DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
Course Name: Automata Theory & Compiler Design Course Code: CS3103
1. Construct a DFA with minimum number of states, accepting all strings over {a,
b} such that the number of a’s is divisible by two and the number of b’s is
divisible by three.
2. Construct a DFA with minimum number of states, accepting all strings over {a,
b} such that the number of a’s is divisible by three and the number of b’s is
divisible by two.
3. Draw a DFA which accepts all strings over {a, b} such that no string has three
consecutive occurrences of the letter b.
4. Design a DFA to recognize all strings over {a,b} such that L={awa : w ϵ {a,b}*}.
5. Design a DFA to accept all strings over {a,b} such that L={aw 1aaw2a : w1 , w2 ϵ
{a,b}* .
6. Design a DFA for Σ = {a, b} that can accept all strings with no more than three
a’s.
7. Find DFA for the following languages on Σ = {a, b}:
a. L = {w : |w| mod 3 = 0
b. L = {w : na(w) mod 3 > nb(w) mod 3}
8. Consider the set of strings on {0,1}. Design a DFA to accept all strings where
every 00 is followed immediately by a 1.
9. Draw a DFA for all binary strings divisible by 3.
10. Draw a DFA for all binary strings divisible by 2.
11. Suppose Σ = {0, 1, 2}. Draw a DFA for the language L = {w | the sum of digits in
w is divisible by 5}.
12. Draw a DFA for L = {0n1m | m ≥ 1 , n ≥ 0 ; (n + m) is divisible by 3}.
13. Suppose Σ = {a, b}. Find a DFA for the set of strings w such that the number of
occurrences of the substring ab in w equals the number of occurrences of the
substring ba in w.
14. Construct a DFA accepting all strings w over Σ = {0, 1} such that the number of
1’s in w is 3 mod 4.
15. Construct a DFA to accept all strings over Σ = {a, b} that ends in bb.
16. Design a DFA to accept all strings over Σ = {a, b} with even number of a’s and
even number of b’s.
17. Represent the following sets by regular expression:
a. {12n+1 | n>0
b. {The set of all strings over {0,1} which has at most two zeros.
c. {an | n is divisible by 2 or 3 or n=5}.
d. The set of all strings over {a, b} beginning and ending with a.
18. Construct a transition system corresponding to the following regular expressions:

Session: July – Dec 2023 V Semester

 a. (ab + c*)*b b. a + bb + bab*a
c. (ab + a)*(aa + b) d. (a*b + b*a)*a
19. Find the regular expressions representing the following sets:
a. The set of all strings over {0,1} having at most one pair of 0’s or at most one
pair of 1’s.
b. The set of all strings over {a,b} in which the number of occurrences of a is
divisible by 3.
c. The set of all strings over {a,b} in which there are at least two occurrences
of b between any two occurrences of a.
d. The set of all strings over {a,b} with three consecutive b’s.
e. The set of all strings over {0,1} beginning with 00.
f. The set of all strings over {0,1} ending with 00 and beginning with 1.
20. Prove the following:
a. Arden’s theorem
b. (0*1*)* = (0 + 1)*
c. (ab)* ≠ (a*b*)
d. (r + s)* ≠ r* + s*
e. λ + 1*(011)*(1*(011)*)* = (1 + 011)*
21. Construct R.E. using Arden’s theorem from the following FA’s:
a.
a B
→q1 q1 q2
*q2 q3 q2
q3 φ φ
b.
0 1
→* q1 q2
q1
q2 q3 q2
q3 q1 q2
c.
0 1
→*q1 q1 q2
→*q2 q3 q2
q3 q3 q3
d.
0 1
→*q1 q2 q3
q2 q4 q1
q3 q1 q4
q4 q4 q4

Session: July – Dec 2023 V Semester

 e.
0 1
→*q1 q1 q1
f.
a b
→q1 q3 q2
q2 q2 q2
*q3 q3 q3
g.
0 1
→q1 q2 q2
*q2 q1 q1
h.
0 1
→q0 q1 q1
q1 φ φ
*q2 q1 q1

