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Transportation of Wood Boring Beetles in Wooden Transport Boxes, Wooden

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Transportation of Wood Boring Beetles in Wooden

Transport Boxes, Wooden Pallets, and Newly
Bought Wood in Museums

Stephan Biebl & Pascal Querner

To cite this article: Stephan Biebl & Pascal Querner (2020): Transportation of Wood Boring
Beetles in Wooden Transport Boxes, Wooden Pallets, and Newly Bought Wood in Museums,
Studies in Conservation, DOI: 10.1080/00393630.2020.1756126

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STUDIES IN CONSERVATION
https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2020.1756126

ORIGINAL RESEARCH OR TREATMENT PAPER

Transportation of Wood Boring Beetles in Wooden Transport Boxes, Wooden

Pallets, and Newly Bought Wood in Museums
Stephan Biebl1 and Pascal Querner 2,3

1
Ingenieurbüro für Holzschutz, Benediktbeuern, Germany; 2Department of Integrated Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of
Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; 3Institute of Conservation, University of Applied Arts Vienna,
Vienna, Austria

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In the past, woodborers like A. punctatum and X. rufovillosum were widespread in historic Received September 2019
furniture, households, and building structures, but as they need a high wood moisture Accepted April 2020
content and central heating and climate control have become common today their
KEYWORDS
occurrence is rare and often limited to open-air museums, rural museums, and historic Infestation; wood borers;
buildings. In this paper, we report on the spread and transportation of different wood-boring beetles; prevention;
beetles with wooden pallets, wooden transport boxes used for art transportation, and also transportation
the rising problem of different Lyctus species (powder post beetles) in new wood used in
museums. Not only the native Lyctus linearis but also the introduced L. brunneus, L. cavicollis,
and L. africanus can be found in transport boxes (nine cases in Germany between 2003 and
2015), infestations of new picture frames (three cases in Austria between 2010 and 2015),
and new wood sold to carpenters in museum and conservation studios (used for new
stretcher and picture frames, two cases in Austria). In some cases (two in Germany) a newly-
laid parquet floor was infested by powder post beetles. The house longhorn beetle
(H. bajulus), the furniture beetle (A. punctatum), and the Anobiid Oligomerus ptilinoides were
all found infesting wooden pallets inside museum stores (five cases in Austria). New wooden
pallets and transport boxes are treated once with heat after production, but our examples
show that infestation and transportation of wood pests are still possible and are a new
challenge for integrated pest management (IPM) in the future. We examine and discuss the
materials used to transport art and possible measures to combat and prevent pests (plastic
pallets or the use of other wood types). In addition, the biology and life-history of
powderpost beetles is described.

Introduction not use chemicals against infested wood as some

Wood objects have been susceptible to infestation by
wood boring beetles for as long as humans have been
using and storing wood. Wood boring beetles are sig-
nificant pests in museum objects, historic buildings,
and open-air museums. The most important species
in central Europe are the furniture beetle (Anobium
punctatum), the house longhorn beetle or old house
borer (Hylotrupes bajulus), the deathwatch beetle
(Xestobium rufovillosum), and different powder post
beetles: Lyctus sp. (Hickin 1975; Creffield 1991; Berry,
Lea, and Higham 1993; Noldt 2000; Ridout 2012;
Child and Pinnniger 2014; Pinniger 2015; Querner
2015). Since the long-term use of wooden materials
and their collection and storage as historic or art
objects, humans have tried to prevent infestation or
at least regularly treated the wood to stop the
damage and infestation. Many types of biocides, like
Lindane1 or methyl bromide, were used in the past
to protect and treat wood. Today most museums do
are now banned and others are less effective.
Wooden objects still get infested in museums from
time to time and most often humidity regulated
heat, freezing, nitrogen fumigation, or oxygen-free
atmospheres (anoxia) are used for treatment. Still
new is the application of parasitoid wasps against
wood-boring beetles (Auer and Kassel 2014; Biebl
and Auer 2017). In a modern museum system, wood
is not only found in objects, but also for museum
architecture and the transportation and storage of
objects in specially designed crates, pallets, and
shelves. This results in a new risk of pest transpor-
tation with wood during the storage and lending of
objects between institutions. This is still not always
recognized in the international lending agreements
and not all conservators are aware of this problem.
The use of vulnerable hard wood trees with high
starch content and the global lending and transpor-
tation of art objects in transport crates creates an

