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    Metal Curtain Wall Manual

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    Gino Tironi

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    cece | ° METAL CURTAIN WALL MANUAL * SECTION I— GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS SECTION ll— TECHNICAL DATA f\ ie * AMERICAN ARCHITECTURAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION EEE CONTENTS SECTION |—GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOREWORD DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS . NOTES ON GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS PART 1—GENERAL 101 Description of Product 102 Work Included . 109. hems installed but Furnished Under Other Sections . 104 Items Furnished but installed Under Other Sections 105 Related Work Specified Elsewhere 108 References 197 Performance and Testing Requirements 1.08 Quality Assurance .. . 1.09 Submittals - 1.10 Identification, Delivery, Storage and Handling of Materials . 11 Warranty PART 2—PRODUCT 201 Metals a : 202 Fastener Metals for Joining Various Metal Combinations 2.03 Protective Materials for Metals 204 Finishes sees 205 Curtain Wall System 206 Panels ...... 207 Glass and Plastic Glazing Materials 2.08 Glazing Systems : 2.09 Windows and Doors 2.10 Other Proprietary Wall Components 2.11. Fiold Installed insulating Materials. 2:12 Sealing and Glazing Materials ... 2:13 Fabrication cee PART 3—EXECUTION 301 Lines, Elevations and Prior Inspection of the Structure : 302. Installation 309. Erection Tolerances. 204 Installation Within Masonry Openings 305 Anchorage ...... 308 Welding "1 12 12 2 18 “7 148 +19 149 120 122 123 198 136 136 198 198 198 307 Use of Sealing Materials 308 Postponement of Complete Enclosure. 309. Field Glazing 340 Field-Applied Insulation 11 Removal of Debris 312 Protection and Cleaning ‘SECTION IlTECHNICAL DATA STANDARDS ‘Specification for Preformed Fibrous Glass Insulation . cee : GENERAL ‘Thermal Expansion of Building Materials ‘Specific Heat, Density, and Thermal Conductivity of Building Materials GLass Table A: Typical Thermal and Optical Properties of Heat-Absorbing and Reflective Glass Table 8: Reduction in Loudness of Various ‘Types of Glass and Glass-Air Space ‘Combinations sees ‘Table C: Recommended Face and Edge Clearances and Bite (or Edge Cover) .. Table D: Length and Width Tolerances for Glass Table E: Shading Coefficients . PLASTICS ‘Acrylic and Polycarbonate Sheet METALS Guide for the Selection of Aluminum Alloys ‘Appearance Matching of Clear Anodized ‘Aluminum Alloys Guide for Choice of Aluminum Filler Alloys Guide for the Selection of Copper Alloys Color Matching of Copper Alloys... Guide for the Selection of Stainless Stee! Types ‘Standard Mechanical Finishes for Architectural ‘Stainless Steel .... 1.7 17 17 17 +37 2a 24 28 26 27 28 28 29 240 212 243 214 236 2a7 29 “~ FOREWORD ‘The original Guide Specifications for Metal Curtain Walls were first published in 1960 by the National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers, NAAMM, as a section of its Metal Curtain Wall Manual, A revised edition of this manual was published by NAAMM in 1968. [AAMA, whose membership represents manufacturers, producers and suppliers of architectural products and related services, organized a Curtain Wall Division in 1968. Shorty thereatter those companies in NAMM interested in curtain walls and store fronts transferred their member- ‘to AMA and the Curtain Wall Division was expanded to represent companies interested in architectural windows, store fronts and entrances as well as curtain walls. The division then became known as the Architectural Window, Curtain Wall and Store Front Division of AAMA.. ‘As part ofits continuing program for the preparation and publication of current information on the advancing technology of curtain wall and store front design, AAMA, in 1873, acquired the publication rights to NAAMM's Metal Curtain Wall Manual, Entrance Manual and other related technical literature and standards with a commitment to revise and republish them as AAMA documents, Inline wth this commitment AMA published its Metal Curtain Wall, Window, Store Front and Entrance Guide Specifications Manual in 1976 and its Aluminum Store Front and Entrance Design Guide Manual in 1977. ‘The Metal Curtain Wall Guide Specifications in this publication replace those which appeared in the 1976 publication. The Store Front and Entrance Guide Specifications were revised and published separately in 1987. The Voluntary Guide specifications of Aluminum Architectural Win- dows were published separately in 1984. This has been done so that specifications can be more expeditiously and economically revised when changes and advances in technology dictate such action. ‘As before, the primary objective of these guide specifications is to provide the Architect with current, useful, reliable and unbiased technical information as an aid in designing and specity- ing good construction for metal curtain walls. The secondary objective is to provide competent ‘guidance for the manufacturers and installers of curtain walls. The overall aim is to promote better design and application by encouraging a mutual understanding of the common interests of architects, manufacturers and suppliers. In addition to these Guide Specifications, AAMA has an Aluminum Curtain Wall series of publications on design, materials, finishes, fabrica- tion, installation, testing and other aspects of curtain wall construction. DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS Introduction Drawings and specifications are the two basic documents which the architect develops {0 convey the information needed for the construction of any structure. They are complemen- tary documents and information contained in one should not be duplicated in the other. However, a consistent system must be used to reference one to the other and standard terminology must be employed in both if the contractor is to have a clear and complete Understanding of the documents. Metal curtain wall systems connect to many other parts of the buildings. As a consequence the work of numerous trades, both directly and indirectly