COURSE

PACKET IN

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

PREPARED bY:

GENERAL EDUCATION INSTRUCTORS

Letter to the Students
My Dear Students,

Welcome to the 1st Semester at

Zamboanga del Sur Provincial
Government College. I hope that your
summer was filled with new adventures
and special memories together with your
loved one’s despite of the pandemic that
we are experiencing today. I am _________
your Science, Technology and Society
instructor and I’amlookingforwardto
workingwithyouthis schoolyear.This will
be an extremely and fruitful year with
much to learn.

This course packet is very

relevant to you. This includes all the
concepts, ideas, and activities that will
cater your needs. Make sure that you can
notice and answer the learning materials
being posted. Finish and pass it on time as
part of your requirement to the course
also a responsibility as a student.
Let’s work hand in hand for the
betterment of the future. Let’s embrace
one another as we face the adversities of
the new normal. Golden rule: Be good to
me and I will be good to you!! Stay tune!
Enjoy the ride!

Sincerely yours,
 LESSON 4

……………………………………………………………………………

The Contribution of Arabs, Chinese and Hindu

in the Development of Science and Technology

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the contribution of the Arabs, Chinese and
Hindu to the development of Science and Technology.

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. Describe the development of Science and Technology that occurred in Arabs,

Chinese, and Hindu;
2. Explicate and recognize the significance of the contribution of Arabs, Chinese,
and Hindu to the development of Science and Technology.

Word Bank:

Theory of relativity, Seismological detectors, cross bow, heliocentric theory of gravitation,

camer obscura, gunpowder, oracle bones.
DISCUSSION

Arabic Civilization

Location: originated in the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia in 662 A.D. Arabic is the
written and spoken language of the Arabs. At present there are 22 Arabic-speaking
countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoro Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait,
Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,
Syria, Tunasia, UAE and Yemen. Their religion Islam means “submission to the will
of God”. God Allah conveyed to Muhammad, a tradesman, a series of revelations
which were to for the basis of the new faith.

Science and Technology Development:

 Trigonometry, Sine, Tangent, Co-Tangent – Ibn Moosaa’s work Hisaab-Al Jab-

Wal Muqaabala (The Calculation of Integration and Equation) presented 800
examples in the 8 century CE. His work was translated from Arabic into
th

Latin and until the 16 century CE, it was Europe’s main textbook on the
th

subject.
 Astronomy – invented an instrument used to observe star called Astrolabe
 Architecture – built before the great Mosque of Damascus
 Water Wheel
 Water Irrigation
 Algebra and Geometry – Muhammad bin Moosa Al-Khawaarizmi is
considered to be one of the founders of Algebra. The word ‘Algorithm’ or
‘Algorizm’ is a corruption of his name or the name of the town Khwaarizm
(Kheva), in what is now Uzbekistan, where he was born. In addition to
introducing the Arabic numerals, he developed several arithmetical
procedures, including operations on fractions.
 Physics and Chemistry – Kamaaluddeen examined the refraction of sunlight
in raindrops and offered an explanation of the genesis of primary and
secondary rainbows.
 Haaroon Ar-Rasheed was associated with the story of the invention of the
pendulum and the presentation of a water clock to Emperor Charlemagne.
 Science of Mechanics - The development of the science of mechanics in Islam
is an act of genius. Moosaa bn Shaakir described one hundred pieces of
mechanical equipment in his book of artifices.
 Camera Obscura – In the field of optics, this was invented by Ibn Haytham in
1038 CE.
 Theory of Relativity – Qaadhi Abu Bakr developed the theory of relativity in
the 8 century CE in terms of time and space by means of mathematical
th

equations and astrophysics. Imagine, Einstein who was not even born yet at
the time, propounded the same theory of relativity much later in the 20 th

century.
 Paper Making – This was one of the earliest skills attained by the Muslims.
As early as the 8 century CE, high quality paper was being manufactured in
th

Samarqand. Egypt was known to have its first paper mill in the year 900 CE.

o Advances in Industry – Muslims were leading in weaving wool. Producing

silk, pottery, jewelry, and in leather and perfume industry.
II. Chinese Civilization

Location: Ancient China was built along the two main rivers – fist the Yellow River
(Huang He) in the north, and later the Yangtze in the south. China is one of the
oldest civilizations and the world’s most populous country (Asia), with a population
of over 1.35 billion.

Science and Technology Development:

Various forms of science such as astronomy, physics, chemistry, meteorology,

seismology, have originated from China.

Chinese contributions to science and technology:

 Paper and Chinese calligraphy began writing about 1500 BC. The earliest
writing that we know of from China was n animal bones, which are called
“oracle bones” because they were used to tell the future.
 Place value number system – decimal or base ten system was first
developed by the Chinese. The earliest invention was the abacus, a
calculator that used sliding beads to help compute math problems quickly.
 The first recorded observations of comets, solar eclipses, were done in
China
 Invented kites and lanterns
 The clock was first devised for astronomical purposes. The first ever clock
had a puppet which would hold up a plate that would tell the time. Also,
giant water clocks which rang every 15 minutes were invented.
 Magnetic compass: the compass was a wooden circle with markings on it,
and a magnetic spoon on top, used for religious purposes.
 Gunpowder: Scientists made gunpowder by mixing sulphur, charcoal and
potassium nitrate. The reason gunpowder explodes is that it burns very fast,
and when it burns it releases gases that are bigger in volume than the
original powder.
 Fireworks were actually bamboo cases filled with gunpowder with a fuse on
the side. Fireworks were initially used inly for shows. Later on they were
used to scare off enemies during the war.
 Kites were first invented in China during Chou dynasty. Kites were first
made of bamboo and silk. Chinese people flew kites for fun and also during
war to carry messages to signal people and also to carry explosives in
besieged cities. Chinese put the kites to use as hang gliders by cutting the
cord. The gliders were strong enough to sustain the weight of a man.

 Seismological detectors – Zhang Heng invented the earthquake detecting

tool called seismoscope. His seismoscope was a giant bronze vessel
resembling a kettle almost 6 feet in diameter. On the outside, the machine
had eight dragons facing down marking the primary directions of the
compass. In each dragon’s mouth was a bronze ball. Beneath the dragons sat
eight bronze toads with their broad mouths gaping to receive the balls.
 Cross bow is a bow set horizontally on a stock. When the shooter releases a
mechanism, the cross bow fires arrows or bolts by the mechanical energy o
previously stretched bowstring.
 Fans were made of bamboo spines that stick out in the shape of a semicircle
with silk wrapped around it. Fans were mostly used by women and soldiers.
 Paper and printing. Their early script contained 80,000 different characters.
They went on to invent books and had book shops in every city by the end
of the tang kinds were the wooden strips, and the most expensive was silk
cloth.
  Seed Drill: Seed drills were used by farmers to plant seeds into the soil at
uniform depth. Without this tool, farmers otherwise would toss the seeds
with hands over the ground resulting in wastage and uneven growth.
 Iron Plough: This was one of the major developments in ancient Chinese
agriculture. It was first developed in 4 century BC. Later o it was more
th

popular and used commonly during the Han dynasty.

 Porcelain: This is made of special white clay which has a lot of kaolin in it.
The clay is put on fire at very high temperature. The temperature is kept so
high that some of the clay melts and becomes shiny and translucent like
glass (Pottery).
 Silk was made from the cocoons of silkworms. The Chinese managed to keep
the process for making silk a secret for hundreds of years. Silk was a soft
and light material much desired by the wealthy throughout the world.
 Wheelbarrows are basically hand driven vehicles with two handles on the
rear side for a person to push ahead. It is mostly used in the Construction
Industry. Wheelbarrows were in use in China right from the Ancient times
during the Han dynasty. Chuko Liang was the inventor of wheelbarrows.
Liang was a general who used the wheelbarrows to transport supplies and
injured soldiers. The Chinese wheelbarrows had two wheels and required
two men to drive and steer.
 Other inventions included umbrella, iron casting, hot air balloon, matches,
stirrups for riding horses, and acupuncture. A clear coating called lacquer
was also made to protect and enhance certain works of art and furniture.
Paper money was first developed and used in China during the Tang
dynasty (7 century).
th

III. Indus-Hindu Civilization

Location: Early civilization in India emerged in river valleys, the valleys of the Indus
River supported a flourishing civilization that extended hundreds of miles from the
Himalayas to the coast of the Arabin Sea.

