Chapter 5: The Skeletal System

WORKBOOK ACTIVITY 10

NAME: FRIAS, YVON JAZMINE M.

YEAR AND SECTION: 1BSN-B
DATE: September 20, 2023

A. INTRODUCTION

The skeleton is constructed of two of the most supportive tissues found in the
human body - cartilage and bone.

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B. FUNCTIONS (ENUMERATE)

1. Support. Rigid, strong bone is well suited for bearing weight and is
the major supporting tissue of the body. Cartilage provides firm yet
flexible support within certain structures, such as the nose, external
ear, thoracic cage, and trachea. Ligaments are strong bands of fibrous
connective tissue that attach to bones and hold them together.

2. Protection. Bone is hard and protects the organs it surrounds. For

example, the skull encloses and protects the brain, and the vertebrae
surround the spinal cord. The rib cage protects the heart, lungs, and
other organs of the thorax.

3. Movement. Tendons, strong bands of connective tissue, attach skeletal

muscles to bones. Thus, contraction of skeletal muscles pulls the
tendons, which moves the bones. In this way, we can move our appendages
for normal body movements. Joints, where two or more bones come
together, allow movement between bones. Ligaments allow some movement
between bones but prevent excessive movement.

4. Storage. Some minerals in the blood—principally, calcium and

phosphorus—are stored in bone. Should blood levels of these minerals
decrease, the minerals are released from bone into the blood. Adipose
tissue is also stored within bone cavities. If needed, the lipids are
released into the blood and used by other tissues as a source of energy.

5. Blood cell production. Many bones contain cavities filled with red
bone marrow, which produces blood cells and platelets.

C. COMPOSITION AND HISTOLOGY:

1. Water

2. Proteins

3. Mineral Salts:

a. calcium
b. phosphorus
c. potassium
d. sodium
e. iron

4. Vitamins:

a. Vitamin d
b. Magnesium
c. calcium
d. Vitamin K
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 5. Hormones Associated with the Skeletal System and Their
Effects:
a. thyroid hormone, sex hormones, and somatotropin (growth)
hormone
b. parathyroid hormone (parathormone) - a
hormone your parathyroid glands release to control
calcium levels in your blood

c. calcitonin a hormone that your thyroid

gland makes and releases to help
regulate calcium levels in your blood by
decreasing it
6. Blood Supply
10% of total blood circulation is required by the
bones.

7. Bone growth and development is dependent upon active

functional cells. These are named:

a. Osteoprogenitor stem cells in the bone that play a prodigal role in

bone repair and growth
b. osteoblasts - the cells required for bone
synthesis and mineralization
c. osteocytes - a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed
bone
d. osteoclasts - large multinucleated cell
responsible for the dissolution and absorption of
bone

D. SPONGY BONE TISSUE

1. lighter and less dense than compact bone

2. Haversian systems (osteons)
3. Sites: at the end of long bones, as well as the ribs, skull, pelvic bones
and vertebrae

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F. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE: IDENTIFICATION

1. diaphysis- shaft

2. periosteum- fibrous membrane covering

3 osteocytes - penetrating fibers from periosteum into

bone

4. epiphysis- end of the long bone

5. periosteum - covers the epiphyseal surface

6. Physis - growth plate (youth)

7. epiphyseal line- remnants of epiphyseal plate (in the

adult)

8. medullary cavity - interior of the diaphysis

9. Endosteum - lining the shaft

10. metaphysis- between epiphysis and diaphysis; during

growth, this is the location for the
epiphyseal plate.

G. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF COMPACT BONE

(NOTE): Look up and define each of the following words.

1. Haversian Canal - are a series of microscopic tubes in the

outermost region of bone called cortical bone that allow blood vessels
and nerves to travel through them. Each haversian canal generally
contains one or two capillaries and nerve fibres. The channels are
formed by concentric layers called lamellae.

2. Osteocytes - mature bone cell surrounded by bone matrix; maintain

bone matrix

3. Lacunae - spaces between lamella, filled w/ Osteocytes

4. Lamellae - rings of bone matrix

5. Canaliculi - tiny canals built by Osteocytes, transport nutrients

and waste into central canal

6. Volkmann's Canal - these are microscopic structures found in the compact

bone that carry small arteries throughout the bone.

