CONTENTS

ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................
OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................................
RESULT....................................................................................................................................
DISCUSSIONS.........................................................................................................................
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................
APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................

1 |THERMODYNAMICS LAB REPORT

 ABSTRACT

The experiment is conducted to study the effect of the spear valve settings under
varied load conditions. An adjustable spear valve controls the discharge by varying the
diameter of the jet from the nozzle. The centrifugal pump on the base unit supplies water to
the nozzle. Water from the turbine discharges back into the base unit tank and recirculates.
The turbine shaft connects to the base unit dynamometer. This measures torque and speed. By
using turbine we can change one form of energy (kinetic) to other form of energy such as
electricity. These can be achieved when turbines develop torque and shaft power from the
momentum change of fluids –liquid, vapor or gas, which passes through the turbine. To
produce high momentum, a higher velocity of fluid is required therefore differences in
pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine can be achieved. The turbine then converts the
energy supplied by the compressed or heated fluid into works that drives electric generators
or transfer power by using shaft. The turbine used are SOLTEQ® Multi Turbine Test Set
(Model: FM 46) consists of a centrifugal pump with controlled motor speed, three
interchangeable sets of Pelton turbine complete with individual casing respectively. The test
set is a self-contained unit comprising two main assemblies, an instrument/control console
and a welded steel base frame, which carries the pump, turbine set and water reservoir tank.
Pressure transmitters are installed on each inlet and outlet of both pump and turbine set to
measure the pressure on the respective locations. A Pelton turbine mounts on the 3 kW pump
and turbine test set base unit. Water from the turbine discharges back into the base unit tank
and recirculates. This measures torque and speed. At the end of this experiment all the data
recorded will be used to calculate power generated, shaft power, turbine input power, motor
efficiency and overall efficiency, then 3 graph will be plotted which is power generated
versus turbine speed for all three opening, turbine motor efficiency versus turbine speed for
all three opening and the turbine overall efficiency versus turbine speed for all three opening.

OBJECTIVES

To study the effect of the spear valve settings under varied load conditions

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 RESULT

A) FULLY OPENING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Load combination 0 L1 L2 L1+L2 L3 L1+L3 L1+L2+ L4 L5
L3
Pump Inlet PT1 Bar Abs 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Pressure
Pump Outlet PT2 Bar Abs 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.67
Pressure
Turbine Stage PT3 Bar Abs 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57
1 Pressure
Turbine Stage PT4 Bar Abs 1.82 1.82 1.81 1.81 1.80 1.80 1.81 1.81 1.82
2 Pressure
Water FT Liter/min 162.50 162.60 162.30 162.60 162.50 163.10 162.30 162.00 163.00
Flowrate
Pump Speed SP1 Rpm 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2003 2003 2003
Pump Torque TQ1 Nm 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20
Pump Power PWR1 kw 2130 2130 2130 2130 2131 2131 2131 2131 2131
Turbine Speed SP2 Rpm 1435 1391 802 784 539 532 431 1334 244
Turbine TQ2 Nm 0.20 0.30 1.10 1.10 1.40 1.40 1.50 0.40 1.60
Torque
Turbine V1 V 73.30 69.60 36.00 35.50 22.20 21.70 16.10 66.30 6.00
Voltage
Turbine I1 A 0.00 0.16 1.93 1.95 2.51 2.51 2.71 0.33 3.03
Current
Power Generated (W) 0.00 11.14 69.48 69.23 55.72 54.47 43.63 21.88 18.18
Shaft Power (W) 30.05 43.70 92.38 90.31 79.02 78.00 67.70 55.88 40.88
Turbine Input Power (W) 45.17 45.19 45.11 45.19 45.17 45.33 45.11 45.03 45.31
Motor Efficiency (%) 66.53 96.70 204.79 199.85 174.94 172.07 150.08 124.10 90.22
Overall Efficiency (%) 0.00 24.65 154.02 153.20 123.36 120.16 96.72 48.59 40.12