concerned, is involved in their installation. Thus, for a wall contractor to properly bid a job, he must be able to precisely determine the extent of his responsibilty from the information shown on the drawings and ‘set forth in the specifications, Metal curtain wall systems are used to enclose buildings ranging trom one story up to one ‘hundred plus stories. in high rise buildings the ground floor level wall will generally be dif- ferent from that of the rest of the building. it will incorporate store fronts and entrances. ‘The wall contractor may install this portion of the wall but often itis done by another con- tractor. tis important, therefore, that a proper delineation be made between the store front ‘areas and the other areas of the wall. Drawings, Drawings must show the complete curtain wall system, the grid framework, panels, fixed ‘lass, operating windows, doors, and other components of the system. They must be ‘2ccurately dimensioned with section drawings sufficient to cleary define the product requir ‘ments. Connections between the wall and the building structure, store front, roof, floors, celings, partitions, etc., must be shown with a precise incication of where the work of the ‘curtain wall contractor starts and stops. This should be correlated with the writen descrip tion in the specifications. Drapery tracks, flashing reglets,flashings, and other items which 421@ not part of the wall must be noted on the drawings as well asin the specifications, Proprietary items should be appropriataly identified. Sealants shown on the drawings should be referenced to the specifications and those sealants which are a responsibiliy of the wall contractor should be pointed out. Tolerances and clearances shown on drawings must ‘accommodate the tolerances specified forthe structural frame of the building. A complete and accurate set of drawings is essential to efficient, economical execution of a project. SShop drawings prepared by a fabricator or erecior require the Architects approval prior {0 initiation of work, {tis important that schedules be shown on the drawings. This facilitates execution of the work and helps eliminate errors and omissions. These schedules will include metals, fin- ishes, panels, glass, windows, doors, proprietary components, insulation, sealing, glazing, and flashings. References to appropriate paragraphs in the specifications should be shown ‘on the schedule, ‘Specifications ‘The guide specifications set forth inthis manual cover the complete exterior metal curtain wall. They follow the three-part section format for construction specifications, Part 1 Gen- ‘eral, Part 2 Products, and Part 3 Execution, recommended by the Construction Specifica- tions Institute, CSI, General ‘As noted in the requirements for drawings, the metal curtain wall system must physically connect with the building structure, store front, roof, floors, ceilings, partitions, and other items. The specifications, therefore, must define very precisely that part of the work which is to be performed under the curtain wall section and that part of the related work which is to be performed under other sections. This division of work should be cross-referenced ‘and clearly indicated on the drawings. Descriptions of product, references, qualifications, performance requirements testing, mock: a ups, submittals, and warranties should be spectid inthis part Product ‘The product specifications must describe the metals, finishes, protective coatings, propr- ‘etary wall systems or components, framing systems, windows, doors, panels, glass, insula- tion, sealants, glazing materials and other items required to fabricate a wall. Fabrication requirements should also be specified in this part. They include special fabricat- ing procedures, shop assembly, mechanical fastening, welding, protection of metals, paint- ing, and sealing of joints. Execution ‘This part of the specifications must cover the requirements for referencing the wall to the building structure, erection tolerances, clearances, installation, welding, sealing, glazing, insulating, protecting, cleaning, and other work to be accomplished on the building site. CSI Masterformat CSI Masterformat lists curtain walls under Division 8—Doors and Windows. Glazed cur- tain walls in general come under Broadscope Section 08900. The principal metals which hhave been used in curtain wall construction are aluminum, steel, stainless steel and bronze. All four metals are covered in these specifications, The CSI Mediumscope Sections for different types of curtain walls, including those incorporating these four metals, are listed below. Section Number Title & 08900 GLAZED CURTAIN WALLS “O10 Glazed Stee! Cutan Wale ; “220. Glazed Aluminum Curtain Walls ‘300. Glazed Stainless Stoo! Curtain Walls “340. Glazed Bronze Curtain Walls “350 Translucent Wall and Skyight Systems -960 Sloped Glazing Systems “97. Structural Glass Curtain Walls Broadscope Explanation (08900—GLAZED CURTAIN WALLS ‘Standard and custom fabrications of framing members, sash, glazing, spandrel panels, fasteners, and sealants normally installed as an integrated system forming the exterior glazed vertical closure or vertical and sloped closure of a structure. Note: Glazing is spectied under section 08800 unless system is pre-glazed. NOTES ON GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS ‘The guide specifications are a compendium of paragraphs covering a number of performance and testing requirements, a varity of materials and products, plus fabrication and installation ‘methods for the different items commonly used in metal curtain wall construction. In writing the specifications for any one project the Architect will therefore delete many of the paragraphs «as being inapplicable using only those which are pertinent. In some cases, of course, he may ‘add paragraphs to meet special requirements of his design. Voluntary industry standards, current at the time of publishing this manual, are referred to throughout the specifications. However, since some of these standards are being revised and ‘new ones are being developed, the Architect may find it necessary to refer to up-dated and ‘new standards in