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 7. Osteon (or Haversian System) - structural unit of compact bone;
single central canal with its contents and the
associated lamellae and osteocytes surrounding it

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H. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES IN THE AXIAL SKELETON and THE
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

NOTE: Bones are classified several different ways. One of the most
common ways is:

1. Long bones - know the following points about these

bones:

a. epiphysis and a shaft

b. diaphysis c. metaphysis
d. example: upper and lower limbs

2. Short bones - know the following points about

these bones:

a. cancellous or spongy bones

b. ex. - wrist and ankle bones

3. Flat bones - know the following points about

these bones:

a. flattened shape
b. ex. - skull bones

4. Sesamoid bones - know the following points about

these bones:

a. Adjacent to a joint, becoming a part of the joint capsule.

b. Overlie a bony prominence and seperated by an underlying
bursa
c. ex. - patella

5. Irregular bones - know the following points about

these bones:

a. have shapes that do not fit readily into the

other three categories.
b. ex. - vertebrae, some skull bones (ex. temporal),
jaw bones.

6. Other:

Sometimes sutural bones are used as another catagory.

These are bones which develop in the cranial sutures.

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I. The 2 Divisions of the Skeletal System - (206 bones total).

Look up and How many bones are they?

1. AXIAL SKELETON (no. Bones__80_):

a. Skull - 22 bones
1.) cranium (8)
2.) facial bones (14)
3.) 3 paired auditory ossicles (6)

b. Hyoid – (1)

c. Vertebral Column – (26); depends on the

classification method.
d. Ribs – (24)

e. Sternum – (1)

2. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones).

a. Upper extremities (60) and their

pectoral girdles (4).

* Therefore, one upper extremity and its

pectoral girdle = 64 bones.

b. Lower extremeties (60) and their os coxa

(2).

* Therefore, one lower extremity and its

pelvic bone (os coxa) = 62 bones.

J. Discussion of the Axial Skeleton (80 bones).

1. Skull (28 bones)

a. Cranial bones (22 bones but 2 are unpaired;

therefore only 20 names).

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 1.) Frontal bone (1) – know the
following points about this bone:

(a.) the squamous part, nasal part, two orbital plates

and two zygomatic plates

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 (b.) supporting the head's structures and protecting the
brain, including the eyes and nasal passages

(c.) located in the forehead region

2.) Occipital bone (1)

know the following points about this bone:

(a.) to protect the cerebellum and the occipital lobes of

the cerebrum and to provide attachment to several muscles
and ligaments

(b.) a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput
(back and lower part of the skull)

(c.) squamous, condylar, and basilar

3.) Sphenoid bone (1)

know the following points about this bone:

(a.) frontal, parietal, ethmoid, zygomatic, temporal,

occipital, palatine, and vomer

(b.) one of the twenty-two bones that form the

skull and essentially helps to connect the

neurocranium to the facial skeleton

(c.) helps form the base and lateral sides of the

skull in combination with the orbital floor

(d.) located in the central skull base

(e.) Named for its wedge-like butterfly shape

(f.) Within the interior skull structure, the ethmoid and

sphenoid bones are considered irregular bones

4.) Ethmoid bone (1)

know the following points about this bone:

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 (a.) at the roof of the nasal cavity, and between the two
orbital cavities

(b.) helps form the walls of the eye socket, or orbital

cavity, as well as the roof, sides, and interior of the
nasal cavity

(c.) the cribriform plate, two ethmoid labyrinths, and the

perpendicular plate

(d.) within the ethmoid bone and are divided into two
compartments, the anterior and posterior. The anterior
ethmoid sinus drains into the niddle meatus , and the
posterior ethmoids drain into the sphenoethmoidal recess.

5.) Parietal bones (2)

know the following points about this bone:

(a.) bilateral skull bones that form the superior and

lateral walls of the cranium

(b.) protect the right and left parietal

lobes of the brain

6.) Temporal bones (2) - know the following points

about this bone:

(a.) word temporal refers to time, and the temporal bone is

so named because the hairs of the temples turn white,
indicating the passage of time.)

(b.) four distinct osseous segments including

tympanic, mastoid, petrous, and squamous

(c.) houses the cockles, canals, and hearing organs

(d.) provide an area of attachment to several important

muscles in the head

(e.) nteriorly with the sphenoid

bone, above with the parietal bone,

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10
 and posteriorly with the occipital

bone

7.) 6 of the 28 skull bones are called ossicles.

