Hannah Fei P.

Dapulag BSPSY 2B BIOPSYCHOLOGY ACT#1

Look for the meaning:

Nervous system- The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex
network of nerves. This system sends messages back and forth between the brain
and the body. The brain is what controls all the body's functions.
CNS- Central nervous system is the body's processing center. The brain controls
most of the functions of the body, including awareness, movement, thinking,
speech, and the 5 senses.The spinal cord is an extension of the brain.
PNS- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is that part of your nervous system that lies
outside your brain and spinal cord. It plays key role in both sending information
from different areas of your body back to your brain, as well as carrying out
commands from your brain to various parts of your body.
Autonomic- Autonomic nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous
system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood
pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.
Somatic- Somatic nervous system is a subdivision of your peripheral nervous
system, which is all of your nervous system except your brain and spinal cord. Your
somatic nervous system allows you to move and control muscles throughout your
body.
Sympathetic- Sympathetic nervous system is best known for its role in responding
to dangerous or stressful situations. In these situations, your sympathetic nervous
system activates to speed up your heart rate, deliver more blood to areas of your
body that need more oxygen or other responses to help your get out of danger.
Para sympathetic- parasympathetic nervous system's job is usually to relax or
reduce your body's activities. Because of the signals it carries, the rhyming phrases
“rest and digest” or “feed and breed” are easy ways to remember what your
parasympathetic nervous system does.
Neurons- Neurons are nerve cells that send messages all over your body to allow
you to do everything from breathing to talking, eating, walking, and thinking.
neurotransmitters -Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that your body
can't function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one
neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. The next target cell can be another nerve
cell, a muscle cell or a gland.
Glial cells- Glial cells, or neuroglia, are cells that surround the neurons of the
central nervous system embedded between them, providing both structural and
physiological support.
Endorphins- Endorphins are chemicals (hormones) your body releases when it feels
pain or stress. They're released during pleasurable activities such as exercise,
massage, eating and sex too. Endorphins help relieve pain, reduce stress and
improve your sense of well-being.
Serotonin - Serotonin is a chemical that nerve cells produce, and it sends signals
between your nerve cells. Serotonin is found in many parts of your body: in your
digestive system, blood platelets, and throughout the central nervous system. It’s
also thought to play a role in regulating your mood.
Gaba- GABA lessens the ability of a nerve cell to receive, create or send chemical
messages to other nerve cells. GABA is known for producing a calming effect. It's
thought to play a major role in controlling anxiety, stress and fear.
Dopamine - Dopamine is an important chemical messenger in your brain that has
many functions. It’s involved in reward, motivation, memory, attention, and even
regulation of body movements When dopamine is released in large amounts, it
creates feelings of pleasure and reward, which motivate you to repeat a specific
behavior In contrast, low levels of dopamine are linked to reduced motivation and
decreased enthusiasm for things that would excite most people
Acetylcholine- Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries
messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells. It’s an excitatory
neurotransmitter. This means it “excites” the nerve cell and causes it to “fire off the
message.” Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, learning,
attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement. Medical conditions associated
with low acetylcholine levels include Alzheimer’s disease and myasthenia gravis.
Adrenaline- Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a hormone your adrenal glands make to
help you prepare for stressful or dangerous situations. Adrenaline rush is the name
for the quick release of adrenaline into your bloodstream. This gets your body ready
for a “fight or flight” response. Function. Anatomy.
Noradrenaline - Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is both a
neurotransmitter and a hormone. It plays an important role in your body’s “fight-or-
flight” response. As a medication, norepinephrine is used to increase and maintain
blood pressure in limited, short-term serious health situations.
Anatomy:
Parts of Neurons - A neuron has three main parts: dendrites, an axon, and a cell
body or soma
Parts of Glial cells- Glial cells, consisting of microglia, astrocytes, and
oligodendrocyte lineage cells as their major components, constitute a large fraction
of the mammalian brain.

RS: Reasons of abnormal neurotransmitters- What causes abnormal levels of

neurotransmitters?
Genetic factors, faulty metabolism, and digestive issues can impair absorption and
breakdown of our food which reduces are ability to build neurotransmitters. Toxic
substances like heavy metals, pesticides, drug use, and some prescription drugs can
cause permanent damage to the nerves that make neurotransmitters.