TN Govt Social Issues Tamil @tnpscfree

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jkpo;ehL muR
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj;Jiw
gphpT : TNPSC Group I Njh;T

ghlk; : r%fg; gpur;ridfs;
gFjp : kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
fhg;Ghpik
jkpo;ehL muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; F&g; - 1 Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; Kjd;ik

Njh;TfSf;fhd fhnzhyp fhl;rp gjpTfs;> xypg;gjpT ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;> khjphp Njh;T
tpdhj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; nkd;ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpait Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F jahuhFk;
khzt> khztpfSf;F cjtpLk; tifapy; Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiwahy;
nkd;nghUs; tbtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;nkd;ghlf; Fwpg;GfSf;fhd fhg;Ghpik
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiwiar; rhh;e;jJ vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ve;j xU jdpegNuh my;yJ jdpahh; Nghl;bj; Njh;T gapw;rp ikaNkh

,k;nkd;ghlf; Fwpg;Gfis ve;j tifapYk; kWgpujp vLf;fNth> kW Mf;fk; nra;jplNth>
tpw;gid nra;Ak; Kaw;rpapNyh <LgLjy; $lhJ. kPwpdhy; ,e;jpa fhg;Ghpik rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; jz;bf;fg;gl VJthFk; vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kw;wpYk; Nghl;bj;
Njh;TfSf;F jahh; nra;Ak; khzth;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; fl;lzkpy;yh NritahFk;.
Mizah;>
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G

kf;fs; njhif - tpsf;fk;
xU ehl;by; (m) xU gFjpapy; thOk; xl;L nkhj;j kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if.
kf;fs; njhifia jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

• gpwg;G tpfpjk;
• ,wg;G tpfpjk;
• ,lg;ngah;r;rp
▪ ntspehl;by; FbNaWjy; (ntspf; Fbg;ngah;r;rp)
▪ ek;ehl;by; FbGFjy; (Ch; Fbg;ngah;r;rp)
gpwg;G tPjk;
1. xU tUlj;jpy; 1000 egh;fSf;F vj;jid Foe;ijfs; gpwf;fpd;wd vd;w

tPjj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ
2. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jpy; gpwg;G tPjk; xU Neubahd khWjiy
cz;Lgz;Zk;.
3. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jpw;F gpwg;G tPjk; Kf;fpa fhuzk;.
gpwg;G tPjk; fPo;f;fhZk; fhuzpfSk; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sJ
1. jpUkz taJ
2. Foe;ij gpwg;G mjpfhpg;G
3. r%f gof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if
4. gbg;gwptpd;ik
5. gpwg;G fl;Lg;ghL Kiwfs; gw;wp mwpahik
,wg;G tPjk;
1. xU tUlj;jpy; 1000 egh;fspy; vj;jid Ngh; ,wf;fpd;wdh; vd;w tPjj;ij

Fwpf;fpwJ
2. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jpw;F kw;nwhU fhuzk; Fiwthd ,wg;G tPjKk;
MFk;
Page 1
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
Fbg;ngah;r;rp
1. ntspf; Fbg;ngah;r;rpahdJ kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ.

2. cs; Fbg; ngah;r;rpahdJ kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;ij mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
efu efh;T
efuefh;T vd;gJ kf;fs; gutyhdJ fl;LgLj;j Kbahj mstpy; efhpd;
vy;iyg; gFjpia nrd;W miltJ.
fhuzq;fs;:
1. epyj;jpd; Fiwe;j tpiy
2. tsh;r;rp jpl;l gzpfspd; tsh;r;rp
3. kf;fspd; tho;f;if juk; cah;T
4. efuj; jpl;lkpLjypd; FiwghL
5. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fk;
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
mr;RWj;jf; $ba> mjpNtfkhd kf;fs; njhifapd; tsh;r;rp tPjj;ijNa

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G vd;fpNwhk;.
ntbg;gpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
mjpf gpwg;G tPjk;
Mz;L tPjk;
1891-1900 45.8/1000
2001 25.8/1000
,Ug;gpDk; kf;fs; njhif 121 Nfhbahf cah;eJ
; s;sJ.
Fiwf;Fk; topKiwfs;
1. FLk;g eyk; gw;wpa tpsk;guk;

2. FLk;g eytho;T jpl;lk;
3. fUj;juq;F
Page 2
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
Fiwthd ,wg;G tPjk;
Mz;L ,wg;G tPjk;

2001 8.5/1000
Fiwf;Fk; topKiw
1. Rj;jk; Rfhjhu trjpfs;

2. Foe;ij gpwg;gpd;NghJ guhkhpg;Gfs;
,staJ jpUkzk;
,e;jpahtpy; Mz;fspd; jpUkz taJ 21> ngz;fspd; jpUkz taJ 18> kw;w
ehLfspd; jpUkz taJ 23 Kjy; 25> ,jdhy; kfg;NgW fhyk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ>
gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
rKjha kw;Wk; rkaf; fhuzq;fs;
1. jpUkzk; xU ,d;wpaikahj r%ff; flikahFk;.

2. FLk;gj;jpw;F Xh; Mz; Foe;ij vd;w vjph;ghh;g;gpdhy; kf;fs; njhif
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
tWik
1. Foe;ijfs;> tUkhdk; <l;lf; $ba epiyapy; jpfo;fpd;wdh;.

2. gs;spf;Fr; nry;yhky; njhopy;fspy; <LgLfpd;wdh;.
3. vdNt tWikiar; rkhspf;f> $Ljyhf gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfis tUkhd
<l;bj; jUk; nrhj;jhf kf;fs; fUJtjhy;> kf;fs;njhif mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
fy;tpawptpd;ik
1. ,e;jpa kf;fspy; 26% Ngh; fy;tpawptw;Nwhh;.

2. NkYk; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; Fiwthd fy;tpawpT cilNahh;.
3. fy;tpawptpd;ikahy;> r%f gof;f tof;fk;> tWik> Ntiyapd;ik> Nghd;w
fhuzpfs; mjpfhpj;J> kf;fs; njhifia tsh;r;rp mila nra;fpwJ.
Page 3
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
kf;fs;njhif ntbg;gpd; tpisTfs;

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp ghjpg;G
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F ciog;gpd; mspg;G> mjpfkhf Njitg;gl;lhYk; ekJ
kf;fs; njhif njhlh;e;J tsh;tjhy; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpwJ.
czTg; gw;whf;Fiw
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhif mjpfhpg;gjhy; tptrha cw;gj;jpapy; rktpfpj tsh;r;rp

ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; fLikahd czTg; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpwJ.
cw;gj;jp nra;ahj Efh;Nthh; Rik
1. kf;fs; njhif mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; KjpNahhpd;

vz;zpf;ifAk; cah;fpwJ.
2. Foe;ijfSk;> KjpNahh;fSk; cw;gj;jpapy; xU gq;fpidAk; tfpf;fhky;
nghUs;fis kl;LNk Efh;fpwhh;fs;.
jyh tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ehl;L tUkhdk; Fiwjy;
1. mjpNtfkhf tsUk; kf;fs; njhif jyh tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ehl;L

tUkhdj;jpd; ruhrhp tsh;r;rp tPjj;ij jil nra;fpwJ.
2. ehl;L tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mjpfhpg;ig epiyahf tsh;eJ
; tUk;
kf;fs;njhif Efh;eJ
; tpLfpwJ.
Nrkpg;Gk;> KjyPLk; Fiwjy;

1. mjpNtf kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp Nrkpg;igAk; kw;Wk; KjyPl;bd; jpwidAk;
Fiwf;fpwJ.
2. ehl;L tUkhdk;> jyh tUkhdk; Fiwthf cs;sjhy; Nrkpg;G G+[;[pak;
MfpwJ.
3. ,jdhy; KjyPL FiwtJld;> cw;gj;jp jpwd; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Ntiyapd;ik (m) Fiw NtiyAilik

1. tsUk; kf;fs; njhif Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lj;ij NkYk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
2. ,jdhy; epiwa kf;fs;; Ntiyapy; mkh;j;jg;glhkYk;> Fiwthd Ntiyapy;
mkh;j;jg;gl;Lk; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
Page 4
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
kfsphpd; ciog;G tPzhjy;
1. mbf;fb Foe;ij ngWtjhy;> cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspy; ngUksT kfspuhy;

ePz;l fhyj;jpy; Ntiy nra;a ,aytpy;iy.
2. ,jdhy; kdpjtsk; tPzhfpwJ> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf; Fd;WfpwJ.
ciog;gpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; FiwT
1. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fkhdJ> ehl;L tUkhdk;> kw;Wk; jdp egh;

tUkhdj;ijg; ghjpf;fpd;wd.
2. kf;fspd; tho;f;ifjuk; Fiwtjhy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; Fiwfpd;wJ.
r%f eyj; jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ mjpfr; nryT
kf;fs;njhif mjpfhpg;ghdJ> Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;ifia

mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf kUj;Jt guhkhpg;G> nghJ Rfhjhuk;> FLk;g
eyd;> fy;tp> tPl;L trjp Nghd;w r%f nryTfspd; NjitahdJ mjpfhpf;fpd;wd.
Ntshz;ikapy; gpd; jq;fpa epiy
1. kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rpapdhy; epyk; Jz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

2. epyq;fs; kpfr; rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,ae;jpukakhd coT Kiwiaf;
ifahs KbahJ.
muR kPJ epjpr; Rik
1. mjpNtf kf;fs;njhif mjpfhpg;G epjpr;Rikahf muRf;F mikfpd;wJ.

2. r%f eyj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhfTk;> tWikia mfw;Wtjw;fhfTk;> mjpf nryT
nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.
3. kf;fs;njhif fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhy; muR epjpia
cw;gj;jpf;fhf nrytopf;ff; $Lk;.
kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rpia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; topfs;

jk;gjpfspd; ghJfhg;G tPjk;
,t;tPjj;jpid mjpfhpg;gjw;F FLk;g fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis ifahSk;

jk;gjpfspd; tpfpjk; mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Page 5
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
Foe;ijfspd; ,wg;G tPjk;
Foe;ijfs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; ,wf;Fk;NghJ> nghJ kf;fs; rpW FLk;g

newpapid gpd;gw;w Cf;fk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt ,t;tPjk; Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ehL njhopy;kakhjy;
1. epyj;ij rhh;ej
; pUf;Fk; kf;fs;njhif mOj;jj;ij Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; Fbir kw;Wk; rpW njhopy;fis> mjpfgl;r kf;fSf;F
Ntiy tha;g;gspf;Fk; tifapy; tsur; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,jd; thapyhf kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juk; caUk; NghJ> kf;fs;njhif
fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ.
ngz;fspd; vOj;jwpT tPjk; kw;Wk; fy;tpia mjpfhpj;jy;
1. fy;tp fw;w ngz;fs;> jq;fSila FLk;g mstpidg; gw;wp mjpfg; nghWg;G

tha;ej
; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sdh;.
2. rpW FLk;gj;jpd; ed;ikfs; Fwpj;Jk;> FLk;g fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs; gw;wpAk;
mwptJld;> nray;gLj;jp FLk;g msitf; Fiwf;fpd;wdh;.
fhyk; jho;j;jp jpUkzk; nra;jy;

1. fhyk; jho;j;jp> jpUkzk; nra;tjw;F Cf;fkspf;f Ntz;Lk.;
2. Kd; $l;bNa jpUkzk; nra;tij fl;lhak; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
rl;l hPjpahd eltbf;if
Foe;ijj; jpUkzj;ijAk; xNu rkaj;jpy; xUth; gy ngz;fisj; jpUkzk;

nra;J nfhs;SjiyAk; jil nra;a rl;lq;fis ,aw;wp mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs;:-
mjpf Ntiy tha;g;G:-
1. Ntiytha;g;G trjpfis fpuhk kw;Wk; efh;Gwq;fspy; mjpfgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
2. nghJthf fpuhk Gwq;fspy; kiwKfkhd Ntiyapd;ik cs;sJ. Mjyhy;

fpuhk Gwq;fspy; cs;s Ntiy ,y;yh kf;fis efh;Gwq;fspy; ,lk; ngau
nra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; kf;fs;
njhifapd; tsh;r;rp tpfpjj;ij fz;fhzpf;f KbAk;.
Page 6
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
njhopy; Jiw kw;Wk; Ntshz; Jiw tsh;r;rp :-

Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw tsh;r;rpailjy; :-
1. Ntshz;ikAk; kw;Wk; njhopw;JiwAk; Kiwahf tsh;r;rpaile;jhy; mjpf

kf;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;G fpilf;Fk;.
2. fpuhk Gwq;fspy; mjpf kf;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;G toq;F tifapy; Fbir

kw;Wk; rpWnjhopy; njhopw;rhiyfs; tsh;r;rpaila Ntz;Lk;.
3. xUthpd; tUkhdk; caUk; NghJ mthpd; tho;f;if juk; Nkk;gLk; ,jdhy;

mth;fs; rpW FLk;g tpjpKiwia gpd;gw;w ,aYk;.
tho;f;ifj; juk; :-
1. cah;thd tho;f;if juk; ngUq;FLk;gq;fSf;F jilahf mikfpwJ.
2. kf;fs; jq;fspd; tho;;f;if juj;ij guhkhpg;gjw;F rpWFLk;gq;fSf;Nf

Kd;Dhpik mspf;fpd;wd.
efukakhjy; :-
fpuhk Gwq;fis fhl;bYk; efh; Gwq;fspy; gpwg;G tPjk; Fiwthf cs;sJ

vd;gjid Mtzq;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. Mjyhy; efukakhjy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
kw;w topfs; :-
rl;lj;jpd; topKiwfs; :-
,staJ jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gyjhu kzk; eilngWtij fz;bg;gjw;F
fLikahd rl;lq;fs; eilKiwgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Ra fl;LghL :-
1. ty;Yeh;fspd; $w;Wgb, Rafl;LghL vd;gJ kf;fs; njhifia fl;LgLj;Jk;

kpfr;rpwe;j topKiwahFk;.
2. ,k;KiwahdJ jdpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhukhd mZFKiwahFk; Mjyhy;

kf;fs; ,k;Kiwia gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
3. gpwg;G tpfpjj;ij Fiwf;f ,k;Kiw cjTfpwJ.
Page 7
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
FLk;g fl;LghL :-
1. kf;fs; njhifapd; Jhpj tsh;r;rpia fl;Lg;gLj;j ,J kpfTk; JizGhpfpwJ.

2. FLk;g fl;LghL vd;gJ FLk;g egh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fiwj;jy; MFk;.
3. FLk;g fl;LghL gpur;rhuj;ij Njrpa ,af;fkhf khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
4. kf;fSf;F FLk;g fl;LghL gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T fy;tpia Nghjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. NtWgl;l topKiwfspy; gpwg;G tPjj;jpd; fl;Lghl;L topKiwfis vLj;Jr;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
nghOJ Nghf;F trjpfs; :-
jpiuglk;, jpiuauq;Ffs;, tpisahl;L kw;Wk; eldk; Nghd;w nghOJNghf;F

trjpfs; nra;J jug;gl;lhy; gpwg;G tpfpjk; Fiwa tha;g;G cs;sJ.
tpsk;guk; :-
njhiyf;fhl;rp, thndhyp nra;jpjhs; Nghd;w jfty; njhlh;G Clfq;fspd;

%yk; jpl;lkpl;l FLk;gq;fshy; ngUk; ed;ikia gbg;gwpT ,y;yhj ghkukf;fSf;F
njhptpf;fyhk;.
Cf;f njhif :-
gpwg;G fl;Lghl;L eltbf;if kf;fs; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F murhq;fk; Cf;f njhif

Nghd;w topKiwfis gpd;gw;wyhk;.
ngz;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;G :-
1. ngz;fSf;F gy Jiwfspy; Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; Cf;fnjhif toq;f

Ntz;Lk;.
2. Nghl;b Njh;Tfspy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;ig Cf;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,jd;%yk; fw;wy;, kUj;Jtk;, kw;Wk; tq;fpfspy; ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if
caUk;.
efukakhjyhy; Vw;gLk; r%f tpisT:-

FLk;g mikg;G :-
efukakhjypdhy; $l;L FLk;gk; ,g;NghJ jdp FLk;gkhf khWfpwJ.
Page 8
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
FLk;gj;jpd; msT :-
fle;j 2 kw;Wk; 3 jiyKiwfspy; FLk;gj;jpd; msTk; kw;Wk; nrhe;jq;fSf;F

,ilNa cs;s <LghL Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ.
rhp epfh; FLk;gk; :-
efukakhjypdhy; fztpd; Mjpf;fk; Fiwe;J kidtpf;F rk chpik

toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
ngw;Nwhh; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd; cwT :-
1. efukakhjypdhy; ngw;Nwhh; kw;Wk; Foe;ij ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s

cwT Nkk;gLfpwJ.
2. ngw;Nwhh;fs; Foe;ijfspd; MNyhridfisAk; Vw;fpd;wd.
rhjp :-
efukakhjypdhy; rhjp NtWghL Fiwe;jJ gy;NtWgl;l rhjpapdh; Xhplj;jpy;

jq;fp tho KbfpwJ.
fyg;G jpUkzk; :-
fyg;G jpUkzk; efukakhjypd; nghJthd mk;rk;.
ngz;fspd; epiy :-
1. fpuhkGw ngz;fis tpl efh;Gw ngz;fs; cah;ej

; epiyikapy; cs;sdh;.
2. efh;Gw ngz;fs; midtUk; fy;tp fw;wth;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
3. ruhrhp jpUkz taJ efh;Gw ngz;fSf;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
fy;tp kw;Wk; vOj;jwpT :-
1. fpuhkGw gFjpfis fhl;bYk; efh;Gwj;jpy; ngz;fs; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;

mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2. efh;Gw ngz;fs; Mz;fSf;F epfuhd fy;tpia fw;wtuhf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
Page 9
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
,lk; ngaUjy; :-
fpuhkGw kf;fs; Ntiy tha;g;gpid Njb efh;Gwq;fSf;F ,lk; ngaUfpd;wdh;.
fpuhk Gw tho;f;if :-
1. efukakhjypdhy; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; tho;f;ifapd; juk; cah;eJ

; s;sJ.
2. efukakhjypdhy; fpuhkg; Gw fl;likg;Gfs; tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sd.
epiyahd kf;fs; njhifia miltjw;fhd top Kiwfs; :-
1. Foe;ij Rfhjhu Nrit kw;Wk; Rfhjhu fl;likg;G Mfpatw;iw epth;j;jp

nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
2. 14 taJ tiu ,ytrf; fy;tp.
3. Foe;ijfspd; ,wg;G rjtPjj;ij 30% f;F fPo; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;.
4. gpurtj;jpd; NghJ jhapd; ,wg;ig fl;LgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
5. Foe;ijfSf;F Neuk; tuhky; jLg;gjw;F jLg;G+rp Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
6. jpUkz taJ 20 kw;Wk; mjw;F Nky; mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

7. gpwg;G, ,wg;G kw;Wk; jpUkz Mfpatw;iw 100% gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
8. va;l;]; Nghd;w njhO Nehia jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
9. nray;jpl;lk; rpW FLk;g jpl;lj;jpid Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10. Ra cjtp FOit Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
11. njhlf;f fy;tpia fl;lhak; kw;Wk; ,ytrkhf toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
12. gpwg;G, ,wg;G, jpUkzk; gjpTfis fl;lhakhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Njrpa kf;fs; njhif FO :-
1. Njrpa kf;fs; njhif FO ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

2. gpujk mikr;rh; ,f;FOtpw;F jiyik tfpg;ghh;.
3. midj;J khepyq;fspd; Kjyikr;rh;fSk; ,f;FOtpy; cWg;gpdh;fshf
gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;.
4. ,f;FOtpw;F fy;tp, Rfhjhuk;, Rw;WR+oy; Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F

mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.
Page 10
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
kf;fs; njhif gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfs; - 3

khy;jhrpd; kf;fs;njhif Nfhl;ghL
1. czT cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ kf;fs; njhifAk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
2. kf;fl;njhif ngUf;f tPjj;jpYk; czT cw;gj;jp $l;ly; tPjj;jpYk;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
3. fpilf;Fk; czTg; nghUs;fspd; mstpw;Nfw;g> ,aw;ifj; jilfs; kw;Wk;
nraw;ifj; jilfs; %yk; kf;fs; njhifia epiyg;gLj;jyhk;.
,aw;ifj; jilfs;
,it ,wg;G tPjj;ij mjpfhpj;J kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rpia ghjpf;fpwJ.
(v.fh)
• tWik
• tpahjpfs;
• Nghh;fs;
• gQ;rq;fs;
nraw;ifj; jilfs;
kf;fs; njhifiaf; Fiwf;f kdpjd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpfs; nraw;ifj;

jilfs; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh)
• fhye; jho;j;jpa jpUkzk;
• tho;f;ifapy; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; ,Uj;jy;.
cj;jk msTf; Nfhl;ghL
1. kf;fs; njhifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;Fk; mjd; tpisthf jyh

tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;sj; njhlh;gpid cj;jk
msTf; Nfhl;ghL tpsf;FfpwJ.
2. ,aw;if tsq;fs;> %yjdg; nghUs;fspd; ,Ug;G kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g epiy
Mfpatw;wpw;F Vw;w rpwe;j kf;fl;njhif cj;jk msT kf;fs;njhif
vdyhk;.
Page 11
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
3. cj;jk msT kf;fl;njhif mstpy; jyh cw;gj;jp cr;rj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

(my;yJ) jyh cw;gj;jp cr;rj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; cs;s kf;fl; njhifNa
cj;jk msT kf;fl;njhif MFk;.
4. cj;jk msit tpl kf;fs;njhif Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd; mJ Fiwe;j kf;fs;
njhif nfhz;l ehL.
5. cj;jk msit tpl kf;fs; njhif mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd; mJ mjpf kf;fs;
njhif nfhz;l ehL.
kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rpf; fl;l Nfhl;ghL
,f;Nfhl;ghL gpwg;G tPjj;jpw;Fk;> ,wg;G tPjj;jpw;Fk; cs;s cwit

tpsf;FfpwJ.
gpwg;G tPjk;
xU tUlj;jpy; 1000 egh;fSf;F vj;jid Foe;ijfs; gpwf;fpd;wd vd;w

tPjj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ.
,wg;G tPjk;
xU tUlj;jpy; 1000 egh;fspy; vj;jid Ngh; ,wf;fpd;wdh; vd;w tPjj;ij

Fwpf;fpwJ.
ruhrhp tho;ehs;
ruhrhp tho;ehs; vd;gJ kf;fs; nkhj;jkhf jq;fsJ ruhrhp ,wg;ig vl;Lk;

fhykhf fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. 2011- kf;fs; njhif fzf;Fg;gb ,e;jpahtpy; - 65.96.
ruhrhp MAl;fhyk; - 65.96.
kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rpapy; 3 epiyfs;:

Kjy; epiy
cah;ej
; gpwg;G tPjKk;> ,wg;G tPjKk;
1. ehL Kd;Ndw;wk; Fiwe;J> gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

