Materials Today: Proceedings 71 (2022) 202–208

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Development of standard and high strength concretes using sustainable

& recycled materials
Apoorva M. ⇑, Narendra Kumar Boppana
Department of Structural Engineering, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: One of the most complex challenges in the concrete technology is the utilization of additives and optimiz-
Available online 8 September 2022 ing their proportions to enhance their performance. Construction activities cause damage to the environ-
ment in terms of pollution & waste generation. Hence, additives used in the concrete must not only be
Keywords: efficient but must also be sustainable to minimize such negative effects. The current research work thus
Self-compacting concrete provides an experimental investigation of the workability and mechanical strengths of the Self
Sustainable materials Compacting Concrete (SCC) for standard and higher grades with inclusion of sustainable materials like
Fine recycled materials
Fly ash, GGBS & fine recycled materials, and the results were compared to Nominal mix containing M-
Workability
Mechanical strength
sand as the fine material. The different percentage replacements adopted for study were 50% and
100%. The results showed better flow and consistency but lesser strengths in compression, tension & flex-
ure. The declining trend with increase in replacement of the recycled aggregates can be attributed to poor
quality, moisture state and properties of the source. However, by replacing appropriate amounts of recy-
cled fine materials, this method can be adopted for structural applications, thereby minimizing the envi-
ronmental consequences of the recycled materials.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the World Engineering Conference on Contemporary
TechnologiesTM 2022 (WECON TM 2022).

1. Introduction and Technology Promotion Council, India generates around 180

Sustainable construction involves use of recyclable and renew-
able materials for building projects thereby reducing the energy
consumption and waste generation. The need for creating a sus-
tainable society has now become more important than developing
infrastructure facilities considering the harm the construction sec-
tor impose on the environment. It is an inevitable fact that with
increase in population, the utilization of natural resources and
energy increases proportionally. The construction sector is majorly
accountable for the consumption of vast amounts of natural
resources [1]. Thus, higher levels of their extraction have persisted
over time, resulting in considerable scarcity in certain areas. Thus,
finding replacements for these materials have become an essential
requirement. Another repercussion of the infrastructural develop-
ment is the production of large quantities of construction and
demolition debris (C&D) that are thrown on landfills after disman-
tling of concrete structures [2,3]. According to Building Materials
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: appu.kousi@gmail.com (M. Apoorva).
million tonnes of demolition waste in a year; this not only aggra-
vates the amount of waste produced but also escalates the carbon
footprint. Thus, the two concerns outlined above, i.e., depletion of
natural resources and increase in wastage, can be alleviated by
using the C&D debris as a raw material for construction. Materials
with sustainable properties i.e., Fly ash & GGBS which are by-
products of power plants and blast furnaces respectively can also
be included to reduce CO2 emissions thereby curtailing the impact
on the environment [4,5]. Thus, their incorporation as a substitute
to cement has been widely utilized due to similar characteristics
[6].
Use of recycled aggregates in concrete is no more just a research
topic, as it has been adopted in several countries. However, it has
been restricted to lower grade applications such as fill material
for geo-synthetic structures, stabilization of soil, masonry mortars,
etc [7,8]. Thus, their use in structural concrete has been researched
and the previous studies show certain problems associated with it,
in both fresh and hardened state. The workability of the concrete
with inclusion of fine recycled aggregates (FRA) reduced attribut-
ing to the higher absorption rates and introduction of finer content
into new concrete by the mortar attached to the recycled waste [9].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.439
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the World Engineering Conference on Contemporary TechnologiesTM 2022 (WECON TM 2022).
M. Apoorva and N.K. Boppana Materials Today: Proceedings 71 (2022) 202–208

Also, the transport mechanism is affected as more interfacial tran- Table 2

sition zones are introduced and this shows a negative impact the Grading of fine aggregates.

