For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno ‘COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING Comparative Police System A study of the organized structure, operations, functions, ranks, and designated names of various law enforcement agencies around the world. It is the process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to discover insights in the field of international policing. Police -From the Greek word politeia or polis which means “citizenship, administration, civil polity” or “government of a city” -Transformed into Latin word politia which means civil administration -French changed the word to police or policier which means public order, administration, government Basic Terms ‘Abu Sayyaf - Abu means father and sayyaf means swordsmith, isa militant Islamist group based in and around Jolo and Bastlan Philippines. Al Qaeda - literally means the base, a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other militants Apostasy - is defined as the conscious abandonment of Islam by a Muslim in word or through deed. It includes the act of converting to another religion bya person who was born in a Muslim family or whohad previously accepted Islam, Centralized Police - A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country. It uses a centralized system of policing. Philippines is an example of centralized police becausethe Philippine National Police has one central office with many regional, provincial and local branches throughout the country. Decentralized police - refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federalgovernment. Chowkidar - in India, means one who inhabit a"chowki”, police station or guard house. Opportunity theory-- is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply. Demographic theory - is based on the event of when a greater number of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis. Deprivation theory holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t seethemselves rising fast enough. Theory of anomie- progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegrationof older norms that once held people together.For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Chusai-san - the rural police officer in Japan. Confucian thought - The belief that social order can be achievedthrough moral and political reform because man is by nature good orcapable of goodness. Koban - is a small neighborhood police station found in Japan. Oftentranslated to English as Police Box. Koban are staffed by a relativelysmall number of police officers (usually 3-5 officers). Mutawa - religious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty is to ensurestrict adherence to established codes of conduct. Taliban - means "students", is an Islamic fundamentalist politicalmovement in Afghanistan, Terrorism - the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence andintimidation in the pursuit of political aims. Transnational Crime - offences whose inception, proportionand/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country. Societal Types Folk Communal Society - a society which has a little codification of law, no specialization among the police, and a system of punishment that just let things go fora while without attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbaric, punishment is resorted to. This type of society is, often seen as primitive and barbaric. Urban Commercial Society- ha civil law, specialized police forces, and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh sometimes lenient. Most of its law enforcers were obliged to prevent/suppress religious offenses and others for enforcing the King’s Law. Urban Industrial Society- police in this society are specialized on property crimes such as theft. It has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behaviors and the system of punishment is run on market priniples of creating incentives and disincentives Bureaucratic Society- has a'system of laws, police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a) system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. It is in this society where Juvenile Delinquency existed, ‘Types of Criminal Justice Systems Common Law System- is also known as Anglo-American Justice. It is distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedents. Common law system is distinctive in the significance that they attach to the importance of previously decided cases. This system relies on the evidence in which in public trial is a main focal point. Civil Law Systems- also known as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice. This system is distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused, and the law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. Furthermore, in this system if the judge knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to regulations of procedure and evidence. In contrast the common law system requires a judge to suspend belief until the event of the trial is over.For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Socialists System- also known as Marxist-Leninist system that existed in many places where there has been a Communist revolution. It is primarily characterized by administrative law, where non legal officials make most of the decisions. This system asserted that goods would allow people to pursue their own interests and develop their own talents without being coerced into performing labor for others. Islamic Systems- these justice systems are also known as Muslim or Arabic Justice and derive all their procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran (Shariah Law). This system is based more on the concept of natural justice where crimes are considered acts of injustice that conflict with tradition and religion plays an important role. Types of Court Systems of the World 1. Adversarial System - the accused is innocent until proven guilty. 