INEQUALITY (ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND GENDER)

INEQUALITY – Inequality is the difference in social status, wealth, or opportunity between

people or groups. People are concerned about social inequality. Synonyms: disparity, prejudice,
difference, bias and more.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF INEQUALITY

Economic Inequality – Economic inequality is the unequal distribution of income and
opportunity between different groups in society. Economic inequalities are most obviously
shown by people’s different positions within the economic distribution – income, pay, wealth.

3 MAIN TYPES OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

1. Income Inequality
- Income inequality is the extent to which income is distributed unevenly in a group of people.
Income
Income is not just the money received through pay, but all the money received from employment
(wages, salaries, bonuses etc.), investments, such as interest on savings accounts and dividends
from shares of stock, savings, state benefits, pensions (state, personal, company) and rent.
2. Pay Inequality
- A person’s pay is different to their income. Pay refers to payment from employment only. This
can be on an hourly, monthly or annual basis, is typically paid weekly or monthly and may also
include bonuses.
3. Wealth Inequality
- Wealth refers to the total amount of assets of an individual or household. This may include
financial assets, such as bonds and stocks, property and private pension rights. Wealth inequality
therefore refers to the unequal distribution of assets in a group of people.

Commonly used measures of economic inequality:

1. Gini Coefficient
The Gini coefficient measures inequality across the whole of society rather than simply
comparing different income groups.
Ex. If all the income went to a single person (maximum inequality) and everyone else got
nothing, the Gini coefficient would be equal to
1. If income was shared equally, and everyone got exactly the same, the Gini would equal 0. The
lower the Gini value, the more equal a society.
2. Ratio Measures Ratio measures compare how much people at one level of the income
distribution have compared to people at another. For instance, the 20:20 ratio compares how
much richer the top 20% of people are, compared to the bottom 20%. Common examples: 50/10
ratio – describes inequality between the middle and the bottom of the income distribution 90/10
– describes inequality between the top and the bottom 90/50 – describes inequality between the
top and the middle 99/90 – describes inequality between the very top and the top
3. Palma Ratio the Palma ratio is the ratio of the income share of the top 10% to that of the
bottom 40%. In more equal societies this ratio will be one or below, meaning that the top 10%
does not receive a larger share of national income than the bottom 40%. In very unequal
societies, the ratio may be as large as 7. The Palma Ratio compares the income or wealth share of
the top 10% of the population (the richest) to the income or wealth share of the bottom 40% of
the population (the poorer)

2. Political inequality
We Know a lot about Economic Inequality
We know less about Political Inequality
THREE DEFINITIONS OF POLITICAL INEQUALITY
1. Sorokin (1959 [1927]): Defined political inequality as the existence of authority
divisions. This rather broad definition implies that political inequality is the existence of
two or more groups with unequal political input into the decisions that affect them.
For example: the distance between the masses and the decision makers, it’s magnitude: the
more layers of authority between the citizen and the decision, the greater the political
inequality.
2. Political Resource Approach: defined political inequality as a structured differences in the
distribution and acquisition of political resources. Here political resources are said to be
similar to other stratification resources, such as economic or status, and that one group
has more or less of these resources than another group.
3. Piven and Cloward’s (2005) interdependency approach to power relations: Defined
political inequality as the extent to which groups within society differ in their influence
over government decisions.

POLITICAL INEQUALITY MEASURES

1. Political participation- experience in:
- Political organizing
- Personal activism
- Attending lawful political demonstration
2. Level od democracy (E.G. European Social Survey, Global Democracy Ranking)
3. Access to voting
4. Political representation of all groups and races

CONSEQUENCES OF POLITICAL INEQUALITY

➢ The rise and persistence of political inequality has motivated growing concern
about health, education, economic growth, income, equality etc.
 ➢ Rising inequality is a widespread concern. Inequality is within most advancer and
emerging markets and developing countries.
➢ Reduces investments, and hence growth. In addition to affecting growth drivers,
inequality could result in poor public policy choices.

3. Gender inequality
Gender inequality refers to the unequal treatment and opportunities experienced by individuals
due to their gender. It is a social issue where one gender (typically women or non-binary
individuals) is disadvantaged or discriminated against in comparison to another gender (typically
men). This can manifest in various aspects of life, including social, economic, and political.
Gender inequality limits individuals' capabilities, hinders their access to resources, and prevents
them from fully participating in society on an equal basis.
The biggest problem facing is that a lot of people still See gender inequality as a women's issue.
However, by gender, we refer to all genders, including male, female, transgender and others, the
marginalized ones. When we empower all genders especially, they can lead their lives Freely.
Moreover, gender inequality results in not letting people speak their minds. Ultimately it
hampers their future, and compromises it. Due to gender inequality, we have a gender pay gap.
Similarly, it also exposes certain genders to violence and discrimination.
➢ Gender Inequality has been prevalent in all societies for centuries and continues to exist
even today.
➢ An example of gender prejudice is female foeticide. The widespread practice of aborting
female foeticide happens every day: the reality of gender inequality in India origin of
gender inequality and how to deactivate it.
➢ One of the most evil forms of discrimination faced by a girl after marriage is the practice
of dowry.
GENDER
- Describes the role, rights and responsibilities for men and women.
- It refers to social, economic and cultural attributes and opportunities associates of being a
male and female.
- Gender roles, responsibilities inequalities and differences are not the same in various
societies.

SOME OF FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR GENDER INEQUALITY

1. ILLITERACY
2. CHILD MARRIAGE
3. SOCIAL EVILS
4. DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE GIRL CHILD
 TYPES OF GENDER INEQUALITY

There are many types of gender inequality or gender disparity which are as follows:
1. Inequality in Family
2. Natality Inequality
3. Professional or Employment Inequality
4. Ownership Inequality
5. Household Inequality
6. Special Opportunity Inequality

STEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT

➢ Equal Rights
➢ Equal Education
➢ Support for Training and Employment Programme (step)
➢ Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)
➢ Protection from Domestic Violence Bill, 2002
➢ Participation on local bodies
TOPIC 3: INEQUALITY (ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, GENDER)

SUBMITTED BY: (GROUP MEMBERS)

Jeana Rose R. Andaya
Faith Cordero
Realyn Bumatay
Elenita Dela Rosa

SUBMITTED TO:
Ma’am Revina Lucero