2. Ntshz;ik kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy;
3. kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk;.
Page 12
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
4. ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; mjpf gpwg;G tPjk;> mjpf ,wg;G tPjj;ij rhpfl;Ltjhy;>

kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp mjpfkhf ,y;iy> Njf;fKw;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,uz;lhk; epiy
1. ehL Kd;NdWk; NghJ> njhopy; eltbf;iffs; mjpfhpj;J> mjpf

Ntiytha;g;Gfs; cUthfpd;wd.
2. ehl;L tUkhdk;> jyh tUkhdk; mjpfhpj;J kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juk;
cah;fpwJ.
3. cah;ej
; mwptpay; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rp fhuzkhf Nghjpa kUj;Jt
trjpfs; fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wd.
4. ,f;fl;lj;jpy; cah;ej
; gpwg;G tPjk;> Fiwe;j ,wg;G tPjj;jpw;fpilNa NtWghL
Vw;gLk;.
5. kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp tPjk; mjpfkhfpwJ.
%d;whk; epiy
Fiwe;j ,wg;G tPjKk;> Fiwe;j gpwg;G tPjKk;
1. nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; fhuzkhf rKjha mikg;gpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

2. kf;fspd; kdg;ghd;ik khw;wkilfpwJ. fy;tpawptpd; fhuzkhf> rpW FLk;g
Kiwf;F khWfpd;wdh;. vdNt gpwg;G tPjk; FiwfpwJ.
3. ey;y Rfhjhu trjpfs; nray;gLtjhy; ,wg;G tPjk; FiwfpwJ.
4. ,f;fl;lj;jpy; gpwg;G> ,wg;G tPjq;fs; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; kf;fs;njhif
tsh;r;rp epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;.
5. cyf ehLfs; midj;Jk; %d;W epiyfisAk; flf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kdpj Nkk;ghL FwpaPL
kdpj Nkk;ghL FwpaPL vd;gJ tho;f;if kl;lj;jpd; xU KO msthFk;. 1977k;

Mz;bd; kdpj tsh;r;rp mwpf;ifapy; kdpj tsh;r;rpf;F tpsf;fk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘kdpj njhpTfis tphpthf;FtjpYk;> kdpj eyd;fis
cah;j;JtjpYk; kdpj tsh;r;rpapd; ika nghUshFk;”. kdpjDf;F 3 mj;jpahtrpa
njhpTfs; cs;sd> mitfs; KiwNa ePz;lfhy Rftho;T> mwpTj; jpwid
Page 13
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> kw;Wk; ey;y tho;f;if juj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;s mtrpakhd

tsq;fis miljy;. ,j;jifa njhpTfs; fPo;f;fz;lthW kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
1. Rfhjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ePz;lfhy Rftho;T (Healthy Life)

kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
2. fy;tpg;ghpkhzkhdJ Muk;gf; fy;tpapy; NrUk; Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; 25 taJ>
mjw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,isQh;fspd; fy;tpepiyiaf; nfhz;L (Knowledge)
kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
3. tho;f;ifj;jukhdJ nkhj;j ehl;L jyh tUkhdj;jpd; %yk; (Standard of
Living) kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
4. Kjy; kdpj Nkk;ghl;L mwpf;ifahdJ 1990k; Mz;L UNDP epWtdj;jhy;>
ghfp];jhdpd; Kf`g;-cy;-`f; vd;w nghUspaywpQhpd; topfhl;Ljypd;gb
ntspapl;lJ.
kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy> xU ehl;bYs;s my;yJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l xU

gFjpapYs;s midj;J kf;fspd; nghUshjhu r%f kw;Wk; kugpay; njhlh;ghd
Gs;sp tptuq;fisj; jpul;LtJ kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G MFk;.
▪ 10-Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw kf;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gLk; (k) gjpT nra;ag;gLk;

jfty;fs; kf;fs; njhif fzf;F vdg;gLk;.
▪ ,e;jpahtpy; Kjypy; 1871-y; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2011 fzf;nfLg;ghdJ 15-tJ fzf;nfLg;G ,jid ,e;jpahtpd; gjpTj;
jiyth; (k) kf;fs; njhif fzf;F Mizah; Nkw;nfhs;th;. 1951-y; ,Ue;J
kf;fs; njhif fzf;Fr; rl;lk; 1951-d; gb fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
Kjy; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G
1872 k; Mz;by; NkNah gpuG fhyj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kiwahd fzf;nfLg;G
1. 1881 k; Mz;L Kjy;> hpg;gd; gpuG fhyj;jpy; Kiwahd fzf;nfLg;G gj;J

tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. jw;NghJ 2011 Mk; tUlk; kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 14
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
3. ,J 15tJ fzf;nfLg;G (1881 ypUe;J)

4. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF 7tJ fzf;nfLg;G.
5. ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G ehs; ‘gpg;uthp 9”
Fwpf;Nfhs;
1. ‘ekJ kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G ekJ vjph;fhyk;”

2. kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l efuq;fs; 50
kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G - 2011 (,e;jpah)

nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif - 1210193422
Mz;fs; - 623724248
ngz;fs; - 586469174
kf;fs; mlh;j;jp - 382/ 1 rfp kP
ghypd tpfpjk; - 940 ngz;fs;/ 1000 Mz;fs;
Foe;ij ghypd tpfpjk; - 914 ngz; Foe;ijfs;/1000Mz;fs;
Foe;ijfs; tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; - 17.64%

cyf kf;fs;njhif ehs; - ‘[Piy 11”
fy;tpawpT
1. nkhj;j fy;tpawpT tPjk; - 74.04%

2. Mz; fy;tpawpT tPjk; - 82.14%
3. ngz; fy;tpawpT tPjk; - 65.46%
khepyq;fspd; juthpir
fy;tpawpT
fy;tpawptpy; Kjy; 2 khepyk;/A+.gp
• Nfush (93.91%)
• yl;rj;jPT (92.28%)
fy;tpawptpy; filrp 2 khepyk;
• gp`hh; (63.82%)
• mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; (66.95%)
Page 15
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
kf;fs; njhif mlh;j;jp

Kjy; 2 khepyq;fs; / A+dpad; gpuNjrk;
• Njrpa jiyefh; gFjp nly;yp - 11297 Ngh; / rfpkP
• rz;bfh; - 9252 Ngh; / rfpkP
filrp 2 khepyq;fs; / A+dpad; gpuNjrk;
• mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; - 17 Ngh; / rfpkP

• me;jkhd; epNfhgh; jPT - 46 Ngh;/rfpkP
ghypd tpfpjk;
Kjy; 2 khepyq;fs; / A+dpad; gpuNjrk;
• Nfush - 1084
• GJr;Nrhp - 1038
filrp 2 khepyq;fs; / A+dpad; gpuNjrk;
• lhkd; ilA+ - 618

• jhj;uh ehfh; `Ntyp - 775
kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; gad;fs;

fPo;f;fhz; tptuq;fis mwpa ,aYk;
1. nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif
2. Mz;-ngz; tPjk;
3. Cuf efh;g;Gw kf;fs;njhif
4. taJ ghFghL
5. kf;fs;njhif mlh;j;jp
6. fy;tpawpT epiy
7. efh;kakhjy;
8. njhopy;rhh; tiffs;
,e;jpa kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L ,e;jpa kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp tPjj;ij ehd;F

epiyahfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
Page 16
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G tsh;r;rpapd; jd;ik

tUlq;fs;
1901-1921 kf;fs; njhifapd; Njf;fepiy
1921-1951 rPuhd tshr;rp
1951-1981 tpiuthd cah;tsh;r;rp
1981-2011 Fiwtjw;fhd mwpFwp
1. 1921 k; Mz;L tiu kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp Fiwthd tPjj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.

2. mjd;gpwF kf;fs;njhif kpf Ntfkhf mjpfhpf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.
3. vdNt ‘1921 - ngUk; gphptpid Mz;L” vd toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
kf;fs;njhif nfhs;if
1. cWjpahd Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l

xU epiyahd kf;fs; njhifia 2045 f;Fs; miltijNa ePz;lfhy
Nehf;fkhf nfhz;L> ,e;jpa murhy; fpgp 2000 gpg;uthp khjj;jpy; Njrpa
kf;fs; njhif nfhs;if (National Population Policy) ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
2. tsUk; ehLfspy; kf;fs;njhiff; nfhs;ifia nray;gLj;jpa Kjy; ehL
,e;jpah
3. 1952y; ehL jOtpa FLk;geyj;jpl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
Njrpa kf;fs;njhif nfhs;if (2000)

FWfpa fhy Nehf;fk;
Njitahd fUj;jil rhjdq;fs; toq;fpAk;> Rfhjhu fl;likg;G trjpfs;>
Rfhjhu gzpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l gzpfs; %yk; Foe;ij
guhkhpg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
ePz;l fhy Nehf;fk;
1. 2045 k; Mz;bw;Fs; kf;fs; njhifia epiyg;gLj;Jjy;.

2. NkYk;> nkhj;j nrOik fhyj;ij 2010 f;Fs; khw;wp mikj;jYk; ,jd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
Page 17
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
kf;fs; njhifia epiyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kiwfs;
xU epiyahd kf;fs;njhifia 2045 f;Fs; mila fPo;f;fz;l topfis

Njrpa kf;fs;njhif nfhs;if $WfpwJ.
• Foe;ijfs; ,wg;G tPjj;ij 100000 Foe;ijfSf;F 30f;F fPo; Fiwj;jy;.

• kfg;NgW fhyj;jpy; ,wf;Fk; jha;khh;fs; tPjj;ij 100000 Foe;ijfSf;F
100 f;Fk; fPo; nfhz;L tUjy;.
• cyf mstpy; Neha; jLg;G Kiw
• fhye;jho;j;jp jpUkzj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy;
• 80% kfg;NgwhdJ> Kiwahd kUe;jfk; kUj;Jtkid kw;Wk; kUj;Jt
epWtdq;fs; Kiwahd gapw;rp cila gzpahsh;fs; %yk; eilngwr;
nra;jy;.
,jid nray;gLj;j ‘Njrpa kf;fs;njhif FO” gpujk ke;jphp jiyikapYk;>
khepy FO> Kjyikr;rh;fs; jiyikapYk; njhlq;fg;gl;L nray;gLfpwJ.
kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G -2011 (jkpo;ehL)
nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif - 7>21>38>958
Mz;fs; - 3>61>58>871
ngz;fs; - 3>59>80>087
kf;fs; mlh;j;jp - 555
ghypd tpfpjk; - 995 ngz;fs;/1000 Mz;fs;
Foe;ijfs; ghypd - 946 ngz; Foe;ijfs; tpfpjk;/1000 Mz;
Foe;ijfs; tsh;r;rp - 15.60% tpfpjk;
fy;tpawpT
nkhj;j fy;tpawpT rjtPjk; - 80.33%
Mz;fs; fy;tpawpT - 86.81%
ngz;fs; fy;tpawpT - 73.86%
Page 18
kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G
FLk;g fl;LghL jpl;lj;jpd; rpukk;:

tWik :-
1. mjpfgl;r ,e;jpa kf;fs; tWikapy; tho;fpd;wdh;
2. ,jdhy; FLk;g fl;LghL nra;tjw;fhd nrytpdq;fis mth;fshy;

nfhLf;f Kbatpy;iy.
3. tUkhdj;jpw;fhf ,th;fs; mjpf Foe;ijfis ngw;nwLf;fpd;wdh;.
vOj;jwptpd;ik :-
fy;tpawptpd;ikahy; FLk;gfl;Lghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu Kbatpy;iy.
Fatalist :-
,iwtdpd; tuk; vd;W epidj;J mjpf Foe;ijfis ngw;nwLf;fpd;wdh;.
kj vjph;g;G :-
FLk;gfl;LghL nra;tJ kjj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ vd;W mjid nra;a

kWf;fpd;wdh;.
gzg;gw;whFiw :-
FLk;g fl;LghL gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it nfhLg;gjw;F NghJkhd gztrjp

,y;iy.
kypthd kw;Wk; gaDs;s topKiwfs; :-
vspa kw;Wk; gads;s FLk;ghL fl;Lg;ghL nra;tjw;fhd Nghjpa

topKiwfis fz;lwpa Muha;r;rp ikaq;fs; ,y;iy.
gapw;rp ngw;w Copah;fs; gw;whFiw :-
1. xt;nthU 10,000 kf;fSf;F 2- kUj;Jth;fNs cs;sdh;.
2. ,jdhy; jhd; FLk;g fl;Lghl;bd; nray;jpwd; Fiwe;Js;sJ.
tpdhf;fs;
1. kf;fs; njhifiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?

2. kf;fs; njhif ntbg;gpd; tpisTfis tpsf;Ff.
3. kf;fs; njhifg; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
Page 19
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : Ntiyapd;ik
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
Ntiyapd;ik
Kd;Diu:
Ntiyapd;ik vd;gJ xUth; Ntiynra;a tpUg;gKk;> jFjpAk; ,Ue;Jk;>
Ntiy fpilf;fhj epiyiaf; Fwpg;gJ MFk;.
mjpf mstpyhd Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikahdJ xU r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

gpur;rpidahFk;. tsq;fis rhpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;glhky; ,Ug;gjhYk; guhkhpg;Gr;
nryT kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ,og;G mjpfkhtjhYk; ,J xU nghUshjhug;
gpur;ridahFk;. Ntiyapy;yhj; njhopyhsh;fs; Fiwe;j Cjpaj;jhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLtjhYk; ,J xU r%f gpur;rpidahfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ vdNt mjpf
mstpyhd Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikapd; NghJ kf;fs; mjpf Jauj;jpw;F
cs;shfpd;wdh;.
Ntiyapd;ikapd; tiffs;
mikg;G rhh;ej
; Ntiyapd;ik
1. ,t;tif Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik ehl;bd; nghUshjhu mikg;G , mjhtJ
Njitahd Ntiytha;g;gpid cUthf;fj; Njitg;gLk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;
,d;ikahy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
2. Ntfkhf tsUk; kf;fs; njhiff;F Vw;g Vw;gLfpwJ.
3. ,t;tif Ntiyapd;ik ePz;l fhyk; ePbg;git.
4. ,e;jpa Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik mbg;gilapy; ,t;tifiar; rhh;eJ
; s;sJ.
Fiwthd Ntiyapd;ik
1. Ntiyahl;fs; jq;fsJ jpwik kw;Wk; jFjpf;Nfw;g Ntiy tha;g;gpid
ngwhjJ.
2. mth;fs; VjhtJ xU gzp nra;J, cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy;
,Ug;gJ.
3. xU ehL jdJ gzpahl;fis rhpahf gad;gLj;j jtwpdhy; ,t;tif
Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik Njhd;Wk;.
Page 1
Ntiyapd;ik
gfpuq;f Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik
1. Ntiyahl;fSf;F vt;tpj gzpAkpd;wp ,Ug;gJ, mj;Jld; gzpf;fhd
fhypaplk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ, ,t;tif Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikapy; tUfpwJ.
2. gbj;j Ntiytha;g;gw;wth;fs; kw;Wk; gbf;fhj Ntiyahl;fs; MfpNahUk;
,t;tifapy; tUfpwhh;fs;.
3. NtiyNjb fpuhkg;Gwq;fspypUe;J efuj;jpw;F tUtJ ,e;jpahtpy;
eilngWfpwJ. ,J ,t;tif Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikf;F cjhuzk; MFk;.
kiwthd Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik
1. xU gzpahs; cw;gj;jpapy; vt;tifapYk; gq;F ngwhjJ my;yJ mtiu
gzpapypUe;J ePf;fpdhYk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; ghjpf;fg;glhjJ ,t;tif
kiwthd Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik ahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
2. mg;gbg;gl;l Ntiyapy;yh eghpd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; G+[;[pak; MFk;.
3. tptrhag; gphpT tsh;eJ
; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kw;Wk; tsh;ej
; nghUshjhuq;fs;
Mfpaitfspy; ,t;tif Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik mjpfk;.
cuha;T Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik
1. re;ij epytuj;ijg; nghWj;J Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik Njhd;Wjy; (Njit kw;Wk;
toq;fspy; khWghL Vw;gLtjhy;).
2. ,e;jpahtpy; tptrhak; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; jw;NghJ tiufhy
epiyiag; nghWj;jJ. mijg; NghyNt NjitAk; fpilf;Fk; tsq;fisg;
nghWj;jJ. VjhtJ xd;wpy; (Njit (m) toq;fypy;) khw;wk; Vw;gl;lhy;
,uz;bd; rkepiyAk; ghjpf;fg;gl;L cuha;T Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik Njhd;Wk;.
gUt Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik
1. khWghLfisg; nghWj;J Njit FiwAk; NghJ ,t;tif
Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik cUthfpwJ. gzpahsh;fs; tUlk; KOtJk; Ntiy
ngwhjJ. tptrhag; gzp eilngWk; rkaj;jpy; kl;LNk Ntiytha;g;gpid
ngWtJ gpd; Ntiyapog;gJ Nghd;wit eilngWk;.
2. ,e;jpa tptrhak; 7 - 8 khj Ntiytha;g;gpw;F cWjp mspf;fpwJ. kPjKs;s
ehl;fspy; Ntiyahl;fs; gzpapd;wp ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. ,t;tif jw;fhypf
Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik gUtfhy Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik vdg;gLfpwJ.
Page 2
Ntiyapd;ik
,e;jpahtpd; Ntiyapd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk; :
1. ekJ ehl;by; tsh;eJ
; tUk; Ntshz;ikr; rpf;fYf;fhd Kjd;ikf; fhuzk;
tpiue;J ngUFk; kf;fs; njhifahFk;.
2. Ntiynra;fpd;wth;fspd; vz;zpf;if $Lfpd;w msTf;Nfw;g Ntiy
tha;g;Gf;fis ekJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fspd; %yk; cUthf;f ,aytpy;iy.
3. ,jdhy; $Lfpd;w kdpjh;fs; ehl;bw;F tskhf ,y;yhky; Rikahf
khwptUfpd;wdh;.
tsh;r;rp ngwhj Ntshz;ik :

1. ekJ Ntshz;ikj; Jiw tsh;eJ
; tUk; mwptpay; njhopy;El;gj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L tpiue;J Kd;Ndwtpy;iy ciog;Gr; nrwpTs;s
,j;Jiwapy; vjph;ghh;j;j Gul;rp eilngwtpy;iy.
2. ,jdhy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; Ntiyapd;ik ,j;Jiwapy; njhlh;fpd;wJ.
tsh;r;rp Fiwe;j nghUshjhuk; :

1. ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpd; tsh;r;rp tPjk; Fiwthf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ekJ
ehl;bYs;s %ytsq;fis ,d;Dk; KOikahfTk; rhpahfTk;
gad;gLj;jtpy;iy.
2. ,q;Fs;s gy;NtW JiwfSk; vjph;ghh;j;j Ntfj;jpy; tsutpy;iy. ,jdhy;
NghJkhd mstpy; Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fs; cUthftpy;iy.
Fiwthd njhopy;fspd; tsh;r;rp :

1. ekJ ehl;by; %yjdg; gw;whf;FiwahYk;, rl;l eilKiwfshYk; nghpa
njhopy;fs; Ntfkhf tsutpy;iy.
2. Ntiytha;g;Gs;s rpwpa njhopy;fisg; gutyhf ehnlq;Fk; tsh;f;fj;
jtwptpl;Nlhk;.
Ntiytha;g;Gf;fhd jpl;lkplhik :
1. ekJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fspy; Ntiytha;g;Gf;fisg; ngUf;f rhpahfj;
jpl;lkpltpy;iy.
2. kdpjtsj; jpl;lkply; (Man-Power Planning) ,d;Wk; fUj;jstpNyNa
cs;sJ. ,Uf;fpd;w kf;fspd; juj;ij Xl;b Ntiy tha;g;igg; ngUf;f jf;f
jpl;lk; ,y;yhjjhy;, rhpahd Kaw;rpAk; ,y;iy.
Page 3
Ntiyapd;ik
Mf;fj;jpwdw;w fy;tpKiw :
1. ,d;W ehk; toq;Ffpd;w gs;sp-fy;Y}hp fy;tp fw;wth;fisAk;
gl;ljhhpfisAk; cUthf;F fpd;wNj jtpu, mth;fsplk; njhopy; elj;Jk;
Mf;fj;jpwidNah jd;dk; gpf;ifiaNah tsh;f;f jtwp tpl;lJ.
2. ,jdhy; fw;wth;fs; kw;wth;fisr; rhh;eJ
; thOk; epiyNa
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; gbj;jth; Ntiyapd;ik GJtifr; rpf;fyha;
cUntLf;fpd;wJ.
njhopy; KidNthh; ,d;ik :

1. ekJ ehl;by; NghJkhd mstpy; njhopy; Kay;Nthh; ,y;iy.
2. Ra njhopypy; <LgLgth;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; kpFjpahf ,Ue;jhy; , mth;fs;
jq;fSf;Fk; Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;fpf; nfhz;L , mjd; %yk;
kw;wth;fSf;Fk; Ntiyaspf;f KbAk;.
ve;jpukakhf;Fjy; :
rpy Jiwfspy; ve;jpukakhf;Ffpd;w Nghf;F tsh;eJ
; tUfpd;wJ. ,tw;why;
Ntiy tha;g;Gf; Fiwtijf; fhzyhk;.
gftjpf; FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; :

1970 Mk; Mz;L brk;ghpy; ,e;jpa muR, Ntiyapd;ikapd; msit
kjpg;gpl;L, mjidj; jPh;f;f topKiwfisf; $wp gftjp (B. Bhagawati) jiyikapy;
xU FOit mikj;jJ. mf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. Ntiytha;g;G, kdpj tsj; jpl;lkpLjy;, Mfpatw;wpw;fhf xU Njrpaf;
FOit cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. ehl;bd; tsh;r;rpf;Fhpa tsq;fspy; xU gFjpia xJf;fpAk;, $Ljy;
thptpjpj;Jk; Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;Fk; jpl;lq;fisr; nray;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
3. nghpa mstpy; fpuhk tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4. ciog;Gr; nrwpTila njhopy;fSf;F Kd;Dhpik nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;F Nky; (Over-Time) Ntiy nra;tijj; jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6. thuk; 48 kzpNeukhf ,Uf;Fk; ciog;gpdsit 41 kzp Neukhff; Fiwf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
Page 4
Ntiyapd;ik
7. Ntiytha;g;Gf; fy;tp Kiwia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

8. Ntiy tha;g;Gf; fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;.
9. kf;fs; njhifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j rhpahd jpl;lk; Njit.
10. ciog;Gr; nrwpTs;s Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; njhopy;fSf;F thpr;rYif Njit.
gpd;jq;fpa tl;lhuq;fis tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
Ntiyapd;ik nfhs;if
Njrpa khjphp fzf;nfLg;G mikg;gpd;gb Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikia %d;whf
gphpf;fyhk;.
nghJthd Kjd;ik epiy Ntiyapd;ik