preparing his specifications. Latest information can be obtained by contact- ing the organizations which develop and publish standards. A list ofthe standards and the organ zations which publish them appears in paragraph 1.08, References, of these specifications. ‘The term “approved drawings” appears throughout the specifications. Where it appears it shall be interpreted to mean the final approval of the party responsible for the specific item, Archi- tect, General Contractor or other party. ‘Wpe and symbols used have the following significance: Blanks... (A). . .: To be filled in appropriately by the Architect. [Brackets]: Require decision on the part of the Architect relative to selection and inclusion in the specifications, [I lorl[ J: Architect must select (Parentheses): Enclose specific instructions. thalics: Explanatory notes, instructions and commentary text presenting supplementary infor- ‘mation and data. Not to be included as part of the specifications. SECTION 1—GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS “ 2 (CS! BROADSCOPE SECTION 08900 PART 1 — GENERAL +L01 DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCT ‘A. The metal curtain wall system specified in this section is to enclose a... (A)... story [monumental] [commercial] [institutional] {industrial} [residential] [office] [apartment] [other building B. The syetem includes the curtain wall raming, anchors, glass, glazing, panels, insul tion, sealants, windows, doors and ether components required for the complete sys- tem and it installation. (2. The metal curtain wall is defined for this section as that part ofthe exterior building enclosure... (Give specific deintion per commentary) ‘A clear definition of what constitutes the curtain wall important to the estimator in fattempting fo prepare an accurate bid. To more accurately define the requirements of this section the architect should state here where the wall begins and where it ends. For example, from the base ofthe wal atthe second floor level (El. ) othe top ofthe walla (I. ) But not including the soft material at (El. ) or the coping at (El. ). This 2 information should also be clearly indicated on the drawings. Ifthe curtain wal is a Composite of metal and masonry it shouldbe so stated here. Tis section should include j nly the metal curtain wal specifications with the data on the masonry wal specifca- tions included in Section 04x. 1.02 WORK INCLUDED ‘A. Metal Framing for Glass, Panels and Other Components B Glass 1 not included in this section include in Section 08800 ©. Panels D. Anchors, Brackets and Attachments E. Windows If not included in this section include in Section 08500 Doors If not included in this section include in Section 08250 Column Covers: |. Insulation Fire Stops at Floor Slabs Perimeter Sealant I not included in this section include in Section 07900 K. Final Cleaning 1 not included in this section include in Section 01710 erz@ a 4.03 ITEMS INSTALLED BUT FURNISHED UNDER OTHER SECTIONS ‘A. Windows (When not supplied by curtain wall manufacturer) Section 08500 B. Doors (When not supplied by curtain wall manufacturer). Section 08250 ©. Other items ..... Section 20000 1" METAL CURTAIN WALL MANUAL 1.04 ITEMS FURNISHED BUT INSTALLED UNDER OTHER SECTIONS A. Inserts and Anchors which are Cast in Conorete <+++++ Section 08250 B. Inserts and Anchors which are Built in Masonry cesses Section 04150 . Other items feeeteeeeeeeeeess Seetion 20000 1.05 RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE (llustrative examples only) ‘A. Staging and Scaffolding ........ Section 01525 B. Final Cleaning (if not in this section) Section 01710 . Preparation of Adjacent Work .. Section 20000 D. Structural Stee! Including Inserts and Anchors... . ++ Section 05120 E. Metal Fabrications, Framing and Attachments ++ Section 05500 F. Sheet Metal Flashing and Tim ............++ sssss++ Section 07620 G. Skylights : cette <+++++ Section 07800 H. Perimeter Sealing (if notin this section) .... cesecse+ Section 07900 |. Metal Closures and Tim... 2.22... ceeeteessesss Section 08100 J. Store Fronts and Entrances cee ceeessesscs+ Section 08400 K. Window Stools . settee cesessesss Section 08500 L. Glass and Glazing for Curtain Wall (If not in this section) Section 08800 M. Glass and Glazing Other than Curtain Wall ............- Section 08800 Sr ceeteseeeee ‘Section 08960 ©. Interior Wall Finish fetter Section 093 P._ Exterior Sun Control Devices... . ceceeee Section 10700 Q. Window Washing Equipment . ceeeeeee s+++ Section 11014 F. Mechanical Units and Grilles Attached to the Curtain Wall. . Section 15:00 1.06 REFERENCES: All standards and other literature referred to in these guide specifications and their accom- ‘panying commentary are listed in this paragraph. The dates shown were current at the time of publication of this document. Names and addresses of the organizations involved are given to facilitate contact. ‘A. Aluminum Association (AA) 900 19th Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 1. Aluminum Standards and Data, 1982, ASD-1 2. Designation System for Aluminum Finishes, 1980, DAF-45 ‘8 Standards for Anodized Architectural Aluminum, 1978, SAA-46 8. American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) 2700 River Road, Suite 118 Des Plaines, Illinois 60018 1. $12.88 Specification for Preformed Fibrous Glass Insulation 2. 501-83 Methods of Test for Metal Curtain Walls 3. 501.1-83 Standard Test Method for Metal Curtain Walls for Water Penetration Using Dynamic Pressure ‘4. 501.2-89 Field Check for Metal Curtain Walls for Water Leakage ‘5. 6038-85 Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Pigmented Organic Coatings on Extruded Aluminum 6 605.2-85 Voluntary Specification for High Performance Organic Coatings on Archi- tectural Extrusions and Panels. 7. AAMA 800-86 Voluntary Specifications and Test Methods for Sealants containing the following specifications and test methods: GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS 2~ 10. 1" 12, 13 1. 6 16. 7 18. 18. 