Their names are: hammer (malleus), anvil

(incus), and stirrup (stapes). They are
located in the temporal bones:

8.) Sutures - joints between skull bones which are immovable

after the skull bones fuse together.

A.) sagittal suture - between the two parietal bones.

b.) squamous suture - between the temporal

and parietal bones.
c.) coronal suture - between the frontal
and two parietal bones.

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11
 d.) lambdoidal suture - between the two
parietal
and occipital bones.

9.) Fontanels (soft-spots)

a.) names and locations:

The anterior fontanelle is
at the top of your baby's
head, and the posterior
fontanelle is located at
the back of your baby's
head.

b.) functions: An infant is born with

two major soft spots on the top of
the head called fontanels. These
soft spots are spaces between the
bones of the skull where bone
formation is not complete. This
allows the skull to be molded
during birth.

b. Facial bones - 14 bones total, but because 6

are paired, there are only 8 names).

1.) Zygomatic bones (2)

know the following points about this bone:

a.) cheek bone

b.) molar bone

2.) Lacrimal bones (2)

know the following points about this bone:

a. behind the nasal

bone
b. Orbital (eye-socket)

3.) Nasal bones (2)

know the following points about this bone:

a.) bridge of nose

b.) roof of the nose

4.) Maxillae bones (2) - know the following points about this
bone:

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 a.) lower part of the orbital or eye
b.) superior set of teeth
c.) nose
d.) palate

5.) Palatine bones (2) - know the following points about this
bone:

a.) compose hard palate (posterior part of it).

b.) compose part of the floor of the nasal cavity.
c.) compose part of the floor of the orbit.

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 6.) Inferior nasal conchae (turbinates) (2) -
know the following points about there bones:

a.) not part of ethmoid bone

b.) below middle conchae, and or lateral wall
of nasal cavity.

7.) Mandible (1) - know the following points about this bone:

a.) inferior set of teeth

b.) use for biting, chewing, and handling
food
c.) the largest and strongest
bone of the face
d.) facilitates jaw movement
for chewing and speaking and
works in conjunction with
several muscles

8.) Vomer (1) - in the middle of nasal cavity

c. Orbits: consist of the following (7) bones:

frontal, zygomatic, maxillae, lacrimal, ethmoid,
sphenoid, palatine,

d. Nasal septum - consists of the following:

1.) vomer
2.) perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
3.) nasal
4.) maxillary
5.) palatine bones
6.) nasal

e. Skull Sinuses

1.) 2 groups:

a.) (1 pair): part of temporal bones.

b.) (4 pairs):.

(1.) facts:

(a.) The skull has additional sinuses,

called the mastoid air cells, which
are located inside the mastoid
processes of the temporal bone.

Chapter 5 - 12
 These air cells open into the
middle ear instead of into the
nasal cavity. An auditory tube
connects the middle ear to the
nasopharynx.

(b.) Several of the bones

associated with the nasal
cavity have large cavities
within them, called the
paranasal sinuses, which open
into the nasal cavity.

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 (2.) names:

(a.) frontal
sinus
(b.) maxillary
sinus
(c.)
ethmoidal sinus
(d.)
sphenoidal sinus

2.) functions:
a.) decrease the weight of the skull and act as
resonating chambers during voice production

b.) protect your skull in case of injury to

the face

2. Hyoid bone (1) – know the following points about this bone:

a. body

b. Two greater horns

c. Two lesser horns

3. Vertebral column (spinal column or BACK bones).

a. vertebral structures: DEFINE ITS CONTENT OR FUNCTIONS:

1.) vertebral foramen - the large opening between

the vertebral arch and body

2.) centrum (body) - the central mass of

the body of a vertebra. Centrum
provides strength to a vertebra and
usually connects one vertebra with
another.
3.) transverse process - each vertebra has
two transverse processes, which extend
laterally and posteriorly from the
vertebral body.

4.) spinous process - a small, wing-like

projection of bone that points outward
from each vertebra along the spine. It is
where back muscles and ligaments attach to
Chapter 5 - 14
 the spine . Each vertebra has one spinous
process.

5.) vertebral arch - forms the lateral and posterior

aspect of each vertebrae. In coombination with
the vertebral body, the vertebral arch forms an
enclosed hole- the vertebral foramem.

