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21EE44-Module 3
21EE44-Module 3
MODULE 3
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Module 3
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
3.1 Losses in Three phase Induction Motor:
The power losses in an induction motor can be classified as,
i)Constant Losses ii)Variable losses
i) Constant losses/Fixed losses:
Constant losses are those losses which are considered to remain constant over normal working
range of induction motor. The fixed losses can be easily obtained by performing no-load test on the
three phase induction motor. These losses are further classified as
1. Iron or core losses
2. Mechanical losses
Iron or core losses are further divided into hysteresis and eddy current losses. Eddy current
losses are minimized by using lamination on core. Since by laminating the core, area decreases and
hence resistance increases, which results in decrease in eddy currents. Hysteresis losses are
minimized by using high grade silicon steel. The core losses depend upon frequency of the supply
voltage. The frequency of stator is always supply frequency, f and the frequency of rotor is slip
times the supply frequency, (sf) which is always less than the stator frequency. Hence the rotor core
loss is very small as compared to stator core loss and is usually neglected in running conditions.
Mechanical losses occur at the bearing and brush friction loss occurs in wound rotor induction
motor. These losses are zero at start and with increase in speed these losses increases. In three phase
induction motor the speed usually remains constant. Hence these losses almost remains constant.
ii)Variable Losses:
These losses are also called copper losses. These losses occur due to current flowing in
stator and rotor windings. As the load changes, the current flowing in rotor and stator winding also
changes and hence these losses also changes. Therefore these losses are called variable losses. The
copper losses are obtained by performing blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor.
2
Rotor Copper loss = 3𝐼2𝑟 𝑅2
Where 𝐼2𝑟 = Rotor Current per phase at a particular load
𝑅2 = Rotor Resistance per phase
The part of input power is utilized to supply the losses in the stator which are stator core as well as
copper losses. The remaining power delivered to the rotor magnetically through the air gap with
help of rotating magnetic field, which is input to the rotor and is denoted by 𝑃2 and is given by
P2 = Pin − Stator losses(Core + Copper)
The entire rotor input is not goin to convert into mechanical energy it has to supply rotor losses.
Rotor copper losses are dominant loss , iron loss are small and hence neglected.
2
∴ 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑐 = 3𝐼2𝑟 𝑅2
After supplying these losses, the remaining part of P2is converted into mechanical energy and
mathematically represented as
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑐
When the rotor is connected to the load some part of 𝑃𝑚 is utilized to provide the mechanical losses
or friction windage losses. The power available to the load is at the shaft is called shaft power or
useful power.
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Electric Motors - 21EE44
As the load changes , speed changes corresponding slip value also changes. As slip changes the
reactance 𝑋2𝑟 changes there fore 𝑠𝑋2is represented as variable reactance.
Consider the rotor impedance
𝑠𝐸2 𝑠𝐸2 𝐸2
𝐼2𝑟 = = =
𝑅 2 2
√𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2 )2 𝑠√( 2 ) +𝑋22 √(𝑅2 ) +𝑋22
𝑠 𝑠
Assuming equivalent rotor circuit under running condition had fixed reactance 𝑋2, fixed voltage 𝐸2
𝑅
but variable resistance 𝑠2
𝑅2 𝑅2 (1−𝑠)
Now = 𝑅2 + − 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝑅
The variable rotor resistance 𝑠2 has two parts
1) Rotor resistance 𝑅2 itself which represents copper loss.
(1−𝑠)
2) 𝑅2 𝑠 which represents load resistance 𝑅𝐿 .
Equivalent circuit of rotor circuit can be modified as shown figure 3.3
Figure 3.5(a) Approximate Equivalent circuit referred to stator (b) Simplified circuit
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The above circuit can be further simplified by combining stator and rotor resistances, similarly
stator and rotor reactance can be added together. The Simplified exact Equivalent circuit is as
shown in the figure 3.5(b)
𝑅 𝑋
𝑅1𝑒 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2′ = 𝑅1 + 𝐾22 and 𝑋1𝑒 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2′ = 𝑋1 + 𝐾22
NOTE:
1) Voltage equations: Refer Figure 4.4 exact equivalent circuit , Supply voltage 𝑉1
is the phasor sum of 𝐸1 and voltage drop across stator resistance and reactance
𝑉̅1 = −𝐸̅̅̅1 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐼1 𝑅1 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐼1 𝑋1
Similarly in the rotor circuit. ̅̅̅̅
𝐸2𝑟 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐼2𝑟 𝑅2 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐼2𝑟 𝑋2𝑟
60
′ 𝑉1
Rotor current 𝐼2𝑟 =
2
√(𝑅1𝑒 +𝑅𝐿′ ) +(𝑋1𝑒 )2
3) In order to obtain the maximum power output according Maximum power transfer theorem
Load resistance must be equal to source impedance.