Science and Technology Development:

Two of the major cities were: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. At its height,
Harappa had 35,000 inhabitants and Mohenjo-Daro had perhaps 35,000 to 40,000
inhabitants. Both cities were planned carefully, most building were constructed of
mud bricks baked in oven and were square shaped, forming a grid pattern.

Evidence showed that Indus valley civilization have public wells provided
with regular supply of water for all the inhabitants and sanitation. All houses had
their own private toilet which was connected to a covered sewer network
constructed on brickwork held together with a gypsum based mortar that emptied
into the surrounding or into a cesspit. Also evident was the presence of public and
private baths, sewage and sophisticated water management system.

In 500 A.D., Aryabhata presented astronomical and mathematical system

that took the earth to spin on its axis and considered the motions of the planets
with respect to the sun (heliocentric) are elliptical. He also made an accurate
approximation of the Earth’s circumference and diameter, and also discovered how
the lunar eclipse and solar eclipse happen for the first time. He also propounded the
Heliocentric theory of gravitation, thus predating Copernicus by almost one
thousand years.

Brahmagupta (598-688) was the head of the astronomical observatory at

Ujjain; estimated in the 7 century that the circumference of the earth was 5000
th

yojanas or the estimated of 36,000 km which comes quite close to the actual
circumference known today. He had said about gravity that “bodies fall towards the
earth as it is in the nature of the earth to attract bodies, just as it is in the nature of
water to flow”. He also made calculations of eclipse of the Sun and the Moon.

In 1984, Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian to go to outer space.

The Hindus use a system of 27 or 28 Nakshatras (lunar constellations) to

calculate a month. Each month can be divided into 30 lunar tithis (days). There are
usually 360 or 366 days in a year.

The Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is actually one of six major observatories built by
the Maharajah. The one in Jaipur not only follows the movements of the sun and the
moon to help determine auspicious dates of events, it also helps map out the
position of the stars in the sky.
Name_____________________________________________________ Section: __________________________

ACTIVITY 2 MATCHING TYPE.

Write the correct letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

_____1. Trigonometry, Sine, Tangent, A. Zhang Heng

Co-Tangent

_____2. Algebra and Geometry B. Chinese invemtions

_____3. Invention of the pendulum C. Brahmagupta

Of a water clock

_____4. Theory of Relativity D. Aryabhata

_____5. Chinese writing on bones E. Haaroon Ar-Rasheed

_____6. Gunpowder and Fireforks F. Ibn Moosa Al-

Khawaarizmi

_____7. Seimoscope G. Ibn Moosaa

_____8. Porcelain and pottery H. Qaadhi Abu Bakr

_____9. Hindu astronomical

And mathematical system” I.”oracle bones”

_____10. He estimated the circumference

Of the earth.
 Check your understanding!

……………………………………………………………………………

Name: ______________________________________________ Section: ____________________________

BLOG IT

Procedure:

Choose one remarkable development from Arabic, Chinese and Hindu science and
technology and make a flyer/poster interpreting their contributions.
 LESSON 5

……………………………………………………………………………

Evidence of Science and Technology

During Pre-Columbian Times

(1500 B.C-A.D. 1500 in the New World)

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the development of Science and Technology

during Pre-Columbian times.

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

Describe the development of Science and Technology made by the Olmec, Mayans, Inca and
Aztecs;

Explicate and recognize the significance of the contribution of Olmec, Mayans, Aztecs and
Inca in the development of Science and Technology.

Word Bank:

Olmec, Mayans, Aztecs. Inca, rubber people, quipu, Badianus manuscript, Quechua
DISCUSSION

1. Olmec Civilization

Location: the first great Mesoamerican civilization. They thrived along Southern gulf
coast of Mexico , mainly in the present-day states of Veracruz and tabasco, from
about 1200 to 400 B.C. Culture was greatly influential on later societies, such as the
Maya and the Aztec.

Science and Technology Development:

The name “olmec” means “rubber people” in Nahuatl, the language of the
Aztec. The term “rubber people” refers to the ancient practice, spanning from
ancient Olmecs to Aztecs, of extracting latex from Caastilla elastica, a rubber tree in
the area. The juice of a local vine, Iponomea alba, was then mixed with this latex to
create rubber as early as 1600 BCE.

Olmecs constructed permanent city-temple complexes at San Lorenzo

Tenochtitlan, LA Venta, Tres Zapotes, and Laguna de los Cerros. The principal
architectural structure found in La Venta ruins was the vast clay pyramid decorated
with elaborate carvings. Common among places is the colossal heads that is made
from basalt which symbolizes thrones. There are also monuments and other major
pieces of Olmec art such as mask and figurines.

Olmecs are known to cultivate cacao, rubber, and salt. It is also observed that
they are using an elaborate water and drainage system. They manufacture chocolate
drinks.

There are evidences that suggest the Olmec practiced human sacrifice and
cannibalism; the calendar use in Mexico may also have originated from the Olmec.
They also studied astronomy since they are obsessed with the timing of religious
ritual. Animal gods were features of Olmec culture.

Olmec traded goods such as obsidian, ceramics, jade, serpentine mica, rubber,
pottery, feathers and polished mirrors of limenite and magnetite.

La Venta went into declined around 400 B.C. and the Olmec civilization
vanished along with it.
Maya Civilization

Location: The ancient Mayans are a diverse group of indigenous people who lived in
parts of present-day Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. It is
regarded as one of the most important pre-Columbian Mesoamerica cultures. The
Mayas are credited with a number of remarkable scientific achievements in various
scientific fields such as astronomy, engineering, medicine, and mathematics.

Science and Technology Development:

The Mayan not only made the great progress in agriculture, but also made a big break in
technology.

The architectural and engineering skills were manifested in the grandeur of their tall
pyramids of limestones, with small temples on the top constructed like an arch supported
by two side walls bridged by a row of flat stones and ornamented by steeples or roof combs.
They are usually made of cherts, obsidian, silicified limestone, and jade.

As far as astronomy was concerned, they tracked the movement of the stars and planets
across the sky and were able to accurately predict celestial events such as eclipses. To the
Mayan, Venus was the most important astronomical object.

The Mayans also discovered an accurate calendar. The ritual calendar that developed in
Mesoamerica used a count of 260 days. This calendar gave each day a name, much like our
days of the week. There were 20-day names, represented by their respective symbols.

The written language of the Mayan was made up of about 800 glyphs, or symbols. Each one
represented a word or a syllable, and could be combined with the others in an almost
infinite number of ways. As a result, there were three or four different ways to write almost
every word in the Mayan language.

The Mayans were also talented in building elaborate temples and great cities without the
essential tools like metal. It is believed that Mayans were producing rubber products.

Aztec Civilization

Location: The Aztecs established their city of Tenochtitlan, present-day Mexico City
in 1325 A.D. The Aztecs are best known as a violent people who expanded their
empire through ruthless warfare. They also had a reputation of making human
sacrifices in elaborate rituals that often involved the removal of beating hearts, to
appease their many gods.

