether the motor is to drive continuous, intermittent, or variable load cycle.
b) Whether its overload capacity and pull-out torque are adequate.
6. Cost

(a) Capital (or initial) cost

(b) Running cost.
The cost factor, though is placed last in the above factors which ultimately governing all
the
others. Since, the correct motor to choose is that which will give the required service at
m inimum overall cost and saves lot of botheration later on. Now we will consider some of the
above factors in more detail.
5.3 Nature of Electric Supply:
The electric supply can be classified as follows
Sinusoidal A.C.
electric -A.C. -Non sinusoidal A.C.
supply Sinusoidal A.C.
-D.C.< Non sinusoidal A.C.

A.C. motors should be used where a.c. supply is available. A.C. motors possess severa
advantages such as less maintenance, long life and few active or working parts. The modern
semi-conductor technology (using triac, SCR, IGBT etc.) helps inobtaining wide range of speed
Control of a.c. motors. In India a.c. power is generated at 50 Hz. This standard frequency is not
ueeting the requirements of certain industries such as defence and railwaysignalling-
F o r same output high frequency a.c. motors possess certain advantages over standard
requency, 50 Hz motors such as the weight reduces by 10 times, high power to weight ratio,
Cse in cost, small size, casy transportation and handling, less maintenance, long Iite, reduce
1e,increased efficiency etc. However, high frequency increases the hysteresis and eddy current
his problem can be overcome by the use of proper low loss material, proper selection ot
flux density and
adequate cooling.
 Electrical Uilisation and Electrical 'lrau
116

D.C. motors on the other

hand has moro working
parts nuch as

starting, wido rnge ofNpeel

mmulator, bn
arnnluro, commuilnt.

troubles. D.C, motors havo good ecd contag

gear ete. All theso parts give
high maintenanco ote.

(b) UNDULATED D.C.

OR RECTIFIED D.C
(a) D.C. OR PURE D.C.
Flg. 5.1
shown in Fig s. (
availablo from battorios and d.o. goneralors as
D.C. or puro d.c. is
shown in Fig. 5.1 (b). The nat
nature d
from rectifiers will bo undulating d.c. as
The d.c available tho mcchanical power devel
available will affoot the sizo of tho motor. Becauso,
The heat producod in the armaturo will beh
d.c. supply
duo to the d.c. component only.
in a d.c. motor is motor rating, he d.c, motor drive
value of undulating curront. Honce for a givon
to the r.m.s.
motors.
than puro d.c.
from undulated d.c. supply will bo slightly largor
Comparison of A.C. and D.C. drives.
Table 5.1
D.C. Drive
S. No. A.C. Drlve
Commutator makes motor bulky and heavy.
1. No commulator problems.
2. Cheap motor particularly squirrel cage type. Costly.
The highest speed and design rating are limite
3. Speed and design rating have no upper limits. due to commutation.

It requires less maintenance. Commutator require frequent maintenance

range Bm
Speed control depends upon the type of method.| F'ast response and wide speed
Solid state control provides wide range, with| control.
conventional methods it is limited.
6. Large power/weight ratio. Wide speed range smooth control.

7. Solid state converters employed also decides the Small power/weight ratio.
cost.
ntal
8 Used in almost all locations. Sparking at brushes makes it environme
unsuitable for certain location.

More reliable,
9.
Less reliable.
54) Classification of Electric Drive:
As mentioned carlier electric drive is the combination of electric
moto
control devices, powertransmission equipment and mechanical load. as shown in Fig
$2.
supP
electric motor
An along with its controls should bo selected to suit the given por power

and load conditions. The control oequipment should sot the desired speed or torque p
controller may consists of SCR s, relays and contractors eto.
 Electrical Drives 117
POWER
SUPPLY POWER TRANSMSsiON BY
COUPLING
LECTRIC
MOTOR
SPEED CONTROL
OR MECHANICAL
cONTROLLER M
LOAD

FEEDBACK
Fig. 5.2 ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRIC DRIVE

An clectric drive, based on their development, can be classificd into the following thrce

categories.