6.) facets - situated between the pedicle and lamina of the

same vertebra and forms the articular pillars that act
to provie structural stability to the vertebral column as a
whole.

7.) laminae - the part of the vertebra that connects the

spinous process and the transverse process.

Chapter 5 - 15
 8.) intervertebral foramen - serve as the doorway between
the spinal canal and periphery

b. Vertebrae named and grouped: how many are we?

1.) ( 7) cervical vertebrae (C1 - C7 ):

a.) atlas (C1) - articulates with the

occipital condyles.

b.) axis (C2) - articulates with the atlas and

C3; contains the dens (odontoid process).

c.) vertebra prominens (C7) - usually very

visible; long spinous process

d.) transverse foramen - only in cervical

vertebrae; for blood vessels

2.) (12) thoracic vertebrae (T1 - T12): rib attachment

3.) (5) lumbar vertebrae (L1 - L5): equipped

for bearing a lot of weight.

4.) (1)sacrum - consists of 5 fused vertebrae (S1 - S5).

5.) (1) coccyx - consists of 4 fused vertebrae (Co1 - Co4).

Which lumbar vertebrae is the largest, and which cervical

vertebrae is the smallest

c. intervertebral discs - vertebral bodies are

separated by pads of fibrocartilage

d. Curves Associated with the Vertebral Column.

1.) Standard curves:

a.) cervical curve - at birth, it is _______
when viewed A/P; becomes _______ so
that infant can hold head up.

b.) thoracic curve - ________ when viewed A/P.

c.) lumbar curve - at birth, it is ________ when viewed

A/P; becomes __________ so that infant can stand.

d.) sacral curve - ________when viewed A/P.

e.) coccygeal curve - ________ when viewed A/P.

2.) Variations in the Curves of the Vertebal

Column: Who are we?

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 a.) scoliosis - a sideways curvature of
the spine

b.) kyphosis - An increased front-to-

back curve of the spine

c.) lordosis – tthe natural curve of the

lower back (lumbar) area of the
spine

4. Ribs (12 pairs or 24 total):

a. true ribs - 14 total (7 pair); The first seven

pairs are attached directly to the
sternum by costal cartilages

b. false ribs - 10 total (5 pair); do not attach directly to the

sternum (pair #8, #9, #10,) are called floating ribs (pair #11 and #12).

c. floating ribs - 4 total (2 pair); pair #11 and

#12; do not attach at all to the sternum

d. intercostal spaces - the space between the

ribs

5. Sternum (1) - (breastbone); consists of 3 parts:

a. manubrium - the most superior portion of the sternum

b. sternal angle - A slight elevation, called the

sternal angle, can be felt at the junction of
the manubrium and the body of the sternum. This
junction is an important landmark because it
identifies the location of the second rib. This
identification allows the ribs to be counted

c. body - .a complex, highly organized structure made up of unique cells that

work together to accomplish the specific functions necessary
for sustaining life

d. xiphoid process - During cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),

it is very important to place the hands over the body of the
sternum rather than over the xiphoid process. Pressure applied to
the xiphoid process can drive it into an underlying abdominal
organ, such as the liver, causing internal bleeding.

Chapter 5 - 14
 e. sternal (jugular) notch - At the superior end of the sternum, a
depression called the jugular notch is located between the ends of
the clavicles where they articulate with the sternum.

6. CLINICAL POINTS REGARDING THE AXIAL SKELETON

K. Discussion of the Appendicular Skeleton - (126 bones).

1. Upper Extremity - 60 bones in the 2 extremities or 30

bones/extremity (numbers do not include
the pectoral girdle).

Chapter 5 - 15
a. Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle - consists of the clavicle and
scapula:

1.) Clavicle (2 total) - also called collarbone

. a.) NOTE: most commonly broken bone.

b.) proximal end of the clavicle, the

clavicle articulates with the
manubrium of the sternum

c.) acromial end of the clavicle, the

clavicle articulates with the acromium
process of the scapula.

2.) Scapula (2 total):

a.) also called the_shoulder blade.

b.) Parts of the scapula you should know:

(1.) glenoid cavity (fossa) - where the

head of the humerus connects to the

scapula

(2.) spine - runs across the

posterior surface of the
scapula.