They practiced a highly organized system of government and a language –

Nahuatl

Science and Technology Development:

The advances demonstrated in Aztec technology are so remarkable that they are still
looked upon adoringly to this day. Just a few of the Aztec accomplishments have been the
development of mathematics, the canoe, the highly specialized Aztec calendar, and
remarkably helpful forms of medicine.

Aztec tolls were made with obsidian and chert. Near the time they were overcome by
Spanish conquistadors, advances in Aztec technology led to the experimentation of making
tools with copper. Axe blades, bows and arrows were being made with either stone or
copper. Aztec technology was so advanced that they even made drills which were made of
reed or bone.

c. Aztec technology were familiar with the wheel. The wheel, however, was
only used in toys.

a. Aztecs developed dugout canoes with which they transported themselves and their
goods throughout the many canals, lakes, and waterways found in the Valley of Mexico.

a. The Aztecs were very advanced scientific thinkers and mathematicians. The Aztec
number system was far more advanced than other cultures at the time.

a. Aztec astronomy was also an important component of their calendar,

which reflected heavily on their gods.

a. The Aztecs were also advanced in the development of medicine. In

fact, Aztec medicine was found in many forms, such as ointments, drinks, and
salves.

a. This spectacular area of Aztec technology has been recorded in the

Badianus Manuscript, which was created by Aztec artists in 1552.

Inca Civilization

Location: Flourished in the Andean region of South America from the early 15 th

century A.D. up until its conquest by the Spaniards in the 1530s. One of the Inca
civilization’s most famous surviving archaeological sites is Machu Picchu, which was
built as a retreat place for an Incan emperor. The Incas called their empire
Tawantinsuyu, the “Land of the Four Corners”, and its official language was
Quechua; it was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The Inca Empire
originated at the city of Cuzco in what is today Peru. To support this empire, a
system of roads stretched to almost 25,000 miles.

Science and Technology Development:

They are rich in maize (corn) and dried llama, coca leaves and alcohol; Other consumable
goods include sweet potatoes, quinoa, beans and chili peppers. Coca leaves were used in
moderate amounts to lessen hunger and pain during work, but were mostly used for
religious and health purposes as well as during surgeries as an anesthetic.

Mummification of individuals was an important part of Inca funerary rites.

November is described as being the “month of carrying the dead”, a time when people
would try to feed the mummies of their ancestors.
Striking artistry were its textiles; finest grade of cloth was called cumpi, being reserved for
the emperor and nobility. Clothes were woven out of wool from dried llamas and alpaca or
vicuna wool and cotton.

Objects were made out of gold and silver. Inca stone-working was also considered to be
very fine. Their craftsmen fitted building stones together perfectly without using any
mortar, such that an object as thin as a razor blade could not be inserted between the
stones.

Inca calendars were strongly tied to astronomy. The Inca calendar was essentially lunisolar,
as two calendars were maintained in parallel, one solar and one lunar. Twelve lunar
months fall 11 days short of a full 365-day solar year. Equinoxes, solstices and Venus cycles
are observed.

g. The Inca used assemblages of knotted strings, known as Quipu, used as

mnemonic devices or to record numerical data and also believed to record
history and literature.

a. The Inca made many discoveries in medicine. They performed successful skull
surgeries, which involved cutting holes in the skull in order to alleviate fluid buildup and
inflammation caused by head wounds.

a. Physical measures employed by the Inca were based upon human body parts.
Fingers, the distance between thumb to forefinger, palms, cubits, and wingspans were
among those units used. The most basic unit of distance was thatkiy, or thatki, or one place.

a. The Inca weaponry included: Bronze or bone-tipped spears; Two-handed wooden

swords with serrated edges; Clubs with stone and spiked metal heads; Woolen slings and
stones; Stone or copper headed battle-aces; Bolas (stones fastened to lengths of cord).
 Check your understanding!

……………………………………………………………………………

Name: ____________________________________________________ Section: ____________________________

ACTIVITY 4 COMPLETE THE TABLE

Provide the necessary information to complete the table.

Olmec Mayan Aztec Inca

Civilization Civilization Civilization Civilization

Present day Location

Agriculture

Astronomy/

Calendars

Tools and

weapons

Medicine

Other Scientific

Development
 Check your understanding!

……………………………………………………………………………

Answer the following questions briefly

1. Identify one technology that had a remarkable impact on the life of people during Pre-
Columbian time in all civilization.

2. What are the means of livelihood and survival of the people during that time?

3. Most of the civilization at that time believed in polytheism, explain the implication of this
practice to the life of people.
 LESSON 6

……………………………………………………………………………

The State of Science and Technology

during the Middle Ages

(A.D. 400 – A.D. 1300 in the Western World)

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the development and state of Science and
Technology during Middle Ages

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. Describe the development of Science and Technology during the Middle Ages;
2. Elucidate and recognize the significance of the different inventions to the society
during the Middle Ages.

Word Bank:

Medieval times, Counterweight trebuchet, crossbow, armour, heavy wheeled plough, clock,
hourglass, mirror
DISCUSSION

Medieval Times, Middle Ages, and Dark Ages are generally referring to the same
period of time from 500 to 1500 AD. That’s 1000 years! It covers the time from the fall of
the Roman Empire to the rise of the Ottoman Empire. Europe experienced an intellectual
revitalization, especially with regard to the investigation of the natural world.

The Medieval period saw major technological advances, including the invention of
vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, greatly improved water mills, building
techniques like the Gothic style and three-field crop rotation.

Here are some of the famous inventions during Medieval times;

1. Military technologies such:

Counterweight trebuchet is a revolutionized medieval siege weapon which uses

counterweights and hurling of huge stones to very far distances. It was first used in the
eastern Mediterranean basin.

Longbow with massed, discipled archery was used by the English against the French during
the Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453). The Longbow was powerful, accurate and
contributed to the eventual demise of the medieval knight class.

Steel crossbow was the first hand-held mechanical crossbow. This European innovation
came with several different cooking aids to enhance draw power.

Complete Full plate armour appeared by the end of the 14 century. The armour chain mail
th

was made from thousands of metal rings and the armour was a long cloak called a hauberk.
Plate armour is considered the best in personal armour in terms of body protection and
showed the skills involved in working metal.

Agricultural Innovations such as the heavy wheeled plough, three-field system, horse
collar, the stirrup, and horseshoe were developed.

Heavy wheeled plough was important in the cultivation of rich, heavy, often wet
soils of Northern Europe that advanced their agricultural practices.

Horse collar went through multiple evolutions from the 6 to 9 centuries. It

th th

allowed more horse pulling power, such as with heavy ploughs, while Horseshoes
let horses adapt to rocky terrain, mountains and carry heavier loads. They may
have been known to the Romans and Celts as early as 50 BC.

Artesian well is composed of a thin rod with a hard iron cutting edge placed in a
borehole and repeatedly struck with a hammer. Underground water pressure
forces the water up the hole without pumping. Artesian wells are named as such
for Artois, a region in France, where the first was drilled by Carthusian monks in
1126.

Wheelbarrow is used in construction, mining, and farming for carrying materials

from place to place. Wheelbarrows appeared in stories and pictures between
1170 and 1250 in North-western Europe.
Other inventions

Blast furnace or cast iron first appeared in Middle Europe around 1150.

Hourglass was made from a dependable, affordable and accurate measure of

time, believed to be a medieval innovation first documented in Siena, Italy.
Mechanical clocks is a European innovation, these weight-driven clocks were
used primarily in clock towers.

Vertical windmills is a pivot able post mill efficient at grinding grain or draining
water. The first mention of one is from Yorkshire in England in 1185.

Spectacles is composed of convex lenses to help far-sighted people to see.

Chess – it is said that the earliest predecessors of the game originated from India,
in the 6 century AD and spread through Persia and the Muslim world to Europe.
th

The game evolved to its current form in the 15 century.

th

Mirrors were made in 1180 by Alexander Neckham who said “Take away the
lead which is behind the glass and there will be no image of the one looking in”.

