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Best Handwritten Notes

2023
Made With

bÉ*ri Padhai Ak Mazza

 Electricity
.!'•%ʳ haoB os•'
Electricity is a controllable
form of
energy which we can use to run a
variety of

electrical
equipment like fan ,
bulb ,
tu etc

!•ᵈ• •ʳha ras•' Electrical Convert

appliances : the
electricity directly into heat
light on motion whereas
-

These have that convert

Electronic appliances :
microchips take
electricity and it into
-

useful Like display picture I radio

endless
things on
play songs on

!'•%ʳ hatBas• When electrical

Charge flows through a conductor like wire it is said that the conductor has
electrical current

!•ᵈ '•ʳha B os.' Electrical Torch glow

Current , generated by cells on batteries inside a .

Electric Current And Circuit

Electric current The amount of
:
Simply electric current is rate of flow of
change 012
-

change flowing through a particular area in a unit time

> Change

> > s > > > -

3- >

> > > > -

> > -
>

#
> > > > >
> > > > -
s -
s -
s

> > > ) -

) )

> > > > >

s

Unit Area Wire

> >

Current Charge
I = Q
+

time

Until the The electric flow of

discovery of electrons ,
current was considered 70 be positive
the direction considered from positive to
negative terminal of
charge and was + -

battery

In
reality ,
electric current is
flow of
negatively changed particles called electrons

They flow from negative terminal of the battery 70 the positive terminal .

ⁿ k• " ᵈ B r ! As a convection
,
the direction of current is taken opposite to the direction of flow of c-

d-

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e-
 Direction of electron flow

← e- ← e- ← e- ← e-
> wire
← e- ← e- ← e- ← e-

← e- ← e- ← e- ← e-

Direction of current

- -

+ -

Cell

Measurement of electric current

!ᵈ•%ʳhkB agm Ammeter is instrument used to electric current It always Connected the
an measure is
along
.

wire OR that in series in circuit

you can
say a

+ -

SI unit of electric is Columb (c) Change Denoted

by letter Q
charge is

SI unit of electric current is Ampere (A) Current is Denoted by letter I

What is one Ampere?

When C of flows called

one
change through any Cross section area of conductor in 1sec it is

one Ampere of
Charge
1A
¥
=

Electric Circuit

A Continuous Conducting path of Devices between the two terminals

consisting wines and Other

of battery which electric current flows is called Circuit

a cell or a
along an a

Switch

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Symbols For Components

YB.tarhdB .gr In Electrical Circuits we have to show various electrical components Now to draw them

with real sketches is a difficult Job and takes lot of time

! ' • % ʳ h B ᵈB a r É So ,
we use some
symbols for electrical Components which is
very easy
to draw
They are called

electrical symbols some important symbols are

+ +
(1) Battery
_

③ Wine Joint
_

Cell (2) •
(4) Crossover

(5) MMM Fixed (6)

MMM Variable (7) +
A
-

Ammeter (8)
+ -

Voltmeter
Resistor R Resistor

Mm

•
,

+
(9) Galvanometer CIO) CD C) Lamp OR
-

E.
a • • •
• •

Closed Switch
Open Switch Bulb

OR
•

Electric Potential and Difference

Electric potential is the work done per unit charge in
bringing the charge from to

any point against electrostatic force

Any
•••
.

point

In Conductor electrons flow difference electric

a
, only when there is a in pressure

at it 's ends

This is also called Potential Difference in a circuit this potential difference is created by
a
Battery .

00880 -
÷••aaoa%
Potential Difference
A ☐

A it
battery or a Cell has potential difference due to reaction of chemicals inside

even when it is not connected to circuit

any
.

Once flow and the current is

connected
,
the potential difference makes the electrons
generated

Potential Difference = is also defined as work done to move a unit

charge from one point to

another
✓ = W_ →
work done

unit =
Voltage A →
change

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 Measurement of Potential Difference

Potential Difference is
nothing but
voltage and it's measured by a device called
Voltmeter and connected the
always in parallel across points whose
potential
Difference is to be measured
2- -

- #

SI unit of electric potential Difference is Volt Cb

SI unit of work done is Joule CD

What is one Volt? Eton

One Volt potential Difference is when 1 Joule work is done to move 1- Coulomb Of
Change
from one
point to another

IV = 10
1C

Ohm’s Law
The Ohm 's Law States that At constant temperature .
The current
flowing through a Conductor

to the
is
directly proportional potential difference across it's Ends

V= Potential Difference I= Current

Dog Running Speed

✓↑ ✗ IT C
Dog size " &
Running speed ↑ ]

