WORK BOOK: ACTIVITY 9

NAME: FRIAS, YVON JAZMINE M.

YEAR AND SECTION 1BSN-B
DATE SEPTEMPER 20, 2023

Attached image of integumentary System and its part:

Introduction

1. Often considered an organ system because of its extent

and complexity.

2. The pliability of it enables it to withstand constant

insult from outside agents.
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B. Functions
1. Protection. The skin provides protection against abrasion and ultraviolet
light. It also prevents microorganisms from entering the body and reduces
water loss, thus preventing dehydration.
2. Sensation. The integumentary system has sensory receptors that can detect
heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain.
3. Vitamin D production. When exposed to ultraviolet light, the skin produces a
molecule that can be transformed into vitamin D, an important regulator of
calcium homeostasis.
4. Temperature regulation. The amount of blood flow beneath the skin’s surface
and the activity of sweat glands in the skin both help regulate body
temperature.
5. Excretion. Small amounts of waste products are lost through the skin and in
gland secretions.

C.

1. EPIDERMIS - epithelial tissue; composed of several

sublayers:
DEFINATION AND ENUMERATION:
a. Stratum corneum -the most superficial stratum of the
epidermis. It consists of dead squamous cells filled with keratin.
Keratin gives the stratum corneum its structural strength. 20-30
cell layers, is the uppermost layer, made up of keratin and horny
scales made up of dead keratinocytes, known as anucleate squamous
cells. This is the layer which varies most in thickness, especially
in callused skin. Within this layer, the dead keratinocytes secrete
defensins which are part of our first immune defense.
1) The stratum corneum cells are also coated and surrounded
by lipids, which act as waterproofing material, thereby
preventing fluid loss through the skin.
2) The stratum corneum is composed of 25 or more layers of
dead squamous cells joined by desmosomes. Eventually,
the desmosomes break apart, and the cells are sloughed
from the skin. Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum
cells from the surface of the scalp is called dandruff.
In skin subjected to friction, the number of layers in
the stratum corneum greatly increases, producing a
thickened area called a callus.
3) Over a bony prominence, the stratum corneum can thicken
to form a cone-shaped structure called a corn.

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 b. Stratum lucidum – 2-3 cell layers, present in
thicker skin found in the palms and soles, is a thin clear
layer consisting of eleidin which is a transformation
product of keratohyalin.

c. Stratum granulosum – 3-5 cell layers,

contains diamond shaped cells with keratohyalin granules
and lamellar granules. Keratohyalin granules contain
keratin precursors that eventually aggregate, crosslink,
and form bundles. The lamellar granules contain the
glycolipids that get secreted to the surface of the cells
and function as a glue, keeping the cells stuck together.

d. Stratum spinosum – 8-10 cell layers, also known as the

prickle cell layer contains irregular, polyhedral cells with
cytoplasmic processes, sometimes called “spines”, that extend
outward and contact neighboring cells by desmosomes. Dendritic
cells can be found in this layer.

e. Stratum germinativum or stratum basale:

1) consists of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo

mitotic divisions about every 19 days. One daughter
cell becomes a new stratum basale cell and can
divide again.
2) deepest layer, separated from the dermis by the
basement membrane (basal lamina) and attached to
the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes.
3) The cells found in this layer are cuboidal to
columnar mitotically active stem cells that are
constantly producing keratinocytes. This layer also
contains melanocytes.
4) The other daughter cell is pushed toward the
surface, a journey that takes about 40–56 days. As
cells move to the surface, changes in the cells
produce intermediate strata.
5) The stratum basale undergoes almost continuous
mitosis to replace replace cells lost by abrasion.
2. DERMIS - connective tissue; two principal regions
a. Papillary layer - the upper layer, thinner,
composed of loose connective tissue and contacts epidermis..
b Reticular layer – the deeper layer, thicker, less
cellular, and consists of dense connective tissue/ bundles of
collagen fibers. The dermis houses the sweat glands, hair, hair
follicles, muscles, sensory neurons, and blood vessels.
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D. Skin Color

1. Results from:

a. The relative amount of the __pigments________

(melanin and carotene)
b. The degree of oxygenation of the blood. People who
produce large amounts of melanin have brown-
toned skin. In light skinned people, who have
less melanin, the dermal blood supply flushes
through the latter transparent cell layers above,
giving the skin a rosy glow.

2. Skin color may be an important diagnostic tool. For example,

flushed skin may indicate hypertension, fever,or embarrassment, whereas pale
skin is common in anemic individuals. When blood is inadequately oxygenated, as
during asphyxiation and serious lung disease, the skin takes on a bluish or
cyanotic appearance. Another color is jaundice, in which the tissue become
yellowed. It is almost always diagnostic for liver disease, whereas a bronzing
of the skin hints that a person's adrenal cortex is hypoactive (Addison's
disease).

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E. Appendages of the skin

The hair, nail, and cutaneous glands- are all derivatives

of the epidermis, but they reside almost entirely in the
dermis. They originate from the stratum germinativum and
grow downward into the deeper skin regions.

BODY TEMPERATURE
A. The skin plays a major role in thermoregulation; that is,
the homeostasis of body temperature. As warm-blooded
animals, we are able to maintain our body temperature at a
remarkably constant 370C (98.60F) even though environmental
temperature varies greatly. Negative feedback systems
ensure that body temperature (a controlled condition)
fluctuates very little.

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 MECHANISM:

1. some stimulus (stress) disrupts homeostasis by causing

an increase in
2. (controlled condition) body temperature
3. thermoreceptors (temperature-sensitive receptors) in
skin and brain input nerve impulses

4. (control center) brain output nerve impulses

5. effectors increased sweating from sudoriferous
(sweat)glands causes increased heat loss by evaporation

6. (response) decrease in body temperature

7. return to homeostasis when response brings body

temperature (controlled condition) back to normal.

B. Note that temperature regulation by the skin involves a

negative feedback system because the response (cooling) is
opposite to the stimulus (heating) that started the cycle.
Also, the thermoreceptors continually monitor body
temperature and feedback information to keep the brain
informed. The brain, in turn, continues to send impulses
to the sweat glands and blood vessels until the
temperature returns to 370C (98.60F).

C. Note: a human is a homeotherm (warm blooded); uses internal

mechanisms to control one's temperature within a very
narrow range.

D. Mechanisms used by a homeotherm to lose temperature:

1. conduction - carries heat away via touch

2. convection - carries heat away via circulation

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 3. radiation - carries heat away via waves

4. evaporation - carries heat away via vapor

E. Ways Humans Gain Heat:

1. Humans gain hit when they are doing an exercise(physical activity)

2. During the digestion process
3. Absorb it from the environment
4. They can increase certain metabolic factors, especially via
hormones
5. When inactive, brain and liver play a role in controlling the
body's temperature.

F. Hypothalamus - A structure deep in your brain, acts as your body’s

smart control coordinating center. It’s main function is to keep your body in
a stable state (HEMEOSTASIS). It does it’s job by directly influencing your
automatic nervous system or by managing hormones.

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