Oil paint was invented by a Flemish painter Jan van Eyck around 1410 who
introduced a stable oil mixture. Oil was used to add details to tempera paintings.

A tide mill is a special type of water mill driven by tidal rise and fall. A dam with a
conduit is created across a suitable tidal inlet, or a section of river estuary is
made into a reservoir. As the tide comes in, it enters the mill pond through a one-
way gate, and this gate closes automatically when the tide begins to fall. When
the tide is low enough, the stored water can be released to turn a water wheel.
The earliest excavated tide mill, dating from 787 AD, is the Nendrum Monastery
mill on an island in Strangford Lough on Northern Ireland.

The spinning wheel was probably invented in India, though its origins are
ambiguous. It reached Europe via the Middle East in the European Middle Ages.
It replaced the earlier method of hand spinning, in which the individual fibres
were drawn out of a mass of wool held on a stick, or distaff, twisted together to
form a continuous strand, and wound on a second stick, or spindle.

By 1000s, the first universities were developed – they trained the middle
class of the cities in theology, medicine, and law. By 1100s, modern universities
emerged throughout Western Europe such as Oxford and Cambridge in England.

In the 14 century, Crisis of the Late Middle Ages was underway. A plague
th

called Black Death came, it wiped out so many lives it affected the entire system.
It brought a sudden end to the previous period of massive scientific change. The
plague killed 25-50% of the people in Europe, especially in the crowded areas of
the towns, where the heart of innovations lay. Quarantine technique was
established, initially a 40-day-period, the Quarantine was introduced by the
Republic of Ragusa to prevent the spreading of diseases like the Black Death.
Venice began quarantines, then the practice spread around in Europe.
 Check your understanding!

……………………………………………………………………………

Name: ________________________________________________________ Section: ____________________________

ACTIVITY 2 MATCHING TYPE

Write the correct letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

________ 1. The university that emerged A. heavy wheeled plough

during medieval times B. Full plate armour

________ 2. A process of preventing C. Oxford University

the spread of disease D. Wheelbarrow

________ 3. Characterized by the fall E. Full plate armour

of Roman Empire F. Black death (plague)

________ 4. Use for hurling huge stone G. Mirror

over a distance H. quarantine

________ 5. Use for protecting the body I. Vertical windmill

________ 6. Use for cultivating crops J. Medieval Ages

________ 7. Use for transferring heavy

materials

________ 8. Use for grinding grain

________ 9. Use to see one’s image

________ 10. A disease that wiped out

25-50% of European
 Check your understanding!

……………………………………………………………………………

Name: _________________________________________________________ Section: ____________________________

Procedure: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. make a reflective journal of some of the notable inventions made during the Medieval
ages that are still useful nowadays? Justify your answer.
 LESSON 7

……………………………………………………………………………

The Advance of Science and Technology

during the Renaissance

(A.D. 1300 – A.D. 1550 in the Western World)

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the development and state of Science and
Technology during the Renaissance period.

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. Describe the development of Science and Technology during Renaissance period;

2. Explicate and recognize the significance of the technology invented during the
Renaissance period;
3. Recognize and appreciate the works of the different proponents of the
Renaissance period.

Word Bank:

Renaissance, printing press, parachute, alchemy, newspaper, circulation

DISCUSSION

Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in Europe. It was a rebirth of

cultural and intellectual pursuits after the stagnation of the Middle Ages. The Renaissance
produced a golden age with many achievements in art, literature, and science, but most
importantly, it produced a new concept of how people thought of themselves, each other,
and the world around them.

The Renaissance was centered in Italy during the 1300s, before spreading
throughout Europe in the 1500 and 1600s. Great advances occurred in geography,
astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy, and engineering.

Science and Technology Development:

 Michaelangelo is known as sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. His

famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the
sculpture of the biblical character David.
 The most important technological innovation of the time was the invention of
the printing press. This was introduced from China in the 1300s. By the 1400s,
movable type was being used in Europe as Johann Gutenberg began printing
the Bible in every language. Soon millions of books were in circulation. This
invention led to a higher literacy rate among people and helped with the
spreading of Renaissance ideas.
 Some important Renaissance technologies include both innovations and
improvements on existing techniques such as:

 Mining and metallurgy: blast furnace, finery forge, slitting mill, arquebus and
musket.
 Firearms, and the nautical compass – these inventions allowed modern
people to communicate, exercise power, and finally travel at distances
unimaginable in earlier times.
 Parachute: Veranzio’s 1595 parachute design titled “Flying Man”
 Mariner’s astrolabe: The earliest recorded uses of the astrolabe for
navigational purposes.
 Dry dock and floating dock
 Newspaper is an offspring of the printing press from which the press derives
its name. The 16 century sees a rising demand for up-to-date information
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which cannot be covered effectively by the circulating hand-written

newssheets. For “gaining time” from the slow copying process, Johann Carolus
of Strassburg is the first to publish his German-language Relation by using a
printing press (1605).
 Air-gun: an air-gun equipped with a powerful spiral spring.

Alchemy – is the study of the transmutation of materials through obscure processes.

It is sometimes described as an early form of chemistry. One of the main aims of alchemists
was to find a method of creating gold from other substances. Medieval alchemists worked
with two main elements, sulphur and mercury. Paracelsus was an alchemist and physician
of the Renaissance. The Paracelsians added a third element, salt, to make a trinity of
alchemical elements.
 Astronomy – Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543). Founded the theory of
Heliocentric, that the earth revolved around the sun. Sun is the center of solar system. His
book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), was
finally published in 1543. A comparison of his work with the Almagest shows that
Copernicus was in many ways a Renaissance scientist rather than a revolutionary.

Medicine – With the Renaissance came an increase in experimental investigation,

principally in the field of dissection and body examination, thus advancing our knowledge
of human anatomy.

The development of modern neurology began in the 16 century with Andreas

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Vesalius (1514 – 1564), who described the anatomy of the brain and other organs; In 1543,
he published one of the most famous publications in natural philosophy his anatomical
book De fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). It was arguably the most important
anatomical texts of the century, at once criticizing the work of the ancients, principally
Galen, offering new illustrations based on first-hand observation and fresh dissections.

 Few effective drugs existed, beyond opium and quinine.

 William Harvey provided a refined and complete description of the circulatory
system. The most useful tomes in medicine, used both by students and experts
physicians, were materiae medicae and pharmacopoeiae.
 Otto Brunfels (1530 – 1536) published Portraits of Living Plants, a botanical
work that employed freshly drawn illustrations from living plants, undermining
the practice of copying drawings from existing accounts.
Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ____________________________

ACTIVITY 1 IDENTIFICATION

Underline the correct answer

1. (Ptolemy, Copernicus) founded the theory Heliocentric, which states that the sun is the
center of solar system.

2. He discovered that blood circulates through the body and started the science of
Physiology (William Harvey, Andreas Vesalius).

3. (Johann Gutenberg, Johann Carolus) invented the first mechanical printing press.

4. A great painter, (Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo) known for his work on Mona Liza
and The last supper.

5. He described the anatomy of the brain as well as other orhans of the body. He is (William
Harvey, Andreas Vesalius).

6. His publication in the Portraits of Living plants, describing each property and
characteristics (Theophrastus, Otto Brunfels).

7. He published a book about the revolution of the celestial bodies around the spheres in
1543 (Copernicus, Galen).

8. (Michaelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci) is known as the great painter that did the murals on
the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

9. (Metallurgy, Alchemy) is the science of transformation of materials into other metals, like
of gold.

10. It is a period of rebirth after the fall of Roman empire, marked by great advances in
science and technology (Medieval period, Renaissance period).
 LESSON 8

……………………………………………………………………………

The LEAP of Science and Technology

during the Scientific Revolution

(A.D. 1600 – A.D. 1700)

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the development and state of Science and
Technology during Scientific Revolution.