mechanical properties of the hardened concrete [10]. However, Sieve size Cumulative % Passing
some other studies showed comparable values with conventional M-Sand FRA
concrete for both workability and mechanical behavior when these
4.75 mm 100 98
substitutions to fine aggregates were adopted [11,12]. This shows 2.36 mm 77.8 97.8
that the performance of the FRA and the factors affecting its behav- 1.18 mm 63 61.2
ior has not been fully understood. 600 lm 52 55.5
This study aims at understanding the rheological and mechan- 300 lm 29.8 12.7
150 lm 1.1 0
ical properties on standard and high strength self- consolidating
concrete by increasing the sustainability with inclusion of Fly ash
& GGBS as a substitute to binder whose combination is not readily
available. And thus, the paper focuses on analyzing the effect of 2.3. Natural coarse aggregates (CA)
higher percentage replacements of fine recycled aggregates i.e.,
50 % and 100 % in the presence of the two supplementary cemen-  Gravels of maximum size 10 mm were used for making the con-
titious materials added. crete mixtures in accordance with IS 383 specifications. The
aggregates are used in concrete for stability and strength. The
2. Materials used measured value of relative density is 2.64. And the gradation
of these aggregates is given in Table 3.
2.1. Cementitious materials 2.4. Water

 OPC grade 53 was adopted in current research work, in accor- Tap water was used for concrete mixtures as well as for curing
dance with IS 12269. The physical properties and mineral com- the specimens.
positions were determined using procedures stipulated in IS
12269 and IS 4031 respectively. The relative density of the 2.5. Super-plasticizer
cement was calculated as 3.14.
 Fly ash was procured from local RMC plants and its chemical A PCE based high range water reducing agent named SIKA 311X
composition matches to ‘Class F’ type according to IS 1727 as was used throughout the investigation. This provides high water
provided by supplier. This material is used as a substitute to reduction and good fresh concrete characteristics.
cement. The relative density of Fly ash used was 2.18.
 GGBS procured from local supplier was utilized; conforming to 3. Experimental investigation
IS 12089. It is used as a replacement to OPC. The relative density
was 3.1. The mixes were developed in two series for standard and higher
 The proportions of chemical compounds of the cementitious grades of SCC with inclusion of 15 % Fly ash & 15 % GGBS as
materials are described in Table 1. replacements to the binder material. Both the series of mixes con-
tained fine recycled aggregate replacements of 50 % and 100 %. The
2.2. Fine aggregate first series was for standard strength mixes and the second series
for high strength mixes. All the mixes were designed according
 M-sand and Fine recycled aggregates was utilized as a fine to EFNARC guidelines [13] and the mix proportions are formulated
aggregate obtained from local suppliers. The manufactured below in Table 4. The total binder content was 442 kg/m3 for stan-
sand is produced by crushing the large stones into finer material dard grade mixes and 600 kg/m3 for higher grade mixes. A water to
and then subsequently cleaned and graded. The relative density cement ratio of 0.43 and 0.3 was kept constant throughout the
and fineness modulus of the M-sand used in the current work is study for the first and second series respectively. Pre-soaking of
2.68 and 2.86 respectively. the fine recycled aggregates was considered for an effective sepa-
 Fine recycled aggregates obtained from Construction & Demoli- ration of impurities and improvement of quality and the mixing
tion Waste Recycling plant is used for study. These are pro- water was altered to account for its absorption. The mixing process
cessed by using mechanical jaw crushers into various sizes was done using a pan-mixer of 100 L capacity with a horizontal
both coarse & fine, and are chemically treated. The relative den- shaft to ensure better mixing of all the materials. Firstly, the dry
sity and fineness modulus are 2.34 and 2.75 respectively. The mixing of the aggregates both fine & coarse was carried out for
water absorption was found to be 5 %. two to three minutes and then the cementitious binding materials
 The grading of fine aggregates used for current study is repre- Portland cement, GGBS and Fly ash were added to it and the mixer
sented in Table 2. was rotated for another one or two minutes for proper blend of all
the components. As the rotation of the mix continued, the water
calculated according to design, was supplied in small amounts
Table 1
Proportions of chemical compounds of cement, Fly ash and GGBS.
and the mixing was continued for four minutes. The balance
amount of the total water content along with the Super-
Compound Composition of Composition of Fly Composition of
cement (in % by ash (in % by GGBS (in % by
weight) weight) weight) Table 3
SiO2 21.5 57.8 34.7 Grading of coarse aggregates.
Al2O3 7.2 19.2 18.2
Sieve size Cumulative % Passing
Fe2O3 3.35 12.5 1.21
CaO 62.68 4.2 33.6 20 mm 100
MgO 2.87 4.62 11.1 16 mm 100
K2O 0.3 1.25 0.04 12.5 mm 97
SO3 1.8 0.23 1 10 mm 98.5
Na2O 0.3 0.2 0.17 4.75 mm 2.5