1. tUlj;jpy; ghjp ehl;fSf;F Nky; mjpfkhd egh;fs; Ntiyapy;yhj epiyapy;
,Ug;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
2. ,jw;F ntspg;gilahd Ntiyapd;ik vd;W nghUs;.
thuhe;jpu epiy Ntiyapd;ik

thuj;jpw;F xU kzp Neuk;$l mjpfkhd egh;fSf;F Ntiyfpilf;fhikiaf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
jpdKk; Ntiyapd;ik epiy

thuj;jpy; xU ehs;> rpy ehl;fs; mjpfkhd egh;fSf;F Ntiyapy;yhikiaf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
,e;jpahtpd; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik Gs;sp tptuq;fs;

(kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G - 2011)
1. 2011 kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb> 10 kpy;ypad; ,sepiy
gl;ljhhpfs;> KJepiy gl;ljhhpfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g gl;ljhhpfs; Ntiyj;
Njbf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;. nkhj;j ,e;jpah;fspy; 15% gbj;jth;fs;
Ntiytha;g;G Njbf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;.
2. Nfushtpy; 30 rjtPjj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l gbj;j gl;ljhhpfs; Ntiy
tha;g;gpd;ik ,d;wp ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
3. 116 kpy;ypad; Ntiy Njbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;jpah;fspy; 32 kpy;ypad;
gbf;fhjth;fs; kw;Wk; 84 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; gbj;jth;fs; Mth;.
Page 5
Ntiyapd;ik
4. efuq;fistpl fpuhkq;fspNyNa mjpf Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikf;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. fy;tpapd; xt;nthU epiyapYk;> Fwpg;ghf Mz; Ntiytha;g; gpd;ikia
tpl ngz; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikNa mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. 2001y; 6.8% ,Ue;j Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikahdJ> 2011y; 9.6% Mf cah;ej
; J.
Ntiyapd;ikahdJ gbf;fhjth;fistpl gbj;jth;fspilNa Ntfkhf
tsUfpwJ.
Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fspy; Ntiytha;g;Gf; nfhs;if

7tJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (1985 – 1990)
nghJthd epiy mbg;gilapy; Ntiytha;g;GfisAk; tsh;r;rp tPjj;ij
mjpfhpj;jy;.
8tJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (1992 – 97)

1. fp.gp. 2000f;Fs; Mz;Lf;F 3% Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;Fjy;.
2. ,jd; nghUl;L gy;NtW Ntiy tha;g;G cUthf;Fk; jpl;lq;fs;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
9tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; (1997 – 2002)

Ntshz;ik> ,e;jpahtpd; ngUk; Ntiytha;g;G fsQ;rpakhf tpsq;Ftjhy;>
Ntshz;ikapy; nghJ KjyPLfis <h;j;jy; kw;Wk; mjd;%yk; mjpfg;gbahd
Ntiytha;g;Gfis cUthf;Fjy; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
gj;jhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (2002 – 2007)

Mz;bw;F 10 kpy;ypad; Ntiytha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; 8% cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jp tsh;r;rpia miljy;> kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lq;fs; %yk; kiwKf
Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;Fjy; Nghd;wit.
gjpNdhuhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (2007 –2012)

1. efh;g;Gw kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw Ntiytha;g;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
2. tsh;r;rp Fiwthd gFjpfs;> Jiwfspy; Ntiytha;g;gpid mjpfhpj;jy;.
3. efh;g;Gw ViofSf;Fk; Ntiy fhg;gPl;il tphpTgLj;Jjy; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
Page 6
Ntiyapd;ik
gdpnuz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; (2012 – 2017)

1. cw;gj;jpj;Jiwapy; Ntiytha;g; gpid mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;.
2. ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; NkYk; 10 kpy;ypad; kf;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;ig toq;Fjy;
Kiwrhuh njhopyhsh;fSf;fhd r%fg; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; - 2008

1. $ypj; njhopyhsh;fs;> tPl;L Ntiy nra;gth;fs; my;yJ Ra Ntiytha;g;G
ngWNthh;> nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; ngUk;ghd;ik ahf cs;sdh;.
2. ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F ,th;fsJ gq;fspg;G MFk;.
3. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2009k; tUlk; Gjpa newpKiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
4. ,jd;gb Njrpa r%f ghJfhg;G Mizak; kw;Wk; khepy r%f ghJfhg;G
Mizak; Nghd;wit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;l jpl;lq;fs;.

1. Mk; Mj;kp gPkh Nah[dh
2. Njrpa KjpNahh; Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk;
3. cly; ey fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;
Ntiytha;g;G cUthf;fk; njhlh;ghf/khz;Nlf; rpq; mYthypah jiyikapyhd

FO:
1. kj;jpa jpl;lf; FO> khz;Nlf; rpq; mYthypah jiyikapy;> Ntiy tha;g;G>
kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik epiy Fwpj;J mwpa xU FOik epakpj;jJ.
2. ,f;FO 2001 k; Mz;by; mwpf;if rkh;g;gpj;jJ.
mwpf;ifapd; vLNfhs;fs;
1. jdpahh;j;Jiw KjyPl;bd; %yk; Ntshz;ikia Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
2. czT njhopy; El;gj;jpy; nghpa epWtdq;fis <Lgl nra;jy;.
3. rpy;yiw th;j;jf Jiwapy; nghpa epWtdq;fisAk;> Gjpa Af;jpfisAk;
mwpKfg; gLj;Jjy;.
4. Nghf;Ftuj;J Jiwia Gjpa tuT epWtdq;fs; %yk; nray;jpwid
mjpfhpj;jy;.
5. njhopyhsh; rl;lq;fis rPuikj;jy;.
6. xg;ge;j njhopyhsh; (rPuikg;G kw;Wk; jio) rl;lj;ijj; jpUj;jk; nra;jy;.
Page 7
Ntiyapd;ik
v];. gp. Fg;jh rpwg;G FO 2001 k; Mz;L kj;jpa murhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nehf;fk;
10 kpy;ypad; Ntiy tha;g;Gfis cUthf;Fk; topKiwfis Muha;jy;.
murhq;f eltbf;iffs;
t. Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;l Nehf;fk;

vz; Mz;L
1. fpuhk Ntiytha;g;Gg; 1972 fpuhk Ntiytha;g;gpw;F
ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;
2. ,isQh;fSf;F Ra 1979 fpuhk ,isQh;fSf;F Ra
Ntiytha;g;Gg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntiy tha;g;G gapw;rp
(TRYSEM) mspj;jpLk; jpl;lk;
3. xUq;fpize;j fpuhk 1980 gpd;jq;fpa fpuhkj;ij Ra
Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; (IRDP) Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd;
%yk; midj;J
epiyfspYk; Nkk;ghL
milar; nra;jy;
4. Njrpa fpuhk Ntiytha;g;Gj; 1980 gpd;jq;fpa fpuhkj;jpy;
jpl;lk; ,yhgk; <l;lf;$ba
Ntiytha;g;Gfis
toq;Fjy;
5. fpuhk epyky;yhNjhUf;fhd 1983 epykw;w tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;
Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj;jpl;lk; njhopyhsh;fSf;F
Ntiytha;g;ig toq;Fjy;.
6. gbj;j Ntiy tha;g;gw;w 1983 Ra Ntiytha;g;gpw;F epjp
,isQh;fSf;F kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g cjtp
RaNtiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lk; toq;Fjy;
7. efu ViofSf;F Ra 1986 khdpa cjtp kw;Wk; tq;fp
Ntiytha;g;Gj;jpl;lk; flDljtp %yk; efu
ViofSf;F Ra
Ntiythag;gspj;jy;
8. [t`h; Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh 1989 fpuhkj;jpy;
Ntiytha;g;gw;NwhUf;F
Ntiytha;g;G toq;Fjy;
Page 8
Ntiyapd;ik
9. NeU Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh 1989 efuj;jpy;

Ntiytha;g;gw;NwhUf;F
10. efu Ntiytha;g;G $ypj;jpl;lk; 1990 xU ,yl;rk; kf;fs;
njhiff;F Fiwthf cs;s
efuq;fspy; $yp
11. Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj;jpl;lk; 1993 fpuhkq;fspy; tUlj;jpw;F
100 ehl;fs;
Ntiytha;g;gspj;jy;
12. Rth;z n[ae;jp r`hhp 1997 fpuhkg;Gw Ntiytha;g;gpid
Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh toq;Fjy;> tWikf;
Nfhl;bw;Ff; fPo;
cs;sth;fSf;F Ntiy
mspj;jy;
13. Rth;z n[ae;jp fpuhk; 1999 fpuhk tWikia xopj;J Ra
RtNuh[;fh; Nah[dh Ntiytha;g;ig toq;Fjy;
14. n[a;g;gpufh\; ehuhaz; 2002-03 gpd;jq;fpa khtl;lq;fSf;F
Nuh[;fh; cWjpj;jpl;lk; Ntiytha;g;G
cWjpaspjj;jy;
15. Njrpa fpuhk Ntiytha;g;G 2006 fpuhk gFjpfSf;F 100 ehs;
cWjpj;jpllk; Ntiytha;g;gspj;jy;
16. rk;G+h;z fpuhkpd; Nuh[;fh; 2001 fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; $Ljyhd
Nah[dh Cjpak; kw;Wk; czTf;F
cj;uthjk; mspj;jy;
17. czTf;F Ntiyj;jpl;lk; 2001 twl;rpghjpj;j 8
khtl;lq;fspy; Ntiytha;g;G
kw;Wk; czTf;F
cWjpaspj;jy;.
18. kfhj;khfhe;jp Njrpa Cuf 2005
Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj;jpl;lk;
19. gpujk ke;jphp Ntiytha;g;G 2008
jpl;lk;
Page 9
Ntiyapd;ik
kfhj;kh fhe;jp Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;Gj;jpl;lk; (Mahatma Gandhi National

Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme)
2008-k; Mz;bd; Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;G cWjpr; rl;lkhdJ> ‘kfhj;kh
fhe;jp Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;G cWjpr; rl;lkhf” ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Nehf;fk;:
1. ‘cyfpYs;s jpl;lq;fspy; ,J xU nghpa jpl;lkhFk;> xt;nthU
epjpahz;bYk;> Cufg;gFjpfspy; cly;ciog;gpid Nkw;nfhs;s
tpUg;gKs;s> taJ te;Njhh; cs;s xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; xU Mz;by;
100 ehl;fs; Ntiytha;g;gspg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fk;”.
2. ,uz;lhtjhf> xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; cly; ciog;ig toq;fp tWik
xopj;J> epiyahd Nkk;ghl;il miltjhFk;.
gzpfs; Njh;T nra;Ak; Kiw
xt;nthU Cuhl;rpapYk; ,j;jpl;ltpjpKiwfspd;gb Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl cs;s

gzpfspd; gl;bay; jahhpf;fg;gl;L fpuhk rigapy; jPh;khdk; ngw;W gzpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
jFjpfs;:
1. Ntiy nra;a ,aYfpd;w cly;jpwd; nfhz;ltuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. me;j Cuhl;rpapy; trpg;gtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. 18 taJ epuk;gpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. gzpfspy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 33 rjtpfpjk; ngz;fs; gaDw tha;g;gspf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
5. tWikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPo; tho;gth;fs; kl;Lk; my;yhky; NtiyNfhUk;
kw;wth;fSk; Ntiyngw jFjpahdth;fs;.
eilKiw
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ehnshd;Wf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 9 kzpNeuk; Ntiy nra;jhy;
eph;zapf;fg;gl;l msT Cjpak; toq;fg;gLk;.
Page 10
Ntiyapd;ik
rpwg;gk;rq;fs; :
1. Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpar; rl;lk; 1948d;gb> tptrhaj; njhopyhsh;fSf;F
Cjpak; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. Mz;> ngz;fSf;Fr; rk mstpyhd Cjpak; toq;fg;gLk;.
3. Ntiyapd; NghJ tpgj;J Vw;gl;L KOikahd CdKw;whYk; my;yJ
caphpog;G Vw;gl;lhYk; &.25>000/- ,og;gPL njhifahf toq;fg;gLk;.
4. 15 ehl;fSf;Fs; Cjpak; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5. topfhl;b newpKiwfspd;gb> fpuhkj;jpw;fhd jpl;lj; njhFg;gpid>
fpuhkrig xg;Gjy; mspj;jgpd;> mjpy; 50% Ntiyfs; fpuhk Cuhl;rpapd;
%yk; nray;gLj;j xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6. Ntiy eilngWk; ,lq;fspy;> FbePh;> epow;$lq;fs; Nghd;w trjpfs; nra;J
jug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpah / jkpo;ehl;bd; Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;:

thpir
jpl;lq;fs; Mz;L Nehf;fq;fs;
vz;.
1. r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; 1952 Cufg; gFjpapy; thOk;
(CDP) Viokf;fspd; r%f kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu epiyfspy;
khw;wk; nfhz;L tUjy;.
2. xUq;fpize;j 1960-61 tptrhapfSf;F fld;>
Ntshz;ik Nkk;ghl;Lj; tpijfs;> cuq;fs; toq;Fjy;
jpl;lk; (IADP)
3. xUq;fpize;j 1964-65 mWtilia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
Ntshz;ikg; gFjpj;
jpl;lk;
4. fld; mq;fPfhuj; jpl;lk; 1965 hprh;t; tq;fpapd; fldsT
fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
5. mjpf kf#h; cw;gj;jpj; 1966-67 czTjhdpaq;fspd;
jpl;lk; cw;gj;jpia mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;.
6. ,e;jpa Rw;Wyh Nkk;ghl;Lf; 1966 ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfs;
fofk; czT kw;Wk; gazpah;
tpLjpia cUthf;Fjy;.
Page 11
https://t.me/tnpscfree Ntiyapd;ik
7. gRik Gul;rp 1966-67 czT jhdpaq;fspd;

cw;gj;jpia mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;>
Fwpg;ghf NfhJik cw;gj;jpia
mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;
8. 14 tq;fpfis 1969 tptrhak;> fpuhk Nkk;ghL
Njrpakakhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; kw;w Kd;Dhpikj;
JiwfSf;Ff; fld;
toq;Fjy.
9. fpuhk kpd;kakhf;fy; fofk; 1969 fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; kpd;
kakhf;Fjy;
10. tPl;Ltrjp kw;Wk; efu 1970 tPl;Ltrjpia
Nkk;ghl;Lf;fofk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
njhopy;El;g cjtp kw;Wk;
flDjtp toq;;Fjy;.
11. KLf;fptplg;gl;l fpuhk ePh; 1972-73 fpuhkg;gFjpfSf;F FbePh;
toq;Fk; jpl;lk; toq;Fjy; jpl;lk;.
12. twl;rp ghjpj;j gFjp 1973 twl;rp ghjpj;jg; gFjpfis
Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; ghJfhj;J> epyg;gFjp ePiu
mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;
13. fpuhk tpgj;J 1972-73 fpuhk Ntiytha;g;ig
Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lk; Nkk;gLj;j
14. Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; 1973-74 tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; tptrhaj;
FWtptrhap njhopyhsh; njhopyhsh;fSf;F
fofk; njhopy;El;g kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu cjtp mspj;jy;.
15. rpW tptrhap Nkk;ghl;Lf; 1974-75 rpW tptrhapfSf;F
fofk; njhopy;El;g kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu cjtp mspj;jy;.
16. 20 mk;rj;jpl;lk; 1975 tWikia xopj;jy;
tho;f;ifj; juj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
17. Njrpa fpuhk Nkk;ghl;L 1977 fpuhk Nkk;ghl;bw;F gapw;rp
epWtdk; kw;Wk; MNyhrid toq;Fjy;
18. ghiytd Nkk;ghl;Lj; 1977-78 ghiytd tphptiljiyj;
jpl;lk;; jLj;J Rw;W#oiyg;
ghJfhj;jy;.
Page 12
Ntiyapd;ik
19. czTf;F Ntiyjpl;lk; 1977-78 njhopyhsh;fspd;

Ntiyj;jpwid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F mth;fSf;F
czTjhdpaq;fs;
20. me;Njhjah Nah[dh 1977-78 ,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy; Vio
FLk;gq;fSf;F
epjpAjtpaspj;jy;
tpdhf;fs;
1. Ntiyapd;ikapd; tiffis tpsf;fp vOJf.

2. Ntiyapd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
3. Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdtw;iw Fwpg;gpl;L tptup?
Page 13
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : Foe;ij J\;gpuNahfk;; kw;Wk; Foe;ij njhopyhsu;fs;
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
Foe;ij J\;gpuNahfk;; kw;Wk; Foe;ij

njhopyhsu;fs;
Foe;ij njhopyhsh; tiuaiw :
14-tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfshy; nra;agLk; Ntiyapd; fhuzkhf mth;;fspd;

cly;eyk;, kdeyk;, cstpay; kw;Wk; r%f epiyapy; Vw;gLk; tsh;r;rpiag;
ghjpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk; midj;ijAk; Foe;ij njhopyhsh; Kiw vd
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
14-tajpw;Fl;gl;l ve;j xU Foe;ijahf ,Ue;jhYk; ehs; xd;Wf;F mjpf

kzpNeuk; Ntiy nra;ag;gLtij Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; Kiw vd;W ,e;jpa kf;fs;
njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb tiuaWf;fg; -gl;Ls;sJ.
1989-k; Mz;L If;fpa ehLfspd; khehl;by; 18-taJ tiu cs;s midtUk;

Foe;ijfshf fUjg;gLth; vd jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
15-tajpw;Fl;gl;lth;fis Foe;ijfs; vd rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; mikg;G

(ILO) $wpAs;sJ.
14- taJ Kbe;j gpd;G njhopyhsuhf gzp mkh;j;jpf; nfhs;syhk; vd ,e;jpa

muR tiuaWj;Js;sJ.
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fspd; tiffs;
kpfTk; fz;bf;fj;jf;f kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd nray;ghLfshd

,uhZtg;gad;ghl;bw;Fk;, tpgr;rhug; gad;ghl;bw;Fk; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fis
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. NkYk; gy tiffspy; gad;gLj;Jtij gpd;tUkhW
fhzyhk;.
xg;ge;jf; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; (m) nfhj;jbik
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fSf;F kl;Lkpy;yhky; nghpath;fSf;Fk; kpfTk;

Nkhrkhd njhopy; Kiwapy; xd;W nfhj;jbik njhopy; KiwahFk;.
Page 1
Foe;ij J\;gpuNahfk;; kw;Wk; Foe;ij njhopyhsu;fs;
,e;jpah ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 1976-k; Mz;L nfhj;jbik jilr; rl;lk; nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh; nfhj;jbik Kiw ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb rl;ltpNuhjr;
nrayhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,Ug;gpd; ,e;j eilKiw ,d;Dk; gutyhf cs;sJ.
nrq;fy; ciy Nghd;w fbdkhd Ntiy my;yJ fbdkhd cly; ciog;G

Jiwfspy; nfhj;jbikj; njhopyhsh;fis gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.
ngUk;ghyhd njhopyhsh; SC, ST tFg;igr; Nrh;ej

; ngw;Nwhh;fSk; mth;fspd;
Foe;ijfSk; Mthh;fs;.
nfhj;jbikahf Ntiy nra;jth;fSf;Fk; nfhj;jbikahf tpw;fg;gl;l

Foe;ijfspd; ngw;Nwhh;fSf;Fk; kpf Fiwthd CjpaKk; kw;Wk; jhdpaNk
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
Ntshz; Jiw :
1. ,e;jpahtpy; 80% Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; Ntshz; njhopy; kw;Wk;

mjNdhL njhlh;G nfhz;l Jiwfspy; gzpGhpfpd;wdh;.
2. gzf;fhuh;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;w fld;njhifia jpUg;gp nrYj;j Kbahj

epiyapy; jq;fs; Foe;ijfis tpw;W tpLfpd;wdh;.
cw;gj;jpj; Jiw :
1. fz;zhbj; njhopy;, jPg;ngl;bj; njhopw;rhiy fk;gspj; njhopw;rhiy, G+l;Lj;

njhopw;rhiyg; Nghd;w mghak; epiwe;j njhopy;fspy; Ntiyf;fkh;j;jg;gLk;
epiy cs;sJ.
2. xU ehisf;F 12 kzp Neuk; Ntiy nra;Ak; epiyik cs;sJ.
efuj; njUf;fspy; Ntiy :
; k; ,
1. ,e;jpahtpy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd Foe;ijfs; efuj; njUfspNy tho;eJ
Ntiy nra;Jk; tUfpd;wdh;.
2. ngUk;ghyhd Foe;ijfis gpr;ir vLj;jy;, G+ tpahghuf; fil> ePh;

tpepNahff; fil, nra;jpjhs; tpahghuf; fil vd gy ,lq;fspy; Ntiyapy;
<Lgl itf;fpd;wd.
Page 2
,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fs; :
,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; mjpfhpf;f r%f - nghUshjhu

fhuzpfSk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
tWik :
tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPo; thOk; FLk;gq;fSf;F Foe;ijfspd; tUkhdk;

ngUk; gadspg;gjhf cs;sJ.
Foe;ijfspd; tUkhdk; ngUk; mstpy; ,y;iy vd;whYk;> tsUk; ehLfspy;

,J FLk;g tUkhdj;jpy; xU gq;F vd;Dk; rpe;jid gutyhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
nghpa FLk;gq;fSk;, kf;fs; njhif cah;Tk; :
,e;jpahtpy; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; nghpa FLk;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. FLk;g

tUkhdk; kpf FWfpa mstpy; cs;sjhy; Foe;ijfs; tsUk; epiyapNyNa FLk;g
tUkhdj;jpw;fhf Ntiyf;F nry;fpd;wdh;.
vspjpy; fpilf;Fk; njhopyhsh;fs; :
1. ,ae;jpukakhjy; kw;Wk; Gjpa mwptpay; njhopy; El;gq;fs; fhuzkhf

tpiuthf Ntiyia Kbf;Fk; vz;zKk;, Fiwthd KjyPl;by;, mjpfkhd
,yhgk; ngWk; nghUl;L Kjyhspfs;, Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fis
Ntiyf;F mkh;j;Jfpd;wdh;.
2. Foe;ijfSf;F Fiwthd $ypNa NghJkhdjhfTk; mjpfkhd Neuk;

Ntiy thq;f ,aYk; Foe;ijfs; A+dpad; mikj;J Nghuhl;lk; ele;j
khl;lhh;fs;, Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lglkhl;lhh;fs;.
r%f mq;fPfhuk; :
1. rKjhaj;jpy; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; Kiw jtW vd;w vz;zk;