𝑅𝐿′ = 𝑍1𝑒 .
2𝜋𝑁
4) Synchronous watt: 1 𝑁 − 𝑚 = 60 𝑠 𝑆𝑦𝑛 − 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 or
60
1𝑆𝑦𝑛 − 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑁 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑠
No load and blocked rotor test is performed on 3 phase induction motor From here no load current
and the angle between voltage and current required for drawing circle diagram is calculated. The
angle will be large as in the no load condition induction motor has high inductive reactance. From
blocked rotor test, we need to calculate short circuit current and the lag angle between voltage and
current for drawing circle diagram. Also, we need rotor and stator copper loss.
Figure 3.7 Circuit diagram for No-load and Blocked Rotor test
Calculations are
𝑾𝒐
∴ cos 𝜙𝑜 =
√3 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
−1 𝑾
∴ 𝜙0 = cos ( 𝑉𝒐 𝐼 )
√3 𝑜 𝑜
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑜 cos 𝜙𝑜 = Active component/core loss component of no load current
𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼𝑜 sin 𝜙0 = Magnetizing component / wattles component of no load current
𝑉𝑜 𝑉
No load resistance 𝑅𝑜 = , No load reactance 𝑋𝑜 = 𝐼 𝑜
𝐼𝑐 𝑚
The power input Wo consists of stator core loss/stator iron loss and friction and windage losses
Since rotor current is small and hence rotor copper loss is negligible. Rotor frequency is small ,
rotor iron losses are proportional to this frequency hence these losses are neglected. Therefore under
no load condition power input 𝑊𝑜 gives power spent for constant losses
∴ 𝐖𝐨 = 𝐍𝐨 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭
∴ 𝐖𝐨 = 𝐅𝐢𝐱𝐞𝐝 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬
4.9.2 Blocked Rotor test
1−𝑠
In this test, the rotor is blocked and it is not allowed to rotate. Since N=0, s= 1 and 𝑅𝐿′ = 𝑅2′ ( 𝑠 )
becomes zero. If the motor is slip ring induction motor then the windings are shortcircuited. A low
voltage 3-phase supply (obtained from a 3-phase auto-transformer) is applied to the stator. So that
full load current flows through the stator winding. The power input is measured by the two
wattmeters. The short circuit current, short circuit voltage and short circuit power is tabulated and
short circuit current corresponding to the rated voltage can be calculated by direct proportion.
𝑽𝒔𝒄 volts 𝑰𝒔𝒄 volts 𝑾𝒔𝒄 = 𝑾𝟏 + 𝑾𝟐 (Algebraic
Sl.No
Rated Line voltage Short circuit current sum) in watts
Calculations are
𝒔𝒄
∴ cos 𝜙𝑠𝑐 = 𝑉 𝐼
√3 𝑠𝑐 𝑠𝑐
−1 𝑾
∴ 𝜙0 = cos ( 𝑉 𝒔𝒄𝐼 )
√3 𝑠𝑐 𝑠𝑐
𝑊𝑠𝑐
The equivalent resistance 𝑅1𝑒 = 3(𝐼𝑠𝑐 )2
𝑉𝑠𝑐
The Equivalent impedance referred to stator 𝑍1𝑒 = ∴
𝐼𝑠𝑐
2 2
Equivalent reactance referred to stato𝑟 𝑋1𝑒 = √𝑍1𝑒 − 𝑅1𝑒
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During this test full load rated current flows through the stator circuit, hence stator copper loss is
also dominant. Similarly the rotor also carries short circuit current to produce dominant rotor copper
loss. There fore at short circuit condition power input 𝑊𝑠𝑐 gives copper losses of the motor.
𝐖𝐬𝐜 = 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬 + 𝐑𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬
But it is necessary to obtain short circuit current when normal voltage is applied and it determined
as below
𝑉
𝐼𝑆𝑁 = (𝑉 𝐿 ) × 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = Short circuit current at normal voltage.
𝑠𝑐
Power input is proportional to square of the current, this can be obtained as
𝐼 2
𝑊𝑆𝑁 = ( 𝐼𝑆𝑁 ) × 𝑊𝑠𝑐 = Short circuit input power at normal voltage.
𝑠𝑐
4.11 Harmonics:
• The presence of harmonics in electrical systems means that current and voltage are distorted
and deviate from sinusoidal waveforms.
• In an electric power system, a harmonic of a voltage or current waveform is a sinusoidal
wave whose frequency is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency.
• Harmonic frequencies are produced by the action of non-linear loads such as rectifiers,
discharge lighting or saturated electric machines. They are a frequent cause of power
quality problems and can result in increased equipment and conductor heating, misfiring in
variable speed drives and torque pulsations in motors and generators.