2. Inquisitorial System - the accused is guilty until proven innocent. Theories of Policing Continental - maintains the idea that police officers are servants of the higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy, and Spain. Home Rule - states that the police officers are servants of the community oF the people. This theory prevails in England and United States. Decentralized poticing also utilized this theory. Concepts of Police Service Old Police Service - states that the gauge of police proficiency/efficiency relies on the number of arrests made. Modern police Service- the yardstick of police proficiency/efficiency relies on the absence of Other Concepts Deviance Control- is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission to reinforce community values and laws. This was adopted by Germany, China, and Japan. Civil Order Control- is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is performed by regular street police in the country of England and United States. It is a function that police use to respond to a situation where a crowd is possibly getting out of control and disturbing the police. With Civil Order Control, even though the police is attempting to quell the violence of riots and keep the peace, "police may end up being adversaries of the citizens rather than part of the citizenry. Models of Policing Systems Traditional Policing- within this model the police officer would respond when a call came in that a crime occurred. Once the officer responded to the crime, the officer would then take a report and hand the investigation off to a detective. This policing is reactive in nature. Problem Solving Policing- within this model there is an emphasis on trying and prevent crime from happening. This policing has detectives watching for patterns in crimes to help understand when and how crimes are being committed. Community Oriented Policing- within this model, the officers will take more community involvement stance. No longer does an officer sits in his patrol car and wait for a call that a crime has happened. ‘The Need for Innovative PolicingFor comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies under various circumstances, the goal is to test whether the theory and practice in policing needs modernization to meetthedemandsofthepresenttrendsincrimefighting. Comparativeresearchisusuallycarri edoutby the “safari” method (a researcher visits another country) or “collaborative” method (the researcher communicateswithaforeignresearcher). Globalization Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world. Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure. heworldhasbecomeahugemarketwhereyoucanbuyandsellthingsproducedina nypart oftheworld Culture: Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in the world earlier. You can find people in several countries dressing up like Westerners. Legislation:There has been an increase in the establishment of International courts of justice where someoneaccusedcouldbedealtwithinanypartoftheworld. Language: With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and use English instead as there is an idea that it makes them superior in some way. Information: With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it has become much easier and faster to share information worldwide. Finance:Globalization has made it easier to raise finance through individuals and firms outside the country. Politics:Powerful countries and individuals nowadays have political control over the whole world, not only their country. TheUnited States is an example of a country that influences the whole of the world po The negative effects of globalizat * Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That means less-jobs for theirpeople. ‘* Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions. Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. ‘Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict damage. + Companies haveset up industries causing pollution in countri pollution. + FastfoodchainslikeMcDonaldsandkFCarespreadinginthedevelopingworld.Peopleare consuming morejunkfoodfromthesejointswhichhasanadverseimpactontheirhealth. -s with poor regulation ofFor comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Money Laundering - the concealment of the origins of illegally obtainedmoney, typically by means of transfers involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses. Evolution of Policing Praetorian guards - military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of policing said to have originated Officer de ta Paix - a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England) A. Tun Policing System ~ A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents were required to guard the town (tun ) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people. = About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-Saxon System. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing, Each tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader ofthe 100 families was named the reeve. - Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials, They possessed judicial power as well as police authority. B, Hue and Cry - A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to call all-male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect. C. Trial by Ordeal- A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean an employment of a “3% degree.") The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word "Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.” ‘Two Types of Trials during Anglo-Saxon Period Oaths (Compurgation)- the Compurgator system allowed other people, preferably of hig social position to swear that the accused is an honest person. (this is known today as character witness) Trial by Ordeal- a person is compelled to perform an act either walking on a burning coal or through red hot iron, It was said that the gods would protect the innocent, 2, Norman Period of Policing System This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King of France). When he invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and dictators began and changed the concept of crime being committed against the state. A, Shire-Reeve - Shire-Reeve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Reeve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions in England are called shires. ~The shire-reeve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions. -Two “Constabuli” or "The Keeper of the Horse"were appointed to each village to ald the Reeve in his duties. It became the source of the word Constable. ‘The term "Shire-Reeve" is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial powers. C. Legis Henrici (Laws of Henry) An act that was enacted during this period with the following features: Offenses were classified as against the king and individual. Policeman becomes public servant. ‘The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called"citizen’s arrest.” Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made inquisition onto the facts of a crime and eliminate the "Anglo-Saxon Trial’ or “Trial by Ordeal System. ” D. Frankpledge System A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and. properties of the people 3, Westminster Period of Policing System It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of England, which at the time was Westminster . This period has the following features: A:Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward)were defined - Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations almed at keeping the peace. B, Statute of 1295- The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of London during sundown. C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)- Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanots and infractions of city or village ordinances, This was later abolished about 75 years afters D. Star Chamber Court (1487)- A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room sét-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power toforce testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges. 4, Keepers of the Peace- A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required the appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns. 5, King Charles Il of England (1663)- King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the employment of watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise. 6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"- A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the following features: No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of his peers.For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim. LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829 Henry Fielding- appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners Bow Runners- a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother John Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers. + identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown - made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer constables and watchmen 1798-Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being paid, by local magistrates. + initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered. dock workers, and was responsible for preventing the theft of cargo. - widely regarded as being the first modern police force in the world, in the'sense that they were not government controlled and were responsible for the prevention of crime. LONDON 1829 Sir Robert Peel- appointed as Home Secretary in 1822 Metropolitan Police - organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829) - the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of London Police and the British Transport Police) = finest police force around the world. TOTAL POLICING- motto of London Metropolitan Police Important Dates 1833 - Cold bath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the Metropolitan Police with controversial tse of force. 1836 -The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control. 1838 - incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police and the disbandment of the Bow Street Office and other Offices. These were all agreed and put into effect. Administration Policing Principles of London Metropolitan Police 1. Stable and effective civil police under government control 2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency 3. Fast distribution of erime news to the police is essential. Commissioner - highest rank in the Metropolitan Police Police Constable - lowest rank Contributions of the French in Policing Assigning house numbers Installing street lights Use of police ambulances Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Itis the world’s largest international police organization, with 188 member countries. It facilitates cross border police cooperation, and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crimes. It’s headquarter is in Lyon, France. Its supreme governing body is the General Assembly. Interpot’s Four Core Functions 1. Secure global police communication services- Interpol’s global police communications system, known as I-24/7, enables police in all member countries to request, submit and access vital data instantly in a secure environment. 2. Operational data services and databases for police- Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases including information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen or lost travel documents. 3. Operational police support services- INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support and operationalactivities. A Command and Co-ordination Centre operates 24hours a day, seven days a week and can deploy an Incident Response Team to the scene of a serious crime or disaster 4, Police training and development- INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the capacity of member countries to effectively combat transnational crime and terrorism. Interpol’s Structure INTERPOL (whosecorrectfullnameis’TheInternationalCriminal PoliceOrganization— INTERPOL'}comprisesthefollowing: GeneralAssembly- Composé of delegates appointed by the governments of Member Countries. As Interpol’s supreme governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for international co- operation, working methods, finances and program of activities. Generally speaking, the Assembly takes decisions by asimplemajorityintheformofresolutions.EachMemberStaterepresentedhasonevote. ExecutiveCommittee- The Executive Committee is Interpol's select deliberative organ which meets three times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly. Its role is to supervisetheexecutionofthedecisionsoftheGeneralAssembly, preparetheagendaforsessionsoftheGeneralAssembly, etc. Composition of the Executive Committee President VicePresidents Delegates ‘TheformerFilipinoPresidentoflNTERPOLin1980-1984-JollyR.Bugarin(Philippines) GeneralSecretariat-Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Note: The Secretary General of the Organization is appointed by the General Assembly for a period of 5 years. He may be re-elected.The Secretary General is effectively the Organization's chief fulltime official. He is responsible for seeingthattheday-to-dayworkofinternationalpoliceco-operation is carried out. NationalCentralBureaus(NCB)- EachINTERPOLmembercountrymaintainsaNationalCentralBureau staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the GeneralSecretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations andthelocationandapprehensionoffugitives. Advisers — these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly. Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF) - this is an independent body whose mandate is toensurethattheprocessingofpersonalinformationbyINTERPOLcomplieswiththeOrganiz. ation’s regulations, toadviseINTERPOLonanyproject,operation,setofrulesorothermatterinvolvingtheproces sing of personal informationand toprocessrequestsconcerningtheinformationcontainedinInterpof sfiles. Official Abbreviations O.LP.C-StandsforOrganizationinternationaledepolicecriminelle’ ICPO - Stands for International Criminal PoliceOrganization’ ‘The Interpol National Central Bureau - Manila Director General PhilippineNationalPolice- Director, National Bureauofinvestigation Commissioner, BureauofCustoms. Commissioner,BureauofinternalRevenue- Commissioner, Bureauoflmmigration Governor,BangkoSentralngPilipinas— Executive Director, DangerousDrugBoar Commissioner Economic Intelligence and Investigation Bureau- INTEPOL NoticesFor comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno 1. Red Notice- a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition. 