Group drive or shaft drive

Electric drive Individual drive
-Multimotordrive
5.5 Group Drive:
When several machines or loads are run on one shaft and the shaft is driven by a single
motor, the system is called group drive or shaft drive as shown in Fig. 5.3.
SHAFT (OR LINE SHAFT)

LOAD 1
C
ENGINE
OR
LOAD-22
MOTOR
LOAD-3
DRIVER
D
PULLEY DRIVEN PULLEY

POWER TRANSMISSION BEARING

BY BELT (OR BY CHAIN ETC)

Fig. 5.3 GROUP DRIVE

The usually accepted meaning of the term group drive refers to two or three loads or
machines installed in a factory and are driven by a single large motor
This system of drive is the old one. It consists of a single large engine or motor (diesel
ne, petrol engine, steam engine or gas engne), whose ratingissmallerthanthe sum of all
connected loads. Because, all the loads may not appear at the same time.
The various loads connected may have different speeds. Hence, different (diameters) sized
o multistepped pulleys are mounted on the shaft Belts areused for power transmission.
D.1 Advantages and disadvantages of group drive:
The following are the various advantages of group drive

h e cost of single large motor is less than the cost of many motors ofsame aggregate rating.

High overload capacity, A 100% overload on one load would mean about 5 to 10% over
load on main motor.
118 Electrical Urilisationand Electrical Traction

3. Only one motor is to be handled.

4. The rating of the motor can be less than the sum of all loads used.
5. It is well suited and still used now-a-days in process and textile industries where stopnao
of one operation necessitates stoppage of sequence of operations.
6. By proper load adjustments, it is possible to operate the motor at almost full-load.
Inspite of the above advantages, the group drive is seldom is used now-a-days because of
of
the following dis-advantages
1. A fault in the motor renders all machines or loads idle.
2. Ifonly small load is to be used, the motor has to work with light load. This results in reduced
efficiency
3. Power transmission through belts and pulleys is inefficient. So efficiency is less.
4. Flexibility of installation of mechanical loads is lost. Because, the machines installation
depends on the shaft position.
5. Addition of future load is not possible because of fixed shaft length and motor rating.
6. The speed control of individual loads using belts and pulleys is
cumbersome
7. The system is not very safeto operate.
8. The noise level at the work spot is very high.
9. The drive appearance is not good/clean.
5.6 Individual Drive
If one motor is used to drive one load, the drive is called individual drive or simply each
load has its own motor. Each operator has complete control of his power unit, enabling him to
vary its speed if necessary and to shut it down when not in use. In some cases, the motor and its
control unit can be built as an integral part of the load, resulting in a neat appearance, cleanliness
and safety. The machine can be placed in any desired
position and can be moved without any
difficulty.
Advantages ofIndividual Drive :
1. A fault in the motor will not idle the othecr loads.
2. The motor almost runs always with full-load.
3. It eliminates all
shafting and belting.
4. Machines can be installed at
any desired place.
5. Addition of future load is
easy.
6. The speed control of individual
7. The system is very safe.
load is easy.
8. The noise level is less.
9. The appearance is good.
10. Motors operate at good power
factor
Dis-advantages:
. The fixed or initial cost is high.
2. It is not suited for a sequence of operations.
3. The over load capacity of each motor will be less
(about 5 to 10% only).
Electrical Drives 119

.7 Multimotor Drive
6.1 In a multimolor drive, Separate motors are used for operating differcnt parts of the same
kanism. The system contains several individual drives, cach of which is used to operate its
mcchar
cchanism. This type of drive finds
application in complicated machine tools, rolling mills,
per making machincs clc. Automatic control methodscan be employcd
verhcadcranc, papo
Comparison Between Croup Drive and Individual Drive:
-

Table 5.2
Group Drive Individual Drive
. .No.
Initial cost is less more
1.
Single large motor is used
2. Number ofnotors equal to number of machines
Future expansion is very difficult
3. ensy
4. Machines should be installed nearby shaft Machines can be installed at convenient place
5. The speed control is cumbersome easy
6. High over loading capacity less
7. At light loads the power factor will be very poor PF is poor but better than group drive
8. Power transmission equipment is required not required

9. Appearance will not be so good good

10. The drive is not much reliable It is reliable

11. Noise level will be more due to belts Noise level will be less
12. System is not safe It is safe
13. Automaticclosedloop speed control is not possible Automatic closed loop speed control is possible
14. Speed variations may be due to slipping of belts Very less chances or not at all
15. Crawling speeds for checking up repaired sections| easily accomplished
are difficult.

5.9) Types of Loads

The various types of loads that occur in industrial practice can be classified depending upon
their variation with time and duty cycle, which are specified by the load diagram.