(3.) acromion process - extends

from the scapular spine to
form the point of the
shoulder.

(4.) supraspinous fossa- smaller

than the infraspinous fossa,
concave, smooth, and broader at its
vertebral than at its humeral end.

(5.) infraspinous fossa - large

scooped out hollow beneath
the spine of the scapula
where the infraspinatus
originate.

(6.) subscapular fossa - a broad

concavity on the costal

Chapter 5 - 16
 surface of scapula. The
medial two-thirds of the
fossa are marked by several
oblique ridges, which run
lateralward and upward.

(7.) coracoid process - curves

below the clavicle and
provides for the attachment
of arm and chest muscles.

(8.) vertebral border – The thin

medial border of the scapula runs
parallel to the spinous processes of
the thoracic vertebrae.

(9.) axillary border – thickest of

the three borders. It’s begins
above at the lower margin of the
glenoid cavity, and inclines
obliquely downward and backward to
the inferior angle.

(10.) scapular notch- situated in the

lateral part of the superior border
of the scapula, adjacent to the base
of the coracoid process

Chapter 5 - 17
b. Humerus - arm bone (You should know about?)

1.) head - which attaches the humerus to the scapula at

the glenoid cavity.

2.) capitulum - Capithulum Humeri - The

lateral portion of the articular surface
of humerus consists of a smooth, rounded
eminence
3.) trochlea - medial portion of the
articular surface of distal humerus

4.) olecranon fossa - deep triangular depression

on the posterior side of the humerus,
superior to the trochlea

5.) other points to know:

a.) Lateral to the head are two

tubercles, a greater tubercle and
a lesser tubercle. Muscles
originating on the scapula attach
to the greater and lesser
tubercles and hold the humerus to
the scapula
b.) Approximately one-third of
the way down the shaft of the
humerus, on the lateral surface,
is the deltoid tuberosity, where
the deltoid muscle
attaches.Because mechanical stress
promotes bone remodeling, the size
of the deltoid tuberosity can
increase as the result of frequent
and powerful pulls from the
deltoid muscle.
c. ) Epicondyles on the
distal end of the humerus, just lateral
to the condyles, provide attachment
sites for forearm muscles.

d. Ulna - On the medial aspect of forearm

1.) semilunar (trochlear)- fits tightly over

the end of the humerus, forming most of
the elbow joint.

Chapter 5 - 16
 2.) olecranon process - it proximal to the
trochlear notch is an extension of
the ulna, called the olecranon
process, which can be felt as the
point of the elbow

3.) styloid process- The distal end of the ulna forms a

head, which articulates with the bones of the wrist,
and a styloid process is located on its medial side.

e. Carpals or wrist bones (8) - there are 2 rows (of 4

bones per row)

f. Metacarpals (5)

1.) Thumb

Chapter 5 - 17
 2.) Fingers
3.) metacarpophalangeal joint called knuckles.

g. 14 Phalanges (or finger bones)per hand

1.) pollex - thick first digit of the human hand and of the
lower-primate hand and foot

2.) phalanges - named after the Greek phalanx, a wedge of

soldiers holding their spears, tips outward, in front of
them. The bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the
toes of the foot.

3.) other points to know:

The phalanges of each finger are called proximal,
middle, and distal, according to their position in the
digit. The thumb has two phalanges, proximal and distal. The
digits are also numbered 1 to 5, starting from the thumb

2. Lower Extremity - 60 bones total or 30 bones/extremity.

(This number does not include the
pelvic girdle.)

a. os coxa: it has 3 joints associated with it illuim, ischium,

and pubis

1.) pubic symphysis - a joint

sandwiched between your left pelvic
bone and your right pelvic bone

2.) When we are born, our os coxa is composed of 3

parts:

a.) ilium is the most superior

b.) the ischium is inferior and posterior

c.) and the pubis is inferior and anterior

* acetabulum - fossa where the 3 parts

fuse; and it receives the head of the
femur.