20. ‘a. AAMA 8033-85 Voluntary Specification for NarrowJoint Seam Sealer ‘AAMA 804.1-85 Voluntary Specification for Ductile Back-Bedding Glazing Tapes ©. AAMA 805,2-85 Voluntary Specification for Bonding-Type Back-Bedding ‘Compound 1d. AAMA806:-85 Voluntary Specification for Bonding-Type Back Bedding Glazing Tapes fe. AAMA 807:1-86 Voluntary Specification for Oil-Extended Cured Rubber Back- Bedding Glazing Tapes 1. AAMA8083-85 Voluntary Specification for Exterior Perimeter Sealing Compound 9. AAMA 809.2-85 Voluntary Specification for Non-Drying Sealants h. AAMA 810.1-85 Voluntary Specification for Expanded Cellular Glazing Tape 1402.88 Standard Specifications for Aluminum Siding, Soffit and Fascia 1502,71981 Voluntary Test Method for Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall Sections 15031-1980 Voluntary Test Method for Thermal Transmittance of Windows, Doors ‘and Glazed Wall Sections ‘ANSIIAAMA 101-88 Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum Prime Windows & Siid- ing Glass Doors GS 001-1984 Voluntary Guide Specifications for Aluminum Architectural Windows ‘Aluminum Curtain Wall Design Guide Manual, 1878 (Aluminum Curtain Wall Series, ‘ACWS, Volumes 1 through 9) Testing of Aluminum Curtain Walls ‘Aluminum Curtain Wall Types and Systems ‘The Rain Screen Principle and Pressure-Equalized Wall Design Primary Concerns in Aluminum Curtain Wall Design Guidelines for the Architect in Detalling the Wall Lockstrip Gaskets in Architectural Applications {A Brief History of the Aluminum Curtain Wall Fire Safety in High Rise Curtain Wall Buildings Joint Sealants in Aluminum Curtain Walls Glass and Glazing Installation of the Aluminum Curtain Wall Anodic Finishes Design for Energy Conservation in Aluminum Curtain Walls ACWS Vol. 10 Care and Handling of Architectural Aluminum from Shop to Site ACWS Vol. 11 Design Wind Loads for Buildings and Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Testing ACWS Vol. 12 Structural Properties of Glass AGWS Vol. 13 Structural Sealant Glazing Systems ‘TIR-A1-1975 Sound Control for Aluminum Curtain Walls and Windows TIR-A3-1975 Fire Resistive Design Guidelines for Curtain Wall Assemblies TIR-A4-1978 Recommended Glazing Guidelines for Reflective Insulating Glass gcrrrseseange ©. American Institute of Stee! Construction (AISC) ‘400 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60811-4185 1 Manual of Steel Construction D. American Iron and Stee! Institute (AIS!) 1138 Fifteenth Street, NW Washington, DC 20005 1 Steel Products Manual a. Carbon Steels b. Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels +3 METAL CURTAIN WALL MANUAL 4 , American National Standards Institute (ANS!) 1430 Broadway New York, New York 10018 ‘AS8.1-1982 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures ANSAAMA 101-88 Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum Prime Windows & Slid- ing Glass Doors ANSIASME A39,1-1987 Safety Requirements for Window Cleaning 14-1983 Specification for Sound Level Meters. ‘$1.4a-1985 Sound Level Meters 297.1-1984 Performance Specifications and Methods of Test for Safety Glazing Mate- rial Used in Buildings enae ‘American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 1816 Race Street Phitadelphia, Pennsyivania 19103 1. A 96-87 Specification for Structural Steel 2. A 123-64 Spectication for Zinc (Hot Dipped-Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products ‘8. A 176.87 Specification for Stainless and Heat Resisting Chromium Stee! Plate, Sheet, and Strip 4, A 268-87a Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferrtic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service 5. 268-87 Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Stee! Tubing for General Service 6. A 424-80 Specification for Steel Sheets for Porcelain Enameling 7. 446-87 Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc Coated (Galvanized) by Hot- cess, Structural (Physical) Quality 8. 4526-85 Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) by Hot- cess, Commercial Quality 9. 570-85 Specification for Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet and Strip, Structural Quality 410. 572-84 Specification for High-Strength LowAlloy Columbium-Vanadium Steels of ‘Structural Quality 11, A591-77 (1983) Specification for Sheet Steel, Cold-Rolled, Electrolytic Zinc-Coated 12. A607-85 Specification for Steel Sheet and Strip, Hot Rolled and Cold-Rolled, High- Strength, Low-Alloy Columbium andior Vanadium 18, A 611-85 Specification for Steel, Cold-Rolled Sheet, Carbon, Structural 14. A.618-84 Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low- Alloy Structural Tubing 16, A 633-87 Specification for Normalized High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel 16. A 686-87 Specification for Austenitic Stainless Steel, Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar for Structural 17. B 26-88 Specification for AluminumAlloy Sand Castings 18 B 43-88 Specification for Seamless Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes 19. B 85-84 Specification for AluminurtAlloy Die Castings 20. B 108-87 Specification for AluminumAlloy Permanent Mold Castings 21. 8 208-88 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate 22. B 210-88 Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Drawn Seamless Tubes 23. B 211-88 Specification for AluminumAlloy Bars, Rods, and Wire 24, B 221-88 Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Shapes and Tubes ip Pro- Pro- GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS a 25. B 308-88 Specification for Aluminum-Alloy 606176 Standard Structural Shapes, Rolled or Extruded 26, B 429-88 Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Structural Pipe and Tube 27. 8 455-83 Specification for Copper Zinc-Lead Alloy (Leaded Brass) Extruded Shapes 28, B 633-85 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel 29, B 766-86 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium 30, C 236-87 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Performance of Building Assem- blies by Means of a Guarded Hot Box 31. C 509-84 Specification for Cellular Elastromeric Preformed Gasket and Sealing Material C 542-82(1984) Specification for Lock-Strip Gaskets C 552-86 Specification for Cellular Glass Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation C 559-70(1977) Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket and Felt Insulation . © 864-84 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and Spacers. 