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 B) MIDDLE OPENING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Load combination 0 L1 L2 L1+L2 L3 L1+L3 L1+L2+ L4 L5
L3
Pump Inlet PT1 Bar Abs 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82
Pressure
Pump Outlet PT2 Bar Abs 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75
Pressure
Turbine Stage PT3 Bar Abs 2.70 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69
1 Pressure
Turbine Stage PT4 Bar Abs 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.13 2.13
2 Pressure
Water FT Liter/min 138.60 139.40 138.30 138.30 138.70 137.80 137.80 137.80 138.40
Flowrate
Pump Speed SP1 Rpm 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003
Pump Torque TQ1 Nm 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90
Pump Power PWR1 kw 2131 2131 2131 2131 2131 2131 2131 2131 2131
Turbine Speed SP2 Rpm 1733 1673 908 886 592 580 468 1600 267
Turbine TQ2 Nm 0.20 0.30 1.20 1.20 1.50 1.50 1.60 0.40 1.70
Torque
Turbine V1 V 88.30 83.30 41.40 39.90 23.80 23.40 17.10 79.50 6.40
Voltage
Turbine I1 A 0.00 0.20 2.10 2.21 2.76 2.77 2.92 0.37 3.32
Current
Power Generated (W) 0.00 16.66 86.94 88.18 65.69 64.82 49.93 29.42 21.25
Shaft Power (W) 36.30 52.56 114.10 111.34 92.99 91.11 78.41 67.02 47.53
Turbine Input Power (W) 38.52 38.75 38.44 38.44 38.55 38.30 38.30 38.30 38.47
Motor Efficiency (%) 94.24 135.64 296.83 289.65 241.22 237.89 204.73 174.99 123.55
Overall Efficiency (%) 0.00 42.99 226.17 229.40 170.40 169.24 130.37 76.81 55.24

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 C) SMALL OPENING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Load combination 0 L1 L2 L1+L2 L3 L1+L3 L1+L2+L3 L4 L5
Pump Inlet PT1 Bar Abs 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02
Pressure
Pump Outlet PT2 Bar Abs 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13
Pressure
Turbine Stage PT3 Bar Abs 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09
1 Pressure
Turbine Stage PT4 Bar Abs 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06
2 Pressure
Water FT Liter/min 31.30 30.30 30.30 30.50 30.30 30.30 30.60 30.40 30.40
Flowrate
Pump Speed SP1 Rpm 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014
Pump Torque TQ1 Nm 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40
Pump Power PWR1 kw 2132 2132 2132 2131 2131 2131 2131 2131 2131
Turbine Speed SP2 Rpm 600 521 185 177 118 116 92 416 58
Turbine TQ2 Nm 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Torque
Turbine V1 V 30.30 26.60 7.80 7.20 3.80 3.80 3.10 19.60 1.10
Voltage
Turbine I1 A 0.00 0.06 0.39 0.39 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.09 0.57
Current
Power Generated (W) 0.00 1.60 3.04 2.81 1.86 1.86 1.58 1.76 0.63
Shaft Power (W) 6.28 10.91 5.81 5.56 3.71 3.64 2.89 13.07 1.82
Turbine Input Power (W) 8.70 8.42 8.42 8.48 8.42 8.42 8.51 8.45 8.45
Motor Efficiency (%) 72.18 129.57 69.00 64.80 44.06 43.23 33.96 154.67 21.54
Overall Efficiency (%) 0.00 19.00 36.10 33.14 22.09 22.09 18.57 20.83 7.46

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 Graph of Power Generated (W) versus Turbine Speed (Rpm)
2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

600

400

200

0
Fully Opening Middle Opening Small Opening

Turbine Speed (Rpm) Power Generated (W)

Graph 1: Power generated (W) versus Turbine Speed (Rpm)

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 Graph Turbine Motor Efficiency (%) versus Turbine Speed (Rpm)
2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

800

600

400

200

0
Fully Opening Middle Opening Small Opening

Turbine Speed (Rpm) Turbine Motor Efficiency (%)

Graph 2: Turbine motor efficiency (%) versus turbine speed (Rpm)