3.) ilium - More shallow and flared

laterally in female

4.) ischium - a paired bone of the pelvis that

forms the lower and back part of the hip

Chapter 5 - 18
 bone, as well as the posterior and
inferior boundary of the obturator foramen
5.) pubis - the front and lower of the three
principal bones composing each half of
the pelvis

6.) obturator foramen - the large hole in each hip bone

that is closed off by muscles and other structures

Chapter 5 - 19
 7.) pelvic girdle - sacrum, coccyx, and the
2 hipbones (2 os coxa)

a.) false (greater) pelvis - bounded on

either side by the ilium

b.) true (lesser) pelvis - the portion

of the pelvic cavity below the linea terminalis
c.) Male pelvis compared to the female

(here are a few of the differences):

(1.) symphysis pubis

(2.) pelvic inlet
(3.) ilium's angle

b. femur - (thighbone)

1.) head - the head of the femur articulates with the

acetabulum of the hip bone

2.) neck - connects the femoral shaft with the

femoral head

3.) medial and lateral condyles - The medial

femoral condyle is located on the
inside part of the knee whereas
the lateral femoral condyle, which is
bigger, is located on the outside part
of the knee

4.) medial and lateral epicondyles - situated

below and anterior to the adductor
tubercle

5.) greater trochanter - situated on the proximal and

lateral side of the femur, just distal to the hip joint and
the neck of the femur

6.) lesser trochanter - a small conical

projection located medially inferior
to the upper part of the femur

7.) other facts:

a Small conical projection located medially inferior

to the upper part of the femur
Chapter 5 - 20
c. patella - (kneecap)

1.) function - enables the tendon to bend

over the knee

2.) largest sesamoid bone in the human skeleton.

d. Tibia - (shinbone) -

Chapter 5 - 21
 1.) medial leg bone

2.) lateral and medial condyles

3.) articulates with the following bones: FEMUR

(proximally) and talus (distally).

4.) Medial malleolus - the prominence on the

inner side of the ankle, formed by the
lower end of the tibia

e. fibula

1.) a long bone in the lower extremity that is positioned

on the lateral side of the tibia

2.) lateral malleolus - the name given to the

bone on the outside of the ankle join

f. 7 tarsal bones - also called calcaneus, or heel bone

1.) calcaneous - a large and strong bone that forms the

back of the foot and transfers most of the body weight from
the lower extremity to the ground

2.) talus - a small bone in your ankle

g. 5 metatarsal bones -

1.) head - The head of the metatarsals articulate with

the phalanges, making up the metatarsalphalangeal joints

2.) base - the base of the metatarsals also articulates

with the base of the adjacent metatarsal, forming the
intermetatarsal joints

3.) numbered #1 through #5 (beginning with the

medial). fifth metatarsal bone consists
of a head, a body or shaft, and a base.
The head points distally and connects
with the proximal phalanx in the
respective toe.

h. 14 phalanges per foot:

1.) hallux - the innermost digit (as the big toe in humans)
of a hind or lower limb

2.) other toes have 3 first metatarsal, proximal phalanx,

and distal phalanx
Chapter 5 - 22
 3.) head - articulate with the bases of the middle
phalanges to form the proximal interphalangeal joints

i. other facts about the foot:

1.) shorter than metacarpals, lack rounded heads, and are

anteroposteriorly flattened in their shafts

2.) give us the structure needed to complete tasks like

typing, tying your shoes, or even standing on your tiptoes

L. ARTICULATIONS (JOINTS)

1. Points of contact between bone and cartilage, bone and bone, or bone
and teeth. Joint, Articulation or Arthrosis

Chapter 5 - 23
 2. Anatomical Classification:

a. Fibrous
joints connected by fibrous tissue, consisting mainly of
collagen

b. Cartilaginous
a type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by
cartilage, either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
c. Synovial
connective tissue that lines the inside of the joint
capsule
3. Physiological Classification:

a. synarthrosis

1.) definition - a type of joint which allows no movement

under normal conditions.

2.) examples: skull sutures, the articulations between the

teeth and the mandible, and the joint found between the
first pair of ribs and the sternum

a.) suture - units skull bones.

b.) gomphosis - bone to tooth (tooth socket)

b. amphiarthrosis

1.) definition - a type of continuous,

slightly movable joint

2.) examples: the distal joint between the tibia and the
fibula and the pubic symphisis of the pelvic girdle

a.) symphysis - a joint in which the body (physis)

of one bone meets the body of another

b.) syndesmosis - a fibrous joint

in which two adjacent bones are
linked by a strong membrane or
ligaments

c. diarthrosis

1.) definition - joints which freely move;