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. Describe the development of Science and Technology during Scientific

Revolution;
2. Explicate and recognize the significance of the technology invented during the
Scientific Revolution;
3. Recognize and appreciate the works of the different proponents of the Scientific
Revolution period.

Word Bank:

Scientific revolution, magnet comet, astronomia nova, telescope, gravitation, alchemy,

tabula rasa
DISCUSSION

The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early
modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and
chemistry transformed the views of society and nature. The scientific revolution began in
Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18 th

century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment.

Science and technology Development:

1. Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium is often cited

as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution.

William Gilbert (1544 – 1603) published books On the Magnet and Magnetic
Bodies, and the Great Magnet the Earth in 1600, which laid the foundations of a
theory of magnetism and electricity. Gilbert provided a hyper-empirical study of
magnets, magnetism, and electricity with speculations about cosmology.

Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601), a Danish nobleman. He is known for his accurate
and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations. He was assisted
by Johannes Kepler, where the latter used the information to develop his own
theories in Astronomy. In November 1572, he discovered the ‘Tycho’s Star’ or
the ‘Star of 1572’, a dramatic supernova believed to appear in Cassiopeia
constellation which became the talk of Europe and the great Comet of 1577.
Proposed a system in which the sun and moon orbited the earth, while the other
planets orbited the sun. (Geo-Heliocentric theory or tychonic theory). The crater
Tycho on the moon is named after him, as in the crater Tycho Brahe on Mars.

Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) first publication in astronomy, called Cosmographic

Mystery presented a stridently Copernican worldview dedicated to drawing together
mathematical astronomy, physics, and a quasi-Pythogorean religious perspective in hope of
a new astronomy; He published the first two of his three laws of planetary motion in 1609;
published his Ad vitellioem paralipomena quibus astronomiae pars optica traditor (The
Optical Part of Astronomy) where he argues that light rays are rectilinear, that they
diminish in intensity by the inverse square of their distance as they travel from the light
source; Astronomia nova (New Astronomy) shows that Mars moves non-uniformly in an
elliptical path and proposes a quasi-magnetic power or virtue emanating from the sun as
partial explanation for the planetary motions; Harmonice mundi (Harmonies of the World)
presents his so-called ‘Third Law’ which draws attention to the relationship between the
annual periods of the planets and their mean distances from the sun.

Sir Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) published Novum Organum in 1620, which outlined a
new system of logic based on the process of reduction, which he offered as an improvement
over Aristotle’s philosophical process of syllogism. He was a pivotal figure in establishing
the scientific method of investigation.
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) the famous Italian Astronomer who demonstrated that a
projectile follows a parabolic path; 1608, he invented the telescope (‘spyglass’) which
employs a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece; 1609, he constructed his first
telescope and turns it toward the heavens and able to discover and argues there are
innumerable stars invisible to the naked eye; He discovered mountains on the Moon and
four moons circling Jupiter; later in 1610, Galileo observes the phases of Venus, which
suggested to him that waning and waxing planet must circle the Sun; discovered the
sunspots; noted that Saturn appeared to have ‘handles’ and troubled over what could give
rise to such an appearance; 1616, the year of the infamous Injunction against Galileo, was
warned by the Inquisition not to hold or defend the hypothesis asserted in Copernicus’ On
the Revolutions, though it has been debated whether he was admonished not to ‘teach in
any way’ the heliocentric theory. This work was in turn placed on the Index of Prohibited
Books until corrected.

Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) published his Discourse on the Method in 1637, which
helped to establish the scientific method.

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) constructed powerful single lens microscopes
and made extensive observations that he published around 1660, opening up the micro-
world of biology.

Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727) built upon the work of Kepler and Galileo. He showed that an
inverse square law for gravity explained the elliptical orbits of the planets, and advanced
the law of universal gravitation; In his Principia, Newton theorized his axiomatic three laws
of motion.

Alexander Koyre, in the 20 century, introduced the term “Scientific Revolution”,

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centering his analysis on Galileo, and the term was popularized by Butterfield in his Origins
of Modern Science.

John Locke is recognized founder of empiricism and proposed in An Essay Concerning

Human Understanding (1689) that the only true knowledge that could be accessible to the
human mind was that which was based on experience. He argued that the human mind was
created as a tabula rasa, a “blank tablet”, upon which sensory impressions were recorded
and built-up knowledge through a process of reflection.

Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691) an English chemist considered to have refined the modern
scientific method for alchemy and to have separated chemistry further from alchemy. Boyle
is largely regarded as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of
modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method.

Although Boyle was not an original discover, he is best known for Boyle’s Law,
which he presented in 1662: the law describes the inversely proportional
relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of gas, if the temperature
is kept constant within a closed system. He built an Air pump, and many new
 instruments were devised in this period, which greatly aided in the expansion of
scientific knowledge.

Refracting telescopes first appeared in the Netherlands in 1608. The spectacle makers
Hans Lippershey, Zacharias Janssen and Jacob Metius of Alkmaarall contributed to its
invention.

Evangelista Torricelli (1607 – 1647) was best known for his invention of the mercury
barometer. The motivation for the invention was to improve on the suction pumps that
were used to raise water out of the mines.
Name: ___________________________________________________ Section: ____________________________

ACTIVITY 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE

Choose the letter of your answer and write the corresponding letter on the space provided
before the number.

________ 1. The law which states the acceleration will be proportional to the magnitude of
the force and in the same direction as the force;

A. Law of Inertia B. Law of gravitational force

C. Law of acceleration D. Law of interaction

________ 2. An Astronomer who believed in” Heliocentric theory”;

A. Claudius Ptolemy B. Isaac Newton

C. Nicolaus Copernicus D. Edwin Hubble

________ 3. He discovered the ‘Star of 1572’, a dramatic supernova believed to appear in

Cassiopeia constellation;

A. Johannes Kepler B. Isaac Newton

C. Nicolaus Copernicus D. Tycho Brahe

________ 4. The following are true about Galileo, except;

A. discovered the moon of Jupiter B. developed a refracting telescope

C. hesitate the Copernican theory D. published “The Starry

Messenger”

________ 5. He argues that light rays are rectilinear, that they diminish in intensity by the
inverse square of their distance as they travel from the light source;

A. Johannes Kepler B. Isaac Newton

C. Nicolaus Copernicus D. Tycho Brahe

________ 6. He made extensive observations that he published around 1660, opening up the
micro-world of biology;

A. Aristotle B. Alexander Koyre

C. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek D. Tycho Brahe

________ 7. He introduced the term “Scientific Revolution”

A. Aristotle B. Alexander Koyre

C. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek D. Tycho Brahe

________ 8. He described that gas at constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional

to its volume;

A. Robert Boyle B. Evangelista Torricelli

C. Hans Lippershey D. Jacob Metius

________ 9. He invented the mercury barometer;

A. Robert Boyle B. Evangelista Torricelli

C. Hans Lippershey D. Jacob Metius

________ 10. He is known as proponent of the law of universal gravitation;

A. Johannes Kepler B. Isaac Newton

C. Nicolaus Copernicus D. Tycho Brahe

 Check your understanding!

……………………………………………………………………………

Name: _________________________________________________ Section: ________________________

1. Individual Output: Choose two proponents of science and technology from the scientific
revolution period and make a journal or newsletter on how to promote their contributions
done during this period. (One page journal type blog)
 LESSON 9

……………………………………………………………………………

The Impact of Science and Technology on Society

during the Industrial Revolution

(A.D. 1730 – A.D. 1950 in the Modern World)

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the Impact of Science and Technology on

the Society during the Industrial Revolution

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. Describe the impact of Science and Technology on society during the Industrial
revolution;
2. Recognize and appreciate the works of the different proponents of the Industrial
Revolution period.