7 |THERMODYNAMICS LAB REPORT

 Graph of Turbine Overall Efficiency (%) versus Turbine Speed (Rpm)
2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

800

600

400

200

0
Fully Opening Middle Opening Small Opening

Turbine Speed (Rpm) Turbine Overall Efficiency (%)

Graph 3: Turbine overall efficiency (%) versus turbine speed (Rpm)

8 |THERMODYNAMICS LAB REPORT

 DISCUSSIONS

Based on the result obtained, the experiment was successful. This experiment is
using impulse turbine to study the effect of adjusting the spear valve settings under varied
load conditions. Turbine is a machine where the process of open system occurs. This
experiment is related to First Law of Thermodynamics where heat is a form of energy, and
thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the principle of conservation of energy.
This means that heat energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can, however, be transferred
from one location to another and converted to and from other forms of energy (Lucas, 2015).

There are three types of setting on spear valve. The difference is in the diameter or the
size of the jet on the nozzle. We use fully, middle and small opening of spear valve to analyse
the efficiency of the turbine. We used water as a medium to operate the Multi Turbine Test
Set. Water flowrate is increasing from small opening to fully opening or from larger
diameter to small diameter of the nozzle. Because when the area of the nozzle is larger, the
flow of the water become easier and flowrate is increasing. Besides that, the pressure of the
pump in fully opening is lower than in middle and small opening. This is because of the
pressure is inversely proportional with area.

According to the table of data, each load combinations have constant value of
pressure in inlet pump and outlet pump and also at turbine stage 1 and stage 2. All of type
opening has a higher pressure at outlet pump compared to inlet pump. Meanwhile pressure at
turbine stage 1 and stage 2 at fully opening of spear valve has a larger different ( ± 0.77 )
between them. In middle opening result, there are ± 0.06 differences and in small opening is
± 0.03 differences. In conclusion, the size of nozzle at middle opening or small opening could
be flow at steady state.

Graph 1 is present the relationship between the power generated (W) and turbine
speed (rpm). All of type opening has zero value when there is no load exerted. Then, power
generated fully opening and middle opening increasing from load combination 1 to 5.
Meanwhile, small opening is increasing until load combination 4. Each type of opening has
zero value for turbine current during the 1st load combination and increasing until load
combination 9. When 8th load combination, turbine shown smaller value of current and higher
turbine voltage. Power generated is affected by the turbine current and voltage value. The

9 |THERMODYNAMICS LAB REPORT

higher the turbine voltage (smaller turbine current), the higher the power generated by the
turbine. The turbine speed for all type of settings is decreasing from load combination 1st to
9th but at 8th load combination the turbine speed increasing then it decreases at 9 th load
combination. At fully opening, turbine speed at 8th load combination (L4 ) is 1334 rpm, middle
opening is 1600 rpm and small opening is 416 rpm.

Then, graph 2 is graphically presented the relationship between the turbine motor
efficiency and turbine speed. Turbine motor efficiency is the ratio of shaft power and turbine
power input. Turbine power input is proportional with water flowrate. The higher the water
flowrate, the larger the turbine input power. Meanwhile shaft power is proportional with
turbine torque and turbine speed. The higher the turbine torque, the higher the shaft power.
According to the result of motor efficiency, shaft power has higher value compared to turbine
input power. Middle opening shown the highest motor efficiency at load combination 3 (L2),
296.83% also same with fully opening with 204.79%. Compared to small opening at load
combination 2 (L1) with 129.57%. Turbine torque at middle opening has larger value
compared to fully opening and middle opening.

Graph 3 is shown the relationship between turbine overall efficiency and turbine
speed. Overall efficiency is the summarize of the turbine work or heat transfer at maximum.
Based on the ratio of power generated (output) to turbine power input. Basically, we produce
or deliver higher value of output than input. Middle opening shown the highest overall
efficiency at load combination 4 ( L1 +L2), 229.4%. Compared to fully opening and small
opening at load combination 3 (L2) 154.02% and 36.10% respectively.