36, C 976-82 Test Method Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of ‘a Calibrated Hot Box - 87, C:991-83 Specification for Flexible Glass Fiber Insulation for Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings 38. C 1096-85 Standard Specification for Flat Glass 99, C 104887 Standard Specification for HeatTeated Flat Glass — Kind HS, Kind FT = Coated and Uncoated Glass 40. D 3856-83 Specification for Insect Screening and Louver Cloth Woven from Vinyl Coated Glass Fiber Yarn E 84-87 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials 90-87 Standard Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Trans- mission Loss of Building Partitions a, 42, 43, E 119-88 Method for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials 44, © 196-82 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750C. 45, 46, RBEBER E 283-84 Test Method for Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors 990-84 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference 47, 331-86 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference 48, E 419-87 Standard Classification for Determination of Sound Transmission Class 49, E 546-88 Test Method for Frost Point of Sealed Insulating Glass Units 50. 576-88 Test Method for DewiFrost Point of Sealed Insulating Glass Units in Vert cal Position 51. E 773-88 Test Method for Seal Durability of Sealed Insulating Glass Units 52. E 774-84a Specification for Sesled Insulating Glass Units m 53. E 763-84 Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors 54, E 1105-86 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Air Pressure Dif- ference +6 | METAL CURTAIN WALL MANUAL G. American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road PO Box 351040 Miami, Florida 33135 1. 810-80 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes 2. D1.1-86 Structural Welding Code — Stee! 3. D1.2-83 Structural Welding Code — Aluminum H. Canadian Government Specifications (CGSB) Canadian Government Specifications Board 88 Metcalfe Street ‘Ottawa, Canada K1A 085 19-GP-tc Glass, Safety, Tempered or Laminated, for Building Construction 18-GP-5b Sealing Compound, One Component, Acrylic Base, Solvent Curing 19-GP-9b Sealing Compound, One Component, Silicone Base, Chemical Curing 19-GP-14 Sealing Compound, One Component, Butyt-Polisobutylene Base, Solvent Curing 19-GP-1a Sealing Compound, Multicomponent, Polyurethane Base, Chemical Curing 19-GP-16a Sealing Compound, One Component, Polyurethane Base, Chemical Curing 7. 18-GP-18 Sealing Compound, One Component, Silicone Base, Solvent Curing hepe on |. Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) Washington, DC 20207 1. 16 CFR 1201 Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials J. Copper Development Association (CDA) Greenwich Office Park 2 PO Box 1840 Greenwich, Connecticut 06836 1. Standard Handbook, Copper, Brass and Bronze K. Flat Glass Marketing Association (FGMA) ‘3310 Harrison Topeka, Kansas 66611 1. Glazing Manual 2. Sealant Manual L. General Services Administration (GSA), Federal Specifications (FS) ‘Specifications Unit (WFSIS) ‘7th and D Streets, SW Washington, DC 20406 1. HH4-521F Insulation Blankets, Thermal (Mineral Fiber, for Ambient Temperatures) 2. HH4+524C Insulation Board, Thermal (Polystyrene) ‘& HH4-526C Insulation Board, Thermal (Mineral Fiber) 4, HH4A5308 Insulation Board, Thermal, Unfaced, Polyurethane or Polyisocyanurate 5. HH-L551E Insulation Blocks and Boards, Thermal (Cellular Glass) 6. HH--558B(3) Insulation, Blocks, Boards, Blankets, Sleeving (Pipe and Tube Cover- ing), and Pipe Fitting Covering, Thermal (Mineral Fiber, Industrial Type) 7. RRASGSA Wire Fabric (Insect Screening) & SS-C-159C Cement, Bituminous, Plastic 9. TEP-38D(1) Paint, Aluminum, Ready-Mixed 10. TFP-645A Primer, Paint, Zinc Chromate, Alkyd Type ‘11. TFS-001542A Sealing Compound: Silicone Rubber Base (for Calking, Sealing, and Glazing in Buildings and Other Structures) 12.TFS-001657 Sealing Compound: Single-Component, Butyl Rubber Based, Solvent Release Type (for Buildings and Other Types of Construction) “~ f GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS 43 TFS-00227E(8) Sealing Compound: Elastromeric Type, MultiComponent (for Calk- ing, Sealing and Glazing in Buildings and Other Structures) +14, TFS-00230C(2) Sealing Compound: Elastromeric Type, Single Component (for Calk- ing, Sealing and Glazing in Buildings and Other Structures) Insulating Glass Certification Council (ICC) ETL Testing Laboratories, Inc. Industrial Park 3933 US. Route 11 PO, Box 2040 Cortland, NY 19045-2040 1. Certified Products Directory for Sealed Insulating Glass National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM) 600 South Federal Street, Suite 400 ‘Chicago, llinois 60605 1, Metal Finishes Manual in Six Sections ‘a. AMP 600-88 Introduction to Metal Finishing b AMP 501-88 Finishes for Aluminum c. AMP 602-88 Finishes for the Copper Alloys d. AMP 603-88 Finishes for Stainless Steel fe. AMP 504-88 Finishes for Carbon and Iron f. AMP 505-88 Applied Coatings Porcelain Enamel Institute (PE!) 1911 Fort Myer Drive Arlington, Virginia 22209 4. $-100 Specification for Architectural Porcelain Enamel on Steel for Exterior Use ‘Safety Glazing Certification Council (SCC) ETL Testing Laboratories, Inc. Industrial Park 9933 US. Route 11 PO. Box 2040 Contland, NY 13045-2040 4. Certified Products Directory for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings . Sealed Insulating Glass Manufacturers Association (SIGMA) 1111 East Wacker Drive, Suite 600 Chicago, ilinois 60601 4. Technical Manual for Acoustical Glass Stee! Structures Painting Council (SSPC) 44400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, 4. Steel Structures Painting Manual in Two Volumes ‘a. Volume 1, Good Painting Practice b. Volume 2, Systems and Specifications SSPC-PS 104 and 1.07 through 1.13 Oil Base Painting Systems SSPC-PS 401 through 4.05 Vinyl Painting Systems 'SSPC-PS 11.01 Coal Tar Epoxy Polyamide Painting System 'SSPC-PS 1201 One-Coat Zinc Rich Painting System SSPC-PS 1301 Epoxy-Polyamide Painting System ‘SSPC-PS 