Concepts:

1. Dalton’s Atomic Theory

2. Cathode Ray Experiment
3. Protons and Neutrons
4. Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Isoelectronic Species
5. Relative Abundance
6. Old Models of the Atom
7. Electromagnetic Radiations
8. Spectra
9. Hydrogen Spectrum
10. Bohr’s Model
11. Black Body Radiation
12. Planck’s Quantum Theory
13. Photo Electric Effect
14. Debroglie’s Hypothesis
15. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
16. Schrodinger’s Wave Equation
17. Orbitals
18. Filling of Electrons
19. Wave Functions
20. Spatial Diagrams
21. Nodes
The mass to charge ratio for A+ is
1.97 × 10–7 kg /C. Find the mass of A.
Find the ratio of e/m value for electron to proton.
Find the ratio of (e/m) value
for proton to α – particle (He2+)
 Isobars
Elements with same mass number(A) but with different atomic number (Z) are called
isobars.

Example of a series of isobars would be 40S, 40Cl, 40Ar, 40K, and 40Ca. The
nuclei of these nuclides all contain 40 nucleons; however, they contain varying
numbers of protons and neutrons
 Isotones
Elements with same number of neutrons are called isotones.
 Isoelectronic Species

Ions which have same number of electrons are called isoelectronic

species.
 80 .
a) Calculate the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in
35 Br
b) The number of electrons, protons and neutrons in a species are
equal to 18, 16 and 16 respectively. Assign with proper Symbol.
Naturally occurring boron consists of 80% 11B
(nuclide mass = 11.01) and 20% another isotope. To
account for the atomic weight 10.81, what must be
the nuclide mass of the isotope.
Cathode Ray Experiment
1. The apparatus used in this experiment is a cylindrical glass tube.
2. William Crookes designed the tube, so it is called the Crooke’s tube
3. Two metal electrodes are connected to high voltage power supply. (5000-10000 V)
4. Vacuum pump - helps maintain low pressure (0.001 mm hg)
5. A ZnS screen was placed behind anode
6. At this high voltage & low pressure it was observed, that ZnS behind the anode started glowing
7. The property of ZnS is, it starts glowing when a charged particle hits it
Cathode Ray Experiment
1. Cathode rays travels in a straight line
2. Cathode rays are made up of particles
3. Cathode rays are made of negatively charged particles
4. Cathode rays are deflected by electric field and magnetic field
5. Cathode rays show heating effect
6. Cathode rays produces x rays on hitting a metallic target
7. Cathode rays ionize the gases through which they travel

Source of cathode rays?

Self Study :
Concepts:
1. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
2. Cathode Ray Experiment
3. Protons and Neutrons
4. Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Isoelectronic Species
5. Relative Abundance
6. Old Models of the Atom
7. Electromagnetic Radiations
8. Spectra
9. Hydrogen Spectrum
10. Bohr’s Model
11. Black Body Radiation
12. Planck’s Quantum Theory
13. Photo Electric Effect
14. Debroglie’s Hypothesis
15. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
16. Schrodinger’s Wave Equation
17. Orbitals
18. Filling of Electrons
19. Wave Functions
20. Spatial Diagrams
21. Nodes
 Old Models of the Atom

1. JJ Thomson’s Model

2. Ernest Rutherford’s Model

Rutherford’s Experiments
● The Geiger–Marsden experiment(s) (also called the Rutherford gold foil
experiment) were a landmark series of experiments by which scientists
discovered that every atom contains a nucleus where all of its positive charge
and most of its mass are concentrated. They deduced this by measuring how an
alpha particle beam is scattered when it strikes a thin metal foil. The
experiments were performed between 1908 and 1913 by Hans Geiger and
Ernest Marsden under the direction of Ernest Rutherford at the Physical
Laboratories of the University of Manchester.

● To check the conclusions of Thomson’s model, they bombarded a thin sheet of

Gold by fast moving alpha particles coming from a radioactive source and
observed their deviations after passing through the foil.

● Alpha-particles are positively charged helium nuclei with atomic mass 4 a.m.u.
Gold foils are of thickness around 400 nm.
Rutherford’s Experiments

1. Most of the space inside an atom is empty.

2.
● Some
Mostpositively charged region in the atom.
of the α–particles
pass through
3. Positively chargedthe foilwas very small as
region
without to
compared any
thedeflection
atom.