2. Blue Notice- this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain information on a person of interest in a criminal investigation. 3, Yellow Notice- to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify themselves, 4. Green Notice- to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crime in other countries or those considered to be a possible threat to public safety. 5. Orange Notice- to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent danger and threat to persons or property (disguised weapons, patel bombs and other dangerous materials). 6.Black Notice- to seek information on unidentified bodies, 7. Purple Notice- issued to provide information on mods operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals. 8. INTERPOL- United Nations Security Council Special Notice- issued for groups and individuals who are the targets of UN. sanctions. ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL) 1981 (Manila) = The first formal meeting of The Chiefs OF ASEAN Police = Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) Five Other Members 1. Brunel 4. Myanmar 2. Cambodia. Vietnam, 3. Lao Organization 1, ASEANAPOL Executive Committee = comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to theHlead of the Delegation 2, ASEANAPOL Permanent Secretariat = is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn to host the ASEANAPOL conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year. = headed by executive directorand assisted by 2 directors Tenure of Services a. Executive Director - 2 years b, Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs “During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat.For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno *The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010. International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) It was founded in Chicago in 1893 as the National Chiefs of Police Union. The primary goal of this organization was to apprehend the return criminals who had fled the agency jurisdictions in which they were wanted, Its goals involve advancing science and art of police work, promoting improved practices throughout the law enforcement community and foster cooperation and information exchange among police administrators. European Police (EUROPOL) The European Union law enforcement agency that handles criminal intelligence Its aim is to improve the effectiveness and cooperation between authorities of the member states In preventing and combating all forms of serious international organized crime and terrorism. UNITED NATIONS United Nations- officially came into existence on October 24, 1945 ‘oined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. This declaration was made to officially state the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the Union of soviet Socialist Republics) Branches of UN 1, UN general Assembly = This is the main decision- making and representative assembly in the UN through its policies and recommendations. It is composed of all member states , is headed by a President elected from the member states, and meets from September to December Functions of General Assembly @. Deliberative = initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of international law bs. Supervisory = receiving and considering annual and special reports from another organs c. Financial = approval and apportionment of budget d. Elective = election of non-permanent members of the security council e. Constituent = admissions of members and the amendments of charter 2, UN Security Council = is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerfulof all the branches. Functions a, Preventive Action = consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict fromworsening, and may involve the deployment of PEACEKEEPINGAND OBSERVERmissions b. Enforcement Action = consist of deployment of air, sea and land forces Five Permanent Members of Security Council 1.China 2. France 3. Russia 4. United Kingdom 5. United States “The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the General Assembly 3. International Court of Justice = Located in the Hague, Netherlands. This branch is responsible for the judicial matters of the UN.For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno 4 Secretariat = Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data needed 5. Economic and Social Council = consists of 45 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3 year term. Efforts are Towards the Followin; a. Higher standards of living b. Condition of economic and social progress and development ¢ Solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems d. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms 6. Trusteeship Council = assists the security council and the general assembly in the administration ofthe International Trusteeship System UN Charter = it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relations of international persons. Technically, itis a Treaty. Treaty = an international agreement concluded between states in written form.and sworn by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument onin two or more instruments and whatever its particular designation, UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM Types of US Police 1, Municipal Police- includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff departments, ‘Types of Local Police a. Country Sheriff- in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such as service of eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility. b. City Police- most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that occur in an incorporated municipality. 