1800 Chlorinated Rubber Painting System Steel Window Institute (SWI) 2130 Keith Building Cleveland, Ohio 44115 1. Recommended Specifications for Steel Windows NOmPeDy w7 ——— METAL CURTAIN WALL MANUAL 4.07 PERFORMANCE AND TESTING REQUIREMENTS This is one of the most important pars of curtain wall spectications. The ultimate perfor- ‘mance of the building may well depend on how accurately and completely these spect tions are writen. Performance requirements dictate the engineering work that goes into 2 wall design. Structural capabilities of a wall can generally be calculated with adequate ‘accuracy. However, testing isthe only way in which certain capabilities ofa wall, such as resistance to air leakage or water penetration, can be determined. Testing involves extra ‘costs and tests should, therefore, be specified only when itis necessary to check perfor. ‘mance and the time and expense are justified. Many commercial type walls have been rigorously tested during their development and, furthermore, have a history of satisfactory performance. Often their manufacturers can certity compliance with required performance standards, making futher testing unnecessary, provided that the intended installation con- forms with their recommendations. For unproven wall designs, on the other hand, tests ‘may be not only warranted but highly advisable, asthe only means of verifying performance. Before deciding which, if any, tests should be specified, the Architect is advised to consult AAMA Aluminum Curiain Wall Series Volume 1, “Testing of Aluminum Curtain Walls” When tests are specified, the required performance under those tests should be clearly defined and provision should be made for having corrective work done and retested i first results are unsatistactory. Itis suggested that the Architect add a statement at this point of the specifications to the ctfect that: Conformance withthe requirements of 1.07 shall be demonstrated, where applicable, by [submiting appropriate manufacturers standard test reports, calculations, andlor contor- ‘mance letters] [or] [erecting and testing a job size mockup -.. (sate configuration) . ‘and providing test reports by a qualified laboratory (reference 1.08). | ‘A. Provision for Thermal Movements, Curtain wall systems shall be designed to provide for such expansion and contraction | ‘of component materials as will be caused by surface temperatures ranging from (A)... F toa high temperature of .. . (A)... F without causing buckling, undue ‘tress on glass, failure of joint seals, undue stress on structural elements, damaging loads on fasteners, reduction of performance or other detrimental effects. (f applicable add) Operating windows and doors shall function normally over this temperature range. A representative maximum range of ambient temperature, as here specified, in the vicin- ity of 40 N. Latitude is about 120 F. Metal surface temperatures on buildings, however, vary over a much wider range. Dark colored metal may reach temperatures as high as 160 F when exposed to direct solar heat, and may be 10 F colder than air temperature ‘on clear, still winter nights. The range of temperature of the metal itself is, therefore, ‘considerably greater than that of the surrounding air and, except in the southern-most states, should be assumed to be at least 180 F: It is this range, rather than the ambient range, which determines the amount of movement to be expected. Since the latter will vary with the location of the building, it should be determined and specified by the Archi- tect. It is particularly important that the size of the sealant joint take into account the ‘maximum expansion and contraction resulting from this range of surface temperatures ‘as well as the other building movements which will affect the joint. Consideration must also be given to the temperature at the time of installation. I these things are not done correctly, failure in the water and air tightness of the wall may ultimately occur. Glass breakage problems may occur i sufficient clearance is not provided for thermal move- ‘ments. For further information on this subject reference should be made to AAMA Alu- ‘minum Curtain Wall Series No. 7, “installation of the Aluminum Curtain Wall” B. Structural Properties 1. Wind Loads Curtain wall systems shall be designed to withstand the following wind loads acting ‘normal to the plane of the wall. +8 GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS For exterior walls, (On the ground level: (A)... psf acting inward (A). psf acting outward (On the .. (A)... stories: (A). pst acting inward +. (A). psf acting outward On the ... (A)... stories: (A)... .pst acting inward (A). «psf acting outward ‘On the comer areas extending . . . (A)... feet from the building comers on the (A)... stories on all facade (Note: The inward and outward acting loads are not additive) Provision is made here for specitying different design wind loads at different build- ing heights and at areas adjacent to the building comers. Wind loads normally increase with the height of the building. In the case of tall buildings desirable econ- ‘omies in structural and material requirements may be realized by specitying differ- tent design wind loads at different building heights. Highest wind loads mast often ‘occur in the areas adjacent to the building comers. Outward acting wind loads at the comers are generally critical as they are likely to be much more severe than the inward acting loads on corners and other parts of the building. Unless otherwise required by governing building codes, appropriate design wind loads for most situations may be selected by the Architect from ANSI A58.1, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.” For other situations where, for example, ‘building shape is other than rectangular in plan « site location has unusual wind conditions '* building location critical with respect to other nearby buildings * high internal pressure from stack action caused by cold climate ‘Boundary layer wind tunnel testing and/or special engineering studies may be essen- tial to determine the required design wind load. For information on design wind loads ‘and wind tunnel testing the Architect is referred to AMA Aluminum Curtain Wall Series No. 11, “Design Wind Loads for Buildings and Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Testing.” 