4.11.3 Crawling: Sometimes, squirrel cage induction motors exhibits a tendency to run at very
slow speeds (as low as one-seventh of their synchronous speed). This phenomenon is called
as crawling of an induction motor.
• This action is due to the fact that, flux wave produced by a stator winding is not purely sine
wave. Instead, it is a complex wave consisting a fundamental wave and odd harmonics like 3rd,
5th, 7th etc. The fundamental wave revolves synchronously at synchronous speed Ns whereas
3rd, 5th, 7th harmonics may rotate in forward or backward direction at Ns/3, Ns/5, Ns/7 speeds
respectively. Hence, harmonic torques are also developed in addition with fundamental torque.
• Due to crawling, there is much higher stator current accompanied by noise and vibration. The
torque obtained from induction motor here is called synchronous torque.
• When two harmonic fluxes of same order one because of stator and the rotor because of rotor
interact with each other at one particular speed and produces harmonic synchronous torque just
like that produced in synchronous motor. These torques are caused by tooth harmonics. The
stable operation at synchronous speed caused by slot harmonics is called synchronous crawling
which is associated with vibration and noise.
• In case of squirrel cage induction motor there is no provision made for adding external
resistance. If the resistance is designed in such a way that it gives better running performance
then it has high starting current and consequently low starting torque. This is the major
disadvantage of squirrel cage induction motor.
• In squirrel cage induction motor high starting torque can be obtained by the use of deep bar or
double cage rotors.
• Both these types make use of “skin effect” in which distribution of current is not uniform but the
alternating current has the tendency to concentrate near the surface of the conductor.
• Due to this effective area of cross section of the the conductor is reduced and hence resistance of
the conductor is increased when carrying the alternating Current.
• The skin effect depends on nature of material, diameter of wire, shape and frequency. Due to
skin effect, it is possible to achieve high resistance during starting and low resistance during
running.
• There is no constructional difference between stator of deep bar rotor motor and that of ordinary
induction motor.
• The rotor consists of deep bars, short circuited by two end rings one on each side. The magnetic
leakage flux lines are shown by dotted lines.
• The leakage inductance of the bottom strip is greater than that of top strip as more flux links with
bottom strips compared to top strip.
• During the starting, the rotor frequency is equal to the stator frequency and hence leakage
reactance of bottom strip is largest and current in it is least.
• The top strip has low leakage reactance and current in it is large. Thus, the current in low
reactance top strip will be greater than that in high leakage reactance lower strip will lead that of
the current in lower one.
• Thus, there is non-uniform distribution of current which is shown in the figure that is Skin effect.
• Due to skin effect Effective cross-sectional decreases. Rotor resistance increases resulting in
High starting torque.
• As leakage reactance is proportional to frequency The non-uniform distribution of current
depends upon the rotor frequency.
• Thus with the help of deep bar rotor Starting performance (Torque) of Induction machine has
improved.
• The net reactance of deep bar rotor at standstill is higher than that in a normal bar design ⇒
Hence breakdown or pull out torque in deep bar rotor is lower.
• At start, the outer cage bars produce more torque than the inner cage bars. If the torque produced
by inner and outer cage bars are added , the total torque produced by double cage motor is much
more than the torque produced by single cage motor.
• With an acceleration of the motor the impedance of the inner cage bars starts decreasing and the
motor current starts shifting from outer cage bars to inner cage bars. The division of the current
in the outer cage and inner cage bars is inversely proportional to their leakage impedance. The
motor almost behaves as a single cage motor when motor attains its full rated speed. The
equivalent circuit of the deep bar double cage induction motor is as given below.
Figure 3.12 (a)Equivalent circuit of double cage rotor (b) torque slip characteristic
• Step 2. Now, if the rotor is accelerated to the synchronous speed using one of the prime movers
we mentioned above, the slip will be zero and hence the net torque will be zero. The rotor current
will become zero when the rotor is running at synchronous speed.
• Step 3. If the rotor is made to rotate at a speed more than the synchronous speed, the slip
becomes negative. A rotor current is generated in the opposite direction, due to the rotor conductors
cutting stator magnetic field.
• Step 4. In the last step, this generated rotor current produces a rotating magnetic field in the rotor
that forces in the opposite way to the stator field. This causes a stator voltage which pushes current
flowing out of the stator winding against the applied voltage. Thus, the machine is now working as
an induction generator or as it is usually known an asynchronous generator.
There is generation of small terminal voltage oa (as in figure given below) across the stator terminal
due the residual magnetism when the rotor of the induction machine runs at the required speed. Due
to this voltage ‘oa’ the capacitor current ob is produced. The current ‘bc’ sends current od which
generates the voltage ‘de’.