RISHIKESH SAROJ

FORM-10A 25
ROLL NO=25

AGRICULTURE PROJECT
ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021
 AGRICULTURE
The word agriculture has been derived from 2 Latin words ‘Ager’ meaning
land and ‘culture’ meaning cultivation
Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock.
It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their
distribution to markets.

Agriculture provides most of the world’s food and fabrics. Cotton, wool, and leather are all
agricultural products. Agriculture also provides wood for construction and paper products.

AGRICULTURAL SEASON
In India, different crops are sown in different seasons there are two major
agricultural seasons in India

KHARIF:
The kharif crops are associated with the South West monsoon they
are shown in the month of June and July Ann harvested in the autumn months
that is in September and October important kharif crops are rice ,jowar, bajra,
ragi ,maize, sugarcane, cotton and jute
 RABI:
The rabi season begins with the onset of winter in October November
and ends in March April the low temperature conditions during the season
helping the cultivation of temperate and subtropical crops like wheat, barley,
peas, linseed, rapeseed, gram and mustard
Besides kharif and rabi crops there are certain crops which are raised
throughout the year they are known as Zayed or’Zaid’. They include

(a) Zayad kharif crops: these are shown in August and September Anna
harvested in December and January most of the oilseeds like mustard are
grown in the season
(b Zayad rabi crops: these crops are sown at the begining of the hot season in
February and March and are harvested in the month of April and May. Summer
vegetables like jawar, maize, watermelons, cucumbers etc; are imported
among these crops

METHODS OF GROWING
SEEDS
THERE ARE THREE METHODS FOR GROWING SEEDS IN INDIA
1.BROADCASTING METHOD
2.DRILLING METHOD
3.DIBBLING METHOD

BROADCASTING METHOD
In this method seeds as scattered over the field mechanically or physically this
is done after ploughing the field this method is prominent in areas where
Labour is scarce and soil is fertile it is done before the onset of monsoon

*ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BROADCASTING METHOD OF

SOWING SEED
ADVANTAGES: -

 It covers a larger area in small amount of time

• It is suitable only for small, seeded crops where plant to plant
distance is small or doesn’t even matter.
 Manual method is cheap.

 It takes less time than other methods.

DISADVANTAGES: -

 Seed distribution is uneven.

 Some of the Seeds are not be covered by soil.

 Non uniform germination of seed

 The contact between soil to seed is poor

DRILLING METHOD
It consists of dropping seeds in a particular line form, it is one of the
most systematic form of sowing seed. A seed drill is a device that
sows the seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying
them to a specific depth. This ensures that the seeds will be
distributed evenly. The seed drill sows the seeds at the proper
seeding rate and depth ensuring that the seeds are covered by soil.
ADVANTAGES: -

 Manures, fertilizers and amendments can be applied with seed during

drilling
 Seeds are sown at equal distance and proper depth
 Less seeds are wasted in this method

DISADVANTANGES

 This method is costly

 Higher rate of labour needed to carry the process forward smoothly
  It is more time consuming

DIBBLING METHOD

It is one of most difficult method of sowing seed as the person has to

personally sow the seed in the ground ,it is mainly practiced in area
where the cost of labour is less .the seeds are sown in ridge and
furrow pattern ,then covered with soil which ensure that each and
every seed germinates.

ADVANTAGE: -

 It is the most systematic method of sowing seed

 Lesser amount of seeds required
 Uniform germination

DISADVANTAGE: -
 CAN BE PRACTICED ONLY IN AREAS WITH SMALL FIELDS
 Its very time consuming, labour is comparitvely very high
 Larger labour force needed
 HARVESTING AND PROCESSING

Harvesting is the act of removing a crop from where it was

growing and moving it to a more secure location for
processing, consumption, or storage.
Processing involves the biological, physical, mechanical and
biochemical manipulation of agricultural produce to preserve it
for further use.

Threshing: it is a method in which a bundle of a crop

is hit against hard surface so that the grains get
separated from the bundle and we can easily extract
it. threshing is done in the rice field itself to reduce
the transportation cost
 Milling:
milling is done to remove
the yellowish husk from
the grains. Traditionally
the villagers used to hit
the grain in a wooden
mortar with a heavy
pestle. This resulted in a
high percentage of
broken rice.