2, State Police = includes spi enforcement 3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the national level investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes 1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of federal law except when the enforcement authority was given to other specific federal agency 2, United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) - concerned with investigation of counterfeiting, forging or altering of any of the money or other securities of the US. It is also in charged of the protection of the president and his family, and of the executive mansion grounds 3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) - investigated all violations of federal law relating to prohibited drugs 4, Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of immigration and naturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens, b. Protection of the National Revenue 1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue - investigation of violations of income tax laws 2, Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue - violations of internal revenue lawsFor comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno 3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs - investigates smuggling activities and enforces customs and navigation laws. 4. Private Police - additional police protection made by employing sworn officers through contract when they are not officially on duty Two Basic Forms of Private Police a. Proprietary Police - when a person wish to receive service, he hires and security personnel directly b. Contract Security - services of an independent security company US. Police Agencies New York City - it is where the first full time police force was organizedin the United States New York Police Department - the largest police force in the United States Texas Ranger - police force originally created in response to colonization Boston Police Department - first local modern police department established. in the United States Pennsylvania State Police - the first state police agency established Los Angeles Police Department - police force that hired the first female police officer named, Alice Stebbins Wells The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although the large and varied number of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriff's office have different ranks, a general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be: Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheritf Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner /Deputy Superintendent/Undersheriff Inspector/Commander/Colonel Major/Deputy Inspector Captain Lieutenant Sergeant Detective/Inspector /Investigator Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal CANADA Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) = colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force” = is the national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the word being a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. It is founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted Police (1873) with the Dominion Police (1868). = headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety Canada. Commissioner - highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Police Constable 4* Class - lowest rank AUSTRALIA Australian Police - a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization, taking strong lead in the fight against 21* century crime. Commissioner - highest rank Constable - lowest rankFor comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno HONGKONG Hong Kong Police Force - is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing system. = It was formed on 1 May 1844. in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force. - Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is once again named the Hong Kong Police Force Structure HKPF The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy commissioners: a. Deputy Commissioner ~ Operations= supervises all operational matters including erime and b. Deputy Commissioner - Management= is responsible for the direction. and coordination of force ‘management including personnel, training, and management services. Motto - We Serve with Pride and Care ‘The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six Regions: Hong Kong Island Kowloon East Kowloon West New Territories North New Territories South, Marine Region ‘The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up of five departments: Operations & Support Crime & Security Personnel & Training, Management Services Finance, Administration and Planning Hong Kong Police College - is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training. -Training provided by the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation training, police driver training and weapon tactics training. The information technology training, command training, local and overseas management training, some specialist courses and petiodiccourses on firearms and first aid are also provided by the Police College. Service Quality Wing - is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided to force customers both external and internal. The wing comprises three branches: Performance Review, Research and Inspections, and Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&D. Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&Ml) - includes the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO) oversees the investigation and successful resolution of all complaints made both externally and internally against members of the force. Entry Requirements to HKPF Nationality- Must be a permanent resident of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and have lived in Hong Kong for at least seven years.For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno For Inspector ‘Academic Requirements Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or An accredited Associate Degree from Hong Kong tertiary institution / A Higher Diploma from a Hong Kong polytechnic /polytechnic university, or a Diploma from a registered post-secondary college awarded after the date of its registration, or equivalent; or A pass in two subjects at Advanced Level in the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (2A) plus three other subjects at Grade C or above in the HKCEE (30), or a combination of results in five Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 3 in New Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained with Distinction” in Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum of two ApL subjects) and Grade C in Other Language subjects, or equivalent. For Police Constable Academic Requirements Five passes or above, which may include Chinese Language and English Language, in the HKCEE, or a combination of results in five Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE)subjects of Level 2 in New Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained’.in Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (Subject to a maximum of two ApL subjects) and Grade Ein Other Language subjects, or equivalent. Selection Processes For Inspector Written Examination & Extended Interview & Psychometric Test @ Final Interview Board @ Physical Fitness Test Integrity Checks and Medical Examination & Appointment Selection Processes for Police Constable & Physical Fitness Test 8 Group Interview & Psychometric Test 8 Final Interview Board @ Basic Law Test & Integrity Checks and Medical Examination & Appointment Ranks of HKPF Commissioner of Police (CP) Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP) Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP) Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) Superintendent of Police (SP) Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) Senior