● Some alpha-particles get

The biggest achievement of the model was the
deflected by small angles
discovery of the Nucleus. The order of diameter
of a nucleus is 10-15 m and that of an atom is
● 10
about Very
-10 few alpha-particles
m.
were deflected through
an angle of 180o
 Electromagnetic Radiations

Radiations which consist of an electric field (E) and a magnetic field

(B) oscillating perpendicular to each other and both perpendicular
to the direction of propagation.
Characteristics of a Wave
 Questions
1. Vividh Bharti station of All India Radio, Delhi broadcasts on a frequency of 1368 kHz. What is
the wavelength (λ) of the radiation ? c = 3 × 108 m/s

a. 300 m b. 220 m c. 500m d. 800m

2. Calculate wave number of a radiation having wavelength 5800 Å in m-1

a. 1.7 x 106 b. 21.7 x 108 c. 9 x 106 d. 5.8 x 108

 What’s a spectrum?

• A spectrum is an array of entities ordered in accordance

with the magnitudes of a common physical property

• VIBGYOR
Electromagnetic Spectrum
What is Planck’s Quantum Theory?

1. Energy is emitted in form of radiations from a source in a

discontinuous manner that is in form of packets of energy.

2. And energy of each packet depends on the frequency of

radiation. These packets are called “Quantum of energy”.
● Energy of Quantum Frequency
E∝ν

● The constant of proportionality is called Planck’s constant represented by “h”

E = hν

● E is in J and the units of h are Js (Joule-seconds).

h = 6.626 × 10-34 Js.

● If it contains “n” Quanta of the same frequency then the total energy will become:
E = nhν
A 100 watt bulb emits monochromatic light of wavelength 400 nm.
Calculate the number of photons emitted per second by the bulb

a. 2 x 1020
b. 2 x 1010
c. 2 x 1030
d. 2 x 1050
Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric Effect
The minimum energy that must be possessed by photons in order to produce the
photoelectric effect with platinum metal is:
[Given: The threshold frequency of platinum is 1.3 × 1015 s-1 and h = 6.6 × 10-34 J s.]
(A) 3.21 × 10-14 J
(B) 6.24 × 10-16 J
(C) 8.58 × 10-19 J
(D) 9.76 × 10-20J
If photon of wavelength 150pm strikes an atom and one of its
inner bound electrons is ejected out with a velocity of 1.5x107m/s.
Calculate the energy with which it is bound to the nucleus.
Concepts:
1. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
2. Cathode Ray Experiment
3. Protons and Neutrons
4. Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Isoelectronic Species
5. Relative Abundance
6. Old Models of the Atom
7. Electromagnetic Radiations
8. Spectra
9. Hydrogen Spectrum
10. Black Body Radiation
11. Planck’s Quantum Theory
12. Photo Electric Effect
13. Bohr’s Model
14. Debroglie’s Hypothesis
15. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
16. Schrodinger’s Wave Equation
17. Orbitals
18. Filling of Electrons
19. Wave Functions
20. Spatial Diagrams
21. Nodes
 Electromagnetic Radiations

Radiations which consist of an electric field (E) and a magnetic field

(B) oscillating perpendicular to each other and both perpendicular
to the direction of propagation.
Characteristics of a Wave
 Questions
1. Vividh Bharti station of All India Radio, Delhi broadcasts on a frequency of 1368 kHz. What is
the wavelength (λ) of the radiation ? c = 3 × 108 m/s

a. 300 m b. 220 m c. 500m d. 800m

2. Calculate wave number of a radiation having wavelength 5800 Å in m-1

a. 1.7 x 106 b. 21.7 x 108 c. 9 x 106 d. 5.8 x 108

 What’s a spectrum?