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M. Apoorva and N.K. Boppana Materials Today: Proceedings 71 (2022) 202–208

Table 4
Mix proportions.

Mix ID w/c Ratio CEMENT (kg/m3) FLY ASH (kg/m3) GGBS (kg/m3) M -SAND (kg/m3) FRA (kg/m3) 10 mm CA (kg/m3) SP (kg/m3)
SCC 0.43 309 66 66 863 – 854 1.35
SCCFRA50 0.43 309 66 66 431.5 431.5 854 1.35
SCCFRA100 0.43 309 66 66 – 863 854 1.35
HSSCC 0.3 420 90 90 776 – 716 3.6
HSSCCFRA50 0.3 420 90 90 388 388 716 3.6
HSSCCFRA100 0.3 420 90 90 – 776 716 3.6

Table 5
Test results for workability.

Mix ID SCC SCCFRA50 SCCFRA100 HSSCC HSSCCFRA50 HSSCCFRA100 EFNARC Guidelines

Slump Flow(mm) 650 575 670 720 680 735 550–850 mm
V-Funnel (s) 9.6 8.5 7 12.5 10.2 9 6–12 s
L-Box 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.93 0.9 0.88 0.8–1

plasticizer was finally added. The obtained homogenous mixture

was then tested for the workability characteristics and ensured
that all the self-compacting concrete specifications are satisfied.
The prepared concrete was cast into cubical, cylindrical and prism
moulds. After 24 h, the cast specimens were de-moulded & subject
to curing under water, until taken out for testing.

4. Workability tests

4.1. Slump flow test

It is used to determine the flowing ability of SCC mixes; it also

Fig. 1. Compression strength testing.
describes the uniform nature & resistance to segregation of the
fresh concrete mix. The mean value of the spread measured in
two perpendicular directions is adopted as the slump flow value.
All the slump flow results satisfied EFNARC guidelines which spec-
ifies acceptance according to three classes SF1 (550–650 mm), SF2
(660–750 mm) and SF3 (760–850 mm). Based on the experimental
values, it can be noted that the slump flow diameter decreased
compared to the nominal mix i.e., from 650 mm to 575 mm for ser-
ies 1 and 720 mm to 680 mm for series 2 at 50 % FRA replacements.
The decrease in flow is attributed to the friction between particles,

Fig. 2. Compression strength at 7- & 28-day curing periods for (a) series 1 (b) series 2.