Inspector of Police (SIP) Inspector of Police (IP) Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)For comprehensive discussions visie Youtube Channel: BeCueno Station Sergeant (SSGT) Sergeant (SGT) Senior Constable (SPC) Police Constable (PC) TAIWAN Taiwan Police Force = is the unified police force of Taiwan - under the supervision of NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY which is directly under the MINISTRY OF INTERIOR - under effective civilian control Functions 4) to maintain public order, 2) to protect social security, 3) to prevent all dangers, and 4) to promote the welfare of all people. ‘Types of Police Force In Taiwan 1. Administration Police - are generally referred to those who are required to wear uniforms to carry out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves. 2. Traffic Police - the primary duties of the Traffic Police are to keep traffie order, to ensure traffic safety, to prevent traffic accidents, and to smooth traffic flow. 3, Special Police - are those who are responsible for protecting the Central Government, establishing contingent plans and assisting local and specialized police units in maintaining public order. 4. Criminal Investigation Police - the primary duties of the criminal investigation police are to prevent and detect crimes. 5, Specialized Police - main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan. Ranks Of Taiwan Police Force Police Supervisor General Police Supervisor Rank Police Supervisor Rank Two Police Supervisor Rank Three Police Supervisor Rank Four Police Officer Rank One Police Officer Rank Two Police Officer Rank Three Police Officer Rank Four Police Rank One Police Rank Two Police Rank Three Police Rank Four MYANMAR Myanmar Police Force - formally known as The People's Police Force(Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe) - established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was reorganized on 1 October 1995. - Consists of 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division Police ForcesFor comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Each State and Divisional Police Force consist of four components Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force Office of the Commander of the District Police Force Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force Police Stations Training Centers 1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force 2. No.1 Police Training Depot - undertakes Basic Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2 years; Warrant Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic ‘Training Course for Constables for 6 Month 3, No. 2 Police Training Depot - undertakes only Basic Training Course for Constables, which normally takes around 6 months to complete. INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM. Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia) - is the official police force of Indonesia - organized 1946 also known as Polri Markasbesar/Mabes - name of the headquaters of Indonesian National Police located in Kebayoran Baru, South, Jakarta, Indonesia Polri Territorial Forces 1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda - provincial police 2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil - regional police in Resort or Polres - city police 4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek - sub-district police Special Branches 1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) - the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations - paramilitary role to conduct secutity stabilization operations and providing security for VIP and vital facilities 2, Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) - received special anti-riot training 3, Sea and Air Police - responsible patrolling the airspace jainclothes Unit - assigned in conducting investigations ime Police - responsible in protecting the territorial sea 6, Anti-Terrorist Unit - trained in counter-terrorism 7. Forensics - in-charge of laboratory examination of evidence Police Recruit Volunteers- At least sixth-grade education and should pass the competitive examination.After 3 years, personnel with junior secondary diploma could enter into training to become NCO. Ranking System Of Polri Police General - equivalent of Director General of PNP Second Bhayangkara - equivalent of police officer 1/patrol of the PNP MALAYSIAFor comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Royal Malaysian Police (Rmp:Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, Pdrm) - police force of Malaysia. ~ headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur - The constitution, control, employment, recruitmentfund, discipline, duties and powers of the police force is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967 Motto - Tegas, Adil Dan Berhemal Firm, Fair And Prudent RMP Organizations 1. Management Department = the Management Department is tasked with the routine of management and administration affairs of the RMP. This department is also the nerve centre of the RMP and acts as the support services platform for the rest of the force. 2. Logistics Department =has the role to provide several equipments needed In RMP 3. Criminal Investigation Division = deals with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of hard crimes (murder, robbery, rape etc) and petty crimes (theft, house-breaking etc). This department also specializes in gambling, vice and secret societies (triads) Branches of Criminal Investigation Division D1 - Administrative Division D2- Criminal Record Registration D3 - Internal Affairs D4- Statistics DS - Prosecution and Law Divisions D6 - Technical Assistance Division D7 - Gambling / Vice / Secret Societies D8 - Investigation Division / Planning D9 - Special Investigation Division D10 - Forensic Laboratory Division D11 ~ Sexual Investigation Division D12 - National Centre Bureau-Interpol Division 4, Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division = this department's function is to fight against dangerous drugs by enforcing the law to stop and reduce the demand and supply of dangerous drugs. 5, Internal Security and Public Order Department = responsible for traffic control and Search & Rescue (SAR) operations 6, The Police Field Force(PFF) = organized in battalions and was a para-military units of the Royal Malaysia Police. Also known as the Jungle Squad. Established in 1948 7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit = an elite unit of RMP responsible in counter-terrorism operations 8. UNGERIN = Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) (Marine Combat Unit) was established in 2006 and it was fully operational by the end of 2007. Its first name was Unit Selam Tempurdue to the pressing need to suppress the pirate attacks alongside the coastal area of Malacca Straits and open sea area of South China Sea which were continuously widespread from time to time despite various efforts done to overcome the problem. Members received training from U.S 9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) = (Malay: Pasukan Simpanan Persekutuan. Its role is riot suppression, crowd control, disaster relief & rescue, as well as special operations assistance. Organized in 1955. 