• A spectrum is an array of entities ordered in accordance

with the magnitudes of a common physical property

• VIBGYOR
Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Hydrogen Spectrum

Balmer in 1885 - observed the lines of H Spectrum

Rydberg generalised the Formula:

Series n1 n2 Spectral Region
Lyman 1 2, 3… Ultraviolet
Balmer 2 3, 4… Visible
Paschen 3 4, 5… near infrared
Brackett 4 5, 6… mid infrared
Pfund 5 6, 7… far infrared
Estimate the λ of second line (also called β -line) in Balmer series of
H-atom.
 Understand this first

1. Bohr Model stems from the H Spectra

2. It is a THEORY given by Niels Bohr
3. Only for Single Electron Systems
1. Electron in the H atom can revolve around the nucleus in ORBITS -
places with fixed radius and energy
2. Energy of the ORBIT doesn’t change
3. The electron can gain energy and JUMP!
Energy
E = -13.6 Z2/n2 ev/atom

E = -2.18x10-18 Z2/n2 J/atom

Radius r = Ao n2/Z
Mvr = nh/2π
Ao = 52.9 pm

Velocity v = 2.18 x 106 Z/n m/s

 Hydrogen

n=8 γ
n=7 γ β
n=6
δ γ β α
n=5 Pfund series
δ γ β α I.R region (far zone)

n=4 Brackett series

γ β α I.R region (mid zone)

n=3
Paschen series I.R region (near zone)
β α
n=2
Balmer series Visible region
α
n=1
Lyman series
U.V.
JEE Level Practice

In a hydrogen atom, if the energy of an electron in the

ground state is – 13.6 eV, then that in the 2nd excited state
is?

(a) – 1.51 eV

(b) – 3.4 eV

(c) – 6.04 eV

(d) – 13.6 eV
JEE Level Practice

The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H-atom

is –13.6 eV. The possible energy value(s) of the excited
state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of hydrogen is (are)

(a) –3.4 eV
(b) – 4.2 eV
(c) – 6.8 eV
(d) + 6.8 eV
JEE Level Practice

Which hydrogen like species will have same radius as that

of Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom ?

(a) n = 2, Li2+
(b) n = 2, Be3+
(c) n = 2, He+
(d) n = 3, Li2+
 De-Broglie’s Wave-Particle Duality

= h
λd p
b

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty

“It is impossible to determine the position and momentum of a particle

simultaneously and accurately.”
Find the De Broglie wavelength associated
with the electron in Bohr’s first orbit
An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of Vo volts.
Find the De Broglie wavelength associated with the electron.
Calculate the uncertainty in position assuming uncertainty in momentum within 0.1% for:
(a) a tennis ball weighing 0.2 kg and moving with a velocity of 10 m/s.
(b) a electron moving in an atom with a velocity of 2 × 106 m/s.
Concepts:
1. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
2. Cathode Ray Experiment
3. Protons and Neutrons
4. Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Isoelectronic Species
5. Relative Abundance
6. Old Models of the Atom
7. Electromagnetic Radiations
8. Spectra
9. Hydrogen Spectrum
10. Black Body Radiation
11. Planck’s Quantum Theory
12. Photo Electric Effect
13. Bohr’s Model
14. Debroglie’s Hypothesis
15. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
16. Schrodinger’s Wave Equation
17. Orbitals
18. Filling of Electrons
19. Wave Functions
20. Spatial Diagrams
21. Nodes
Erwin Schrödinger
Gave the notorious Wave Equation. Let us study that now
We will now think about the atom in terms of Wavefunctions.

These Wavefunctions are Characterized by Quantum Numbers!

A certain set of Quantum Numbers defines an Atomic Orbital \m/

Writing down the orbitals
Let us Understand Electronic Configuration

Aufbau Rule

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

Aufbau Rule

In the ground state of atoms, the orbitals are filled in

order of their increasing energies. (n+l) rule
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in an atom can have

the same set of four quantum numbers
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity

Pairing of electrons belonging to the same subshell (s,p,d,f)

does not take place until each orbital belonging to that
subshell has got one electron each - ie. it is singly occupied
Let us write some configurations!
The quantum number of four electrons are given below : JEE 2019
I. n = 4, l = 2, ml = –2, ms = -1/2

II. n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = +½

III. n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms =+1/2

IV. n = 3, l = 1, ml = 1, ms =-1/2

The correct order of their increasing energies will be -

(1) I < III < II < IV
(2) IV < II < III < I
(3) I < II < III < IV
(4) IV < III < II < I
 JEE 2020
The correct statement about probability density (except at
infinite distance from nucleus) is:

(1) It can be negative for 2p orbital

(2) It can be zero for 3p orbital
(3) It can be zero for 1s orbital
(4) It can never be zero for 2s orbital
The electrons are more likely to be found : (1) JEE 2019
in the region a and c
(2) only in the region c
(3) in the region a and b
(4) only in the region a
What are Nodes?