22. Construct a regular expression corresponding to the automata given below –

23. Write down the steps for Regular expression to finite automata using Thomson’s
construction.
24. Convert FA to Right Linear Regular Grammar:
(a) Consider a Finite automaton (FA) as given below –

(b) Consider a FA as given below –

25. Convert right linear grammar to left linear grammar for the given regular expression.
RE = a(a+b)*

Session: July – Dec 2023 V Semester

 26. Consider a language {bn a bm a| n>=2, m>=2}to convert right linear grammar to left
linear grammar.

27. Construct a FSM that recognizes the language generated by the following regular
grammar G:
S → a | aA | bB | 
A → aA | aS
B → cS | 
28. Construct the regular grammar from FSM.

29. Let L = {(10)p 1q | p, q ∈ N, p ≥ q}. Prove that L is not regular using pumping lemma.
30. Let L = {an bn | n ∈ N, n ≥ 0}. Prove that L is not regular using pumping lemma.
31. What is Context Free Grammar, Derivation Tree ( Parse Tree) , and its types?
Explain with examples.
32. Consider the following grammar-
S → ABC
A→a
B→b
C→c

Consider a string w = abc.

Design all possible LMD and RMD.
33. Consider the following grammar-
S → aS / ∈
consider a string w = aaa.
Design all possible LMD and RMD.
34. Consider the following grammar-
S → aB / bA
S → aS / bAA / a
B → bS / aBB / b
consider a string w = aaabbabbba
Derive the string w using leftmost derivation.

Session: July – Dec 2023 V Semester

 35. Consider the grammar-
S → bB / aA
A → b / bS / aAA
B → a / aS / bBB
For the string w = bbaababa, find-
1. Leftmost derivation
2. Rightmost derivation
3. Parse Tree
36. Consider the grammar-
S → A1B
A → 0A / ∈
B → 0B / 1B / ∈
For the string w = 00101, find-
1. Leftmost derivation
2. Rightmost derivation
3. Parse Tree
37. Consider the following grammar and eliminate left recursion-
A → ABd / Aa / a
B → Be / b
38. Consider the following grammar and eliminate left recursion-
E→E+E/ExE/a
39. Consider the following grammar and eliminate left recursion-
E→E+T/T
T→TxF/F
F → id
40. Consider the following grammar and eliminate left recursion-
S → (L) / a
L→L,S/S
41. Consider the following grammar and eliminate left recursion-
S → S0S1S / 01
42. Consider the following grammar and eliminate left recursion-
S→A
A → Ad / Ae / aB / ac
B → bBc / f
43. Do left factoring in the following grammar-

Session: July – Dec 2023 V Semester

 S → iEtS / iEtSeS / a
E→b
44. Do left factoring in the following grammar-
A → aAB / aBc / aAc
45. Do left factoring in the following grammar-
S → bSSaaS / bSSaSb / bSb / a
46. Do left factoring in the following grammar-
S → a / ab / abc / abcd
47. Do left factoring in the following grammar-
S → aAd / aB
A → a / ab
B → ccd / ddc
48. Check whether the given grammar is ambiguous or not-
S → SS
S→a
S→b
49. Check whether the given grammar is ambiguous or not-
S→A/B
A → aAb / ab
B → abB / ∈
50. Check whether the given grammar is ambiguous or not-
S → AB / C
A → aAb / ab
B → cBd / cd
C → aCd / aDd
D → bDc / bc
51. Check whether the given grammar is ambiguous or not-
S → AB / aaB
A → a / Aa
B→b
52. Check whether the given grammar is ambiguous or not-
S → a / abSb / aAb
A → bS / aAAb
53. Convert the following ambiguous grammar into unambiguous grammar-