70

60

LOAD
KW 40
OR
HP 30

20

10

PERIOD OF LOAD CYCLE TIME(SECOND)

Fig. 5.4 DUTY CYCLE OR LOAD CYCLE
120 Electrical Utilisation and Electrical Tra
ction
Fig. 5.4 shows a typical duty cycle or load cycle. This load cycle gives variation of l.
i loat
with respect to time and type of load.
5.9.1 Classification of loads with respect to time
1. Continuous constant loads: The load on the motor remains same for alongertime
Example: Fans and punmps
2. Continuous variable loads : The load on the motor varies continuously over a
period.
o
time, but occurs repetitively for a longer duration.
Example Conveyors, metal cutting lathes, hoist winches etc.
3. Pulsating loads: Certain types of loads exhibit a torque behaviour which can be
of as constant
thouo
a
torque superimposed by pulsations.
Example : Compressors, reciprocating pumps, frame saws, textile looms and all load.
having crank-shafts.
4. Impact loads: The load on the motor increases to a maximum level suddenly. This Dea
loads occur at regular intervals of time. Motors driving these loads are equipped with
whecls for load equalisation.
Example : Forging hammers, rolling mills, shearing machines, presses etc.
5. Short time intermittent loads: The load the motor occurs
on
cle, each consisting of a period of application of load and rest.
periodically in identical dut
Example : Excavators, cranes, roller trains, hoisting mechanisms etc.
6. Short time loads: The load on the motor remain constant and occurs for a short time and
then remain idle off for
sufficiently
or a long time.
Example: Mixies, battery chargers and most of the household cquipments.
5.9.2 Classification of loads with respect to
duty
The three basic modes of duty of an electric motor are as follows
1. Continuous duty
(a) Continuous duty at constant load
(6) Continuous duty with variable load cycle
2. Short time duty
3. Intermittent duty cycle.
1. Continuous duty: There are
two types of continuous duties namely:
Continuous duty atconstant load cycle
.Continuous duty with variable load cycle
Fig. 5.5
illustrates a continuous duty constant load. In this case the load
constant for a sufficiently longer torque remain
period.
Selection of Motor : While driving such
type of load, the motor should have a ratng
sufficient to drive it without exceeding the specified
for this duty is called its continuous temperature. The rating of the motor selecie
rating, By continuous rating one means that it is the maximun
load that the motor can give continuously over a period of
time, without exceeding the temperature
limit. The motor so selected also should be able to withstand momentary overload
temperature rise of the motor is capacity. 1he
represented by dashed curve. This type of motors will have hig
efficiency because they will be operating almost at its full-load and also have good power facto
 121
TORQUE RKTED LOAD

TEMPERATURE

Flg. 5.5
Centrifugal CONTINUOU8 DUTY ATTIME
of continuous duty pumps,
at conveyors, cONSTANT LOAD OF A
continuous load compressors, fans etc. are MOTOR
Fig, 5.6 illustrates occurs. some of the loads
on the
motor is not
a
contínuous
constant, but duty with where this type
a longer time. has several stepsvariable
in one
load cycle. In
this type of
cycle. This cycle of duty the
P2 loading repeatsload
for
LOAD
P1
P

LOAD CYCLE
TIME

W
LOSSES W
TEMPERATURE CURVE

Wo NO LOAD LOSS

TIME
Fig. 5.6 A TYPICAL
CONTINUOUS DUTY WITH VARIABLE LOAD
CYcLE
Selection of Motor: If the load variations are
ghest load may be chosen
for the
slight, a motor of continuous rating oi the
AGAfter nC purpose.
severalvariations the load cycle are large, the motor
in
of
of cycles of operation the motor temperature attains a temperature changes
continuously.
motor for this steady-state value,
motor i type of duty involves thermal calculation which is a difficult The selection
lcm Clected task. Suppose the
according io lowest load, it will not drive the
loaad,perature rise
it will be will be highest load satisfactorily and the
exceedingly high. Suppose motor is selected according to the highest
the
and h DC
overra
Overrated
and the power factor also and the efficiency of the motor will be poor. The motor is under utilised
will be poor.
122 Electrical Utilisation and Electrical Trarr

be based on the average poWr

Hence, the selection of motor for this type of duty may
a satisfactory motor
if the load fluctuations are relativ
average current. This method may give
small.
losses of the motor for the load cycle. Th
A motor also can.be selected based on average
variable load. This method
a motor for continuous duty
is more appropriate method for selecting its rated load are ea
iterative procedure. A motor whose losses at qua
of average losses requires an

losses is suitable for the duty.

to or some what greater than the average
The steps involved in the sclection of
motor for this typc duty arc as follows
of
30%% greater than the avcrage power.
1. The motor selected may be 15 to
the motor
the efficiency curve of
2. The loss diagram is determined using

the formula average loss, Wave = W,n

3. The average losses are determined using n

with rated losses of the motor (W). If W, is equal o

4. The average losses are compared
or some what greater than Wave,
the motor selected is sufficiently good.
to select the motor based on equivalcnt current, torque
5. Some times it is more convenient
values are the R.M.S. values.
or power. These cquivalent

The equivalent current, leq=

ER
t+E
t f r e e running time.