Word Bank:

Atom, radioactive isotopes, mutations, genetics, biochemistry modern medicine, steam

engine, metallurgy, nucleosynthesis
DISCUSSION

In much of modern science the idea of progressive change, or revolution, has been of
fundamental importance. In addition to biological evolution, astronomers have been
concerned with stellar and galactic evolution, and astrophysicists and chemists with
nucleosynthesis, or the evolution of the chemical elements. Geologists have discovered that
the continents are not static entities but are also evolving; according to the theory of plate
tectonics, some continents are moving away from each other while others are moving
closer together.

Physics in particular was shaken to the core around the turn of the century. The
atom had been presumed indestructible, but discoveries of X-rays (1895), radioactivity
(1896), and the electron (1897) could not be explained by the classical theories. The
discovery of the atomic nucleus (1911) and of numerous subatomic particles in addition to
the electron opened up the broad field of atomic and nuclear physics. Atoms were found to
change not only by radioactive decay but also by more dramatic processes- nuclear fission
and fusion – with the release of large amounts of energy.

 Albert Einstein – theory of relativity

 Radioactive isotopes have been used as tracers in complicated chemical and

biochemical reactions and have also found application in geological dating

 Introduction of microscope by the Janssen team that paved way for the
establishment of the cell theory and study of minute things. Charles Darwin
proposed the natural selection as an explanation of evolution. Darwin’s complete
theory is published in “On the origin of Species” in 1859. Gregor Mendel’s theory of
Genetics, he observed and studied the pattern of inheritance using a pea plant and
developed the Mendelian Principles of Heredity;

 Louis Pasteur a French scientist known as the father of microbiology. He pioneered

pasteurization, a process of heating milk to a high temperature and pressure to
eliminate sourcing caused bacteria. He also proposed the germ theory of disease, in
which diseases arise from naturally existing microorganisms not from spontaneous
generation. He developed a vaccine for rabies and disproved spontaneous
generation theory.

 Hugo de Vries around the turn of the century biological evolution came to be
interpreted in terms of mutations that result in a genetically distinct species; the
survival of a given species was thus related to its ability to adapt to its environment
through such mutations.
  The development of biochemistry and the recognition that most important biological
processes take place at the molecular level led to the rapid growth of the field of
molecular biology, with such fundamental results as the discovery of the structure
of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the molecule carrying the genetic code.

 Modern medicine has profited from this explosion of knowledge in biology and
biochemistry, with new methods of treatment ranging from penicillin, insulin, and a
vast array of other drugs to pacemakers for weak hearts and implantation of
artificial or donated organs.

 In astronomy ever larger telescopes have assisted in the discovery that the sun is a
rather ordinary star in a huge collection of stars, the Milky Way, which itself is only
on the galaxies, that in general are expanding away from each other. Through space
travel astronomers were able to study and discover the nature of the universe
beyond Earth. The space age began with the launch of the first artificial satellites in
1957. A human first went into space in 1961. Since then, cosmonauts have ventured
into space for further study of the universe.

 The study of remote objects, billions of light-years from the earth, has been carried
out at all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, with some of the most notable
results being made in radio astronomy, which has been used to map the Milky Way,
study quasars, pulsars, and other unusual objects, and detect relatively complex
organic molecules floating in space.

 The electronics industry, born in the early 20 century, has advanced to the point
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where a complex device, such as a computer, that once might have filled an entire
room can now be carried in an attaché case. The electronic computer has become
one of the key tools of modern industry. Electronics has also been fundamental in
developing new communications devices (radio, television, laser).

 A Watt steam engine. The steam engine, made of iron and fueled primarily by coal,
became widely used in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution.

Important Technological Developments

Metallurgy: A major change in the metal industries during the era of the Industrial
Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal. For a given amount
of heat, coal required much less labour to mine than cutting wood and converting it to
charcoal, and coal was more abundant than wood. The substitution of coke for charcoal
greatly lowered the fuel cost for pig iron and wrought iron production. Using coke also
allowed larger blast furnaces, resulting in economies of scale. The cast iron blowing
cylinder was first used in 1760. It was later improved by making it double acting, which
allowed higher furnace temperature.

James Watt and Matthew Boulton, had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam
engine, which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably the closing off of the
upper part of the cylinder thereby making the low pressure steam drive the top of the
piston instead of the atmosphere, use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam
condenser chamber.

Machine tools: created a demand for metal parts used in machinery. This led to the
development of several machine tools for cutting metal parts.

Chemicals: The large scale production of chemicals such as sulphuric acid by the lead
chamber process was invented by the Englishman John Roebuck. Sulphuric acid is used for
pickling (removing rust) iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth. Nicolas Leblanc, in 1791
introduced a method for the production of sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate had many
uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. The development of bleaching powder
calcium hypochlorite revolutionized the bleaching processes in the textile industry by
dramatically reducing the time required for the traditional process then in use, which
required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali
or sour milk.

Cement: In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical
process for making Portland cement which was an important advance in the building
trades. This process involves sintering of mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 C,
then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand and gravel to
produce concrete. Cement was used on a large scale in the construction.

Gas lighting: Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large-scale
introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton and Watt,
the Birmingham steam engine pioneers. The process consisted of the large-scale
gasification of coal in furnaces, the purification of the gas (removal of sulphur, ammonia,
and heavy hydrocarbons), and its storage and distribution. The first gas lighting utilities
were established in London between 1812 and 1820.

Glass making: A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder process, was
developed in Europe during the early 19 century. In 1832, this process was used by the
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Chance Brothers to create sheet glass. They became the leading producers of window and
plate glass. This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without
interruption, thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of
buildings.

Paper machine: A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric
was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert.

Agriculture: improved agricultural productivity freed up workers to work in other sectors

of the economy. Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed drill, the
Dutch plough, which contained iron parts, and the threshing machine. Jethro Tull invented
an improved seed drill in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly
across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth.

Transportation: At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by

navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea.
Wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment. From astounding
automobile and the early airplane to the modern supersonic jet and the giant rocket that
has taken astronauts to the moon. Transportation improvements, such as canals and
improved roads, also lowered food costs. Railroads were introduced near the end of the
Industrial Revolution.
 Canals were the first technology to allow bulk materials to be economically
transported long distances inland. Building of canals dates to ancient times. The Grand
Canal in China, “the world’s largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence”,
parts of which were started between the 6 and 4 centuries BC, is 1,129 miles (1,804 km)
th th

long and links Hangzhou with Beijing.

Food and nutrition: food supply had been increasing and prices falling before the
Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices.

Housing: Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from splendor for
factory owners to squalor for workers.

The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of professionals, such as

lawyers and doctors, who lived in much better conditions.

Conditions improved over the course of the 19 century due to new public health
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acts regulating things such as sewage, hygiene and home construction.

Clothing and consumer goods: Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and
household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils, an in the following decades, stoves for
cooking and space heating.
 Check your understanding!

……………………………………………………………………………

Name: ____________________________________________________ Section: ____________________________

ACTIVITY 1 COMPARE AND CONTRATS THE FOLLOWING

1. Plate tectonic and continental drift theory

2. X-rays and radioactivity

3. The work of Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel

4. Biochemistry and molecular biology

5. Germ theory of disease and spontaneous generation

6. Alchemy and metallurgy

7. John Roebuck and Nicolas Leblanc

8. Gas lighting and glass making

9. Seed drill and Dutch plough

10. Transportation by means of land and canals

Name: ______________________________________________________Section: ____________________________

ACTIVITY 2 IDENTIFICATION

Underline the correct answer.