Winnowing
 winnowing is an agricultural
method developed by ancient
cultures for separating grains from
straw. it is the process of removing
the unwanted husk from the grains
the simple method involves
pouring the grains from a height
on a windy day the grains fall to
the ground and the chaff is blown
aside

HOW TO INCOOPERATE SOLAR ENERGY

IN AGRICULTURE:
Agriculture is such a sector, which can hugely benefit from
the adoption of solar energy. Solar energy possesses a huge
potential for solar irrigation and can be used to pump water for
crops and livestock. Solar energy can also be used to supply
heat to houses and livestock farms as they need a continuous
supply of air.
 DEFINE SOIL FERTILITY:

Soil fertility refers to the strength of the soil to support plant life.

FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FERTILITY:

 Parent materials
 Microscopic living organism
 Availability of plant nutrients
 Climate
 Vegetation
 HOW DOES VERMICOMPOSTING INCREASE SOIL
FERTILITY?

Vermicomposting can improve the soil structure and fertility by

improving and increasing the aeration and improving soil moisture
retention which can help increase crop yields. Adding vermicompost to
the soil can increase microbial activity by upto 20 times higher than soil
that has not been amended. Vermicompost, or compost made mostly by
earthworms, is seven times richer in plant nutrients compared to
compost created mostly by fungi and bacteria, and recent studies
suggest that small amounts mixed into soil suppress diseases, slugs and
insects.

IRRIGATION:

Irrigation is the process of applying controlled amounts of water to

plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops,
maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and
during periods of less than average
Conventional methods of irrigation:
The convectional means of irrigation include well, tanks, and inundation
canals.
Wells: The utilization of groundwater through dug well
irrigation is an indigenous form of irrigation. A dug well is a
shallow well, with its bottom on a fair depth below the water
table, so that water from the surrounding aquifer accumulates in the
well. wells are usually of two types-
Lined wells: these are man-made wells which are dug and
constructed artificially with bricks around it in a circular manner
Unlined wells: are formed by natural phenomena and are
normally not protected by lining of their walls

Tube well Irrigation: A tube well is a deeper well (generally over 15

metres deep) from which water is lifted with the help of a pumping
set operated by an electric motor or a diesel engine.
 Canals: Canals are waterways channels, or artificial waterways,
for water conveyance. It can be thought of as an artificial version of
a river.
Irrigation canals are of two types:
Inundation canals: these canals are taken out directly from the
river without constructing any barrage or dam. These canals have
limited use
Perennial canals: these canals are taken out from the perennial
rivers by constructing barrages or dams to regulate the flow of
water. These canals draw water throughout the year
Tanks: Tanks refer to a small bund of earth or stones built across a stream to
impound water which is then led to the fields through narrow channels.
MODERN WAYS OF IRRIGATION

Drip Irrigation: In Drip irrigation the water drops fall on the root of every
plant that is around the system. The plants absorb the dropped water
usingtheir roots. In this process, the evaporation and runoff are
minimized so we can ensure less water loss.

Sprinkle Irrigation: In Sprinkler irrigation water is distributed

through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into
the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops
which fall to the ground.

Furrow irrigation:it is a type of flood irrigation in which the water poured

on the field is directed to flow through narrow channels dug between the
rows of crops, instead of evenly distributing the water throughout the
whole field.
Case study
Broadcasting method: The rice seeds are scattered all over the field after
ploughing. This is done before the onset of monsoon.

Drilling method: The seeds are sown in furrows with the help of drills usually
made of bamboo.

Dibbling method: This method refers to the sowing of seeds at regular

intervals in the furrows usually by hand.

Harvesting: The field is drained dry just before the crops are harvested. The
labourers cut the stalk of the fully grown rice crop which grows upto 60cm.
After this is done there are 3 more methods which are done before the rice is
transported to an industry for packaging. They are given below:

Threshing: in this method the sheaves are beaten against the wooden bars
and the grains of rice are separated from the stalks.

Winnowing: in this method the grains are poured from a height on a windy
day when the grains fall to the ground the chaff is blown away.

Milling: is done to remove the yellowish husk from the rice grains. The
villagers hit the grain in a wooden mortar with a heavy pestle.