Theequivalent torque, Teq

he equivalent power, P. = 12h

POWER
2. Short Time Duty: In this class of
duty constant load occurs on the motor for
a short interval of time and then off for - TIME

sufficientlylong time allowing the motor (a) LOAD DIAGRAM

tocool down to am bient temperature. Such

m LOAD P RATED LOAD

loads occurs in mixies (house hold appli- -Om IFOR CONTINUOuS

LOAD

ances), some crane drives, opening and TEMP

RISE
closing of weirs, lock gales, bridges ctc.
Fig. 5.7 illustrates this class of duty
TIME
(b) TEMPERATURE DIAGRAM

Fig.5.7 SHORT TIME DUTY OFAMOTOR

E l c t r i c a lD r i v e s

123
SelectionofMotor

a f smaller
capacity may be
n a is equal to the amplitudeadvantageously
of the load
used to drive these loads.of short
time
(P) the
temperature
I f
t h em o t o r r a

fI,on
heather
the othe. hand a motor ot smaller
follows. dashed-curve.
capacity is chosen, it will be overloaded
Collows full line curve:'It shows and the
lemperatureci
that the
temperature of the motor rises rapidly due
cced losses ofthe
losses of the motor. In so
doing it attains
lo
o
increased

nhe is called short-time

temperature rise at the end of the 't'. The
raltingofthe motor rating. The rating of the motor may be from
the type 10 minute to
30 minute hased
.de base on
of load or job. A short time rating of an electric
motor can be defined
ovtrapolated overload rating of the motor which it can
astheextrapolated
supply
specified short time for the
Rctting over heated. Now-a-days the machines are being
without getting o v e r
out
manufactured for short duration
fficient over load capacity. Using the temperature curve the short time rating of
can be determined.
motor
the given
3.Intermittent duty or periodic intermittent duBy : The load on the
motor is a sequence of
identical duty cycles as shown in Fig. 5.8. The motor is loaded for some time
ton and shut off for

LOAD

on off
TIME
LOAD CYCLE
W

LOSSES

TIME

TEMPERATURE
RISE

TIME

Fig. 5.8 1INTERMITTENT DUTY OF A MOTOR

a
period of
tof.
ofThe The rmotor heats during ton and cools during tor. The time tofris insufficient to
the ambient tempera
the load e mperature i.e. before the motor cools down completely the load cycle repeats: As
he load
cycle repe the temperature fluctuations will continue and a thermal equilibrium of the
mota repeats
ains after:
number of load cycles. The ratio
ofton
to (on t fon) is called duty factor
Duty factor = ton
The lon+tofr
effects of losses
losse
o during starting on heating and braking are neglected.
124 Electrical Utilisation and Electrical
Trars
Iraction
LOAD

tst -tlon toff TIME

LOSSES

TIME

TEMPERATURE
RISE

TIME
Fig. 5.9 INTERMITTENT DUTY OF A MOTOR WITH STARTING
Fig. 5.9 illustrates the duty cycle in which the starting time or losses during starting have
been considered. In this duty the motor stops during r by natural means and stopping doesnat
incur any power. The duty factor for this type of load diagram is given by

tstart +on
tstart tton+toff
Fig. 5.10 illustrates the duty cycle in which a special method of braking is employed. The
losses during braking also must be considered in the selection of motor rating. The duty cycle
contains starting period (ts), on period (on), braking period (tbr) and off period (om). The
corresponding duty factor is given by

(+ ton+ tpr)
tst + ton +tbr ttost)

POWER
LOAD CYCLE -

TIME

LOSSES

TIME

TEMPERATURE
RISE

Fig. 5.10 INTERMITTENT DUTY OF A MOTOR WITH STARTINGTIME

AND BRAKING
ElhctricalD r i v e s 125

gelection o fM o t o r :