1. Which theory states that some continents are moving away from each other (Plate
tectonic, Continental drift theory)

2. It is the negatively sub particle of an atom; (atomic nucleus, electron)

3. It is used as tracers in complicated chemical and biochemical reactions and have also
found application in geological dating (Radioactive isotopes, isotopes of hydrogen)

4. He introduced the theory of natural selection as basis of evolution of living things

(Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel)

5. He pioneered pasteurization a process of heating milk to a high temperature and

pressure to eliminate souring caused bacteria (Robert Hooke, Louis Pasteur)

6. It is the molecule carrying the genetic code, (deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid)

7. (Radio Astronomy, Meteorology) has been used to map the Milky Way, study quasars,
pulsars, and other unusual objects, and detect relatively complex organic molecules
floating in space.

8. Communication devices such as radio, television, computer, laser is an example of

(electronic industry. Computer industry)

9. (Sulphuric acid, sodium carbonate) is used for pickling iron and steel as well as beaching
cloth.

10. He is known for inventing large-scale gasification of coal in furnaces, the purification of
the gas and its storage and distribution; (William Murdoch, Joseph Aspdin)
 LESSON 10

……………………………………………………………………………

Science, Technology and Society

in the 20 Century
th

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the development of Science and Technology

in the 2oth century

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. Describe the development of Science and Technology in the 20 century

th

2. Identify some of the notable development of science and technology in the 20 th

century
3. Describe and recognize the significance of the different developments and
inventions in the 20 century.
th

Word Bank:

Airplane, computers, optic fibers, internet, magnetic resonance imaging, gene therapy
DISCUSSION

There are heaps of development of science and technology during this century and it
keeps on upgrading. The following are some of the remarkable inventions that had major
impact on human being.

The Airplane

An airplane or aeroplane was invented by the Wright brothers. Wilbur and Orville.
It is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or
propeller. Their work leads them to make the first controlled, sustained, powered flights on
December 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. On Jan. 1, 1914, the St. Petersburg-
Tampa Airboat Line became the world’s first scheduled passenger airline service, operating
between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Florida. It was a short-lived undertaking but it paved
the way for today’s daily transcontinental flights.

The extensive uses of airplanes include recreation, transportation of goods and

people, military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the
flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily on airlines. Most airplanes are flown by a
pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.

Airplanes had a presence in all major battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft
was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was
introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in
commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to at least 2013.

Computers

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts information, stores it, processes it

according to the instructions provided by a user and then returns the result. Today,
computers have become part of our everyday activities. While computers as we know them
today are relatively recent, the concepts and ideas behind computers have quite a bit of
history.

Charles Babbage referred to as ‘the father of computers’, conceived an analytical

engine in 1830 which could be programmed with punched cards to carry out calculators. It
was different from its predecessors because it was able to make decisions based on its own
computations, such as sequential control, branching and looping. Konrad Zuse built the
very first electronic computers in Germany in the period 1935 to 1941. The Z3 was the first
working, programmable and fully automatic digital computer. Zuse is often regarded as the
‘inventor of the computer’.

The British built the Colossus and the Americans built the Electronic Numerical
Integrator Analyzer and Computer, or ENIAC between 1943 and 1945. Both Colossus and
ENIAC relied heavily on vacuum tubes, which can act as an electronic switch that can be
turned on or off much faster than mechanical switches. Computer systems using vacuum
tubes are considered the first generation of computers.

The first semiconductor transistor was invented in 1926, but only in 1947 was it
developed into a solid-state, reliable transistor for the use in computers. Similar to a
vacuum tube, a transistor controls the flow of electricity, but it was only a few millimeters
in size and generated little heat. Computer systems using transistors are considered the
second generation of computers.

In 1954, IBM introduced the first mass-produced computer. By 1958 it became

possible to combine several components, including transistors, and the circuitry connecting
them on a single piece of silicon. This was the first integrated circuit. Computer systems
using integrated circuits are considered the third generation of computers. Integrated
circuits led to the computer processors we use today.

Computers became quickly more powerful. By 1970 it became possible to squeeze

all the integrated circuits that are part of a single computer on a single chip called a
microprocessor. Computer systems using microprocessors are considered the fourth
generation of computers.

In the early 1970s computers were still mostly used by larger corporations,
government agencies and universities. The first device that could be called a personal
computer was introduced in 1975.

The following are some of the highlighted developments of computer.

 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak introduce Apple Computers on April Fool’s Day and
roll out the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board in 1976.
 The first IBM personal computer, code-name “Acorn”, was introduced. It uses
Microsoft’s MS-DOS operating system. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks and an
optional color monitor in 1981.
 The first dot-com domain name was registered on March 15, years before the World
Wide Web would mark the formal beginning of Internet history in 1985.
 Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in Gneva,
developers HyperText Markup Language (HTML), giving rise to the World Wide
Web (WWW) in 1990.
 The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs on
1993.
 PCs became gaming machines as “Command & Conquer”, “Alone in the Dark 2”,
“Theme Park”, “Magic Carpet”, “Descent”, and “Little Big Adventure” were among the
games to hit the market in 1994.
 The tern Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and users begin connecting
to the Internet without wires in 1999.
 Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides protected memory
architecture and pre-emptive multi-tasking, among other benefits in 2001.
 Mozilla’s Firefox 1.0 challenges Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, the dominant Web
browser. Facebook, a social networking site, launches in 2004.
 YouTube, a video sharing service, is founded. Google acquires Android, a Linux-
based mobile phone operating system in 2005.

 Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer,
as well as an Intel-based iMac. Nintendo’s Wii game console hits the market in 2006.
 The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smartphone in 2007.
 Google releases the Chromebook, a laptop that runs the Google Chrome OS in 2011.
 Facebook gains 1 billion users on October 4, 2012.
 The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created in 2016.
 The Defense Advanced Research projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new
“Molecular Informatics” program that uses molecules as computers (2017).

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical test that physicians

use to diagnose medical conditions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the body uses a
powerful magnetic field, radio waves or pulses and a computer to produce detailed pictures
of the inside of your body such as organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal
body structures. It may be used to help diagnose the presence of certain disease and
abnormalities or monitor treatment for a variety of conditions within the body.
 Physicians use an MR examination to help diagnose or monito treatment for
conditions such as: tumors of the chest, abdomen or pelvis; diseases of the liver, such as
cirrhosis, and abnormalities of the bile ducts and pancreas; inflammatory bowel disease
such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis; heart problems, such as congenital heart
disease, malformations of the blood vessels and inflammation of the vessels (vasculitis); a
fetus in the womb of a pregnant woman.

The Internet

The Internet was the work of dozens of pioneering scientists, programmers and
engineers who each developed new features and technologies that eventually merged to
become the “information superhighway” we know today.

It started in early 1900 when Nikola Tesla toyed with the idea of a “world wireless
system”. Paul Otlet and Vannevar Bush conceived of mechanized, searchable storage
systems of books and media in the 1930s and 1940s. J.C.R. Licklider popularized the idea of
an “Intergalactic Network” of computers. These groundbreaking ideas landed him a
position as director of the U.S Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA), the government agency responsible for creating a time-sharing network of
computers known as ARPANET, the precursor to today’s internet in 1960. Leonard
Kleinrock invented the packet switching, a method for effectively transmitting electronic
data that would later become one of the major building blocks of the Internet. ARPANET
used packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network.
Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf in 1970, developed Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, a communications model that set standards for how data
could be transmitted between multiple networks.

In 1972, Ray Tomlinson introduced network email. ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January
1, 1983, and from there researchers began to assemble the “network of networks” that
became the modern Internet. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1990. The
web served as the most common means of accessing data online in the form of websites
and hyperlinks. The web helped popularized the Internet among the public and served as a
crucial step in developing the vast trove of information that most of us now access on a
daily basis.