Vw;gltpy;iy.
2. KjyhspfSk;, ngw;Nwhh;fSk; mJ rhpahdJ vd;Nw fUJfpd;wdh;.
Page 3
vOj;jwptpd;ik :
gbg;gwptpy;yhj ngw;Nwhh;fSf;F xU Foe;ijapd; rhpahd cly; tsh; r;rp

kw;Wk; GyDzh;T czh;r;rpapd; tsh;r;rpj; Njitiag; gw;wp czug;gLtjpy;iy.
efukakhf;fy; :
tsUk; ehLfspy; efukakhf;fy; Kiwikapd; %yk; gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fspy;

kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp njhopy;fspy; Fwpg;ghf Milj; njhopw;;Jiwapy; Foe;ijj;
njhopyhsh;fis Ntiyf;F mkh;j;Jfpd;wdh;.
kw;w fhuzpfs; :
1. Fiwe;j ,yhg kw;Wk; rpwpa mstpyhd FLk;g epWtd cw;gj;jp njhopypy;

taJ te;Njhh; njhopyhsh;fSf;F NghJkhd Cjpak; toq;Ftjpy;
gw;whFiw Vw;gLjy;.
2. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; epue;jukw;w murpay;.
3. ghFghL kw;Wk; ,lk;ngah;T.
4. ghuk;ghpa fyhr;rhu eilKiw.
5. epykw;w epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; njhopyhsh;fs; Cjpak; kw;Wk; xg;ge;j Ntiyia
rhh;ej
; pUf;Fk; epiyf;F top tFf;Fk;.
6. Fiwthd r%f ghJfhg;G.
7. Foe;ijfis Miyj; njhopYf;F kpfTk; vspjpy; khw;wp gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
8. mth;fspd; tpuy;fs; kw;Wk; iffspy; nefpo;thf cs;sd. MfNt mth; fs;
Fwpg;gpl;l nray;ghl;bw;F kpf nghUj;jkhf cs;sdh;.
Foe;ijfs; ngUk;ghYk; vjph;g;ig fhl;Ltjpy;iy. mjdhy; vspjpy; ifahs

KbAk;. NkYk; rh;tjpfhu fl;Lg;ghl;by; top elj;j KbAk;.
,e;jpah kw;Wk; cyfstpy; Foe;ijj; njhopyhshpd;epiy
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fisg; gw;wp kpf Jy;ypakhd fzf;nfLg;G vd;gJ

fbdkhd xd;whFk; Vnddpy; jd; Ra yhgj;jpw;fhf gy Foe;ijj; njhopyh;fis
kWf;fg;gl;Nlh my;yJ kiwf;fg;gl;Nlh itf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
Page 4
cyfpy; 250 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; cs;sjhf xU Ma;tpy; Rl;bf;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,d;iwa epytug;gb ,e;jpahtpy; 12 kpy;ypad; Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs;

cs;sdh;.
,e;j epiyapy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,sk; Fw;wthspfs; cUthFk; #oy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
UNICEF-d; Ma;twpf;ifapd; gb cyf ehLfspNyNa ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lk; 17%

Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fspd; taJ 15-tajpw;Fs; cs;sJ. NkYk; 12 taJ Kjy; 15
taJ cl;gl;l ngz; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tUkhdj;jpy; tPl;L
Ntiyr; nra;aTk; kw;Wk; tPl;L Ntiyfspy; cjtpGhpAk; epiyapYk; cs;sdh;.
2001-k; Mz;bd; kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb 252 kpy;ypad; nkhj;j
Foe;ijfspy;, 12.5 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs; 5 taJ Kjy; 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijj;
njhopyhsh;fshf cs;sdh;.
2011-Mk; Mz;L Njrpa kf;fs; fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb 259.64 kpy;ypad; nkhj;j

Foe;ijfspy; 4.35 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs; 5 Kjy; 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijj;
njhopyhsh;fs; vd fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; epiy:
jkpo;ehl;by; 5 Kjy; 14 ,ilapyhd tajpy; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs;

cs;sdh; vd;W UNICEF- epWtdj;jhy; gj;jhz;bd; fhy ,ilntspapd;
mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
t. Mz;L Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fspd;

vz; vz;zpf;if (yl;rj;jpy;)
1. 1981 9.75
2. 1991 5.79
3. 2001 4.19
4. 2011 2.84
Page 5
2011-d; fzf;nfLg;Ggb ePyfphp khtl;lk; (2095) f&h; khtl;lk; (2628)

mhpaY}h; khtl;lk; (2769) kw;Wk; nguk;gY}h; khtl;lk; (2783) vd;W vz;zpf;ifapd;
mbg;gilapy; Fiwe;jgl;rf; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; cs;s jkpo;ehL khtl;lq;fs;
MFk;.
mjpfgl;r Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; cs;s khtl;lq;fs; gpd;tUtd:-

nrd;id (26257), jpUts;@h; (18545), tpOg;Guk; (17629) kw;Wk; fhQ;rpGuk; (17589)
Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fspd; Ntiyapd; epiyikfs; :

kdpjhgpkhdkw;w epiy :
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fis Rfhjhukw;w #o;epiyapYk; kw;Wk; rpwpa
miwfspYk; Ntiyapy; mkh;j;jg;gLfpd;wdh;.
Mgj;jhd epiyik :
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; kpf mghafukhd ,urhad ciyfspd; mUNf

Ntiyf;F mkh;j;jg;gLfpd;wdh;.
khRghL cs;s njhopw;rhiy :
ngUk;ghyhd Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; khRg;gl;lj; njhopw;rhiyfspy;

mUntWg;ghd Jh;ehw;wj;jpy; Ntiyf;F ifahsg;gLfpd;wdh;.
ePz;lNeu Ntiy :
xU ehisf;F 10 Kjy; 11 kzp Neuk; ePz;lNeu Ntiyapy;

<LgLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;.
Fiwthd Cjpak; :
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fSf;F Fiwthd Cjpak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
,og;gPL ,y;iy :
mth;fSf;;F clypy; ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lhNyh my;yJ cly; Cdk; mile;jhNyh

,og;gPL ,y;iy.
Page 6
rj;J Fiwe;j czT :
ngUk;ghyhd Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; rj;J Fiwthd czitNa

cl;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
typikaw;w cly; epiy :
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fspd; cly; kw;Wk; vYk;G nky;ypa cilaf;$ba

epiyapy; cs;sJ rPuhd cly; epiyapy; mth;fs; ,y;iy.
fbd cly; ciog;G njhopyhsuhf :
20 taJ Fiwthdth;fs; nra;af; $lhj fbdkhd cly; ciog;G Ntiyia

Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; nra;a ce;jg;gLfpd;wdh;.
Rfhjhu Mgj;J :
fz;zhb njhopw;rhiy, gPb njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,q;F gzpGhpAk;

Foe;ijfSf;F Njhy; Neha;, Rthr Neha;, fhr Neha; Vw;gLk;.
cly; Kiw NfL :
ngz; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; fw;gopf;fg;gl;L xOf;fk; nfl;l nray;fshd

ghypay;; njhopYf;F flj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;.
nfhj;jbik njhopyhsh; :
1. ahNuh xUth; kw;nwhU eghpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; jd; Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;J

nra;ag;gLk; epiyahFk;.
2. xU eghplk; ngw;w fld; jpUk;g nrYj;j Kbahj epiyapy; mthplk; gzpf;F
Nrh;eJ
; fld;
3. jpUg;gp nfhLf;f Kaw;rpg;gJ MFk;.
4. fld;; gl;lth; ,we;jhy; mthpd; thhpR> mf;flid milf;f mg;gzpapy;
nfhj;jbikahf njhlh;thh;.
5. ,J kdpj kw;Wk; r%f jPa eilKiwahFk;.
Page 7
,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fSf;fhd murpyikg;G tpjpfs; :
ruj;J - 21 - gb jdpkdpj tho;f;iff;Fk;, jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fk; Nghjpar; rl;lg;

ghJfhg;G mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ruj;J 21A-gb ,e;jpahtpYs;s 6 Kjy; 14 taJf;F cl;gl;l rpwhh;fs;

midtUf;Fk; ,ytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ruj;J - 23 - gb ,e;jpa kf;fSf;Fr; Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpikiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ

NkYk; “kdpj tpahghuk;” vdg;gLk; Mz;fs;, ngz;fs;, Foe;ijfs; ,th;fisg;
nghUl;fs; Nghd;W thq;fNth, tpw;fNth $lhJ.
ruj;J - 24 - gb Foe;ijfisg; ghJfhg;gw;w gzpfspy; <Lg;gLj;jf; $lhJ.
ruj;J 39(E) gb Mz;, ngz; kw;Wk; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fSf;F vjpuhd

nfhLikfisj; jil nra;tJld; mth;fSf;fhd cly;eyk; kw;Wk; typikia
cWjp nra;tJ.
ruj;J 39 (F) gb - MNuhf;fpakhd #o;epiyapy; tsh;tjw;Fk;, khpahijahd

Rje;jpu tho;tpw;Fkhd trjpfisAk;, tha;g;GfisAk; muR cUthf;fpj; jUjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
ruj;J - 45 - 6 taJ tiu cs;s Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp toq;Fjy; kw;Wk;

mth;fisg; guhkhpj;jy; - muR topfhl;Lk; newpKiwfs;;. ,g;gFjp 86-tJ rl;lj;
jpUj;jk; 2002-d; gb khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
ruj;J 51A (K) gb - 6 Kjy; 14 - tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; ngw;Nwhh;fNsh,

fhg;ghsh;fNsh, mth; ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Ug;gpd;, mf;Foe;ijf;F fy;tp fw;Fk;
tha;g;gspg;gJ mth;jk; flikahFk; vd ,e;jpa Fbkfdpd; mbg;gilf;
flikfspy; xd;whf ,e;j ruj;J Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpWth; ciog;G jLg;G rl;l tpjpfs;:
1. rhujhr; rl;lk; 1929

2. njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; - 1948
14 - tajpw;Fs; cs;s Foe;ijia njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiyf;F itg;gij jil
nra;fpwJ.
Page 8
gapYeh; rl;lk; - 1961
ve;j egUk; 14 - tajpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; Foe;ijfSf;F njhopy; gapw;rp jUtij

jil nra;fpwJ.
ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh; rl;lk; - 1951
,r;rl;lk; ngUe;Njhl;lj;jpy; Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsh;fspd; eyDf;fhf

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
Ruq;fj; njhopy; rl;lk; - 1952
18-tajpw;Fs; cs;sth;fis Ruq;fj;njhopypy; <LgLj;jf;$lhJ vd ,r;rl;lj;jhy;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; (xOq;F Kiw kw;Wk; jilr; rl;lk; 1986)
1. ,r;rl;lg;gb 14-tajpw;Fl;gl;lth; -fs; Foe;ijfs; vd toq;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
2. ,J 16 tifahd njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; 65 nray;Kiwfspy; Foe;ijfis

<LgLj;Jtij jil nra;fpwJ.
3. ,r;rl;lk; 2006 kw;Wk; 2008-y; tphpthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Nghf;Ftuj;J thfd njhopyhsh; rl;lk; - 1961
14-tajpw;Fs; cs;sth;fis Nghf;Ftuj;J thfd njhopyhspahf

nray;gLtij jil nra;fpwJ.
gPb kw;Wk; RUl;L njhopyhsh; rl;lk; - 1966
14 - tajpw;Fs; cs;sth;fis gPb kw;Wk; RUl;L njhopyhsh;fshf Ntiyf;F

itg;gij jil nra;fpwJ.
jkpo;ehL filfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; - 1947
14 - tajpw;Fs; cs;sth;fs; gzpapy; mkh;j;jf; $lhJ.
jkpo;ehL Nfl;hpq; epWtdq;fs; njhopyhsh; rl;lk; - 1958
16 - tajpw;Fs; cs;sth;fis gzp nra;a jil nra;fpwJ.
Page 9
jkpo;ehL ifj;jwp nerTj; njhopyhsh; rl;lk; - 1981
16 - tajpw;Fs; cs;sth;fis gzpakh;j;j jil nra;fpwJ.
jkpo;ehL ifj;njhopyhsh; rl;lk; - 1982
16 - tajpw;Fs; cs;sth;fis gzpapy; mkh;j;j jil nra;fpwJ.
,sk; Foe;ijfspd; (mutizg;G kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G) ePjpr; rl;lk; - 2000
Foe;ijfis njhopyhsh;fshfNth (m) nfhj;jbikfshfNth Ntiyf;F

itj;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; kPJ Fw;w eltbf;ifapd; mbg;gil rpiwj; jz;lidAk;
fpilf;Fk;.
fy;tp chpik rl;lk; - 2009
,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb 6 - Kjy; 14 - taJ Foe;ijfSf;F fl;lhaf; fy;tp chpik

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ,t;Thpikg;gb jdpahh; gs;spfspy; 25% ,l xJf;fPLk;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd;jhq;fpath;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; khw;W jpwdhspf;F fl;lha
xJf;fPL nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; tpisTfs; :
1. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; cUthFjy; tUq;fhyj; Njrpa kdpj tsq;fspd;

jpUl;L vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; Kiwapdhy; kpf nfh^ukhd vjph;fhy gz

,og;Gfs; mbg;gilapy; kpfg;nghpa midj;J tif CoYk; eilngWk;.
3. HIV/AIDS, Nghij kUe;J gof;fk; kw;Wk; kdNeha; Foe;ij

njhopyhsh;fSf;F nghJthdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
4. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsuhf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy; ePz;lfhy cly; eyf;

Fiwg;ghL Vw;gLk;.
5. kpfTk; jPq;F tpistpf;ff;$ba mth;fspd; kdk;, fy;tp kw;Wk; cly;

tsh;r;rp Nghd;wit ghjpf;fpd;wd.
6. mghafukhd njhopw;rhiyapy; njhopyhsh;fshf ,Ug;gjhy; mth; fspd;

tho;ehs; kpfTk; FWfpajhf khWfpwJ.
7. mth;fspd; tUkhdk; ve;j tpjj;jpYk; ehl;bd; tUthapy; fhl;lgLtjpy;iy>

Ruz;lg; gLfpwJ.
Page 10
,e;jpahtpy; gy NGO-fs; nray;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
1. Bachpan Bachao Andolan

2. Care India
3. Talaash Association
4. Child Right and you (CRY)
5. Global march against child labour
6. Ride India vdg; gyh; cs;sdh;.
Foe;ijfSf;fhd cjtp vz; :
1. ,e;jpa murhq;fk; ehL KOtJk; Foe;ijfspd; jutsh;r;rpia ghJfhf;Fk;

nghUl;L xU fl;lzkpy;yhj; njhiyNgrp vz;iz mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
2. Foe;ijfspd; ey;tho;it cWjpgLj;Jk; nghUl;L tpopg;Gzh;T kw;Wk;

MNyhrid toq;fYk; ,tw;wpd; gzpahFk;.
3. miog;gpw;fhd njhiyNgrp vz; - 1098
rpR fpNu jpl;lk; :
1. Foe;ijj; jj;njLg;ig typAWj;jYk; mjpfhpj;jYk; MFk;.
2. 10 Foe;ijfSf;fhd khdpak; 6 yl;r &gha; murhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Foe;ijfSf;fhd gl;n[l; :
Foe;ijfspd; rpy rpwg;Gj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L

nrytpdq;fSf;fhf jdpahf epjp xJf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Njrpa Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; jpl;lk; 1988 (NCLP)
1. ,j;jpl;lkhdJ kj;jpa murpd; jpl;lkhFk;.
2. ,j;jpl;lk; ehl;bd; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; nfhs;if 1987- fPo; nray;gl;L

tUfpwJ.
3. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; nray;ghl;il Nkw;ghh;it ,l khtl;l mstpy; khtl;l

Ml;rpah;/ khtl;l ePjpgjp Mfpa jiyikg; gjtpapy; cs;sth;fSf;F
nghWg;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. NkYk; NGO-fSk; gq;F nfhs;Sk;.
Page 11
Nehf;fk; :
1. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fis kPl;L mth;fspd; Gdh;tho;Tf;F cjtp nra;J

mth;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf rpwg;G gs;spfspy; 50 Foe;ijfs; Nrh;;eJ
; fy;tp
fw;wpl cjtpGhpfpd;wd.
2. Xt;nthU Foe;ijf;Fk; Cf;fj; njhifahf &. 100-k; toq;fg;gl;L,

xt;nthU Foe;ijf;Fk; tsh;r;rpf;F &. 100 nrytopj;J kjpa czTf;F
&. 5-k; vd;w kjpg;gpy; guhkhpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
(ICDS) xUq;fpize;j Foe;ijfs; tsh;r;rp jpl;lk; -1975
,sk; gUtf; Foe;ijfspd; tsh;r;rpapy; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp

Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf 2-mf;Nlhgh; 1975-Mk; Mz;L ,j;jpl;lkhdJ nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,j;jpl;lk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiwapd; fPo; nray;gLfpwJ.
cyfpNyNa ,e;jpahtpy; kpfg;nghpa jpl;lkhd> xUq;fpize;j ,sk; gUtf;

Foe;ijfspd; tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lk; 1975-Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;L ehL KotJk;
40,000 ikaq;fshf tphpthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
UNICEF epWtdkhdJ ICDS njhlq;f cjtp nra;fpwJ. ,e;epWtdk; ICDS

; nray;glTk;, ,j;jpl;lk; njhlq;fTk; Njitahd epjp cjtpAk; kw;Wk;
njhlh;eJ
njhopy; El;g cjtpAk; cyf tq;fpAld;
,ize;J cjtpfis toq;fp tUfpwJ.
ICDS jpl;lkhdJ khtl;lj; jpl;l mjpfhhp, Foe;ij tsh;r;rp jpl;l mYtyh;,

Nkw;ghh;itahsh; mq;fd;thb Copah;, mq;fd;thb cjtpahsh; vd;w mikg;gpd;gb
nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; :
1. 0 - Kjy; 6 - taJ tiu cs;s Foe;ijfspd; Cl;lrj;J kw;Wk; Rfhjhu

epiyia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
2. Foe;ijfspd; cstpay; kw;Wk; r%f tsh;r;rpf;fhd m];jpthuj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
Page 12
3. Foe;ijfspd; ,wg;G, NehAWjy;, Cl;lrj;J FiwghL, gs;spapy; ,ilepw;wy;

Nghd;wtw;wpid Fiwj;jy;.
4. nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW JiwfisAk; xUq;fpizj;J
Foe;ijfspd; tsh;r;rp epiyia Nkk;gLj;jp nray;gLj;j Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
5. jha;khh;fspd; jpwid cah;j;jTk;, rhjhuz cly; eyk; kw;Wk; Njitahd
Cl;lrj;jpd; gw;wp njhpe;J nfhs;sTk; jukhd Cl;lr;rj;J kw;Wk; cly;
eyk; rhh;ej
; gbg;igAk; ngw nra;jy;.
Nritfspd; njhFg;G :
ICDS – Nehf;fkhd NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j ,yf;if milAk; Nehf;fpd; gy

Nritfis njhFj;J toq;fpAs;sd.
mitahtd :
1. $Ljy; rj;JzT
2. Neha;j; jLg;G
3. cly; Rfhjhu Nrhjid
4. Nritfs; ghpe;Jiug;gJ
5. Kiwr;rhuh Kd; fy;tp
6. Cl;lr;rj;J kw;Wk; Rfhjhuf; fy;tp
Foe;ijfspd; ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lha fy;tp chpikr; rl;lk; 2009 :
1. 2009-y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rhrdj;jpd; 21A fPo; ,e;jpahtpy; 6 kw;Wk; 14

taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tp toq;Fjy;.
3. fy;tpahdJ Foe;ijfspd; xU mbg;gil chpik vd;w rl;lk; 01 Vg;uy;

2010-y; mkYf;F te;j NghJ 135 ehLfspy; xd;whd ,e;jpahtpYk;
nray;KiwgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
4. ,ij ,e;jpa murpyikg;gpy; 21 A kw;Wk; 51 (K) y; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Page 13
rpwg;gk;rq;fs; :
1. 6-14 taJs;s Foe;ijfspd; ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tpf;F cWjp

mspf;fpd;wdh;.
2. ,jpy; kd kw;Wk; cly;hPjpahd rthy; cs;s Foe;ijfisAk;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. Foe;ijfs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpypUe;J 1 – 3 fp.kP Rw;wstpy; gs;spahdJ

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nghUshjhuj;jpy; eype;j gphptpdh; khzth;fSf;F
1. midj;J muR cjtp ngUk; gs;spfSk; jq;fspd; gs;spfspy; 25% ,l

xJf;fPL mk;khzth;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. murpd; cjtp ngwhj jdpahh; gs;spapYk; nghUshjhuj;jpy; eype;j gphptpdh;

[Economically weak section (EWS)] khzth;fSf;F jq;fspd; tFg;G
xd;wpy; 25% ,l xJf;fPL toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. muRg; gs;spfspy; cs;s Nkyhz;ikf; FOf;fspy; 75% Foe;ijfspd;

ngw;Nwhh;fs; my;yJ ghJfhtyh;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; NkYk; 50%
ngz;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. khepy Foe;ij chpikfs; fkp\d; me;je;j khepyq;fspy; RTE rl;lk;

nray;gLj;jp fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;. midj;J khepyq;fspYk; khepyf;
fy;tp MNyhridf; FOf;fs; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. gs;sp Nkyhz;ik FO
6 -14 taJ cs;s Foe;ijfs; midthpd; gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk; mth;fs;
gs;spapy; cs;sduh vd fz;fhzpf;fTk; Ntz;Lk; vd cWjp nra;aTk;
Ntz;Lk;.
tpdhf;fs;
1. Foe;ij njhopyhsu; tiuaW. mtu;fspd; epiyapid tptup?

2. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsu;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
3. ,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsu;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhf rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
muR jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp vOJf.
Page 14
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : tWik
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
https://t.me/sasiclasses
tWik
Kd;Diu
tho;f;ifapd; mbg;gilj; Njitfisf; $l G+h;j;jp nra;ahj mstpw;F

r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; epfo;Tfs; tWik.
‘tWik vd;gJ td;Kiwapd; Nkhrkhd tbtq;fSs; xd;whFk; - kfhj;kh fhe;jp”
tWikapd; tiffs; kw;Wk; tWikf;NfhL:
1. KO tWik
2. xg;gPl;L tWik
KO tWik:-
mbg;gilj; Njitfshd czT> cil> ciwtplk; ,y;yhky; thOk; #oy;

jiyf; fzf;F tpfpjk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif
tpfpjj;jpy;> tWikapy; thLk; Vio kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 29.5 % MFk;.
xg;gPl;L tWik:-
1. tUkhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis fzf;fpLfpwJ. r%fj;jpd; Vw;wj;jho;Tfisf;

fhl;LfpwJ.
2. mjpf tUkhdk; <l;lf;$ba 5% Kjy; 10% kf;fNshL> Fiwe;j tUkhdk;
<l;lf;$ba 5% Kjy; 10% kf;fis xg;gPl;L ghh;g;gJ xg;gPl;L tWik
vdg;gLk;.
xU kdpjdpd; tUkhdk; / Efh;T tWik Nfhl;bw;F Nky; ,Uf;Fk;
jw;fhypf tWik (m) Kw;wpa tWik:
1. ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; gUtkio FiwAk;NghJ> tptrhak; ngha;j;J>

mjdhy; coth;fs; jw;fhypfkhd Vo;ikepiyapy; coy;fpwhh;fs;.
2. mNj epiyapy; mth;fs; ePz;lfhykhf thOk;NghJ me;epiyia Kw;wpa
tWik (m) mikg;G rhh;ej
; tWik vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Page 1
tWik
Kjy;epiy tWik kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy tWik:
1. uTz;bhp vd;gth; Kjy; epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy tWikfSf;F

,ilNa cs;s Ntw;Wikfis tpsf;fpdhh;.
2. mtuJ $w;Wg;gb Kjy;epiy tWik vd;gJ ‘FLk;gq;fspy; tho;f;if elj;j

nkhj;j rk;ghj;jpaq;fisf; nfhz;L Fiwe;jgl;r> mj;jpahtrpa
nghUs;fisf; $l thq;f Kbahj gw;whf;Fiwahd epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;”.
3. ,uz;lhk; epiy tWik vd;gJ FLk;gq;fspd; rk;ghj;jpak;> tho;f;if elj;j

NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mjd; xU gFjpahdJ cgNahfkhd (m)
cgNahfkw;w nryTfSf;fhd kw;Wk; jpwikaw;w FLk;g eph;thfk;
Nghd;witfs; tPzhz nryTfSs; rpythFk;.
fpuhkg;Gw Vo;ik kw;Wk; efh;Gw Vo;ik

1. fpuhkq;fspy; thOk; ngUk;ghd;ikahd Vio kf;fs; epyq;fis nrhe;jkhf
ngw;wpwhky;> tptrha jpdf; $ypfshfNt Ntiy nra;fpwhh;fs;.
2. mth;fs; $ypAk; kpff; FiwNt> Mz;by; xU rpy khjq;fNs mth;fs;
Ntiy tha;g;igg; ngWfpwhh;fs;.
3. Mdhy; efh;g;Gwq;fspy; thOk; Vio kf;fs; ePz;l Neuk; cioj;J> kpff;
Fiwthd tUkhdj;ijNa ngWfpwhh;fs;.
4. ngUk;ghyhNdhh;> mq;fPfhuk; ngwhj kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwg;gb mikahj

JiwfspNyNa Ntiyf;F mkh;j;jg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
5. ,th;fs; cg Jiz Ntiyahl;fs; vdg;gLth;. cgNtiyahl;fs;
vdg;gLgth;fs; %d;W gphpitr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs;.
• KONeu Ntiy nra;a tpUg;gk; ,Ue;Jk;> gFjp Neu NtiyiaNa

nra;gth;fs;.
• FLk;gj; jiyth;> KONeu Ntiy nra;Jk;> tWik Nfhl;bw;F Nky;
jq;fSila FLk;gj;ij nfhz;LtUk; mstpw;F NghJkhd tUkhdk;
<l;ltpy;iy.
• Nrhh;Tw;w gzpahl;fs;> Ntiy Njbr; nry;yhjth;fs;.
Page 2
tWik
fhuzq;fs;:-
r%fk;:-
1. fy;tpawptpd;ik
2. Ntiyapd;ik
3. jpwd; FiwT
4. kf;fs; njhif mjpfk;
5. cah;thd tho;f;ifj; juk;
6. kjk; kw;Wk; r%fk; rhh;ej
; Nkyhz;ik
7. jd;dpiwT mZFKiwapy; rkurk; miljy;.
nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;:-
1. gztPf;fk;
2. nghUshjhuj;jpy; Fiwe;j cs;slf;fpa tsh;r;rp
3. nry;tq;fs; rkkw;w epiyapy; gq;fpLjy;
4. cw;gj;jpjpwd; FiwT
5. Kjd;ikj; Jiwapy; fyhr;rhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tWikf;NfhL:-
1. nghUshjhu msTNfhy;;
2. murhq;fk; jdpegh; (m) tPLfs; rhh;ej
; nghUshjhu Fiwfis
Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;> mth;fspd; Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;aTk;> nghUshjhuj;jpd;
Kf;fpa Muk;gfl;lkhf miktJ tWikahFk;.
3. ntt;NtW msTfis itj;J cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. xt;nthU
khepyj;jpw;Fk; (m) khepyj;jpw;Fs;NsAk; NtWgLk;.
4. gj;jhz;il mbg;gilahf itj;J tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPNo cs;s
FLk;gq;fis kj;jpamuR fzf;nfLf;fpd;wJ.
5. cyf tq;fpapd; fzf;Fg;gb 1.25 lhyUf;F Fiwthd
tUkhdKilath;fs; tWikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPo; cs;sth;fshf
fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;.
6. ,e;jpahtpy; jpl;lf; FOthy; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
7. jpl;lf;FOtpd; fzf;fPL NSSOtpd; mwpf;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
8. xt;nthU 5 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Page 3
tWik
Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fspy; tWikf; fzf;fPL:-
1. 1951-1956 (Ist) tptrha Kiwia Kd;Ndw;wp czTg; gw;whf;Fiwiaj;

jPh;j;jy;.
2. 1971-74 (4th) tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cah;j;Jjy;> tpiykjpg;igf; Fiwj;jy;;.
3. 1974-79 (5th) tWikia xopj;jy; (fhpgp `l;lhNth)
4. 1985-90 (7th) (i) tWikia xopj;jy; (ii) czT cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT
milar; nra;jy;.
5. 2002-2007 (10th) jyh tUkhdj;ij ,ul;bg;ghf;Fjy;.
tWikia xopf;f muR Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs;:

Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;G gy tWik xopg;Gj; jpl;lq;fis muR
mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
fpuhkg;Gw tWik:-
1. tpiuthd kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp

2. %yjdj;jpy; gw;whf;Fiw tptrhaj;ijj; jtpu NtW khw;W Ntiy
tha;g;gpd;ik.
3. tptrhaj;jpd; kPjhd kf;fs; njhif mOj;jk;
4. fy;tp
5. $l;Lf; FLk;gk;
6. ,staJ jpUkzk;
7. gpuhe;jpa NtWghLfs;
8. KjyPl;by; myl;rpak;
9. nghJ tpepNahf Kiwia Kiwahf nray;gLj;Jtjpy; FiwghL
muR eltbf;iffs;:-
• 1986 - nfhj;jbik njhopyhsh; jilr;rl;lk;

• 2000 - md;j;Njhjah md;dh Nah[dh
• 1974-75 - (SFDP) rpW tptrhapfs; Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
• 1977-78 - twl;rp ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjp Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
• 1975 - 20 mk;r jpl;lk;
Page 4
tWik
• 1977-78 - Ntiyf;F czT jpl;lk;

• 1980 - xUq;fpize;j Cuf Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; ((IRDP)
• 1980 – NREP (Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lk;)
- RLEGP (fpuhkg;Gw njhopyhsh; Ntiy tha;g;G cWjpj; jpl;lk;)
- [tfh; fpuhk rk;hpjp Nah[dh
• 1979 - TRYSEM (fpuhkg;Gw ,isQh; gapw;rpj; jpl;lk;)
• 1982 - DWCRA fpuhkg;Gw ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;Lj;
jpl;lk;
• 1999 - nghd;tpoh Mz;L Cuf Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
• 1993 - kfpsh rk;hpjp Nah[dh
• 1993 - Ntiy tha;g;Gj; jpl;lk;
• 1995 - Njrpa r%f cjtpj; jpl;lk; (NSDP)
• 2000 - gpujk ke;jphp fpuhNkhja jpl;lk;
• 1985 - ,e;jpuh tPL toq;Fk; jpl;lk;
• 2006 - Njrpa Cuf Ntiy tha;g;Gj; cWjpj; jpl;lk;
• 2009 - k`hj;kh fhe;jp Njrpa Cuf Ntiy tha;g;G cWjpj; jpl;lk;
efu tWik:-
fhuzq;fs;:-
1. fpuhkg;Gw ,isQh;fs; efuj;ij Nehf;fp ,lk; ngah;jy;.
2. njhopw;rhh;ej
; fy;tp> njhopw;g; gapw;rp ,y;yhik.
3. efuq;fspy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l (m) eph;zapf;fg;gl;l Ntiy tha;g;Gfs;.
4. mjpNtf kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp
5. tPl;Ltrjp FiwT
6. nghJ kf;fSf;fhd jpl;lq;fis Kiwahf nray;gLj;jhik
muR eltbf;iffs;:-
1. njhopw;fy;tpf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
2. 1989 - NeU Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh (NeU Ntiy tha;g;Gj; jpl;lk;)
3. 1986 - SEPUP( efh;g;Gw ViofSf;F Ra Ntiy tha;g;G toq;Fk; jpl;lk;.
4. tPL fl;Ltjw;F epjpAjtp
Page 5
tWik
5. 1983- efh;g;Gwj;jpy; gbj;j ,isQh;fSf;fhd Ra Ntiy tha;g;G toq;Fk;

jpl;lk;.
6. 1995 - Njrpa r%f cjtpj; jpl;lk;
7. efh;g;Gwj;jpy; cs;s ViofSf;fhd mbg;gil Nritfis toq;Fjy;.
8. 1992 - nghd;tpoh Mz;L Ntiy tha;g;Gj; jpl;lk;.
9. gpujk ke;jphp Ntiy tha;g;Gj; jpl;lk;
10. gpujk ke;jphpapd; xUq;fpize;j efh;g;Gw tWik xopg;Gj; jpl;lk;.(PMIUPEP)
jfty; Nrfhpj;jy;:-
fpuhkg;Gw Viofs; gy tpjkhd ,ilA+Wfis re;jpf;fpd;wdh;. ,th; xNu
tpjkhd FOf;fshf tho;tjpy;iy. Vio kf;fs; njhlh;r;rpahf re;jpf;Fk;
gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;j jfty;fis ePz;l neba Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;L jpul;Ltjd;
%yk; Viofs; NghJkhd mstpw;F cw;WNehf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs; vd;gij
mth;fSf;F czh;j;j Ntz;Lk;.
mirah nrhj;J
; fs; kPJ ftdk;:-
vt;tifahd nrhj;Jfs; ViofSf;F Nghjpa tUkhdk; <l;bj; juf; $bajhf

cs;sJ vd;gij mwpa murhq;fk;; mjw;Fz;lhd Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;. mJ
tptrha epyk; (m) gpw tsq;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
gzpahsh;fis Kw;wpYk; rhh;eJ

; ,Uj;jy;> fl;bl trjp Nghd;w gpw mirah
nrhj;Jf;fis rhh;ej
; pUj;jy; Mfpait tWikf;fhd %y Kjy; fhuzkhFk;.
NghJkhd epyk; kw;Wk; ePh; trjpiag; ngWk; chpik:-
1. gue;J tphpe;j epyr; rPh;jpUj;j jpl;lk;> (epyj;jpw;F ngahply;> epy kW

tpepNahfk;;> epahakhd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Fj;jifj; njhif) Nghd;wit
tWikia xopg;gjw;fhd Mjhukhf mikAk;. epy chpikahsh;fs;>
FbapUg;ghsh;fs;> mjpf cw;gj;jpahsh;fshfTk;> tho;f;if juj;ij
cah;j;Jk; mstpw;Fk; tho;fpd;wdh;.
2. rpwpa epy chpikahsh;fs; kw;Wk; Fj;jifjhuh;fs; ,jd; %yk;
cUthfpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; rpwe;j cw;gj;jpahsh;fshf khWtjhy; mth;fspd;
tho;f;ifj; juk; cah;eJ
; s;sJ.
Page 6
tWik
mbg;gil Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; fy;tp:-
fpuhkg;Gw Viofs; jq;fspd; kdpj KjyPl;il fl;likj;Jf; nfhs;tjDld;

mjid tYthf;fp nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;%yk; mth;fspd; tWikia Kw;wpYk;
xopg;gJld; r%j;jpw;F jq;fspd; nghUshjhu gq;fspg;ig ey;f KbAk;.
mbg;gil Rfhjhu trjpfs;:-
1. Neha; jil fhg;G

2. Rfhjhukhd FbePh; toq;fs;
3. FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL
fy;tp:-
1. vOj;jwpT
2. gs;spfs;
3. njhopy; El;gk; rhh;ej
; gapw;rp
,j;jpl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; Fwpg;ghf ngz;fSf;Fk;> Foe;ijfSf;Fk; nfhz;L

Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpuhe;jpa <LghL:-
cs;fl;likg;G> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; Mfpa jpl;l mk;rq;fis cUthf;Fjy;>

eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;> fz;fhzpj;jy>; nghWg;Gzh;T nfhs;Sjy; Fwpj;j
KbTfis vLg;gjpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuhe;jpa kf;fSf;F KOikahd mjpfhuk;> epjp>
Mfpatw;iw mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cs;fl;likg;G toq;Fjy;:-
fpuhkg;Gw Vio kf;fs; jq;fs; kdpj tsj;ij Kiwahf gad;gLj;jtpy;iy.

ehl;bd; cl;fl;l mikg;G trjpfshd ePh;g;ghrdk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J. njhiy njhlh;G
trjpfs; vz;zpf;if mstpYk; juj;jpYk; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fp cs;sjhy; mitfs;
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fld; ,yf;F:-
ek; ehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu Kiw rhh;ej
; > Kiw rhuh fld; trjpfis Vio
kf;fs; ngWtJ fbdkhfTk;> nryT kpFe;jjhfTk; cs;sJ. Viofis ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;L toq;fg;gLk; fpuhkg;Gw fld; toq;Fj; jpl;lj;jpd; khdpaq;fs; cl;gl gpw
gyd;fis Vio kf;fis tpl Viofs; my;yhjtNu mj;pfk; ngWfpd;wdh;.
Page 7
tWik
gutyhf;fg;gl;l czTj; jpl;lq;fs;:-
fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; gy Neuq;fspy; rhpahd Cl;lr;rj;J ,y;yhj czitNa

cl;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Vio kf;fs; #o;epiyf;F jFe;j Mjutpid ngw
tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. vdNt cztpid gs;spfs>; Muk;g Rfhjhu epiyaq;fs;. rKjha
ikaq;fs; %ykhf toq;f Kw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
yhud;]; tisT:-
1. yhud;]; tisT vd;gJ nry;t ts gfph;T Fwpj;j tiugl tpsf;f Nfhl;ghL

MFk;. ,f; Nfhl;ghL mnkhpf;f nghUshjhu mwpQh; Nkf;]; yhud;];
vd;gtuhy; 1905-k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,jpy; Neuhf tiuag;gl;l NfhlhdJ rkkhd nry;t gfph;tpid
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
3. Neuhd Nfhl;bw;f;Fk;> tisthd Nfhl;bw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghL
rkkw;w nry;t gutiy tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
tWikapd; Row;rpfs;:-
Rfhjhukw;w Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy; ←
Page 8
tWik
tWik Fwpj;j fzf;fPL:-

uq;fuh[d; kw;Wk; RNu\; nlz;Ly;fh; FO:-
1. ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F tWik vd;gJ gpur;irf;Fhpa xd;whfNt cs;sJ.

2. Vio kf;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; mth;fspd; jdpegh; nrytpdk;
Fwpj;j rhpahd jfty;fisg; ngw gy;NtW fzf;fPL Kiwfs;
murhq;fj;jhy; Kaw;rpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. 2005 w;F Kd;G ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; tWik Fwpj;j fzf;fPlhdJ czT
ghJfhg;g;pw;fhf fzf;fplg;gl;lJ. caph; tho Njitahd fNyhhpfis
ngWtjw;fhf Efh;T nra;Ak; jdpegh; nrytpdq;fisf; nfhz;L
tWikapd; msT eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. 2005 y; ,Ue;J ,e;jpa murhq;fk;> nlz;Ly;fh; ghpe;Jiug;gpd;gb fNyhhpia
fzf;fplhky; EfUk; czT msit itj;J> fpuhk kw;Wk; efh;g;Gwq;fspy;;
tWikapd; msTNfhiy eph;zapj;jJ.
5. MwhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; Kjy; NSSO-My; jpul;lg;gl;l Efh;Nthh;
nrytPdk; Fwpj;j jfty;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L Njrpa - khepy
mstpy; tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPo; cs;s kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ jpl;lf;
FOthy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.
FOf;fs;:-
• 1977 - mNyf; FO
• 1989 - yf;lthyh FO
• 2005 -nlz;Ly;fh; FO
− rf;Nrdh FO
− `rpk; FO
• 2012 - uq;fuh[d; FO
uq;fuh[d; fkpl;bapd; ghpe;Jiwfs;:-
• uq;fuh[d; fkpl;b mikf;fgl;lJ -2012

• mwpf;if rkh;g;gpj;jy; - 2014
Page 9
tWik
1. uq;fuh[d; jiyikapyhd 5 Ngh; nfhz;l fkpl;b tWikia mstpLk;

Kiw Fwpj;J rPuha;T nra;a mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,J ,e;jpa nghUshjhu fz;fhzpg;G ikak; (CMIE) %yk; ,e;jpaf;
FLk;gq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;l Rje;jpukhd Ma;thFk;.
3. jpl;l FO fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Vio kf;fSf;fhd xU ehisa nrytpdj;
njhifahf &. 22 I eph;zapj;jjhy; Njrpa mstpy; vOe;j vjph;g;Gfspd;
fhuzkhf ,f;FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
; th;fspilNa ICMR
4. ,f;FO gy;NtW taJ kw;Wk; ghypdq;fis Nrh;ej
tpjpfspd;gb mth;fSf;F ruhrhpahf Njitg;gLk; fNyhhpfs>; Gujk;>
nfhOg;G Nghd;wtw;wpd; NjitiaAk; fz;fhzpj;jJ.
5. uq;fuh[d; FOtpd; kjpg;gPl;bd; gb Vio kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if nlz;Ly;fh;
fkpl;b eph;zapj;jijtpl fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; 19% mjpfkhfTk;> efh;Gwq;fspy;
41% NkYk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ.
jkpo; ehl;bd; tWik xopg;G jpl;lq;fs;:

jkpo;ehL Cuf tho;thjhu ,af;fj; jpl;lk; (TNSRLM)
Cufg;gFjp kf;fspd; tUkhdj;ij cah;j;Jtjd; %yk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;
1. tWikia xopf;f ,j;jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

2. ehfg;gl;bdk;> mhpaY}h; cs;spl;l khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s 266 gQ;rhaj;Jfspy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. kj;jpa muRk;> khepy muRk;> ,ize;J ,j;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jp
tUfpd;wJ.
4. Cufg;Gw kf;fSf;F rpwg;ghd mbg;gil tho;thjhu fl;likg;Gfis
cUthf;fp nfhLg;gjd; %yKk;> Nghjpa epjp cjtp mspg;gjd; %yKk;>
mth;fSf;F epiyahd tUkhdj;jpw;fhd tha;g;GfisAk;> tho;thjhu
Nkk;ghl;ilAk; mspf;f ,aYk;.
5. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; fpuhk mstpYk;> tl;lhu mstpYk;> khtl;l mstpYk;
Racjtpf; FOf;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 10
tWik
GJtho;T jpl;lk; 2005:-
1. cyf tq;fpapd; cjtpAld;> Cuf Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; gQ;rhaj;J Jiw ,ize;J

tWikia xopf;fTk;> mjpfhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,j;jpl;lk; nrd;wila Ntz;ba ,yf;fhf eph;zapf;fg;gl;lth;fs; Vio
kf;fs;>khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs; kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fis cs;slf;fpa
r%fj;jpd; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; MFk;.
tpdhf;fs;
1. tWik tiuaW. tWikapd; tiffs; kw;Wk; tWikf;NfhL gw;wp Fwpg;G

tiuf.
2. tWikia xopf;f muR Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; ahit?
3. ,e;jpah kw;Wk; jkpo;ehl;bd; tWik xopg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.
Page 11
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efu;g;Gw Rfhjhuk;
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efu;g;Gw Rfhjhuk;
Kd;Diu
Rfhjhuk; vd;gJ NehapypUe;J fhg;gJ> MNuhf;fpa Nkk;ghL> nghJeyk;>
kWrPuikg;Gf;fhd $Wfis epWTjy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efh;g;Gw Rfhjhuj; jpl;lk;:

1. Njrpa Cuhf Rfhjhuj; jpl;lk; vd;gJ fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; cs;s NghJkhd
msT murpd; rYiffs; fpilf;fg; ngwhj kf;fspd; Rfhjhuj; Njitfis
G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf ,e;jpa murhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ MFk;.
2. ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; ehl;bd; gytPdkhd Rfhjhuf; FwpaPl;ilg; ngw;w 18
khepyq;fis Kjypy; fz;lwpe;J> mtw;wpd; Rfhjhuj; Njitfis
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp jpl;lk; jPl;b> 2005k; Mz;L Vg;guy; khjk; Kd;dhs;
gpujkh; jpU.kd;Nkhfd;rpq; mth;fshy; njhlq;fp itf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; mjpfhukpf;f nraw;FO (EAG) xd;W khepyq;fs;>
tlfpof;F khepyq;fs;> [k;K fh\;kPh; kw;Wk; ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
Mfpatw;Wf;F rpwg;G ftdk; mspf;fpwJ.
4. midj;J epiyfspYk; eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;l> kf;fSf;F Vw;w>
gutyhf;fg;gl;l> JiwfSf;fpilapyhd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l Rfhjhuk;
toq;Fk; Kiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspg;gNj ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;;.
mNjNghy FbePh; trjp> fopg;gpl trjp> fy;tp Cl;lr;rj;J> r%f kw; Wk;
ghypd rkj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;JtJk; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Njrpa Rfhjhuj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rpy eltbf;iffs;:

1. Vw;fg;gl;l r%f Rfhjhu nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;
2. Nuhfp fy;ahz; rkpjp (Nehahspfs; eyf; FO / kUj;Jt Nkyhz;ikf; FO)
3. Jiz ikaq;fSf;F ,izg;gw;w khdpak;
4. Jiz ikaq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; khdpak; mbj;jl;L kf;fspd; Rfhjhu
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
5. [ddp Ruf;\h Nah[dh
6. Njrpa elkhLk; kUj;Jt ikaq;fs;
Page 1
7. elkhLk; kUj;Jt ikaq;fspd; %ykhf Nrit toq;fg;glhj gFjpfSk;

gad;ngw;wd.
8. Njrpa mtru tpgj;J Ch;jp Nrit
9. [ddp rpR Ruf;\h fhhpafpuk;
10. uh\;l;hpa ghy; ];t];j;ah fhhpafpuk;
11. jha;Nra; ey Rfhjhug; gphpT
12. ,ytr kUe;J kw;Wk; Neha; fz;lwpAk; Nrit
13. khtl;l kUj;Jtkid kw;Wk; mwpT ikaq;fs;
14. Njrpa ,Uk;G njhlf;fk;
Njrpa efh;g;Gw Rfhjhuj; jpl;lk; (NUHM)
2012k; Mz;L Vg;uypy; eilngw;w Nfgpdl; $l;lj;jpy; Njrpa Cuf Rfhjhuj;

jpl;lj;ij njhlh;tjhfTk;> kw;Wk; Jizj; jpl;lq;fSk; njhlq;FtjhfTk;
31.3.2017 tiu ,j;jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;tjhfTk; KbT vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; fPo;fz;l Nfhhpf;iffs; Vw;fg;gl;ld:

1. xt;nthU 50000ypUe;J 60000 kf;fs; njhifAs;s gFjpfSf;Fk; xU
efh;Gw Muk;g Rfhjhu ikak; (U-PHC) mikj;jy;.
2. ngUefuq;fspy; 5 Kjy; 6 efu Muk;g Rfhjhu ikaq;fs; (U-PHC) cs;s
gFjpfspy; xU efu rKjha Rfhjhu ikaq;fs; (U-PHC) mikj;jy;.
3. nrtpypah; Nrit ikaq;fs; 10000 kf;fs; trjpf;Fk; gFjpfspy; mikj;jy;
4. 200 Kjy; 500 tPLfs; cs;s gFjpfspy; xU Vw;fg;gl;l r%f Rfhjhu
nraw;ghl;lhsh; mikj;jy;.
5. ,j;jpl;lk; efh;g;Gw Viofspd; Muk;g Rfhjhuj;jpy; mjpf ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwJ. 50000 kf;fSf;F mjpfk; trpf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; 779 efuk;
kw;Wk; khefuq;fspy; njhlq;fg;gl;L 7 NfhbNa 75 yl;rk; kf;fisr;
nrd;wilAk;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; KbTfshf vjph;ghh;g;gJ:

1. Foe;ij ,wg;G tPjj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
2. jhapd; ,wg;G tPjk; Fiwjy;
3. kfg;NgW kUj;Jtj;jpid midtUf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;jy;
Page 2
Njrpa Cuf Rfhjhuj; jpl;lj;jpy; njhlq;fpa nray;ghLfs; eph;thf mikg;Gfs;

kw;Wk; epWtdkhf;fg;gl;l nra;Kiwfs; Njrpa efh;g;Gw Rfhjhuj; jpl;lj;jpid
tYg;gLj;Jk;.
1. efuj; jpl;lq;fspd; Njitfs; fzf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;
2. efu cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; KOtJk; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak;
3. ,j;jpl;lk; GJikahf;fg;gl;l nghJ Muk;g Rfhjhuk; ,yf;F kf;fspd;
tPl;lUfpy; fpilf;fTk;> efh;g;Gw kf;fspd; Rfhjhuj; juj;jpid
Nkk;gLj;jTk;> Fwpg;ghf Viofs;> tha;g;Gfs; kWf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;Fk;
rkkhf jukhf nghJr; Nritfs; fpilg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
murpd; Rfjhuf; nfhs;if:
,e;jpa murpd; Rfhjhuf; nfhs;if NehapypUe;J fhg;gJ> MNuhf;fpa Nkk;ghL>

nghJeyk;> kWrPuikg;Gf;fhd $Wfis epWTjy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ>
FOf;fs;:
1946 Ngh; FO - MNuhf;fpa nfhs;if tFj;jy;
1962 Kjypahh; FO - kUj;Jth;fspd; juk;/vz;zpf;if
1975 tj;rth FO - mbg;gilf; fl;ikg;G
Njrpa Rfhjhuf;nfhs;if - 1983

1. 2000k; Mz;bw;Fs; midtUf;Fk; Rfhjhuk;
2. Nkw;$wpa Kiwapyhd kUj;Jt jpl;lk;
3. jLg;G> kPs;ngWjy;> Kd;ndr;rhpf;if tifapyhd mZFKiw Rfhjhu
gutyhf;fk;
• Fiwe;j nryT
• kf;fs; gq;Nfw;ig mjpfhpj;jy;
4. ehL KOtJk; cs;s kUj;Jt kidfs;> Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fis
xUq;fpizj;jy;
5. FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL
Page 3
Njrpa Rfhjhuf; nfhs;if - 2002

Neha; ,yf;F
1. NghypNah 2005
2. njhONeha; 2005
3. HIV tsh;r;rp 0% Fiwj;jy; 2007
4. fhyh mrhh; 2010
5. ghh;it FiwghL 0.5% 2010
6. IMR 30/1000 2010
7. MMR 30/1,00,000 2010
8. TFR 2.1% 2010
9. g;Nshpah]p]; 2015
J}a;ik ,e;jpah
1. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Jtiuapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ltw;wpNyNa kpfg; ngupa
J}a;ikf;fhd ,af;fk; 2014 mf;Nlhgu; 2Mk; Njjp fhe;jp n[ae;jpad;W
GJjpy;yp uh[;fhl;by; gpujkuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. J}a;ikia gug;Gtjw;nfd ehl;bd; Fbkf;fs; xt;nthUtUk; Mz;Lf;F
100 kzp Neuj;ij> mjhtJ thuj;jpw;F 2 kzp Neuj;ij xJf;FkhW gpujku;
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.
3. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; 150tJ gpwe;j jpdkhd 2019 mf;Nlhgu; 2Mk; Njjpf;Fs;
J}a;ikahd ,e;jpah vd;w ,yf;if miltij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lNj
,e;jg; gpur;rhuk; MFk;.
4. 3 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fopg;giwfs; fl;lg;gl;ld.
5. Rw;Wg;Gw Rfhjhuk; ngw;w gFjpfs; ,jw;F Kd;G 42 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jJ
jw;NghJ 60 rjtPjkhf cau;e;Js;sJ.
6. nghJ ,lq;fspy; fhiyf; fld;fis fopf;Fk; gof;fk; Kw;wpYkhf
mfw;wg;gl;l khepyq;fs; : rpf;fpk;> ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;> Nfush.
7. Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> F[uhj;> rpf;fpk; Mfpatw;wpd; efu;g;Gwg; gFjpfs; nghJ
,lq;fspy; jpwe;jntspapy; kyk; fopf;Fk; gof;fk; Kw;wpYk;
mfw;wg;gl;litahf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Page 4
J}a;ikahd fpuhkg;Gw ,e;jpah
1. ,e;j ,af;fk; Jtq;fpajpypUe;J ,Jtiu 3.6 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

tPLfSf;F cs;Ns mike;j fopg;giwfs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. 3 khepyq;fs;> 118 khtl;lq;fs;> 1>74>557 fpuhkq;fs; nghJ ,lq;fspy;
fhiyf; fld;fis fopf;Fk; gof;fk; Kw;wpYk; mfw;wg;gl;litahf
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. jdpg;gl;l fopg;giwf;fhd Cf;fj;njhif &.12>000 Mf cau;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l 60 yl;rk; fopg;giwfSf;Fg; gjpyhf 2.10.2014 Kjy;
2.10.2015 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; 80 yl;rk; fopg;giwfs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
5. 2014-15 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd ,yf;fhf ,Ue;j 50 yl;rk; jdpegu;fSf;fhd
fopg;giwfSf;F gjpyhf 58>54>987 fopg;giwfs; fl;lg;gl;ld. ,J
jpl;lkplg;gl;l ,yf;F 117 rjtPjk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rhjidahFk;.
6. 2012-13> 2013-14 Mz;Lfspy; KiwNa 45.59 yl;rk; fopg;giwfSk;> 49.76
yl;rk; fopg;giwfSk; fl;lg;gl;;ld. kWGwj;jpy; Nj.I. $l;lzp murpd; Kjy;
,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; 2014-15 kw;Wk; 2015-16 (29.02.2015 tiu) KiwNa
58.54 yl;rk; fopg;giwfSk;> 97.73 yl;rk; fopg;giwfSk; fl;lg;gl;ld.
7. 100 caupa J}a;ik ,lq;fs; vd tuyhw;W uPjpahfTk;> fyhr;rhu uPjpahfTk;;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
; ,lq;fs; cyfj; juKld; caupa J}a;ik ngwTs;sd.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ fl;lq;fspy; ,tw;wpy; 20 ,lq;fs;
Nju;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
8. 5 khepyq;fspd; 52 khtl;lq;fspy; fq;if ejpf;fiufspy; cs;s 4300
fpuhkq;fspy; 2017 Nk khjj;jpw;Fs; nghJtplq;fspy; fhiyf;fld;fis
fopf;Fk; tof;fj;ij Kw;wpYkhf mfw;w jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; 3300
fpuhkq;fs; mjhtJ ,yf;fpy; 76 rjtPj fpuhkq;fs; Vw;fdNt ,e;;j
tof;fj;ij Kw;wpYkhf mfw;wpAs;sd.
J}a;ikahd efu;g;Gw ,e;jpah
1. jdpegu;fSf;fhd tPLfSf;Fs;Ns 31 yl;rk; fopg;giwfs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

NkYk; 18.50 yl;rk; fopg;giwfs; jw;NghJ fl;lg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
2. nghJg; gad;ghl;bw;fhd> nghJkf;fSf;nfd 1.25 yl;rk; fopg;giwfs;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
Page 5
3. nkhj;jKs;s 81>015 efu;g;Gw thu;Lfspy; 39>995 thu;Lfs; 100 rjtPjk;

tPLNjhWk; jplf;fopit Nrfupg;Gld; nray;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
4. 2014 ,y; 18 rjtPjkhf ,ue;j fopT gjg;gLj;jy; nray;Kiw 21.51
rjtPjkhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
5. 2014 ,y; Mz;Lf;F 1.50 yl;rk; ld;fshf ,Ue;j foptpypUe;J cukhf
khw;Wk; nray;ghL Mz;Lf;F 13.13 yl;rk; ld;fshf mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
6. Kiwahd Nrhjidf;fSf;Fg; gpwF 614 efuq;fs; nghJ ,lq;fspy;
fhiyf; fld; fopf;Fk; gof;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;litahf
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
7. Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> F[uhj; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; cs;s midj;J efuq;fSk;
,e;jg; gof;fj;jypUe;J tpLgl;litahf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
J}a;ikahd fy;tpepiyak;
1. 15.08.2014 Kjy; 15.08.2015 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; 2.61 yl;rk; muR

Jtf;fg;gs;spfs;> cau;epiyg; gs;spfspy; 4.17 yl;rk; fopg;giwfis
$Ljyhff; fl;LtJ vd;w ,yf;F Kw;wpYkhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. ehL KOtjpYk; cs;s 11.21 yl;rk; muRg; gs;spfspy; gapYk; 13.77 Nfhb
rpWtu;-rpWkpau; ,g;NghJ fopg;giw trjp ngw;Ws;sdu;.
J}a;ik ,e;jpah ,af;fk; (epjp)
1. fpuhkg;Gw> efu;g;Gw gFjpfspy; J}a;ikapd; msit Nkk;gLj;JtJ;

gs;spfspy; khztpfSf;fhd fopg;giwfSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;FtJ.
2. Nehf;fk; : fpuhkq;fs;> efuq;fs;> muRg; gs;spfs;> mq;fd;thb ikaq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpy; nray;glhj epiyapy; cs;s fopg;giwfis rupnra;jy;>
GJg;gpj;jy;> Gjpa fopg;giwfisf; fl;Ljy;.
3. fopg;giwfSf;fhd jz;zPu; trjpf;fhd Foha;fis fl;Ltjw;Fk;>
fopg;giwfspy; Rj;jkhd epiyia guhkupf;f jpwd; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk;
gapw;rpf;Fk;> ,ju Rw;Wg;Gw Rfhjhu trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jk;
eltbf;iffspy; <LglTk; ,e;j epjp gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
4. gs;spfspy; cs;s fopg;giwfs;>nray;glhj fopg;giwfis GJg;gpj;jy;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhf &. 365 Nfhb nrytplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Page 6
J}a;ikahd ,e;jpah tup (epjp)
J}a;ikahd ,e;jpahtpw;fhd $Ljy; tupapd; %yk; J}a;ikahd ,e;jpah

jpl;lj;jpw;F gq;fspg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
fpuhkg;Gw FbePu; trjp (FbePu; trjp mikr;rfk;)
1. fpuhkg;Gw FbePu; trjp - KOikahf FbePu; trjp ngw;w FbapUg;Gfs;

1.4.2014 ,y; 73.66 rjtPjj;jpy; ,Ue;J 77.01 rjtPjkhf cau;T (28.2.2017
epytug;gb)
2. 2014-17 fhyg;gFjpapy; 2>67>057 FbapUg;Gfs; ,jd; %yk; gad;ngw;wd
(28.02.2017 epytug;gb)
3. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspy; 55 rjtPjk; NgUf;F Foha; %ykhd FbePu; trjp
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. Mu;nrdpf;> g;Nshiul; ghjpg;gpw;F MshfpAs;s 28>000 FbapUg;GfSf;F
2020f;Fs; J}a;ikahd FbePu; toq;Fk; ,yf;F.
fq;ifia tzq;FNthk; jpl;lk; (FbePu; trjp kw;Wk; fq;if Gj;Japu;g;gpw;fhd

mikr;rfk;)
fq;ifia Rj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;nfd gpuk;khz;lkhd fq;if Gj;Japu;g;gpw;fhd

jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
gRik ,e;jpah (Rw;Wr; #oy; kw;Wk; td mikr;rfk;)
Rw;Wr; #oYf;fhd mDkjpfs; midj;Jk; ,izaj;jpd; %ykhfNt

nra;tjw;fhd Vw;ghL.
ehL KOtjpYk; cs;s Kf;fpa efu;g;Gw ikaq;fspy; fhw;wpd; juj;ij

mg;Nghija epiyapNyNa fz;fhzpf;f 2015 Vg;uy; 6 md;W Njrpa fhw;Wj; ju
ml;ltiz njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
fopT Nkyhz;ikf;fhd tpjpfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;ld.
c[hyh (midtUf;Fk; vy;,b tpsf;Ffis thq;ff; $ba tpiyapy;

toq;Ftjw;fhd cd;dj kpd;rhu jpl;lk;).
Page 7
midtUf;Fk; vy;,b tpsf;Ffs; thq;ff; $ba tpiyapy; toq;Ftjw;fhd

cd;dj kpd;rhu jpl;lk;. tPLfspy; rpwg;ghd tifapy; nray;gLk; tpsf;F
jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2015 [dtup 5 md;W jpy;ypapy; vy;.,.b tpsf;Ffs; tpepNahfk;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,Jtiuapy; 23.13 Nfhb vy;.,.b tpsf;Ffs; tpepNahfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
Mz;Lf;F ,jd; %yk; 30.040 kpy;ypad; a+dpl; kpd;rhuk; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mz;Lf;F &. 12>016 Nfhb muRf;F Nrkpg;G.
Mz;Lf;F 24.33 nkl;upf; ld;fs;fupakpy tha; ntspNaw;wk; FiwfpwJ.
vy;.,.b. tpsf;FfSf;fhd Njit Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpw;F mjpfkhdjd;

tpisthf ,e;j tpsf;Ffspd; nfhs;Kjy;tpiy &. 310 ([dtup 2104) apypUe;J
&. 38 ([dtup 2017) Mf Fiwe;Js;sJ.
etPd (SMART) fopg;giw
1. Safe and sustainable Rfhjhukhd kw;Wk; ePz;l ehl;fSf;Fg;

gad;gLj;jf;$baJ.
2. Maintainable - vspjpy; guhkupf;ff; $baJ.
3. Affordable - vy;NyhUk; fl;bg; gad;gLj;jf;$baJ
4. Recyclable - fopTfis kWRow;rp nra;J cukhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
5. Technically Perfect - rupahd njhopy; El;g trjpAld; $baJ
etPd fopg;giwapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshtd
1. FspaiwAld; $ba fopg;giwia FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; vy;yh Rfhjhu

nray;ghLfSf;Fk; Fwpg;ghf jd; Rj;jk; NgZtjw;Fk;> gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
vspJ.
2. fopg;giwahfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
3. Nrhg;Gld; $ba if fOTk; trjpfs; ,Uf;Fk;
4. fopg;giwf;Fs; Rfhjhuk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gw;gir> gpu!\;> Nrhg;> \hk;G Nghd;w
vy;yh nghUl;fSk; ,Uf;Fk;.
Page 8
5. Rj;jk; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd jz;zPu; njhl;b trjp cs;Ns

mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
6. ey;y fhw;Nwhl;l trjp ,Uf;Fk;.
7. rhdpl;lup ehg;fpd;fis (khjtplha; Jzp) Kiwahf mg;Gwg;gLj;j
Njitahd vupa+l;b trjp ,Uf;Fk;)
8. fopg;giwf;Fs; Nghjpa kpd; tpsf;F> ntspr;rk; ,Uf;Fk;.
9. kio kw;Wk; #upa xspapypUe;J ghJfhf;f ey;y Nkw;$iw
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
10. ed;F guhkupf;fTk; njhlu;e;J ePz;l ehl;fSf;F gad;gLj;j
,Ukyf;FopfSld; fopg;giw trjp ,Uf;Fk;.
11. fopTfis kWRow;rp nra;J cukhfg; gad;gLj;j ,aYk;.
12. cgNahfpg;ghsupd; trjpf;Nfw;g fopg;giw mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
tpdhf;fs; :
1. Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efu;g;Gw Rfhjhuj; jpl;lk; gw;wp vOJf.

2. J}a;ik ,e;jpah gw;wp tpupthd tpil jUf.
Page 9
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : vOj;jwptpd;ik
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
vOj;jwptpd;ik
[
Kd;Diu:
jw;Nghija cyfpy; vOj;jwptpd;ikahdJ ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa

gpur;rpidahFk;. ,j;jifa vOj;jwptpd;ikahdJ tWik> kf;fs;njhif ntbg;G>
Ntiyapd;ik> Foe;ijj;njhopyhsh; Kiw cUthf toptFf;fpwJ
vOj;jwptpd;ikahdJ ehl;bd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F nghpa

Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf cs;sJ. ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F
vOj;jwptpd;ikahdJ ,d;Dk; ,ilA+whf cs;sJ
vOj;jwpT fzf;fPL
xU kdpjh; VNjDk; ,e;jpa nkhopapy; vOjTk;> thrpf;fTk; njhpe;j jd;ik

vOj;jwpT vdg;gLk;.
vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; - (2011 kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G)
• Mz; - 82.14%
• ngz; - 65.46%
• nkhj;jk; - 74.04%
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;G jkpo;ehl;bd; fy;tp epiy

jkpo;ehL - fy;tpawptpy; ,e;jpahtpd; VohtJ khepyk;
fy;tpawpT tpfpjk; - 80.11%
• Mz; - 86.8%
• ngz; - 73.4%
941 – 16.2%, 1971 – 45.4%, 2011-80.11%
,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp Nkk;ghl;L epiy:

gphpl;b\; tUiff;F Kd;dh;
1. fy;tpawpT tpfpjk; - 3.2%
2. fPo;jl;L kf;fSf;F fy;tpawpT kWf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Nky;jl;L kf;fSf;F FUFyf;fy;tp toq;fg;gl;lJ
4. ngz;fSf;Fk; fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 1
vOj;jwptpd;ik
gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapd; NghJ

1. gl;lar;rl;lk; - 1813 - 1 ,yl;rk; fy;tpf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. nkf;fhNy FO (1934) - Mq;fpyk; mYtyf nkhopahf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. cl;]; fy;tpawpf;if (1854)
4. `z;lh; FO mwpf;if (1882)
5. rhh;\z;l; jpl;lk; (1944)
,j;jifa jpl;lq;fspdhy; 1932y; fy;tpawpT tpfpjk; 12.2% Mf mjpfhpj;jJ.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;G
1. Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if (1986)
2. kjpa czTj;jpl;lk; (1995)
3. fy;tp chpikr;rl;lk; (2009)
4. rh;t rpf;\ mgpahd; (2001-02)
vOj;jwptpd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1. gutyhfpAs;s tWik kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik

2. kpf tpiuthd kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fk;> tsg; gw;whf;FiwAk;.
3. fy;tpf;fhFk; mjpfgl;r nryT
4. Vw;fdNt gbj;j kf;fSf;F Ntiyapy;yh epiy.
5. gs;spfs; kw;Wk; fy;Y}hpfspy; Mrphpah;fspd; vz;zpf;if FiwT.
6. fy;tp cjtpj; njhif> Cf;fj; njhif Nghd;wit fpuhkg;gFjpfis
nrd;wiltjpy;iy.
7. FLk;gj;jpy; epyTk; Vo;ikepiy
8. ngw;Nwhh;fspd; Fiwe;j fy;tp
9. murpd; Fiwe;j fy;tp epjp xJf;fPL
10. Muk;g gs;spfs; jpwk;gl nray;glhik
11. rkj;Jtkpd;ik
12. ngz; Foe;ijfis gbf;f itg;gjpy; Vw;gLk; jilfs;.
ehl;bd; tsh;r;rpapy; vOj;jwptpd;ik apd; nghUshjhu jhf;fk;
1. mbg;gilj; jfty;fisf; Fiwthf Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; cs;thq;Fk;

jpwd; cUthjy;
Page 2
vOj;jwptpd;ik
2. ,sepiy gl;ljhhpfspd; Ntiyapd;ik tpfpjk; 2 Kjy; 4 klq;F

mjpfkhjy;.
3. Fiwe;j tUkhdk;
4. Fiwthd juKs;s Ntiy tha;g;Gfs;
5. tho;f;if KOtJk; fw;Fk; jpwd; kw;Wk; njhoy; Nkk;ghl;Lj;jpwd; Fiwjy;
6. epiyaw;w nghUshjhu epiy
7. FLk;gq;fSf;Fs;s egh;fspilNa fy;tpiag; gw;wpa Fiwthd kjpg;gPL
cUthjy;
8. Fiwthd Rakjpg;gPL
9. vOj;jwptpd;ik cilNahh;> rpyh; Ntiyghh;f;Fk; ,lq;fspy; eilngWk;
tpgj;jpdhy;> mf;fhaq;fs; rhpahf gy ehl;fs; Mfpd;wd. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;
rhpahd kUj;Jt Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;shjNj MFk;.
10. fy;tpawpthdJ xt;nthU jdpkdpjdpd; MAjk; MFk;.
fy;tp fw;gij typAWj;Jk; murpayikg;gpy; tpjpfs;

tpjp 15
jPz;lhik xopg;G
tpjp 21 A (mbg;gil chpik)

6 Kjy; 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfs; fl;lha kw;Wk; ,ytrf; fy;tpia ngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mth;fspd; mbg;gil chpik.
,t;tpjp 86 tJ murpayikg;Gr; rl;ljpUj;jk; 2002 d; gb Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
tpjp 30(1)
rpWghd;ikapdh; fy;tp epWtdq; -fis epWt chpik.
tpjp 45 (muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiwfs;)

Foe;ijfs;> 6 tajpw;Fl;gl;Nlhh; fspd; fy;tp kw;Wk;> ghJfhg;gpid cWjp
nra;jy; murpd; flik.
86tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jg;gb (2002) Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 3
vOj;jwptpd;ik
tpjp 51 A(K) (mbg;gilf; flik)

6 taJ Kjy; 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F> fy;tp fw;gjw;fhd
tha;g;gpid toq;FtJ xt;nthU ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhd ngw;Nwhh; kw;Wk;
fhg;ghshpd; flikahFk;.
86 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; (2002) d; gb Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
tpjp 51(h)
tpQ;Qhd Nehf;F> kdpjhgpkhdk;> Muha;eJ
; rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;Ak; kdepiy
Kjypatw;iw tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if:

1964 - Nfhj;jhhp fy;tpf;FO mikg;G
1966 - mwpf;if rkh;g;gpj;jy;
1968 - Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;if nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
1986 - 2tJ nfhs;ifahf Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if nfhz;L tuy;.
,e;j Njrpa fy;tp nfhs;ifahdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw nfhz;L Njrpa fy;tp

mikg;G Kiwia cUthf;Fk; fhuzj;NjhL Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• xt;nthU gbepiyfspy; ,WjpapDk; xg;gpl;L ghh;f;f VJthd xU

ghlj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.
• ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; r%fk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; xUq;fpizg;G
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• rkj;Jt> [dehaf kw;Wk; kjrhh;gw;w rKjhaj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F
mtrpakhd xUmikg;G Kiwia Vw;gLj;JtJ.
• rKjhaj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa gFjpapdhpd; epiyia rkg;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; fy;tp
Kiwia njhlh;G nfhs;tjpy; rkepiyia Vw;gLj;JtJ.
• fy;tp Kiwapy; khw;wk;.
• Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Fiwg;gJ.
• midtUf;Fk; njhlf;ff;fy;tp.
• taJ te;Njhh;f;fhd fy;tp.
• mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g Muha;r;rp.
Page 4
vOj;jwptpd;ik
• 1 + 0 + 2 + 3 vd;w nghJthd fy;tp Kiwia ehL KOtJk; Vw;gLj;JtJ.