A motor of rating cqual to constant load in the load cyclc would prove uncconomical
would have cxCOSs hoating capacity. A motor of smaller capacity (slightly less than
it
bocaund)would be sufticientduoto restporiodsin betwcen successive loadings, during which
constantlo.
has an pportunity to cooI.
achinc
the this intermittent classes of duty where starting and braking periods arc there, the motor
For
dian should
olection should tak
take these into considorations. Thon, the motor rating will be very ncarly cqual
load in the load cyclc.
c o n s t a n t

1othe
5.9.3)Standard ratings:
The above consideralions in art 5.9.l and 5.9.2 give rise to classification of rating or

the output of a motor, and these have beon standardised by the Indian Standard
cifying
Institution as follows:
1.ContinuousRating: "The output, which a motorcan give continuously without exceeding
thetemperature beyond the specilied limit. A continuously rated motor can also give 25% overload
for 2 hours.
2. Continuous Maximum Rating: It is similar to continuous rating without permitting any
overload. It is used only for motors larger than 1.5 kW.
3. Short Time Rating: The output, which a motor can give fora specified period say 15
minute, 30 minute, 1 hour etc., without exceeding the specified temperature rise, the motor being
asumed to start from cold.
5.10 Size of Motor Based on Load Curve:
a) For linear motion such as conveyors etc.
Let F= force in newton
V velocity in m/s
n= efficiency of the motor selected.
Motor output = F xv N-m/s or watt

Motor input FXV

watt

Hence rating of motor= XV.W= XV_kW

1000 x m
(6) For
rotary motion
Lét F=
Force (nevwton)
r= Radius of rotor (m)
N Speed (r.p.m.)
T (F x r) Torque (N-m)
n = efficiency
 Electrical Urilisation and Electrical T.
126
ractu
N-m/rev
Motor output =F x 2 Tr

N-m/s or J/S
= Fx2Trx

2 TNT watt
60

2 TNIkW
60 x 1000
NT kW
Hence motor rating 9549.3
can be calculated forthe above equation as follows.
ws
As mentioned earlier the torque
Root Mean Square Melhod.
where torque is varying as shown in Fio
For short time and intermittent type of loads
whose magnitude is equal
to that produced by torque
heating effect is computed to be equal
different times (t1, t2.)
RMS value ofload torque's (T1, T2 .) at

T1, T2. T3, T4 = torque's

t , t2, to, t4, ts = timings

T (t1+t2+t3 +t4 +ts)

Total time for load cycle

t4ts TIME
Fig.5.11 LOAD CYCLE

Equivalent torque, T=1/i+Th+ Ty+T

( +t2 +t +t +t5)
Ifthe load cycle is given in power (HP or kW) versus time instead of torque versus
the motor rating can be directly found as follows.

Motor rating=- V + P h t P+Ph+

timefor one cycle
Supposethe load curve is given as shown in Fig. 5.12, the motor rating is calculated as
When the
power or load changes uniformly as in Fig. 5.12, (P) en for
dt has to be
thatperiod as given below
x
ta

Motor rating =
, x t dt +P4+J , xtf dt
(+ +l+ t,) It=t
 ElectricalLDiws 127
OR

V P+P + h%P4
*';l+ P
Motor rating= V HP or kW
(++ +1,)
FIRST CYCLE NEXT CYCLE

P1

POWER P2

Fig.5.12 LOAD CURVE

Suppose the load curve consists of negative power i.c. regenerative braking as shown in
Fie. 5.13, the power is returncd to the source, the motor will carry the current. As far as heating
is concerned, it is immaterial whether the motor is taking the current or giving the current from supply.

ONE CYCLE NEXT CYCLE

P2

P3

POWER
P1
t2

TIME
P4 REGENERATION

Fig. 5.13 LOAD CYCLE WITH REGENERATIONV

P+ dt +P + xt dt
Motor rating =
+t2 + ts +t4)
OR

s P+P Pz +P)4+P+A-P
(+2+t +t)
Example 5.1 A motor has to perform the following duty cycle?
100 HP for 10 minutes
No. load for 5 minutes
60 HP for 8 minutes
No. load for 4 minutes
ElectricalDrives
141
2

copperloss at 25
kW load
-0.7P xX

625
Total losses at 25 kW load = x|1
0.49P2

e final steady temperature rise with continuous ating.

final steady temperature rise with half-hour ting i.e., 25 kW.

losses at P load_X1+%49)
elosses at 25 kWloadX(1 +0.49)
1.49
0.49+626 (1)
know
r=0(1-e)
= (1 - e30/100