2.) examples: elbow, shoulder, and ankle

Chapter 5 - 24
a.) gliding joint - a synovial joint built between two
bones that meet on flat articular surfaces allowing
sliding or gliding motion

b.) hinge joint - a type of synovial joint that exists

in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in
one plane

c.) pivot - joints that permit rotatory

movement of bones, around a single
axis

Chapter 5 - 25
 d.) ellipsoidal - allows movements in all angular
motions

e.) saddle joint - a type of synovial

joint in which the opposing
surfaces are reciprocally concave
and convex

f.) ball-and-socket - movement of the

femur in the acetabulum; movement
of the humerus in the glenoid fossa

3.)
Bursae -
small fluid-
filled sacs
that reduce
friction
between
moving parts
in your
body's
joints

M. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS - occurs at joints (via muscle actions

on those joints): Attach an image on
each special movement;

1. inversion - turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces

medially

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthandcare.co.uk%2Fblog

%2Fwhatfootinversion.html&psig=AOvVaw00srH17ZJReKI4BwNxNJFu&ust=1695260106068000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CAsQr4kDahcKEwjw2tiVhriBAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAw

2. eversion - turning the foot so that the plantar surface (bottom

of the foot) faces laterally
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR2GWp2x52fEs5qRPvgEfX2fIABEuFac6PQRQ&usqp=CAU

3. dorsiflexion - movement of the foot toward the shin, as when

walking on the heels
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Flearnmuscles.com%2Fwpcontent%2Fuploads

%2F2018%2F05%2F009035.jpg&tbnid=IJ5tr7qclNtidM&vet=12ahUKEwifjKr5h7iBAxWQm2MGHZoHC_sQMygGegUIARCAAQ..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Flearnmuscles.com%2Fblog

%2F2018%2F05%2F16%2Fdecreased-ankle-dorsiflexion-isassociated-with-dynamic-knee-valgus

%2F&docid=heFyjHmkswc8zM&w=800&h=555&q=dorsiflexion&ved=2ahUKEwifjKr5h7iBAxWQm2MGHZoHC_sQMygGegUIARCAAQ

4. planter flexion - Movement of the foot toward the plantar surface,

as when standing on the toes

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Flearnmuscles.com%2Fwpcontent%2Fuploads

%2F2018%2F05%2F009035.jpg&tbnid=IJ5tr7qclNtidM&vet=12ahUKEwifjKr5h7iBAxWQm2MGHZoHC_sQMygGegUIARCAAQ..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Flearnmuscles.com%2Fblog

%2F2018%2F05%2F16%2Fdecreased-ankle-dorsiflexion-isassociated-with-dynamic-knee-valgus

%2F&docid=heFyjHmkswc8zM&w=800&h=555&q=dorsiflexion&ved=2ahUKEwifjKr5h7iBAxWQm2MGHZoHC_sQMygGegUIARCAAQ

4. protraction - movement in which a structure, such as the mandible,

glides anteriorly

5. retraction - movement in which a structure

glides posteriorly
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivyroses.com%2Fogimages%2FGlossary
%2FJointMovements_Protraction.jpg&tbnid=CD9mA3s_kGKEYM&vet=12ahUKEwjVnLjribiBAxV4a2wGHJQBV4QMygBegQIARB3..i&imgr

efurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivyroses.com%2FDefine%2FProtraction&docid=4Muf097p9kdWtM&w=500&h=500&q=protraction
%20movement&ved=2ahUKEwjVnLjribiBAxV4a2wGHfJQBV4QMygBegQIARB3

7. supination - rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces up

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net

%2Fpublication%2F266467900%2Ffigure%2Ffig50%2FAS
%3A327907273658391%401455190594984%2FPronation-and-supination-forearm-
movements.png&tbnid=taGAYcQdgbhxZM&vet=12ahUKEwjxrsC8i7iBAxWEamwGHZsLB
S0QMygKegUIARCLAQ..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure
%2FPronation-and-supination-forearm-
movements_fig50_266467900&docid=Rvxo5w5CS9xqhM&w=334&h=367&q=supination
%20MOVEMENT&ved=2ahUKEwjxrsC8i7iBAxWEamwGHZsLBS0QMygKegUIARCLAQ

8. pronation - rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down

9. elevation - movement of a structure in a superior direction.