During the 1980s, the National Science Foundation started to build a nationwide
computer network that included its own supercomputers, called NSFNET. ARPANET had
grown well beyond the needs of the Department of Defense, and so the NSF took control of
the “civilian nodes”. In 1990, ARPANET was officially decommissioned. Ultimately, the NSF
aimed to build a network that was independent of government funding. The NSF lifted all
restrictions on commercial use on its network in 1991 and in 1995, the Internet was
officially privatized. At the time, the Internet was 50,000 networks strong, spanned seven
continents, and reached into space.

Optical Fiber

In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell created a very early precursor to fiber-optic

communications, the world’s first wireless telephone (Photophone). Bell considered it his
most important invention. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of
light. Due to its use of an atmospheric transmission medium, the Photophone would not
prove practical until advances in laser and optical fiber technologies permitted the secure
transport of light. The Photophone’s first practical use came in military communication
systems many decades later.

In 1952, UK based physicist Narinder Singh Kapany invented the first actual fiber
optical cable based on John Tyndall’s experiments three decades earlier. Jun-ichi Nishizawa,
a Japanese scientist proposed the use of optical fibers for communications in 1963. Optical
fiber was successfully developed in 1970 by Corning Glass Works (Robert Maurer, Donald
Keck, Peter Schultz, and Frank Zimar), with attenuation low enough for communication
purposes and at the same time GaAs semiconductor lasers were developed that were
compact and therefore suitable for transmitting light through fiber optic cables for long
distances. By the early 1990’s as the Internet was becoming popularized in the public realm,
fiber optic cables started to be laid around the world with a major push to wire the world
in order to provide communication infrastructure.

Fiber optic is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance,
or immunity to electromagnetic interference are required. Due to much lower attenuation
and interference, optical fiber has large advantages over existing copper wire in long-
distance high-demand applications.

Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone

signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. The prices of fiber-optic
communications have dropped considerably since 2000. Today, fiber is present in virtually
every nation on the Earth, forming the absolute strength of the modern communications
infrastructure.

Air Conditioning System

Primitive air-conditioning systems have existed since ancient times. Attempts to

control indoor temperatures began in ancient Rome, where wealthy citizens took
advantage of the remarkable aqueduct system to circulate cool water through the walls of
their homes. The emperor Elagabalus in the third century, built a mountain of snow,
imported from the mountains via donkey trains and put it in the garden next to his villa to
keep cool during the Dark Ages, and large-scale air-conditioning efforts didn’t resurface in
the West.

In the intervening centuries, fans were the coolant of choice. Hand fans were used in
China as early as 3,000 years ago, and a second-century Chinese inventor has been credited
with building the first room-sized rotary fan. Architecture also played a major role in pre-
modern temperature control. In traditional Middle Eastern construction, windows faced
away from the sun, and larger buildings featured “wind towers” designed to catch and
circulate the prevailing breezes.

In late 19 -centiry American engineers pick up where the Romans had left off. In
th

1881, a dying President James Garfield got a respite from Washington D.C.’s oppressive
summer swelter, thanks to an awkward device involving air blown through cotton sheets
doused in ice water.

Nikola Tesla’s development of alternating current motors made possible the

invention of oscillating fans in the early 20 century using electricity. And in 1902, a 25-
th

year-old engineer from New York named Willis Carrier invented the first modern air-
conditioning system. The mechanical unit, which sent air through water-cooled coils, was
not aimed at human comfort, however; it was designed to control humidity in the printing
plant where he worked. In 1922, he followed up with the invention of the centrifugal chiller,
which added a central compressor to reduce the unit’s size. For years afterward, people
piled into air-conditioned movie theaters on hot summer days, giving rise to the summer
blockbuster.

Carrier’s innovation shaped 20 -century America. In the 1930s, air conditioning

th

spread to department stores, rail cars, and offices, sending workers’ summer productivity
soaring. As late as 1965, just 10 percent of U.S. homes had it, according to the Carrier
Corporation. By 2007, cool air spread across the country. Many Americans are turning to
their air conditioners to combat the current heat wave. These artificial breezes are a
relatively novel innovation.
Gene Therapy

Gene therapy attempts to treat genetic diseases at the molecular level by correcting
what is wrong with defective genes. The first gene therapy was approved in the European
Union in 2012, after two decades of dashed expectations. This approval boosted the
investment in developing gene therapies.

The gene therapy is successful, if it could work by preventing a protein from doing
something that causes harm, restoring the normal function of a protein, giving proteins
new functions, or enhancing the existing functions of proteins.

Gene therapy relies on finding a dependable delivery system to carry the correct
gene to the affected cells. The gene must be delivered inside the target cells and work
properly without causing adverse effects. Delivering genes that will work correctly for the
long term is the greatest challenge of gene therapy. Viruses are often used by researchers
to deliver the correct gene to cells. In gene therapy, the DNA for the desired gene is inserted
into the genetic material of the virus and deliver its new genetic material which contains
the desired DNA. Fatty molecules known as liposomes may also be used as can
micropipettes, sometimes called “gene guns” to insert genes into cells physically.

ADA: The First Gene Therapy Trial. A four-year old girl became the first gene
therapy patient on September 14, 1990, at the NIH Clinical Center. She has adenosine
deaminase (ADA) deficiency, a genetic disease which leaves her defenseless against
infections. White blood cells were taken from her, and the normal genes for making
adenosine deaminase were inserted into them. The corrected cells were reinjected into her.
Dr. W. French Anderson helped develop this landmark clinical trial when he worked at the
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

3D Metal Printing

3D Metal Printing is one of the advances in the technology that provide instant metal
fabrication. This innovation enables the ability to create large, intricate metal structures on
demand and therefore could revolutionize manufacturing. It gives the manufacturers the
ability to make a single or small number of metal parts much more cheaply than using
existing mass-production techniques.

Artificial Embryos

Artificial Embryos are made from stem cells alone without using egg or sperm cells.
It is a breakthrough that will open new possibilities for understanding how life comes into
existence – but clearly also raises vital ethical and even philosophical problems.

Embryologists working at the University of Cambridge in the UK have grown

realistic-looking mouse embryos using only stem cells. No eggs. No sperm. Just cells
plucked from another embryo. The researchers placed the cells carefully in a three-
dimensional scaffold and watched, fascinated, as they started communicating and lining up
into the distinctive bullet shape of a mouse embryo several days old.

Synthetic human embryos would be a boon to scientists, letting them tease apart
events early in development. And since such embryos start with easily manipulated stem
cells, labs will be able to employ a full range of tools, such as gene editing, to investigate
them as they grow.

Cell-free Fetal DNA Testing

 Pregnant women sometimes need to have cells of their fetus tested for
chromosomal defects such as Edwards Syndrome and Down Syndrome. These tests require
an acquisition of cells that are quite invasive for the unborn baby. The test brought risk of
miscarriage and increased stress for pregnant mothers. With medical advances, it is now
possible for doctors to tell cell-free fetal DNA by using the mother’s blood. This advance has
become more widely used and accepted internationally in the past year.

Cancer nanotherapy

Nano devices and technology are already in wide use, and as the years pass, the
technology in pharmaceuticals and medicine will only continue to improve. One of which is
an emerging cancer treatment technology that implements nanomaterials in a more
aggressive method. For example, researchers at Israel’s Bar-Ilan University have developed
nanobots to target and deliver drugs to defective cells, while leaving healthy ones
unharmed.

The 25-35 nm devices are made from single strands of DNA folded into a desired
shape – for instance, a clamshell-shaped package that protects a drug while on route to the
desired site but opens up to release it upon arrival.

As the years pass, technology in pharmaceuticals and medicine will continue to

improve. People are living longer, and fewer diseases are deemed incurable. Jobs in the
pharmaceutical industry are in higher demand now than ever.