204
M. Apoorva and N.K. Boppana
which is caused by the shape, texture, porosity and absorption of
FRA. Though the water absorption of FRA is higher, this water is
trapped between the finer materials and is inadequate to support
a larger slump flow [14]. On the contrary, the mixes with full
replacement of FRA showed a higher value with respect to the
nominal mixes i.e., 670 mm and 735 mm for series 1 & 2 respec-
tively. This favourable impact on the slump flow characteristics
may be caused by the porous nature of FRA which holds the water
during the mixing phase and which is subsequently liberated
owing to agitation and surface tension [15].
4.2. V-Funnel test
The relative viscosity of the prepared mixtures is evaluated by
measuring the V-Funnel flow time which is described as the time
Fig. 3. Split tensile test.
Fig. 4. Tensile strength at 7- & 28-day curing periods for (a) series 1 (b) series 2.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 71 (2022) 202–208
required for the entire concrete fill to flow out by gravity. Lower
the flow time, the greater is the filling ability of the mixture and
lesser viscosity [16]. As the finer material content increases at
higher replacement levels of FRA, the viscosity increases thereby
increasing the V-Funnel time. Conversely, in this study, the full
replacement mixes for both series 1 & 2 showed a marginally lower
value compared to 50 % FRA replacement due to more water
absorption of FRA which makes the concrete heavier thereby caus-
ing a quick fall.
4.3. L-Box test
The passing ability of the concrete through confined spaces and
narrow apertures is assessed through this test. After filling up of
the vertical chamber, the sliding gate is raised to allow the flow
of concrete mix in the horizontal section. After the flow has
stopped, the depth of concrete relative to the both sections i.e.,
blocking ratio (H2/H1) is measured. In the current study, the block-
ing ratio from the experimental observation depicted a declining
trend with higher percentage replacements of FRA. The reason
for such result could be the increase in fines content at higher
replacements and increase in the frictional forces between the par-
ticles [17]. The experimental values for workability of all the mixes
are illustrated in Table 5.
5. Results and discussion
5.1. Compression strength
The strength in compression of any material refers to the mate-
rial’s capacity to withstand stresses, without undergoing any dis-
tortion or rupture. The casted samples of size 150 mm cubes
were assessed using a compression testing machine after curing
for 7 and 28 days as shown in Fig. 1. The mechanical characteristics
of both the series of mixes showed a fall in strength values with
increase in the FRA replacement percentages. The 7-day Compres-
sion strength of Series 1 mixes (Fig. 2a) i.e., SCCFRA50 and
SCCFRA100, reduced by 9.5 % and 14.5 % respectively, compared
to the nominal mix (SCC). And the 28-day strength showed a
decline of 12 % and 16.2 % compared to conventional concrete for
SCCFRA50 and SCCFRA100 respectively. Thus, it is evident that
compression strength of concrete further decreased for 28 day cur-
M. Apoorva and N.K. Boppana
ing period. The result of Series 2 mixes (Fig. 2b) for a 7-day curing
period showed 24.6 % and 18.2 % strength reduction while for a 28-
day curing period showed 26.5 % and 22 % reduction in strength
values for HSSCCFRA50 and HSSCCFRA100 in comparison to HSSCC.
The decrease in strength for high strength mix was marginally
higher than for lower grade mixes.
The decreasing trend is attributed to higher water content for
mixes with FRA required to attain the same workability as the
nominal mix. Due to this, water accumulates near the interfacial
zones leading to poor adhesion with the surrounding matrix
[18]. Also, the weak link introduced due to old mortar content
attached to aggregates is one of the reasons for diminishing
strength properties [19,20]. The inferior quality and density of
FRA, the introduction of innumerable pores and micro–cracks
due to the crushing process of FRA might have induced the
Fig. 5. Flexural strength test.
Fig. 6. Flexural strength at 7- & 28-day curing periods for (a) series 1 (b) series 2.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 71 (2022) 202–208
remarkable strength loss [21]. Moreover, the decrease in strength
of HSSCCFRA100 was lesser compared to HSSCCFRA50 especially
for the series 2 mixes, and the possible reason for this could be fil-
ler effect of finer FRA compared to M-sand, producing a denser
concrete and the interlocking effect due to angular shape and
rough texture [22].
5.2. Splitting tensile strength
The indirect tensile strength of concrete specimens is measured
by applying a diametric compression load on the total length of the
cast cylindrical specimens of size 100*200 mm until failure occurs.
The test was conducted after curing for 7 and 28 days as depicted
in Fig. 3. The experimental results with inclusion of FRA depicted a