2. Deflection Limitations and Testing Requirements ‘a. The deflection of any framing member in a direction normal to the plane of the ‘wall when subjected to design loads specified in 1.07.8.1, shall not exceed 1175 of its clear span except that when a plastered surface or dry wall subjected to bending is affected, the deflection shall not exceed 1/360 of the span. (Architect specify other deflection limits if required. If actual structural tests are required in ieu of calculations the Architect must include 1.07.8.2.b in the specifications). .. Uniform load deflection tests of the curtain wall system shall be conducted in accor- dance with ASTM E 330. Loads and deflection limitations shall be as specified in 107322. Incases of large spans the Architect should calculate the mic:point span deflection ‘and give consideration to its visual impact on occupants of the building. fit appears desirable the Architect should specify a lesser deflection than that given by 1175 of the clear span. Lower deflections, however, will often require the use of heavier ‘cross-sections or reinforcements so the importance of visual impact mustbe weighed ‘against added cost. Deflections up to 1/60 of the span are permitted for thin metal panels which do not frame glass provided retention is satisfactory and no seal fail- ‘ure wilresut. Structural sealants may require a lower deflection ratiothan 1175. Seal ‘ant manufacturers should be consulted on this matter. . The deflection ofa framing member overhanging an anchor point (oof, parapets, cother components) shall be limited to [2L/175 where Ls the length of the cantile- vvered member] [.. A. 19 METAL CURTAIN WALL MANUAL d. The deftection ofa framing member overhanging an anchor point and adjoining a fixed building element (see commentary) shall be limited to [no more than one- bal te sealant joint depth between the framing member and the ied buling element] |. (resin teas coon omni the deflection which ‘may occur atthe joint. To ensure satisfactory performance of such joints the deflec- tion must be held within limits. n most installations the deflection allowed by 2L/175 will cause no problems. However, depanding on the design, there may be sur- rounding conditions in which the deflection allowed by this rato willbe excessive ‘and can cause serious problems at a sealed joint. To protect against this it is nec- ‘essary for the Architect fo set a lower limit in order to provide good sealing condk- tions, for example, at the end of an overhanging framing member. Often the root ‘lashing, parapet cover, soft material or other building component must be sealed to the member and the sealant joint will not tolerate a liberal deflection at his point. «©. Deflection measurements shall be made from gages located on the [framing mem- bers} [and] [metal panels] so as to measure maximum deflections. {. The methods used to calculate deflections shall be those recommended by AA, AISI, AISC or CDA, whichever is applicable for the metal alloys specified. 8 Dead Load ‘The deflection of any member in a direction parallel to the plane of the wall, when carrying its full dead load, shall not exceed an amount which will reduce the glass bite below 75% of the design dimension and the member shall have a 1/8" minimum Clearance between itself and the top of the fixed panel, glass, or other fixed part immediately below. The clearance between the member and an operable window (or door shall be at least 1/16” The permissible deflections here specified are the maximums recommended. Smaller limits may of course be specified but in doing so it should be recognized that this ‘may require heavier and more expensive members. Since the depths of horizontal ‘ullions in curtain wails may be relatively shallow, it may not be possible to block {glass andior infill panels at the normally specified quarter points and still maintain reasonable deflection limitations, particularly on wider spans where the heavier {glasses are used. When this condition arises the setting blocks may be moved to 6" from each edge but no closer than 1/8th of the glass width, whichever Is greater, 4nd structural calculations should be provided to indicate thatthe horizontal mutlion will deflect no more than the maximum allowed when glass or infill panel is blocked ‘as specified and to verily that the glass panel is structurally adequate for the edge stress imposed because of the location of the setting blocks. Verification of edge stress on glass is from data based on glass manufacturers’ proprietary programs. Glass manufacturers will supply verification upon request. 4. Uniform Structural Loads and Testing Requirements ‘a. The curtain wall system shall be designed to withstand the design wind pressures specified in 1.07.6.1. Compliance shall be demonstrated by calculations performed in accordance with acccepted engineering standards established by AA, AISC, AISI or CDA for the materials being used. (f actual structural tests are required in lieu of calculations the Architect must include 1.07.B.4.b in the specifications.) . Uniform load structural tests ofthe curtain wall system shall be conducted in accor- dance with ASTM E 330. The curtain wall system shall be subjected to inward and outward acting uniform loads equal to 15 times the inward and outward act- ing design wind pressures specified in 1.07.6.1. Satisfactory performance at these loads shall mean no glass breakage, damage to fasteners or anchors, hardware parts or actuating mechanisms; no malfunctioning of windows, doors, and oper- ating hardware; no permanent deformation of main framing members in excess of 0.2%6 of the clear span. 110 GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS: a This test is conducted at 1.5 times the design pressure for the purpose of assur- ing that the structure has an adequate safety factor. Deflection is not the govern- ing factor in this test. The governing factor is the ability of the unit to withstand the load without damage or permanent deformation in excess of the