Closing the mouth involves elevation of the mandible

10. depression - movement of a structure in an inferior direction.

Opening the mouth involves depression of the mandible
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Famactraining.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F05%2Felevation
depression.png&tbnid=uKnxUqy5tPlQuM&vet=12ahUKEwicuqOijbiBAxVhSGwGHfvWBDEQMygHegQIARB..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Famactraining.co.uk%2Fresources%2Ffree-learning-material%2Flevel-2-exercise-
and-fitness-knowledge-index%2Flevel-2-exercise-and-fitness-knowledge5jointaction%2F&docid=3XAMZdDjqXCphM&w=296&h=216&q=ELAVATION
%20MOVEMENT&ved=2ahUKEwicuqOijbiBAxVhSGwGHfvWBDEQMygHegQIARB-
 11. flexion - a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
to bring the articulating bones closer together

12. extension - a straightening movement that increases the angle of the

joint to extend the articulating bones. These bending and extending
movements can easily be seen at the elbow and knee joints

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crossfit.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F04%2F24143235%2FCF_Vertebral_Flex_Ext_r1-
front.png&tbnid=wJk3DRrX_7sTM&vet=12ahUKEwjs3PugjriBAxWAzaACHYFKCboQMygNegUIARCQAQ..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crossfit.com%2Fessentials
%2Fmovementaboutjointspart8thespine&docid=FXJBUysBZK0ajM&w=2100&h=1181&q=flexion%20movement&ved=2ahUKEwjs3PugjriBAxWAzaACHYFKCboQMygNegUIARCQAQ

13. abduction - movement away from the median or midsagittal plane

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.machinedesign.com%2Ffiles%2Fbase%2Febm%2Fmachinedesign%2Fimage%2F2019%2F03%2Fmachinedesign_8371_what_s_diff_abd_addweb_promo.png
%3Fauto%3Dformat%2Ccompress%26fit%3Dfill%26fill%3Dblur%26w%3D1200%26h%3D630&tbnid=NnHjPqY9waez1M&vet=12ahUKEwjA3dqYkLiBAxVkmmMGHZiCAw0QMygAegQIARB1..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.machinedesign.com%2Fmarkets%2Fmedical%2Farticle%2F21831782%2Fwhatsthedifferencebetweenabductionandadductionbiomechanics&docid=C9d4WfE62DRbgM&w=1200&h=6&q=ABDUCTION
%20movement&ved=2ahUKEwjA3dqYkLiBAxVkmmMGHZiCAw0QMygAegQIARB1

14. adduction - Moving the legs away from the midline of the body, as in
the outward movement of “jumping jacks,” is abduction, and bringing the
legs back together is adduction.

15. circumduction - occurs at freely movable joints, such as the

shoulder. In circumduction, the arm moves so that it traces a cone where
the shoulder joint is at the cone’s apex.
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.cheggcdn.com%2Fmedia%2F25a%2F25ae1315-202d-42b3-838d-7ffa3ac5796b%2FphpAoRFV2&tbnid=l_DKFKlp2iEvrM&vet=12ahUKEwiF-9ubkbiBAxV-
s2MGHaJEC6YQMygzegUIARDnAQ..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chegg.com%2Fhomework-help%2Fquestions-and-answers%2F-swivel-b-flexion-c-circumduction-d-abduction-2-identify-structures-diagram-
letter-k-d--an-q85542189&docid=rbyKjG7LkvvaAM&w=876&h=705&q=circumduction%20movement&ved=2ahUKEwiF-9ubkbiBAxV-s2MGHaJEC6YQMygzegUIARDnAQ
 16. rotation - the turning of a structure around its long axis, as in
shaking the head “no.”

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmammothmemory.net%2Fimages%2Fuser%2Fbase%2FSports%2520Science%2Fremember-rotation-in-sports-science-vocabulary-
2.0afb13d.jpg&tbnid=xoETOXE1O4WeCM&vet=12ahUKEwj-0-OLkriBAxX1zaACHTDxApAQMygJegUIARCHAQ..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmammothmemory.net%2Fsports%2Fjoints%2Ftypes-
of-joint-movement%2Frotation.html&docid=Ny7KxO2bFcsEuM&w=750&h=419&q=ROTATION%20movement&ved=2ahUKEwj-0-OLkriBAxX1zaACHTDxApAQMygJegUIARCHAQ