CONTACT Pascal Querner pascal.querner@boku.ac.at Department of Integrated Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Conservation, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Expositur
Salzgries, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
© The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 2020
2 S. BIEBL AND P. QUERNER
increasing risk of spreading infestation from one
museum to another.
Biology and food requirements of sapwood
beetles
More than 20 different species of sapwood infesting
beetles (Coleoptera, Bostrichidae, Lyctinae) are globally
found infesting wood; about 10 are also found in
Germany and Austria. In addition to the native
species Lyctus linearis and L. pubescens, two neobiotic
(introduced) species have also become established
outdoors. The most frequent introduced species in
central Europe are Lyctus brunneus, L. cavicollis,
L. planicollis, L. africanus, and L. hipposiderus (Bußler
2009; Geis 2012; Pospischil 2017). They are normally
found only in buildings and cannot survive a winter
outside in most parts of central Europe.
The wood-destroying larvae are limited to starch-
and protein-rich food, which they find in the
sapwood of hardwood (deciduous) trees. The attacked
tree species include maple, abachi, bamboo, oak, ash,
illomba, chestnut, limba, meranti, walnut, poplar,
ramin, rattan, false acacia, elm, willow, walnut, and
occasionally cherry. Some hardwood tree species
cannot be affected due to the low nutrient content of
the wood cells. Beech is also described as immune in
the literature due to vascular cells. The infested wood
can be very dry (10–8% wood moisture) at the
surface so that infestation is recognized only after an
extended period of feeding.
Since the nutrient content of the wood decreases
with time, the risk of an attack is reduced with increasing
life. Nevertheless, wood which is older than 10 years can
still be affected if stored at low humidity and constant
temperature (Pospischil 2012). Due to the hidden ovi-
position up to 8 mm deep in vascular cells, an initial
attack is difficult to detect. The eggs themselves are
only about 1 mm long and 0.15–0.175 mm thick. The
beetles can penetrate surfaces with paint, varnish, or
thin films, and easily exit through extraneous materials
(e.g. MDF boards or paper) during hatching. The lifespan
of most species is 12 months, under ideal conditions
even less, making the Lyctus species some of the
fastest developing wood pests. Beetles can also fly
very well and spread inside an infested room.
Public attention was attracted for example to the
incident at the Bodemuseum in Berlin, which was
affected in 2008 by an infestation with the southern
lyctus beetle (Lyctus planicollis) and the newly-laid
parquet floor had to be treated with great effort
(Unger, Steinbach, and Buczynski 2008).
Transport crates
Transport crates can be divided according to different
types, firstly high-quality environment buffering boxes
for pictures or delicate objects, or one-way crates,
which differ in material composition and size. Depend-
ing on the object-specific requirements such as
climate stability, watertight insulation, lining of the
interior, double seal, and water-repellent paintwork,
the costs for transport crates vary greatly. More
expensive crates are often custom-built in the
museum’s own carpentry shop or by art transport
companies.
In the museum industry, mainly wooden materials
made of plywood, the so-called ‘carpentry panels’, are
used for transport crates. Carpentry panels consist of
a middle layer with parallel wooden rods and a deck
or barrier veneer glued transversely thereto on both
sides. These standardized wood panels are also stable
under fluctuating climatic conditions; they are flexible
and have a good reputation. Due to its low weight,
wood as a material is ideal for transporting high-
quality museum objects such as paintings or sculp-
tures. Furthermore, carpentry plates are also used for
exhibition construction, shipbuilding, vehicles, or
caravan construction (where damage is also caused
by Lyctus sp. beetles).
Since the packaging of high-quality art objects also
has an aesthetic dimension for many customers, the
material selection must also take into account the
external appearance. In the case of carpentry panels
the top layer is usually made of homogeneous hard-
wood veneer, such as beech, poplar, or tropical wood
(e.g. Gaboon or Okoumé), and the middle layer of con-
ifers. To improve robustness during transportation,
solid wood of spruce or MDF material is used for
reinforcement.
In principle, packaging materials or transport crates
must not contain any chemically reactive pollutants
from the conservation viewpoint and must be free of
plasticizers and solvents as they can react with
different materials of art objects over a longer period
of time. Natural tannins, which occur in oak, false
acacia, and elm tree or acetic acid from wood compo-
site materials (MDF) are regarded as dangerous in the
case of transport boxes and long-term storage. The
problem of possible infestation of transport crates by
powderpost beetles and other species has also been
described by Krehan (2007) and Zahid, Grgurinovic,
and Walsh (2008).
Several cases are known to the authors after many
years of working in museums, in which pests (pow-
derpost beetles or other species) have been trans-
ported through transport boxes or wooden pallets,
and introduced with new picture frames or parquet
floors.
Materials and methods
We collected all the data by consulting museums and
by ongoing monitoring projects with this specific