limits speci- fied. In case of glass breakage during test ASTM E 330 calls for replacement of {glass and retest. A second occurrence of glass breakage requires that the fram- jing system be checked for possible weaknesses or faults. ‘Many curtain wall manufacturers provide standard extrusions for their framing ‘systems. The physical properties of these extrusions have been determined and the connecting and anchoring systems have been tested. Where these standard systems are used, structural calculations made in accordance with accepted engi- neering practice are sufficient for determining the capabilties of the systems and uniform load deflection and structural tests are not required. &. Window Cleaning Equipment Loads a. Continuous Tie-In Guides Curtain wall framing members serving as continuous tie-in guides for window Cleaning equipment shall be designed to carry the following concentrated loads ‘at mid-span: (A)... pounds normal to the plane of the wall representing the equipment load plus 1/Srd of the inward acting design wind load. . (A)... pounds applied horizontally parallel to the plane of the wall, Under these loads the maximum deflection normal to the plane of the wall shall be [1/175 of the clear span] [or] [1/980 for a plastered surface or dry wall sub- jected to bending by deflection] and the maximum deflection parallel to the plane of the wall shall be .. (A)... When mechanically operated wall cleaning equipment is tobe used, the concen- trated loading imposed on guide rail members by such equipment may be acritical design factor. This will be determined by the nature of the equipment. Design data ‘should be obtained from the manufacturer. The load acting normal to the plane of the wall should include the equipment load plus one third ofthe inward acting design wind load. The mullion design will be governed by this combined load or by the wind load alone, whichever is greater. However, loads imposed by cleaning equipment ‘canbe very severe and walls must be carefully engineered to resist them. In view of this the Architect may wish to incorporate a factor of safety in the guide rail load requirements. Allowable stress should be that recommended by AA, AISI, AISC or CDA, whichever is applicable for the metal alloy specified. Continuous tie-in guides may be eliminated on the curtain wall where the buiiding is provided with equipment tie-in devices located so that the suspended portion of the equipment will not be suspended more than 45 feet below any such tie. This is referred to as intermittent stabilization the requirements of which are set forth in the following paragraphs and are covered in ANSVASME A39.1. This method of stabil- zation limits a suspended platform's horizontal movement with respect to the face cof @ building by limiting the platforms free suspension between stabilization points. b. Intermittent Stabilization of Window Cleaning Equipment Building anchors shall be located in vertical rows with stabilization points at a ‘maximum of every third floor (approximately 40 feet) and horizontally in close prox- imity to the suspension ropes to allow a stabilization attachment for each of two of the platforms suspension wire ropes. Building anchors shall be located so that they are either both outside or both inside the wire suspension ropes. Building anchors shall be easily visible to the workers during descent and ascent ‘ofthe platform. The platform shallbe no greater than 32 feetin length and Sfectin width. Each building anchor shall be capable of sustaining a maximum load of 600 pounds parallel to and perpendicular tothe face ofthe building but not applied simultaneously. wt re a Uneeemmeeeeeeeneieenemeeeeeeeeeneeennneereereueemeermeereremrereeerd METAL CURTAIN WALL MANUAL ‘This method of stabilization shall be used only when predicted winds willbe less than 25 mph. Each building incorporating this method of stabilization shall be equipped with an instrument to measure wind velocities. 6 Drift (Wind or Seismic) ‘The curtain wall system and its anchorage shall accommodate @ lateral dit of - (A) «inch per floor when subject o the maximum overturning moment of the building due to wind load or seismic load. The Architect should specity the maximum dit based on the structural engineers calculations. Diit isthe lateral movement of floors relative to each other. In highrise buildings ‘subjected to high winds the overturning moment may cause movements which must be takon into account in the curtain wall design. Seismic forces referred ton 107.86 also cause dit. However, for design purposes the wind and seismic forces are not ‘additive but the greater of the two forces is used. The reactions ofthe curtain wall framing and the anchorage are different for different wind drections and also for diferent clirections of seismic forces. In the case of wind, the top ofthe framing wil ‘move inward at the top ofthe story on the windward side ofthe building, it will move outward on the leeward side and it will move laterally in the plane of the wall on sides parallel to the wind. The same kind of movements will occur under seismic loads. ‘System designs must take into account all of these motions. 7. Earthquake Loads ‘The curtain wall system and its anchorage shall resist the earthquake loads of Seis- mic Zone . . . (A)... in accordance with the requirements of ANSI A581 OR ‘The curtain wall system and its anchorage shall resist the earthquake loads in accor dance with the requirements of... (A)... (Architect specity governing code). [ANSI A 58:1 provides maps for seismic zanes inthe 48 contiguous states plus Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Pico. The seismic maps are divided into five zones, O through 4. Zone 0 is for areas which experience the lowest earthquake loads with loads increasing as the zone numbers increase. Effective Peak Velocity Related Accelera- tion Coefficient (EPV) is related to the damageability of ground shaking. Zone 0 has ‘an EPV of 006 or loss while Zone 4 has an EPY of 040 of more. (The Architect should 'specly the zone appropriate forthe location of his building). Seismic forces will cause

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