• Kjy; 10 Mz;L gs;spf; fy;tpapy; 5 Mz;Lfs; Muk;g fy;tpahfTk;> 3
Mz;Lfs; eLepiyg;gs;sp fy;tpahfTk;> 2 Mz;Lfs; cah;fy;tpahfTk;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• 14 taJ tiu ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lha fy;tp.
Njrpa taJ te;Njhh; fy;tp jpl;lk;
1. ,j;jpl;lk; mf;Nlhgh; 2> 1978 y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

2. fy;tp toq;FjYk;> vOj;jwptw;w kf;fspd; vOj;jwpit Nkk;gLj;JtJk;
(Fwpg;ghf 15 Kjy; 35 tajpw;Fl;gl;Nlhh;) ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
3. kf;fsplk;> murpd; jpl;lq;fs;> rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; Fwpj;J
tpsf;FtJk;> mjDila nray;ghl;Lf;Fk; cjTjy;.
4. ,e;jpahtpy; vOj;jwptw;Nwhh; tpOf; fhl;by; mjpf msT fhzg;gLk;
ngz;fs;> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh; Nghd;Nwhhpd; fy;tp juj;ij
mjpfhpj;jy;.
Cuf (fy;tp) vOj;jwpT nray; jpl;lk;
1. Nk 1986 y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ehl;L eyg; gzpj; jpl;l khzth;fs; kw;Wk; jd;dhh;t njhz;lh;fs;; %yk;
jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. xt;nthUtUk; xUj;jUf;F fw;Wj; jUjy; (Each one teach one) vd;w
Nehf;fj;Jld; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
4. kj;jpa muR ,jw;fhd nryit Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ> khepy muR kw;Wk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; jpl;lj;jpid nray; gLj;jpd.
Nehf;fq;fs;
1. vOJtjw;Fk;> thrpg;gjw;Fkhd jpwikfis tsh;j;jy;.

2. fw;Nghhplk; mth;fSf;fhd chpikfs;> flikfs;> murpd; gy;NtW r%f
nghUshjhu jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
Njrpa vOj;jwpT jpl;lk; (1988)
vOj;jwptpy; kpfg; nghpa rhjidfis GhpAk; nghUl;L> Njrpa vOj;jwpT

jpl;lk; Nk> 1988 y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 5
vOj;jwptpd;ik
15 Kjy; 35 tajpw;Fl;gl;lth; fSf;fhf> vOj;jwpT nray; jpl;lj;ij nfhz;L

te;jJ.
Njrpa vOj;jwpT jpl;lj;jpd; ,U $Wfs;
1. nkhj;j vOj;jwpT nray;ghL (Total Literacy Campaign)

2. gpd; vOj;jwpT nray;ghL (Post Literacy Campaign)
[d; rpf;\d; rd;]; jd; (JSS)
1. ,it Kiwrhuh njhopw;fy;tp toq;Fk; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; MFk;.

2. taJ te;NjhUf;F fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopw;fy;tpia jUtNj ,jd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
rf;\hh; ghuj; jpl;lk; (SBM)
1. kdpjts Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiw> kw;Wk; ,e;jpa muR ,ize;J nrg;lk;gh; 8>

2009 md;W (cyf vOj;jwpT ehs;) njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. taJ te;Njhh; fy;tpia NkYk; tYg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L> Kiwahd fy;tpia
ngwhjth;fspd; vOj;jwpit Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
midtUf;Fk; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; (SSA)
1. rh;t rpf;\h mgpahd; vd;gJ midtUf;Fk; Muk;gf; fy;tp fpilf;fr;

nra;Ak; jpl;lkhFk;.
2. midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSk; jq;fsJ fy;tpj; jpwikfis tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s
,J tha;g;gspf;fpwJ. NkYk; ehL KOf;f kf;fSf;F Vw;w jukhd
mbg;gilf; fy;tp ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
1. mbg;gilapypUe;J r%f ePjpia Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; tha;g;gpid toq;FfpwJ.
2. ehL KOikf;Fkhd midtUf;Fk; Muk;gf; fy;tp vd;gJ murpay;
Jzptpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.
3. kj;jpa> khepy> cs;shl;rp muR mikg;GfspilNa xU $l;Lwit
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
4. xU khepyk; jd;Dila nrhe;j njhiy Nehf;F jpl;lk; nfhz;l fy;tpia
mwpKfg;gLj;j xU tha;g;ghFk;.
Page 6
vOj;jwptpd;ik
5. gQ;rhaj;Juh[; mikg;Gfs;> gs;sp Nkyhz;ikf; FOf;fs;> fpuhk> efu

Fbirg;gFjp fy;tpf; FOf;fs;> ngw;Nwhh; Mrphpah; fofq;fs;> jha; -
Mrphpah; mikg;Gfs;> goq;Fbapd jd;dhl;rp fTd;rpy;fs; kw;Wk; kw;w
mbkl;l Muk;gf;fy;tp gs;sp eph;thf mikg;Gfs; jPtpukhf
gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
Nehf;fk;:
1. 2010f;Fs; 6 Kjy; 14 taJ tiuAs;s midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk;
gaDs;s Muk;gf; fy;tpia toq;Fjy;.
2. jPtpukhd rKjha gq;fspg;gpid gs;sp eph;thfj;NjhL ,ize;J
Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; r%f> tl;lhu kw;Wk; ghypd NtWghbd;ikia
fl;likf;f KbfpwJ.
3. ,aw;ifahd #oYld; ,ize;J Foe;ijfs; Md;kPf hPjpahfTk;>
nghUspay; hPjpahfTk; jq;fsJ Mw;wiy tsh;j;Jf;nfhz;L epGzh;fshf
khWtjw;fhd fy;tpf;F mth;fis mDkjpg;gJ.
4. kjpg;Gf; fy;tpia mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jdf;nfd Raeyj;NjhL
thohky;> kw;wth; eydpYk; mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; Foe;ijahf tsh;g;gjw;fhd
tha;g;gpid ,f;fy;tp fw;Wj; jUfpwJ.
5. 0-14 taJ tiu Foe;ijfspd; eyd; kw;Wk; Muk;gf; fy;tpapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czuitg;gJ.
nfhs;iffs;:
1. gs;spapYs;s midj;Jf; Foe;ijfs;> fy;tp cWjp ikaq;fs;> khw;Wg;
gs;spfspy; ‘gs;spf;Fj; jpUk;GNthk;” Kfhk; 2003,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. 5 taJ epuk;gpa midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSk; 2007f;Fs; Muk;gg; gs;spapy;
Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSk; 2010f;Fs; mbg;gil Muk;gf; fy;tpia G+h;j;jp
nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. Muk;gf;fy;tp jukhdjhfTk;> tho;f;iff;fhd fy;tpahf mikAk;
Nehf;fj;jpy; tYg;gLj;j ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
5. midj;J r%f ghypd NtWghLfs; Muk;g epiyapy; 2007f;Fs; fisag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
Page 7
vOj;jwptpd;ik
fy;tp chpikr; rl;lk;
rl;ltpjp 21- A kw;Wk; fy;tp chpikr; rl;lk; 2010k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 1k; ehs;
eilKiwf;F te;jJ. fy;tp chpikr; rl;lj;jpd; jiyg;gpy; ‘,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lha”
vd;w thh;j;ijfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld.
,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tp chpikr; rl;lk; $WtJ:

1. 6 taJ Kjy; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr kw;Wk;
fl;lhaf; fy;tp ngWtJ mbg;gil chpikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. njhlf;ff;fy;tp ngWtJ Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk; mbg;gil chpkahFk;.
,r;rl;lk; muR> cs;shl;rp mjpfhhpfs;> ngw;Nwhhpd; flikfs; kw;Wk;

nghWg;GfisAk;> ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tp toq;Ftjpy; kj;jpa khepy
muRfspd;
1. epjpg; gq;fPl;bidAk; njspthf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

2. ,r;rl;lk; Mrphpah; khzth; tpfpjk; xt;nthU gs;spapYk; Kiwahfg;
gpd;gw;Wtij cWjp nra;fpwJ. Mrphpah; gzpaplq;fis epug;Gtjpy; efu
fpuhk NtWghL $lhJ. Mrphpah;fis kf;fs;njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G>
cs;shl;rp> rl;lkd;w ghuhSkd;wj; Njh;jy; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifg; Nghplh; jtpu
kw;w fy;tp my;yhj gzpfspy; Mrphpah;fis <LgLj;jf; $lhJ vdj; jil
tpjpf;fpwJ.
3. Kiwahd gapw;rp ngw;w> jFjp tha;ej
; Mrphpah;fs; gzpakh;j;jg;gl
Ntz;baij ,r;rl;lk; $WfpwJ.
4. cly; hPjpapyhd jz;lid> kdhPjpapyhd Jd;GWj;jy;fs;
5. Foe;ijfis Nrh;g;gjpy; tbfl;Lk; Njh;T Kiw
6. mjpff; fl;lzk;
7. Mrphpah;fs; jdpahf gapw;rp (Tuition) tFg;G vLj;jy;
8. gs;spapypUe;J ,ilepw;wy;
9. Mfpatw;iw ,r;rl;lk; jil nra;fpwJ.
10. ,r;rl;lk; gakpy;yhj fy;tp> Foe;ijfis ikakpl;l fy;tp> gd;Kfj;
jpwikfis Foe;ijfSf;F tsh;j;jy;> mwpTf; fl;likg;G Mfpatw;iw
cWjp nra;fpwJ.
Page 8
vOj;jwptpd;ik
11. muRg; gs;spfs; ,ytrf; fy;tpia midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; mspf;Fk;

nghUl;L jdpahh; gs;spfs;> nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa Foe;ijfSf;F
Fiwe;jJ 25% fl;lzkhfNth my;yJ fl;lzkpd;wpNah mspf;fyhk;.
rl;ltpjp
1. 51 A xt;nthU je;ij my;yJ fhg;ghsh;fs; jq;fs; Foe;ij fSf;Fj;
Njitahd njhlf;ff; fy;tpia toq;Ftjw;F mUfpYs;s gs;spfspy;
Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. fy;tpAhpik kWf;fg;gl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh; Neubahf G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l
ePjpg;Nguhiz kD %yk; rl;l tpjp 32 kw;Wk; 226d; gb cr;r
ePjpkd;wj;ijNah cah; ePjpkd;wj;ijNah mZfyhk;.
uh\;l;hpa kj;akpf; rpf;\ mgpahd; (RMSA)
1. ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; juj;ij cah;j;Jjy; kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; fpilf;Fk;

gbr; nra;jy;.
2. khh;r; 2009 y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd> kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy murpd; nryT KiwNa 75 : 25
(tlfpof;F khepyq;fspy; 90: 10)
4. 10 Mk; tFg;G tiuapyhd fy;tpf;F cj;jputhjk; mspf;fpwJ.
rh;t rpf;\ mgpahd jpl;lj;jpd; gadhf gy yl;rk; Foe;ijfs; vl;lhk; tFg;G tiu
gapd;Ws;sjhy;> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;fhd Njit kpf Ntfkhf mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.
Nehf;fk;
1. FbapUg;G gFjpapypUe;J 5 fp.kP njhiytpw;Fs; ,ilepiyf; fy;tp

epiyaj;ijAk;> 7 Kjy; 10 fp.kP njhiytpw;Fs; Nky;epiyf; fy;tp
epiyaj;ijAk; mikj;jy;.
2. ,ilepiyf; fy;tpahdJ> 2017 k; Mz;bw;Fs; fpilf;Fk; gbr; nra;jy;.
3. midtUk; (,ilepiyf; fy;tp) fw;wwpe;j epiyia 2020 f;Fs; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
4. nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd; jq;fpa gphptpdUf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Fjy;.
5. Foe;ijfs; eyptile;j r%fj;jpdh;> fy;tpapy; gpd;jq;fpa kf;fs;
Nghd;Nwhh; ,ilepiyf; fy;tp ngw tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpj; jUjy;.
Page 9
vOj;jwptpd;ik
fy;tp fw;Fk; chpik rl;lk; 2009
1. ,e;jpa fy;tp Kiwia tYthf;f nfhz;L tug;gl;l ,r;rl;lk; xU iky;fy;.

2. ,e;jpa epyg;gFjpapy; cs;s xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; njhlf;f fy;tp ngWjy;
,r;rl;lk; %yk; mtrpakhfpwJ.
3. ,jd;%yk; fy;tp xt;nthU ,e;jpadpd; mbg;gil chpikahfpwJ.
4. 6 taJ Kjy; 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfs; midtUf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytrf;
fy;tpia mbg;gil chpikahf;fpa rl;lj;jpUj;jk; - 86 tJ rl;lj; jpUj;jk;
2002 MFk;.
5. ,jd;gb midj;J muRg; gs;spfspYk; ,ytrf; fy;tp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
6. jdpahh; gs;spfspy;> nkhj;j khzth;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; 25 rjtPj NgUf;F
,ytrf; fy;tp toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpwg;gk;rk;
1. midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytr fy;tp njhlf;f fy;tpia

(vl;lhk; tFg;G) Kbf;Fk; tiu ve;jf; Foe;ijiaAk;> gs;spia tpl;L
ntspNa mDg;GtNjh my;yJ Njh;Tfspy; Njhy;tpailar; nra;tNjh
$lhJ.
2. taJ rhd;wpjo; ,y;iy vd;w fhuzj;jhy; Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp kWf;fg;glf;
$lhJ.
3. njhlf;ff; fy;tp (vl;lhk; tFg;G) Kbj;jw;fhd rhd;wpjo; toq;fg;gl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
4. Mrphpah; - khzth; tpfpjk; rhpahd mstpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5. midj;J jdpahh; gs;spfspYk;> 25 rjtPj ,lq;fis> nghUshjhuhj;jpy;
gpd;jq;fpa khzth;fSf;fhf xJf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6. Ie;J tUlq;fSf;Fs; Njitahd fy;tpj; jFjpia midj;J
Mrphpah;fSk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. 3 tUlq;fSf;Fs;> midj;J gs;spfSk; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l fl;likg;G
trjpfisAk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Page 10
vOj;jwptpd;ik
vOj;jwptpd;ikia xopf;Fk;
murpd; topKiwfs;
1. ekJ murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil chpikfspy; xd;whf fy;tp chpikia
Mf;fpaJ.
2. gy;fiyf;fof fy;tpf; FO 1978k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;L
jha;nkhopf;fy;tpapd; %yk; midthpd; fy;tp epiy cau toptFj;jJ.
3. 1968-d; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; %yk; 10 + 2 + 3 fy;tp Kiwia GFj;jpaJ.
4. 1986-d; Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if %yk; fl;lhaj; njhlf;ff; fy;tpia
typAWj;jpaJ.
5. 1992-d; Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if %yk; fUk;gyifj; jpl;lk; cUthf;f
gs;spfspd; cl;fl;likg;G trjp> Mrphpah;fspd; epakdk; Mfpatw;iw
Nkk;gLj;jpaJ.
6. 1991-d; Nguhrphpah; Nlt;]; fy;tp Kiw Fiwe;jgl;r fy;tp Kiwia
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
7. 1988- Njrpa vOj;jwpT ,af;fk; %yk; 2007f;Fs; 75% vOj;jwpT epiyia
vl;;l> 15 - 35 tajpdUf;F nraywpTf; fy;tp toq;fy;.
8. 1994-d; khtl;l njhlf;ff; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; %yk; midtUf;Fk; njhlf;ff;
fy;tpia tYT+l;ly; Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L> Rkhh; 15>000 gs;spfs;
Jtq;fg;gl;ld.
taJte;Njhf;fhd fy;tpj;jpl;lq;fs;:
xt;nthU fhyf;fl;lj;jpYk; fUj;jhs; khw;wk;.
mbg;gil fy;tp (1947 tiu):
1. ,uT Neu gs;spfs; tphpthf;fk;

2. ,J ghuk;ghpa fy;tp mZFKiw cilaJ.
3. gapw;rp fhyk; 2 Mz;Lfs;.
4. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; 1938 - 39 ,y; J}juf gpuhe;jpa fy;tp gpur;rhuq;fs;
njhlh;eJ
; gy eilngw;wJ.
Page 11
vOj;jwptpd;ik
Fbik fy;tp (1949 - 1966)
tho;f;if rk;ge;jg;gl;l mZFKiw cilaJ.
1. rKff; fy;tpapd; Nky; ftdk;.

2. 1952-y; rKjha tsh;r;rp jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,f;fUj;jhdJ Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fspd; NghJ
,e;jpah KOtJk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
nray;ghl;L fy;tp (1967 - 1977)
1. njhopw;fy;tpia mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.

2. fy;tpahdJ fw;ghpd; njhopNyhL ,izf;fg;gl;L mthpd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;NjhL Nehpilahf njhlh;G nfhz;lJ.
3. ,J tptrhapfSf;fhd fy;tp kw;Wk; \puhkpf; tpj;agPlk; Shramic Vidyapeeth
Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ ftdk; KilaJ.
4. Kjyhtjhf %d;W khtl;lq;fspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L mLj;j 10
Mz;Lfspy; tphpTg;gLj;jg;gl;L 1977 ,y; 144 khtl;lq;fspy;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
Kd;Ndw;wk; rhh;ej
; fy;tp (1978 Kjy;)
1. rKf khw;wj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.

2. fy;tpahdJ xU kdpjdpd; Rje;jpukhd nray;ghl;bw;f;Fk; mtdJ
KOtsh;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhdJ
3. KO fy;tp ,af;fj;jpd; Nky; ftdk;.
4. 1978 Mk; Mz;L muR Njrpa taJte;Njhh;f;fhd fy;tp jpl;lj;ij
tFj;jJ.
Njrpa taJ te;Njh;f;fhd fy;tp jpl;lk;:

Oct 2, 1978 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ>
nfhs;if :
1. fy;tpia toq;FtJ kw;Wk; fy;tp mwpT mw;wth;fSf;F fy;tpia gug;GtJ.
2. ,yf;F FO: 15 - 35 taJ tiu cs;sth;fSf;F
Page 12
vOj;jwptpd;ik
3. ,J kj;jpa> khepy> A+dpad; gpuNjr eph;thfq;fs;> jd;dhh;t mikg;Gfs;>

gy;fiyfofq;fs;> fy;Y}hpfs; (k) ,isQh; mikg;Gfis ,ize;j xU
$l;likg;G MFk;.
Nehf;fq;fs;:
1. fy;tp mwptw;w ,yf;F FOf;fSf;F fy;tp jpwid mspj;jy;.
2. nray;ghl;L fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wk;.
3. murpd; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;JtJ.
4. ngz;fs;> jho;j;jg;gl;NlhH> kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; eype;j
gphptpdh;fSf;fhd fy;tpapd; kPJ rpwg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy;.
fpuhkg;Gw nray;ghl;L fy;tpj; jpl;lk;:

1. ,J Njrpa taJ te;Njhh;f;fhd fy;tp jpl;lj;jpd; Jizj;jpl;lkhFk;.
2. 1986-Nky; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glhJ.
3. khepy kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshy; eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;lhSk; ,J
kj;jpa murhy; KOikahf epjpAjtp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nehf;fq;fs;:
1. gapw;rp ngWgth;fSf;F gbg;gJ kw;Wk; vOJtjw;fhd jpwikfis
Nkk;gLj;JtJ.
2. gapw;rpahsh;fSf;F mth;fspd; chpikfs; kw;Wk; flikfs; Fwpj;j
tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;JtJ.
3. gy;NtW r%f nghUshjhu jpl;lq;fspd; gad;fis xUq;Nf toq;FtJ.
nfhs;if Kiw:
1. xt;nthUtUk; - xt;nthUtiu gapw;Wj;jy;.
2. fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; gy;fiyfofj;jpy; cs;s jd;dhh;t khzth;fis
<LgLj;JtJ:
3. jpl;lkhdJ gapw;rpahsh;fspd; Njit kw;Wk; nkhopapid mbg;gilahf
nfhz;L tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 13
vOj;jwptpd;ik
eilKiwfs;:
1. jd;dhh;t khzth;fis gapw;Wtpf;f xU jiyik gapw;Wdiu
Njh;en
; jLg;gJ.
2. 15 Kjy; 35 taJ tiu cs;sth;fspy; fy;tp mwpT mw;wth;fis
milahsk; fhz;gJ.
3. jd;dhh;t khzth;fisAk;> fy;tp mwptw;wth;fis xd;wpizg;gJ.
4. xt;nthU jd;dhh;t khzth;fSf;F xU nray;ghl;L vy;iyia tiuaiw
nra;tJ.
jpl;lj;jpid fhz;fhzpg;gJ:
1. midj;J tifahd Jiwfs;> kw;Wk; epWtdq;fSld; xUq;fpizj;J
nray;gLtJ.
2. fy;tp mwpT ngw;wth;fSf;F gpe;ija eltbf;iffSf;F Njitahdtw;iw
toq;FtJ.
3. taJ te;Njhh;f;fhd fy;tp ,af;fkhdJ Njrpa taJ te;Njhh;f;fhd fy;tp
jpl;lj;jpd; ikakhf nray;gLfpwJ.
Njrpa fy;tp ,af;fk;: 5 – May – 1988.