problem in Germany and Austria between 2003 and
2019.
Results
We found different species of wood pests in a number
of museums in Germany and Austria. Infested museum
objects are not listed. The results are discussed as three
groups: transport boxes, new picture frames, and
wooden pallets.
Infested transport boxes
Not only the native Lyctus linearis, but also the intro-
duced L. brunneus, L. cavicollis, and L. africanus can be
found in transport boxes. We found nine reported
cases from Germany between 2003 and 2015 (Figures
1 and 2; see also Biebl 2014 for a more detailed
description).
Infested wooden picture frames
Three cases of new picture frames (Figure 3) bought by
different museums for exhibitions were found to be
infested by Lyctus sp. in Austria between 2010 and
2015. Also wood, sold to the museum carpenters
(Figure 4) for making of new picture frames and
stretchers, were found to be infested (two cases in
Austria). In two cases from Germany, the newly-laid
parquet floor was infested by powder post beetles
(one is the well-known example of the Bodemuseum
in Berlin; Unger, Steinbach, and Buczynski 2008).
Infested wooden pallets
We found a total of five cases of infested wooden
pallets used for museum storage. Also, the species of
pest varied: The house longhorn beetle (H. bajulus,
Figure 1. Signs near a wooden transport box infested by Lyctus
brunneus in Germany: dead beetles and frass (Image: Stephan
Biebl).
TRANSPORTATION OF WOOD BORING BEETLES INTO MUSEUMS 3
one case in Austria and one case in Germany), the fur-
niture beetle (A. punctatum, one case in Austria), and
the Anobiid Oligomerus ptilinoides were all found in
infested wooden pallets inside museum stores (two
cases in Austria; see also Querner 2007; Querner,
Morelli, and Kimmel 2013; Landsberger 2015 for more
details) (Figures 5–7).
Discussion
The following can be counted as direct damage to
works of art or room equipment (parquet floors, door
leaves / frames, edge frames, picture frames, work
tables, etc.) from susceptible hardwood. Follow-up
costs result from measures such as checks, pest
control, repairs, cleaning, disposal, and remediation of
transport boxes. Figures 1–3 illustrate infestation in
transport crates. Usually only the veneer of the 1–
2 mm thick outer layer is infested because the soft-
wood in the middle layer is resistant to powderpost
beetles. A static impairment is not present and thus
leads to partial damage to the transport crate. The
more crates and additionally endangered objects of
art in a storage space that become affected the
higher are the costs of rehabilitation, which are
funded either by the owner or, in the most favorable
case, by art insurance. Therefore, pest infestation
should be prevented in the best possible way.
Wooden pallets
Wooden pallets (Europool pallets, usually according to
DIN EN 13698-1) are very often used in museums to
store large and mostly heavy stone or metal objects.
Usually, spruce is used for this purpose. New wooden
pallets should be pretreated with heat (30 min at a
core temperature of 56 °C) in accordance with the
ISPM 15 standard. In many museums, these pallets
are used in long-term storage facilities. In one
German art storage room and four Viennese
museums, an active infestation of house longhorn
beetle (Hylotrupes bajulus), the common furniture
beetle (Anobium punctatum), and Oligomerus ptilinoides
has been found in recent years. The origin of the infes-
tation in all cases could not be clarified. Furthermore, in
Berlin an attack by the house longhorn beetle (Hylo-
trupes bajulus) in a single wooden pallet in the
musical instrument museum was also discovered in
recent years (Landsberger 2015). The pallet had
already been stored there for at least six years before
a house longhorn beetle emerged and frass and
holes were noticed. Savoldelli and Regalin (2009) also
describe the infestation of wooden pallets in Italy
with the species Sinoxylon unidentatum, introduced in
wood from Sri Lanka. Downes et al. (2020) discuss the
outbreak of the furniture beetle Anobium punctatum
in wooden storage pallets in the UK.
4 S. BIEBL AND P. QUERNER

Figure 2. Detail of the outer surface of wooden transport box infested by Lyctus brunneus (photograph by Stephan Biebl).

Figure 3. New picture frame infested by Lyctus brunneus in Austria (photograph by Pascal Querner).

The infestation of wooden pallets is probably a rare by a visual inspection. New pallets should be heat-
phenomenon. It can happen when they are stored treated before entering the museum, or plastic pallets
outside the museum buildings or together with other can be an alternative to avoid this source of contami-
infested material. Usually, it can easily be determined nation (Figure 8).

Figure 4. Wood, newly bought to build or repair picture frames, infested by Lyctus brunneus in Austria (photograph by Pascal
Querner).
 TRANSPORTATION OF WOOD BORING BEETLES INTO MUSEUMS 5

Figure 5. A wooden pallet infested by Anobium punctatum in Austria (photograph by Pascal Querner).

Figure 6. Frass from a wooden pallet infested by Hylotrupes bajulus in Austria (photograph by Pascal Querner).