In conclusion, middle opening is the most suitable for turbine to generate. This is
because of its angle and the distance of the nozzle to jet the water to turbine blades. At
middle opening, the position of nozzle is equal or balance for water to flow out. To get a
better result for generate the turbine, the spear valve supposed have same different of distance
between fully, middle and small opening. From this, we can see clearly the differences
between the turbine works at different size of nozzle. Ensure you fill in the tank with 70% of
its height. It is important so the turbine can operate.

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 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As a conclusion, the experiment was successfully done based on the

observation and data that we have collected. The difference of diameter or size of the jet on
the nozzle influenced the water flowrate. We have used 3 types of opening in this Impulse
Turbine experiment which are fully opening, middle opening and also small opening of spear
valve to analyse the efficiency of the impulse turbine. The medium or fluid that we used to
operate the SOLTEQ® Multi Turbine Test Set ( Model: FM 46 ) is water or denoted as H 2O.
The Multi Turbine Set is more than capable to perform experiments on mechanical power
out, hydraulic power in, hydraulic efficiency and also specific speed. Water flowrate value
that we recorded is higher when we used small opening compared to fully opening or larger
diameter of nozzle compared to small diameter of the nozzle. That is currently because when
the area of the nozzle is larger, the flow of the water become easier and flowrate is
increasing. Other than that, the pressure of the pump in fully opening is lower than in middle
and small opening. This experiment shows that the pressure inside the nozzle is inversely
proportional with area of the nozzle. The size of nozzle at middle opening or small opening
could be flow at steady state. The higher the turbine voltage (smaller turbine current), the
higher the power generated by the turbine. This can be proved by the formula of Power =
Current x Voltage. The turbine speed for all type of settings is decreasing from load
combination 1st to 9th but at 8th load combination the turbine speed increasing then it
decreases at 9th load combination. Turbine power input is proportional with water flowrate.
The higher the water flowrate, the larger the turbine input power. Meanwhile shaft power is
proportional with turbine torque and turbine speed. The higher the turbine torque, the higher
the shaft power. According to the result of motor efficiency, shaft power has higher value
compared to turbine input power. Last but not least, middle opening is the most suitable for
turbine to generate. This is because of its angle and the distance of the nozzle to jet the water
to turbine blades. At middle opening, the position of nozzle is equal or balance for water to
flow out. To get a better result for generate the turbine, the spear valve supposed have same
different of distance between fully, middle and small opening. The recommendations that we
can suggest is we must to wait at least one minute before we turn off the load switch to make
sure the system achieve stability before we recorded the data from the impulse turbine.

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 REFERENCES

 Lucas, J. (2015, May 19). What Is the First Law of Thermodynamics? Retrieved from Life
Science: https://www.livescience.com/50881-first-law-thermodynamics.html

 Darling, D. (n.d.). impulse turbine. Retrieved from

https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/I/AE_impulse_turbine.html

 Robertson, J.A. and Crowe, C.T. (1993). Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 5th edition, Houghton
Mifflin, Boston, MA.

 White, F.M. (1994). Fluid Mechanics, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY.

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 APPENDICES

Sample calculation:

1. Power Generated

P = IV

Based on the fully opening result L1,

P = (O.16)(69.60)

= 11.14 W

2. Shaft Power

2 πNT
Pshaft =
60

Based on the fully opening result L1,

2 π (1391)(0.30)
Pshaft =
60

Pshaft = 43.70 W

3. Turbine Input Power

Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q

= (pgh) x Q

Based on the fully opening result L1,

3 3
162.5l 1 min 1000 cm 1m
Pturbine.input = (1000)(9.81)(1.70) x × × × 6 3
min 60s 1l 10 cm

= 45.19 W

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4. Motor Efficiency

P shaft
nmotor = x 100%
P turbine .input

Based on the fully opening result L1,

43.70
nmotor = x 100%
45.19

=96.70%

5. Overall Efficiency

P generated
Noverall = x 100%
P turbine .input

Based on the fully opening result L1,

11.14
Noverall = x 100%
45.19

=24.65%

14 |THERMODYNAMICS LAB REPORT