= 0.259 0
(2)
Equating equations (1) and (2) we get
1.49
0.49062255/0.2598

149 =
0.49 x 0.259-625 x 0.259
P

(1.49-0.127) = 161.875
p2
p2161.875 =118.76
1.363
P=v118.76
=
10.898 kW Ans.
5.12 Load Equalisation:
The load fluctuations takes place in many of the industrial drives. These fluctuations vary
wIdcly within a span of few seconds. The sudden and Deak load require large current from the
Supply. This involve lot of voltage drop in the system. or alternately would require very large size
DIes. It 1s desirable to smooth out these load in the interest of economy.
fluctuations ne proces
Sun oothing out these load fluctuations is commonly referred to as load equalsation, I he
10ad
sation involves the storage of energy during the liohteload period and gives out during peak
period. Thus the demand from the supply is approximately remain same. Fig. ).22 shows tne
 Electrical Utilisationand Electrical Ty
142 Traction

LOAD (KW)

|DL
TIME(SECOND)
OF ROLLING MILL
Fig. 5.22 LOAD CURVE

of rolling mill. The load varies from

non-continuous
between the rolls, to a light-load duringh
a
load curve
(typical fluctuating) while the billet is
for a few seconds
heavy, lasting friction loss in the rolls.
the motor has to supply only

5.13 Use of Fly Wheel: by means of a fly wheel. A fly whel

employed .

most commonly
The load equalisation is wheel also ma
mounted on the same shaft of the motor. Conversely tly
a

big wheel and re distributing kinetie

nothing but a
body which acts as a reservoir for absorbing
bedefineda heavyin rotating
5.23. It's main function is to keep
the speed of a motor within the specified
energy as shown Fig.
limits while doing a variable
work. During light-load periods, motor takes more energy than
taken from the supply is stored
in the wheel in the form
fly of kinetie
requirement. Excess energy

(a) SMALL FLY WHEEL (b) BIGGER FLY WHEEL

Fig.5.23
energy and thus accelerates the fly wheel. During peak load periods the speed of the motor1a
some what. This enable fly wheel to release its stored kinetic energy which, together withu
energy taken from the supply, will meet the peak load demand. Thus flywheel decelerates u
reduces the demand from the supply.
lines
Fig. 5.24 shows the variation of speed with respect to load torque. The thick a
represents the speed variation without fly wheel and the dashed line represents the sp
variation with fly wheel.
 E l e c t r i c a lL D r i v e s 143

GPEED WITHOUT FLY vEEL

K SPEED ITH FLY WMEEL

SPEED
AND
TORQUE
LOAD TOROUE

0
TIME
Fig. 5.24

5.14 Types of Enclosures:

An onclosure encloses all the (live and moving) parts of a machine. It gives protection to
thc machine by preventing the ingress of dust, dirt, water, foreign bodies and even persons
interfering with the working. The enclosure also prevent the free flow of cooling air, thus an
enclosed motor will not be able to give such a large output for a given temperature rise as an

unprotected motor of the same dimensions. The following are the various types of enclosures.
1. Open type: The machine is simply supported between bearings and is mounted on

pedestals. All the parts are exposed to atmosphere. There is protection to the machine. This
no

ype of machines are used where atmosphere and surrounding free from all contaminations
are

and the air is dry. Many old type motors were ofthis type due to very low cost of cooling. But
now-a-days very rarely used.
2. Protectedor Guarded type: Some protection is afforded, but large openings at both ends
are left for ventilation. This type of motors are suitable in some of the industries.
3. Screen protected type : An improved protection is afforded. The large openings at both
cndsarecovered with wire-mesh screens. The dust and dirt are not excluded but larger bodies are
prcvented. The degree to which ventilation is impeded depends on the fineness of the screen and
POssibility ofits becoming clogging with dirt.
4. Drip-proof type: In this type of enclosure the openings are protected by overhanging
Owls in such a way that the moisture or solids falling on it are prevented to enter inside. This
pe
of motors are used in damp situations or high humidity in the atmosphere
5. Splash prooftype: The ventilating ducts are provided in such a way that the jets of water
OWn on it should not enter inside. This type of motors are used in pump houses, dye houses etc.

6.
Enclosed or Totally enclosed type: The complete motor including bearings is covered
The
5olid enclosure. No foreign substances including cooling air can enter the enclosure.
generated in the motor must be dissipated from its outside surface. The surface is frequently