V↓&I↓ C
Dog size ↓ &
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✓✗ I

✓ =
IR (R= Resistance )
 Resistance
E-£ Resistance : -

property of conductor to resist flow of Charge through it . Its SI Unit is

Ohm C

From Ohm 's Law : -

V=IR

R=¥ so 10hm = 7- Volt

1- Ampere

E- And denotes that current

inversely proportional Resistance Hence
¥
I= is to

Greater the resistance lessen will be the flow of Current and vice -
versa

Variable Resistance?
E- A rheostat Variable device
on a resistance is a on a component which allows changing
of resistance in a circuit
keeping the
voltage same

mm.mn

Resistor
IF A Conductor Called Resistor
having some Specfic resistance is a
MMM.MN

Factors on Which Resistance Depends

IF Resistance of Conductor
a depends on

E:t
1 On The
Length of the wire
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2 Area of Cross section of wire
Toronto

3 On Nature of material of wine

£
⇐
Resistance of uniform conductor directly proportional to inversely
metallic is it 's
length and

to of Cross section
proportional area

D. ✗ L

122¥
Remove the ✗
Sign and

R=pL_
*
g)
Crho) =
Constant of
proportionality
 ←
P is called electrical resistivity of the material of the conductor It's SI Unit is Crm)

Ett
Resistivity of conductors is
very
low whereas the Insulators have
very high resistivity
←
Resistivity varies with temperature

←
Alloys having higher resistivity than metals are used in electrical
heating devices ,
Like

iron and toasters tungsten is used in filament of electrical bulbs and copper
aluminium are used for electrical transmission Lines

Resistors In Series
When two or resistors are connected in Series The Combined resistance of MO
any
more

of resistances connected in Series Is Equal to the sum of Individual resistances

For ex : - If no of Resistances R , -1 Rz -113 of 2 , 2,2 0hm we have to find Out the

combined Resistance

mmmm mmmm mmmm

12 = Ri + Rz -1123 22 22 22
Total
= 21-2-12
+ _

= 60hm

The current through the circuit remains Same

Potential Difference is Different

Disadvantages of Series circuit in domestic wiring

In Series Circuit if one electrical appliance stops working ,

then all other appliances
also stop working

we not turn and off because they have

can on electrical appliances separately only one Switch

In Series Circuit the do not same of

, appliances get the
Voltage as power supply line

because does
voltage is shared by all • The appliances get less
voltage and hence not work

properly

In the series connection of electrical appliances the overall resistances of the Circuit increases

much to which the current from the Low

due power supply is .

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 Resistors In Parallel
≤
.

The reciprocal of the combined resistances of a mo of resistance connected in parallel

is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the Individual resistances

≤ Example if of resistances Ri -1122+123 Connected in parallel then total resistance is

-

a no are

given by Ri
1- I 1
= + + MM.mn
R RI R2 B 122
Total -
Mmmmm -

mmmm
123

↳
-

Potential Difference remains same in Parallel Combination

↳
-

Current Divides and Varies in Parallel Combination

Advantages of Parallel circuit in domestic wiring

If one appliance stops working it does not affect other appliances

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Every appliance has it's own switch

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Each appliance Circuit
in a
get same voltage

Overall resistance is reduced

Electric Power
Rate at which electrical
energy is dissipated OR consumed in a Circuit is Called Electric Power

P=VI - I

U=1R ( Ohm's Law )

P=I2R

Also
R=¥ → I -_

¥ put in 1

p=vXV_
R
'

SI unit of Power is watt

P=¥
One watt power is consumed when 1- Ampere of current flows
through a device of Potential

Difference of 7- Volt

Electrical
Energy ÷ Amount of Energy consumed in a
given Amount of time measured in
Joules OR watt hour OR kilowatt hour

1kWh = 3.6×106 Joule

 Heating Effect Of Current
When current passes through High resistance wine Like nichrome Due to

Resistance the becomes hot and produces Heat

High wine
very
This Of Current
is Called
Heating Effect

Since when electric A against the

we know an
change moves potential
Difference V the amount of work Done is
given by

w= QXV a

we know Current is

I=Q_
+
in
put b.c a

Q=I✗t b

from 0hm 'S Law

U = IXR C

W = IZXRXT
Work Done is converted

into Heat
Energy
11--1=2 RT

This is called Joules Law Of

Heating

The heat produced in a wine is Directly proportional to

(1) Square of the current (1-2)

11=1--2 RT
(2) Resistance of the wire CR )

③ time for which current is passed Ct]

There are various applications based on Joules Law Of

Heating Like Iron ,

Bulb , Heater ,
Oven in fuse etc

Thank you For

Reading
Brought to You By

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