Prevention by selecting the right wood a good price-performance ratio. However, it should
also be considered in economic terms whether it is
At this point, the authors would like to make practical
worthwhile to reduce the risk of pest infestation by
suggestions to museums or transport companies in
using more resistant wood (softwood instead of
order to look for resistant or alternative materials in
sapwood).
the selection of transport crates. Carpentry panels, at
In addition to carpentry panels with hardwood
present frequently used, have good properties with
veneer (density 450 kg/m3), so-called ESB boards

Figure 7. Wooden pallet infested by Oligomerus ptilinoides in Austria (photograph by Pascal Querner).
6 S. BIEBL AND P. QUERNER
Figure 8. Plastic transport pallets as an alternative to wooden
transport pallets (photograph by Pascal Querner).
made from spruce chips (Elka Strong Board, approx.
500 kg/m3) are also used. These are a finer variation
of the known OSB boards. Furthermore, the use of
plywood panels made from Nordic spruce (density
450–550 kg/m3) or sea pine could be considered, but
they have aesthetic disadvantages due to knots, or
lower dimensional stability. Wood materials such as
medium-density fiber boards in the form of ultra-light
MDF (gross density <550 kg/m3) have an optically
homogeneous structure and are also used in furniture
construction. However, they consist to a certain
extent of hardwood, for which practical experience is
lacking on the possible development of wood pests
in this wood material.
In special cases transport companies also offer
special transport boxes made of plastic or metal with
internal plastic constructions or innovative material
combinations of plastic, wood, or cardboard. When
selecting suitable materials, attention must always be
paid to additives such as glue, solvents, fungicides, or
fire retardants, which may be included in the wood pro-
ducts according to the product classification.
Appearance or a slight increase in transport costs
due to alternative wood materials with higher bulk
density should not be the reason for the further use
of transport boxes with susceptible sapwood. It is gen-
erally advisable not to store transport crates with hard-
wood content together with the art objects in one
room. Frequently, transport crates are stored in areas
that are difficult to control, or are stacked tightly and
remain in uncontrolled environments for an extended
period of time.
If the costs for pest control exceed the intrinsic value
of the transport boxes concerned, they are usually dis-
posed of directly and replaced by a new crate.
However, high-quality transport crates with the appro-
priate size and equipment for climate regulation can far
exceed the cost of pest control, so that a treatment is
economically justified. Residue-free processes include
fumigation with inert gases, thermal treatment with
heat, or freezing in stationary chambers. Long-term
protection by treatment with chemical wood preserva-
tives is fundamentally excluded due to health hazards
and endangering of works of art by pollutants (sol-
vents) and is not acceptable from a preservation
perspective.
Finally, a question which is regularly raised in prac-
tice indicates whether protection is provided by the
ICCP marking (standard for packaging of solid wood)
for transport crates. This often superficially visible ‘fire
stamp’ is only valid as a permanent proof for a once-
performed treatment (HT = heat, MB = fumigation
with methyl bromide) against wood pests during pro-
duction and export. Since these treatment methods
are not preventive, the marked transport boxes can
still be attacked by wood pests in the future.
Conclusion
The introduction of insect pest infestations into
museum buildings is much more common with
infested objects than immigration from the surround-
ing areas of the buildings. Often it is not the
museum objects themselves that are infested, but
instead wooden transport material, boxes, or pallets
as various case studies from practice show. With
the increase in loans and imported wood from inter-
national trade, the risk of pest infestation due to
packaging wood, pallets, and new wood in the
museum increases.
Note on EU Regulations
Gases to be used for fumigation of materials like wood and art
objects need to be regulated by the EU as a biocide. These can
be toxic gases like phosphine or nitrogen (to kill insects). If a
substance is approved, a specific product needs to get a
licence. Heat treatment, as it is a physical method, is not regu-
lated as a biocide. For wooden pallets an international standard
was developed, see for more details: https://ispm15.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/08/ispm15_international-standards-for-
phytosanitary-measures_adopted-2013_published_2017.pdf;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPM_15.
Note
1. It the moment nitrogen use for museum objects is
regulated within the EU as a biocide. One company
has a licence to use nitrogen from ready to use

containers; in-situ generated nitrogen is banned at the
moment, but countries like Austria have applied for a
derogation. See for more information: https://icom.
museum/en/news/icom-icomos-unite-in-call-to-allow-
the-use-of-nitrogen-for-the-protection-of-cultural-
heritage/; and http://www.icom-cc.org/379/-icom-cc-
documents/european-restriction-on-use-of-nitrogen-
for-disinfestation/#.XtbLkENCSX0.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all museums that support an
IPM program and colleagues who have shared their experi-
ences with us.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
ORCID
Pascal Querner http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3537-0699
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