10. C4-i Implementations System = (abbreviation for Command, Control, Communications, Computer-Integrated)= based at Police Control Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia. This, unit is assigned to patrol the city and the suburbs.For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno 11. The Marine Operations Force or (Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin)= tasked with maintaining law and order and coordinating search and rescue operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high seas 12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unitor Unit Udara PDRM (UUP)= is a special unit of Royal Malaysia Police with a vital role in maintaining national security with thorough surveillance and patrol from the air 13, Special Branch = This department is responsible for collecting intelligence for national security 14, Traffic Unit = responsible in maintaining the flow of traffic 15. Commercial Crimes Investigation Department = this department's main function is to investigate, arrest, and prosecute offenders committing white collar crimes such as fraud, breach of trust, cyber-crimes, forgery, counterfeiting etc. 16. Mounted Police = police who patrol on horseback (equestrians) or camelback. They continue to serve in remote areas and in metropolitan areas where their day-to-day function may be picturesque or ceremonial, but they are also employed in crowd control because of their mobile mass and height advantage Ranks Of RMP Inspector-General Of Police - equivalent of director general (Philippiites) Police Constable - equivalent of police officer 1 (Philippines) SINGAPORE. Francis James Bernard- formed the skeleton foree.as the heritage of Singapore Police Force in 1819. Singapore Police Force (SPF)- is the main agency task with the maintaining law and order in the city-state. It is formerly known as Republic of Singapore Police. Organized with split staff (15) and line functions (13)roughly modeled after the military. Headquarters at New Poenix Park in Novena, Commissioner of Police- The highest rank Police Constable - lowest rank Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857 = constitution of the SPF Recruitment/Training High school graduates who were interested in law enforcement as a career can be recruited and those who are selected for officers had to be approved by the Public Service Commission Career development course were encouraged for officer and senior officers are required to travel oversees for training such as in Police Staff College in Britain, FBI Nat'l Academy in US and Police Academy in Japan. ‘Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed officer will be placed on a one year probation period, JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM @ Kethoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Homeaffairs to 1945) & Japanese Colonial Government= the one which organized the first formal policing inChina. B Japanese Yakuza= considered as the center of Asian organized crime action. Organization Of NPA 1. National Public Safety Commission = a government body responsible for the administrative supervision of the police. Under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister 2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA)= a totally gunless police force, except for its special attack team,For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Organizations Attached to the NPA. a. National Police Agency = provides training to police officers and conduct academic research b. National Research Institute of Police Science = conducts research in police science c. Imperial Guards = provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial family. Responsible for the security of Imperial Palace 3, Regional Police Bureau = exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and provides support with the prefectural police. Director General= heads each Regional Bureau acting upon orders from the Commission General of the NPA. Regional Police Bureau= the local organizations to carry out part of the NPA’s fuietions. There are about 7 Bureaus in the major cities except for Tokyo and Hokkaido where in Tokyo, Metropolitan Police department (headed by Superintendent General) has long been established and shares the same location with the NPA. Prefectural Police has the whole of Hokkaido under its jurisdiction. 4, Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC)= administrative commission functioning under the representative system which supervise the prefectural police, Under the Jurisdiction of the Governor. Though not empowered to give order to the Commission. 5. Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential districts which forms the firstlline of police response to the public. = Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho-staffed bya single officer). About 20 % of police is assigned to Koban. CHINA POLICE SYSTEM @ Ministry of National Defense = ts the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security agencies such as Ministry of Public safety and the Ministry of State Security. @ Ministry of Public Security = is the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s Republic of China which oversee the day to day law enforcement . (It is the equivalent of the National Police Agency in Japan). & Ministry of State Security = the Chinese government's largest and most active foreign intelligence agency, though it is also involved in domestic security matters. Kinds of police 1. People’s Armed Police (PAP)- deals with domestic disturbances, acts as riot police and guard’s government compounds and-forefgn embassies. Usually handles border defense but is called sometimes to back up local police. 2, State Security Police = (1983) safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and conspiracies. Under the Ministry of State Security and directly accountable to the State council. 3. Prison Police = a part of the correctional arm of the overall police systemstationed in prisons and correction units. This is under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice. 4, Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving instruments and some also executing death sentences. 5. Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan’) = operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out some unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized land. Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment once a year. Central Military Commission = appoints police in China People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed forces.For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Civil Service Promotion Examination: for police officer. basis for regulation of the Rank promotion Examination Rank System In China Commissioner General = equivalent of Director General in the PNP Constable 2 Class = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the PNP THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM Royal Thai Police = formerly known as Thailand National Police Department (TNPD) = In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly under the Office of the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police. he position of its supreme head was changed from that of the Director-General of the TNPD to the Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based in Bangkok, Police-General = highest rank of the Royal Thai Police Policeman / Constable = lowest rank BRUNEI POLICE SYSTEM Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunei - PDRB) = created in 1921 which is responsible for keeping law and order and providing law enforcement services throughout Brunei Inspector-General of Police = highest rank Lance Corporal = lowest rank PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM During the Spanish Regime = Maintenance of law and order was a part of the military system for the defense of the colony; Locally organized police forces although performing civil duties is a direct adjunct of the colonial military establishments; (policemen in appearance yet colonial soldiers in the ultimate sense. - Police functions consisted mainly of (11) suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas; (2) detection of local or petty uprising by spying upon the work and movements of the people and; (3) the enforcement of tax collection including church revenues. Cuardilleros = a body of rural police organized in each town established by Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836. Ib mandates that)5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted in this police organization for 3 years. There services are originally not paid or gratuitous subject to some privileges although in some province they received a proportionate pay ranging from 4.00 to 8.00 depending on the revenue collection, Carabineros De Seguridad Publica = Organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations of the Department of State. This was armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river police. It was later given special commission by Royal Decree of December 20, 1842 and it was called - Cuerco De Seguridad Publica ( Corps of Crabbiness for Public Security) Gurdia Civil = Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve the Spanish peninsula troops of their works in policing towns, It is consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capital of the province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno Philippine Commission Act No. of 175= (July 18, 1901) an act providing for the organization and government of an Insular Constabulary. Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901= renamed the Insular Constabulary to Philippine Constabulary (a national police institution for preserving peace, keeping order and enforcing the law. Henry Allen= the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary. Rafael Crame= the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary. (On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized E.0, 389= Ordered that the PC be one of the four services of the AFP, dated December 23, 1940. R.A, 4864=It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police under the Officer of the President. Otherwise known as the Police Professionalization act of 1966, dated September 8, 1966. Itwas later renamed as the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM). P.D. 765= Integration Act of 1975, dated August 8, 1975, established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the PC as the nucleus and the Integrated local police forces as components, under the Ministry of National Defense. E.0. 1012=transferred to the city and municipal government the operational supervision and direction over the INP units assigned within their locality. E.0, 1040= Transferred the Admin. Control and Supervision of ‘the INP from the ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission RA, 6975= It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990, Established the PNP , BFP, BJMP and the PPSC. RA. 8551 = Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted 1998, amending the provision of R.A. 6975, Act No. 181= created the Division of Investigation (DI) Of the Department of Justice dated November 1938. RA. 157= created the National Bureau of Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947 and later reorganized by R,A. 2678 Republic Act 9708 (2009)- an.act extending for 5 years the reglementary period for complying with the minimum educational qualification for appointment in the PNP. Organizational Structure ‘The head of the PNP with the rank Police General shall have the position title of Chief of the PNP. The second in command of the PNP with the rank of Police Lieutenant General shall be the Deputy Chief for Administration. The third in command with the rank also of Police Lieutenant General shall be the Deputy Chief for Operations. At the national office, the head of the directorial staff with the rank of Police Lieutenant General shall be known as Chief of the Directorial Staff of the PNP. ‘The heads of the various staff divisions in the directorial staff shall have the rank of Major General with the position title of Director of the Directorial Staff of their respective functional divisions. The heads of the administrative and operational support divisions shall have the rank of Police Brigadier General ‘The head of the National Capital Region (NCR) with the rank of Police Major General shall assume the position title of NCR Director. The heads of the regional offices with the rank of Police Brigadier General shall assume the position title of Regional Director.For comprehensive discussions, visit Youtube Channel: BeCueno The heads of the NCR district offices with the rank of Police Brigadier Generalshall have the position title of District Director. ‘The heads of provincial offices with the rank of Police Colonel shall be known as Provincial Director. ‘The heads of the district offices with the rank of Police Lieutenant Colonel shall have the position title of District Director. The heads of the municipality or city offices with the rank of Police Major shall be known as Chief of Police (COP).