Session: July – Dec 2023 V Semester

 R → R + R / R . R / R* / a / b
where * is kleen closure and . is concatenation.
54. Q.38 Convert the following ambiguous grammar into unambiguous grammar-
bexp → bexp or bexp / bexp and bexp / not bexp / T / F
where bexp represents Boolean expression, T represents True and F represents
False.
55. Consider the given grammar-
E→E+T/T
T→FxT/F
F → id

56. Evaluate the following expression in accordance with the given grammar-
2+3x5x6+2
57. Consider the given grammar-
E→E+T/E–T/T
T→TxF/T÷F/F
F→G↑F/G
G → id

58. Evaluate the following expression in accordance with the given grammar-
2x1+4↑2↑1x1+3
59. Removal of Useless Symbols
T → xxY | xbX | xxT
X → xX
Y → xy | y
Z → xz
60. Remove the ε production from the CFG given below by preserving its meaning.
S → ABA
A → 0A | ε
B → 1B | ε
61. Removing Unit Productions:
S → 0X | 1Y | Z
X → 0S | 00
Y→1|X
Z → 01

62. Convert the given CFG to CNF. Consider the given grammar G:

Session: July – Dec 2023 V Semester

 S → a | aA | B
A → aBB | ε
B → Aa | b

63. Convert the given CFG to GNF. Consider the given grammar G:
S → XB | AA
A → a | SA
B→b
X→a
64. Design a PDA for accepting a language {anb2n | n>=1}.
65. Design a PDA for accepting a language {0n1m0n | m, n>=1}.
66. Construct a PDA that accepts the language L over {0, 1} by empty stack which
accepts all the string of 0's and 1's in which a number of 0's are twice of
number of 1's.
67. Design NPDA for Palindrome strips.
68. Convert the following grammar to a PDA that accepts the same language.
S → 0S1 | A
A → 1A0 | S | ε

69. Construct PDA for the given CFG, and test whether 010000 is acceptable by this
PDA.
S → 0BB
B → 0S | 1S | 0

70. Draw a PDA for the CFG given below:

S → aSb
S→a|b|ε

71. Q1. Let ‘L’ be the language containing only the string S where:

0 𝐼𝑓 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐸

𝑆 = ├1 𝐼𝑓 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐸 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦

72. Let L’ be the complement of language ‘L’. Show that whether language L and
L’ are decidable or not.

73. Consider PDA = 𝑀 = (𝑞0 , 𝑞1 , 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑧0 , 𝛿, 𝑞0 , 𝑧0 , 𝜑) which accepts by empty stack

The transitions are given as follows:
δ: (𝑞0 , 𝑎, 𝑧0 ) = (𝑞0 , 𝑎𝑧0 )
(𝑞0 , 𝑎, 𝑎) = (𝑞0 , 𝑎𝑎)
(𝑞0 , 𝑏, 𝑎) = (𝑞1 , 𝑎)

Session: July – Dec 2023 V Semester

 (𝑞1 , 𝑏, 𝑎) = (𝑞1 , 𝑎)
(𝑞1 , 𝑎, 𝑎) = (𝑞1 , ∊)
(𝑞1 , ∊, 𝑧0 ) = (𝑞1 , ∊)
Construct the transition diagram for the above PDA. What is the language
accepted by above PDA?

74. Prove that set of all languages are uncountable.

75. What is membership algorithm? Show that there is no membership algorithm

available for Recursively Enumerable languages.

76. What are countable sets? Show that set of all strings over any finite alphabet
are countable.

77. If a language L and its complement L’ are both recursively enumerable then
show that both languages are recursive. If language L is recursive and L’ is also
recursive, show that both are recursively enumerable.

78. Show that emptiness and infiniteness problem of finite automata is decidable.

79. Prove that halting problem of Turing machine is undecidable.

80. If two sets S1 and S2 are countable sets, then show that S1 U S2 is countable and
S1 X S2 is also countable.

Session: July – Dec 2023 V Semester