similar trend as the compression strength; however, the effect on
tensile strength was slightly comparatively low which is because
of good bonding nature of FRA to cement paste [23,24]. The
strength of Series 1 mixes (Fig. 4a) i.e., SCCFRA50 and SCCFRA100
for a 7-day curing period, reduced by 6.5 % and 13 % respectively,
compared to SCC; and for a 28-day curing period, showed a decline
of 8.8 % and 15.3 % for SCCFRA50 and SCCFRA100 in comparison to
SCC. In Series 2 (Fig. 4b), compared to HSSCC, the decrease of ten-
sile strength at 7 days & 28 days for the mixture HSSCCFRA100 was
15.2 % and 20 % and was only 13 % and 16.2 % for the mixture
HSSCCFRA50. The lower strength with higher replacement levels
is as a consequence of soft, permeable nature of the attached mor-
tar of FRA and builds up of excess water which creates a loose gap
in the zone between aggregate phase and the cement paste phase
[25].
5.3. Flexural strength
Flexural strength test was performed on cast prisms of size
100*100*500 mm to determine its ability to resist the bending
forces applied by a two-point loading system. The test was con-
ducted after curing at 7 and 28 days as depicted in Fig. 5. The
decrease in strength compared to control concrete SCC (Fig. 6a)
was observed in the following ranges i.e., 6.7 % and 7.2 % for
SCCFRA50 and 11.6 % and 14.7 % for SCCFRA100 in the two curing
periods 7 & 28 days. In the similar manner, comparing with HSSCC,
a drop in strength values for 7- & 28-day curing period (Fig. 6b)
M. Apoorva and N.K. Boppana
were about 10 % and 15.3 % for HSSCCFRA50 and 13.3 % and 17 %
for HSSCCFRA100.The decrease in strength values for flexure are
slightly lower compared to the tensile strength. Due to compli-
cated dual ITZ formed as a result of interference of old & new mor-
tar of FRA, the adhesion between paste and aggregate phase
reduces, which creates a negative effect on the flexural strength
[26,27].
6. Conclusions
In the current research work, the workability and mechanical
characteristics at different curing stages of Self Compacting con-
crete for standard and high strength mixes with incorporation of
different percentages of fine recycled materials were adopted.
The results obtained from the experimental work shows the effect
of inclusion of these materials and can be concluded as:
The influence on fresh & hardened properties at higher replace-
ment levels of FRA is more pronounced and this behaviour is
dependent on the nature, shape, texture, porosity, high water
absorption, moisture state and attached mortar. The flow proper-
ties of all developed mixes presented values corresponding to the
EFNARC specifications. The slump flow spread and flow time
showed good flow ability & filling ability even at full replacement
levels but depicted a declining effect for the passing ability,
thereby making it difficult to maintain the SCC characteristics at
higher FRA proportions. The mechanical behaviour with higher
percentages of FRA in SCC was not satisfactory. The results showed
a maximum strength loss of 26.5 %. This strength decrease for high
strength mixes was more remarkable than the standard mixes. A
slightly better performance of full replacement to partial replace-
ment of FRA in high strength mix is justified by the filling effect
of the fine FRA compared to M-Sand which created a compacted
concrete structure. The negative effect on tensile & flexural
strengths of including FRA in concrete i.e., strength decrease up
to 20 % and 17 % respectively; is the consequence of its poor qual-
ity, density, weak ITZ, loss of adhesion between aggregate &
cement paste and characteristics of parent material from which it
is extracted.
Thus, according to this study, FRA in smaller proportions can be
adopted in real-time applications by not sacrificing much on the
flow ability & strength properties especially for standard grade
concretes. However, the introduction of FRA in structural concrete
for large scale applications is limited, owing to its complicated
interfacial structure and the several limiting parameters that the
FRA possesses in comparison to M-sand. Advanced qualitative &
quantitative methodologies and guidelines are required to elimi-
nate the inferior quality of FRA and this would be beneficial for
guaranteeing better performance in structural applications. The
study is thus the primary evaluation of effect of FRA in structural
concrete; however, the authors would like to extend the research
work to conduct an objective evaluation of the behaviour of recy-
cled aggregates from different sources and analyse their suitability
for structural applications.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
M. Apoorva: Methodology, Investigation, Validation, Writing –
original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Narendra
Kumar Boppana: Conceptualization, Supervision.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
207
Materials Today: Proceedings 71 (2022) 202–208
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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