1. 15 taJ Kjy; 35 taJ tiu cs;s fy;tp mwptw;wth;fSf;F nray;ghl;L
fy;tpia toq;Ftjw;fhd xU njhopy;El;g ,af;fkhFk;.
2. Njrpa fy;tp nfhs;ifapy; fy;tp mwptpd;ikia ePf;Fk; fUtpfspy; xd;whf
mq;fpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. 1980 ,y; eilngw;w vh;zhFsk; fy;tp gpur;rhuk; MdJ ,e;j
,af;fj;jpid vt;thW eilKiwgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w topKiwia
nfhLj;Js;sJ.
4. ,e;j ,af;fkhdJ fy;tp mwpT jtpu FLk;g eyk;> Neha; jLg;G> jha; Nra;
eyk; kw;Wk; Rw;W#oy;
5. ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iw gw;wpa mwpitAk; gug;GfpwJ.
Page 14
vOj;jwptpd;ik
Nehf;fk;:
1. 15 Kjy; 35 taJ tiu cs;s FOtpy; 80 kpy;ypad; gbg;gw;wth;fSf;F
nray;ghl;L fy;tpia mspj;jy; mjpy; 30 kpy;ypad; kf;fSf;F 19990
f;Fs;Sk; kPjp 50 kpy;ypad; kf;fSf;F 1995 Fs;Sk; toq;FtJ.
2. ePbj;j fy;tp tsh;r;rp tpfpjj;ij 75% 20f;Fs; miltJ.
3. Kiwrhuhfy;tp jpl;lq;fs; nray;gLj;jg;glhj ,lq;fspy; (9 Kjy; 14)
tiuapyhd #oypy; cs;s Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp toq;FtJ.
4. ngz;fs;> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; - goq;Fbapdh;> gpd;jq;fpa tFg;gpdh; MfpNahh;
cz;lhd fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gJ.
5. KO fy;tp mwpTj; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; fyt;p mwpT gpe;ija eltbf;iffshd
jpl;lq;fs; ntw;wpfukhf ePbj;j fy;tpaid cWjp nra;tJ.
KOf;fy;tpawpT ,af;fk;:
Njrpa fy;tp mwpT ,af;fj;jpy; fy;tpapd;ikia fistjw;fhd xU

Kf;fpakhd jpl;lk; KOfy;tpawpT ,af;fkhFk;.
gz;Gfs;:
1. Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;Ffis rhh;ej

; J
2. fhyf;nfL cs;sJ
3. kf;fs; gq;nfLg;G cs;sJ.
4. jd;dhh;t mikg;Gfs; %yk; nray;gLj;jg;gLtJ.
5. rhpahd Kiwapy; nrytpdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ.
6. ntspg;ghL rhh;ej
; J.
7. ,j;jpl;lkhdJ KbT nra;ag;gl;l mstpyhd fy;tpawpT kw;Wk;
vz;zpf;ifia miltjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpwJ.
,af;fj;NjhL njhlh;Gila gpweltbf;iffs;:
1. midtUk; gs;spfspy; ,izj;jy; kw;Wk; jf;fitj;jy;

2. Neha; jLg;G Kiwfs;
3. Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G
4. rpwpa FLk;gj;jpd; ed;ikfis vLj;Jiug;gJ.
5. ngz;fSf;F mjpfhuk; mspg;gJ.
Page 15
vOj;jwptpd;ik
fhytuk;G:
12- 18 khjq;fs;
Nkyhz;ik mikg;Gfs;:
1. khtl;lk; (m) fpuhk mstpy; - xU Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l FO.
2. jpl;lk; rhh;ej
; Jizf;FOf;fs;.
3. khtl;l kw;Wk; tl;l mstpyhd eph;thfk;.
4. ,e;j ,af;fkhdJ khtl;l Ml;rpahsh;fis jiyik Mf nfhz;L [py;yh
rf;r;jhuh rkpjp vd;gjd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
epjp cjtp:
kj;jpa muR khepy muR
1. rhjhuz khtl;lk; 66 ½ % 33 ½ 2% 1
2. goq;Fbapdh; Jizj;jpl;lk; 4 1 80% 20%

eilKiwapy; cs;s khtl;lq;fs;
fy;tpawptpw;F gpe;ija jpl;lq;fs;
KO fy;tpawpT ,af;fj;jpw;F gpwF ,lj;jpl;lkhdJ [py;yh rf;jhuh re;jpahy;

xU tUlj;jpw;F mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nehf;fq;fs;:
1. fy;tpjpwdpd; gad;ghLfis etPdf; fy;tpawpT ngw;wth;fSf;F Ghpe;J

nfhs;s toptif nra;fpwJ.
2. fy;tpia tho;;f;if eilKiwf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp mikg;gJ.
3. jpl;lj;jpd; nray;ghL (k) tpopg;Gzh;T njhlh;ghd $Wfis tpsf;FtJ.
4. KOf;fy;tpawpT jpl;lj;jpw;Fk;> fy;tp mwpT gpe;ija jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; Neu>
,ilntsp fpilahJ.
5. fy;tp jpwid xd;W Nrh;j;jy;> gapw;rpahsh;fis jf;f itj;jy; kw;Wk;
mth;fSf;F khw;W fy;tpKiwia toq;FtJ.
6. gapw;rpahsh;fSf;F epiyf;F xU Maj;j gapw;rp MFk; fhytuk;G - 1
tUlk;.
Page 16
vOj;jwptpd;ik
njhlh; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; njhlf;fk;

1. brk;gh; 1995y; etpd fy;tp mwpT ngw;wth;fSf;fhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. 1999y; ,jd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; cs;slf;fkhdJ tphpTg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• ,j;jpl;lkhdJ njhlh;epiyf; fy;tp ikak; %ykhf epyq;fs;> gbg;G
miwfs;> gapw;rp ikaq;fs;> jfty; ikaq;fs; Mfpatw;iw mikg;gjpy;
Nehf;fkhf nfhz;lJ.
• 2000 kjy; 2500 tiu kf;fs;njhif nfhz;l ,lq;fSf;F xU
njhlh;fy;tp ikak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• 10 Kjy; 15 ikaq;fis cs;slf;fpa FOf;fis fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhf
xU ika njhlh;epiy ikak; xd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. gapw;rpahsh;fspd; Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;f;F Gjpa kw;Wk; khw;Wk;
mZFKiwfis eilKiwgLj;j jpl;lk; ,aw;WtJ.
4. ,J Fwpg;gpl;l FOf;fSf;F gaDilajhf mika gpd;tUk; ,yf;Ffis
cs;slf;fpa jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ.
• rkkhd epiyf;fhd jpl;lk;
• tho;f;if juj;ij cah;j;jp nfhs;tjw;fhd jpl;lq;fs;
• tUkhdj;ij cah;j;jp nfhs;tjw;fhd jpl;lq;fs; jdpeghpd; tpUg;gj;ij
Nkk;gLj;jp nfhs;tjw;fhd jpl;lq;fs;
eilKiwg;glj;jg;gLk; mjpfhu mikg;G:
khtl;l> tl;l kw;Wk; fpuhk; gQ;rhaj;J mikg;GfSld; ,ize;J [py;yh

rf;]j
; huhrkpjp cld; ,ize;J ,ij eilKiwg;gLj;JfpwJ.
epjp mikg;G:
njhlh;fy;tp ikaq;fSf;F - njhlh;r;rpahd
1. njhlh;r;rpaw;w Mz;L epjpAjtpahf &.25>000k;> ika njhlh;epiy fy;tp

ikaj;jpw;F &.45>000 toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. ,jpy; Kjy; 3 tUlq;fSf;F 3% tpOf;fhL - kj;jpa muR
• 4 to 5 tUlq;fSf;F 50:50 kj;jpa> khepy muRfshYk;.
• 5 tUlq;fSf;F Nky; khepy murhYk; epjpAjtp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Page 17
vOj;jwptpd;ik
ngz;fspd; fy;tpf;F Njrpa fy;tp ,af;fj;jpd; gq;F:

1. ngz;fSf;F Njitg;gLk; jfty;rhh;> mwpT kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ngWtJ
Mfpatw;iw jhq;fshfNt epiwT nra;J nfhs;Sk; #oiy cUthf;fp
nfhs;tJ.
2. ngz;fSf;F FOf;fs; Kaw;rpapd; Nky; cs;s ek;gpf;ifia fw;gpj;jy;.
3. ngz;fSf;F fy;tp mwpT mspg;gNj mth;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLikfis
fiytjw;fhd Kjy; epiy vd;w #oiy cUthf;fp cs;sJ.
4. ,J ngz; fy;tpia gpd;tUtdw;wpd; %yk; cah;j;Jk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;lJ.
• r%f tpopg;Gzh;T
• gs;spf;$lq;fspy; Nrh;f;if
• jd;dk;gpf;if kw;Wk; MSikjpwd; mjpfhuk; mspj;jy;
• ngz; njhopy; KidNthh;
• rpWNrkpg;G (k) fld; trjpfSf;fhd top tiffs;
• cly;eyk; kw;Wk; J}a;ik.
fy;tpf; FOf;fs;
• gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FO -1948 (uhjh fpU\;zd; jiyik)

• ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf; FO - 1953 (lhf;lh;> ,yl;Rkz Kjypahh;)
• Njrpa fy;tpf; FO - 1968 (b. v]; Nfhj;jhhp jiyik)
• (10+2 gd;dpnuz;lhk; tFg;G fy;tp Kiwia ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.)
• Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if - 1986
• Fiwe;j gl;r fw;wy; jpl;lk; - 1991
• fUk;gyifj; jpl;lk; - 1992
Nfhj;jhhp fkpl;b:
1. Nfhj;jhhp fy;tpf;FO vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ,e;jpaf; fy;tpf;FO (1964-1966)

,e;jpa murhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rpwg;Gf;FOthFk;.
2. nghJg;gilahd fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;Ltu> ,e;jpaf; fy;tpj; Jiwapy;
midj;J tifapYk; Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
Page 18
vOj;jwptpd;ik
3. ,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd MNyhridfs; topKiwfs; kw;Wk;

nfhs;iffis toq;fpaJ.
4. jTyj; rpq; Nfhj;jhhp jiyikapy; [_iy 14> 1964,y; ,f;F O
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. njhlf;fg;gs;sp Kjy; cah;epiyf; fy;tp tiu fy;tp tsh;r;rp Fwpj;j
nghJthd nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; topKiwfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. 1964Mk; Mz;L mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhj;jhhp fy;tpf;FO
7. 1966Mk; Mz;L [{d; 29y; mspj;j mwpf;ifapd;gb
8. 1968Mk; Mz;L Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,yl;Rkz Kjypahh; FO:
1. 1952 nrg;lk;gh; 23 Njjpapy; ,ilepiyf;fy;tp ,e;jpa murhy;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof JizNte;jh; lhf;lh; ,yl;Rkz Kjypahh;
jiyikapy; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpiag; gw;wp Muha.
Nehf;fk;:
1. [dehaff; FbAhpikia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
2. MSik Nkk;ghL
3. jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd fy;tp
4. njhopw;fy;tp Mw;wiy Kd;Ndw;WtJ.
5. mDgt KOikahd ghlj;jpl;l cUthf;fk;
6. r%f tho;NthL njhlh;G
7. Xa;Tf;Fg; gapw;rp
fy;tpf;fhd nraw;iff;Nfhs; (EDUSAT)

1. [prhl;-3 vd;gJ xU fy;tpr; nraw;iff;NfhshFk;. ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp
Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jhy; nrg;glk;gh; 20> 2004 md;W tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;l
jfty; njhlh;G nraw;iff;NfhshFk;.
2. fy;tpj;Jiwf;fhfNt gzpahw;w cUthf;fg;gl;ll Kjy; nraw;iff;Nfhs;
vLrhl; (EDUSAT) MFk;.
3. ,J ehl;bd; tpthj Nehf;fpid> nraw;iff;Nfhs; mbg;gilapyhd
njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; Njitf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
Page 19
vOj;jwptpd;ik
Njrpa fy;tp Muha;r;rp gapw;rp mikg;G:
1. nly;ypia jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa murpd;

mikg;G Njrpa fy;tp Muha;r;rp gapw;rp mikg;ghFk;.
2. gs;spf;fy;tp njhlh;ghf kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;F mwpTiu toq;FtJ
kw;Wk; cjtpahf ,Ug;gNj ,jd; gzpfshFk;.
3. ,J 1961k; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
nfhs;iffs;:
1. midtUf;Fk; Muk;gf; fy;tp
2. njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
3. rpwg;Gj; Njitf;fhf fy;tpf; FOf;fs;
4. Foe;ijapd; Muk;gf; fy;tp
tpdhf;fs;:
1. vOj;jwptpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; jhf;fj;jpid tptupf;f.

2. vOj;jwptpd;ikia Fiwg;gjw;F murhq;fk; vLf;Fk; eltbf;iffs; ahit?
Page 20
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;;
Kd;Diu:
rh;tNjr ngz;fs; Mz;lhf 1975 ia If;fpa ehl;L rig mwptpj;jJ.
rh;tNjr ngz;fs; jpdk; - khh;r; 8.
If;fpa ehl;L rigapy; ngz;fSf;F mwptpf;fg;gl;l gj;jhz;L - 1976 - 1985.
ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;
1. ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy; vdg;gLtJ> 'mth;fspd; nrhe;j eyd; kw;Wk;
rKjha eyd; rhh;ej
; fUj;jhf;fj;jpy; jhq;fs; KbntLf;Fk; xU
#o;epiyia cUthf;Fjy;" vdyhk;.
2. NkYk;> rKjha> nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; rl;lg; g+h;t eltbf;iffspd;
ngz;fspd; chpikfis rkkhfTk;> epahakhfTk; ngw;wpl top tif
nra;jy;> mth;fspd; chpikfs; gpd;tUkhW gl;bayplg;gLfpd;wd.
• Rje;jpukhd Ra khpahijahf tho;jy;.
• kidapYk;> ntspg;Gwj;jpYk; jd; tho;tpid jhNd eph;zapj;jy;.
• jd; tpUg;gq;fis Njh;en
; jLj;jy;> jhNd KbT nra;jy;.
• rKjha> kj> nghJ eltbf;iffspy; rk tha;g;G ngWk; chpik
ngw;wplk;.
• rKjha mw;jyg;gj;jpy; rk chpik
• rKjha> nghUsjhu ePjpapid rkkhf ngw;wply;
• epjp kw;wk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis jhNd jPh;khdpj;jy;.
• fy;tp ngWtjpy; rk chpik> Ntiytha;g;G ngWtjpy; rk chpik
• ghJfhg;ghd gzpr;#oy; ngw;wply;
• jd; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiuf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wply;.
• midj;J JiwfspYk; ngz;fSf;F rk tha;g;G mspj;jy;.
ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. Fiw Ntiy kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;gpd;ik : cyf kf;fs; njhifapy; 50%

ngz;fs;> Mdhy; cyfstpy; ngz;fs; ngUk;ghyNdhh; Ntiyaw;wth;fs;>
,jdhy; cyfg; nghUshjhuk; ghjpg;ig toptif nra;fpwJ.
Page 1
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
2. rk Nghl;bj;jpwd;/ mwpTf; $h;ikAilNahh; : Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; rk

mwpTilath;fis> jw;Nghija #oypy; Mz;fis tpl ngz;fNs kpjkpQ;rpa
rKjha nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; <LgLfpd;wdh;.
3. jpwikahdth;fs;: ngz;fs;> Mzpw;Fr; rkkhd jpwikia cilNahh;

Mjyhy;> jw;fhy rKjhaj;jpy; cah;fy;tp> kUj;Jtk;> mwptpay; rhh;ej
;
Jiwfspy; Nkk;gl;L tUfpd;wdh;.
4. Xl;L nkhj;j r%f tsh;r;rp : ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; mth;fsJ FLk;g

#o;epiy cah;j;JtNjhL kl;Lkpy;yhky; rKjha eyid ngUf;Ftjpyk;
gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
5. nghUshjhu eyd; : kfsphpd; mjpfhukspj;jy;> ngUk;ghYk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffistpl Nkk;gLj;JtJld;> Mzpw;W epfuh gzpr; #oypYk;
Nkk;gLfpwJ. Ke;ija fhyq;fspy;> 'mLg;G+Jk; ngz;zpw;F gbg;ngjw;F"
vd;w epiy khwp jq;fsJ nrhe;j fhypy; epw;Fk; jpwid kfsph; ngw;wpUg;gJ
mth;fis Rje;jpukhfTk;> jd;dk;gpf;ifAlDk; nray;gl itg;gNjhL
rKjha> nghUsjhu eyidAk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
6. FLk;g td;KiwapypUe;J kPSjy; : ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;> ngUk;ghYk; jhq;fs;
FLk;g td;KiwapypUe;J kPSk; #o;epiyf;F tpj;jpUfpwJ. fy;tpawpTtpy;yhj
ngz;fis ngUk;ghYk;> FLk;g td;Kiwf;F Mshfpd;wdh;.
7. Coyw;w eph;thfk;: kfsph; fy;tpawpT ngWk; nghOJ> mth;fsJ tpopg;Gzh;T
epiyapy; Coy;> Ruz;ly; Kjypait Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
8. tWikaw;w rKjhak;: ngz;fspd; mjpfhuk; tWikia Nghf;f cjTfpwJ. xU
FLk;g #o;epiyapy; Mzpd; tUkhdk; NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhj nghOJ>
ngz;zpd; tUkhdk; fpilf;fg; ngWk; nghOJ tWikiag; Nghf;f
cjTfpwJ.
9. Njrpa tsh;r;rp : Njrpa tsh;r;rpapy; ngz; njhopy; KidNthh;fspd; gq;F

msg;ghpajhFk;> xt;nthU ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wKk; Njrj;ij
ngUikailar; nra;fpwJ. jq;fsJ jdpj;jpwd; %yk; kUj;Jtk;> r%fNrit>
nghwpapay; kw;Wk; midj;J JiwfspYk; ngz;fs; rhjpj;J tUtJ Njrpa
tsh;r;rpia Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;.
Page 2
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
10. khw;W ,y;yhj kfsph; Jiwfs; : rpy Jiwfspy; kfsph; kl;LNk rhjpf;ff;
$bairfs; vd tiuaiwfs; cz;L. mit kfsphpd; jdpj;jpwd; rhh;ej
;
tsh;r;rp MFk;.
rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiy :
ghypd Ntw;Wik FwpaPL

kjpg;G 0.563 (2014)
juk; 127tJ
jha;khh;fs; ,wg;G tPjk; (100000f;F) 174 (2015)
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ngz;fs; 12.2% (2014)
25 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l ,ilepiy fy;tp gapd;w kfsph; 27% (2014)
gzpr;#oypy; kfsph; 29% (2013)
cyfshtpa ghypd Ntw;Wik FwpaPL : kjpg;G 0.664 (2015)
juk; 108 / 1.36
murpayikg;G fl;likg;Gfs; :
1. ruj;J 14 : rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;.

2. ruj;J 15 : ghypd Ntw;Wik mfw;Wjy;.
3. ruj;J 15(3) : Foe;ijfs; (k) ngz;fSf;F eyd; rhh;ej
; rl;lkpaw;Wjy;.
4. ruj;J 16 (1) & (2) : Ntiy tha;g;G> gzp epakdq;fspy; rk tha;g;G>
NtWghbd;ik.
5. ruj;J 23 : mbikj; jdj;jpw;F mjpuhd chpik. Kdpjf; flj;jiy
jLf;fpwJ.
6. ruj;J 39 (d) : tho;thjhu mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk; rk Ntiyf;F rk
Cjpak; toq;Fjy;.
7. ruj;J 39 (e) : Mz;> ngz; NtWghbapy;yhj cly; eyd; rhh;ej
; gzpr;#oy;.
8. ruj;J 42 : kdpjr; #oy; Fwpj;j gzpr; #oy; kw;Wk; gpurt fhy tpLg;G
toq;Fjy;.
9. ruj;J 46 : gpd; jq;fpa tFg;gpdiu Nkk;gl rpwg;G eilKiwfis
nray;gLj;Jjy;.
Page 3
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
10. ruj;J 51(A) (e) : kdpj Fyj;jpy; mikjp kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L mikjpia
Nkk;gLj;jp rNfhjuj;Jtj;Jld; tho toptif nra;jy;.
11. ruj;J 243 D(3) : gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; 1/3 gFjp ,lq;fis ngz;fSf;F
xJf;Fjy;.
12. ruj;J 243 (D) : efuhl;rp kw;Wk; Cuhl;rp gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; 1/3 gFjp
eph;thf ,lq;fis ngz;fSf;F xJf;Fjy;.
13. ruj;J 325 : thf;fspg;gjpy; Mz; - ngz; NtWghbd;wp thf;fspf;f top tif
nra;jy;
ngz;fSf;fhd rl;lg;G+h;tg; ghJfhg;G:
1. jpUkzkhd ngz;fs; cilikfs; rl;lk; 1874

2. njhopyhsh; gq;fspg;Gr; rl;lk; 1923
3. ,e;jpa thhpRhpikr; rl;lk; 1925
4. tujl;riz jLg;Gr; rl;lk; 1961
5. ngz;fis jtwhf rpj;jhpj;jy; (jilr;) rl;lk; 1986
6. rjp xopg;Gr; rl;lk; 1987
7. Njrpa ngz;fs; Mizar; rl;lk; 1990
8. ,e;J thhpRhpikr; rl;lk; (khw;wk; nra;jJ) 2005.
9. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;nfhLikj; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; 1986
10. xOf;ff; NfL jLg;Gr; rl;lk; 1956
11. FLk;g td;Kiwj; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; 1986
rh;tNjr ngz; MjuT mikg;Gfs;:
1. CEDAW - ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd midj;J 1979 eltbf;if xopg;G

nray;ghLfs;.
2. UN Development Fund for Women If;fpa ehLfspd; kfsph; Nkk;ghl;L epjp
- 1976
Page 4
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fspd; %yk; ngz;fspd; mjpfhukspj;jy;
vz; Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lfhyk; ngz;fSf;fhd jpl;lq;fs;

1. Kjy; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; ngz;fspd; eyDf;fhf kj;jpa r%f ey
(1951 -56) mikg;G 1953y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtJ (1956 -61) kfpsh kz;ly vdg;gLk; ngz;fSf;fhd
mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. %d;whtJ> ehd;fhtJ ngz;fy;tp> Foe;ijfs; eyd;
kw;Wk; xuhz;Lj; Foe;ijfSf;fhd czT+l;lk;
jpl;lq;fs; (1961 - 74)
4. Ie;jhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; ngz;fspd; eyd; vd;w epiyapypUe;J
jpl;lk; (1974 -1978) ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;w fUj;J
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
5 MwhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; ngz;fspd; cly; eyk;> fy;tp> Ntiy
jpl;lk; (1980 - 85) tha;g;gpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. VohtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; Njrpa tsh;r;rpapy; ngz;fis <gLj;j
jpl;lk; (1985 - 90) Kaw;rp vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
7. vl;lhtJ (1992- 97) ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;w
epiyapypUe;J ngz;fs; mjpfhuk; vd;w
tifapy; &.4 Nfhbahf Kjy; jpl;l
fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j epjp &. 2000 Nfhbahf
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
8. xd;gjhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; murpd; midj;J jpl;lq;fspYk; 30% ,l
jpl;lk; (1997-2002) xJf;fpL mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
9. gj;jhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; ngz;fSf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;Fk; nghUl;L
jpl;lk; (2002-2007) nfhs;iffs; jpl;lq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;ld
10. gjpNdhuhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;nfhLik>
jpl;lk; (2007-2011) nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;> murpay; gq;Nfw;G>
cly; eyk; Kjypatw;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspj;jy;.
Page 5
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;nfhLikfs;:

rjp (my;yJ) cld; fl;il VWk; gof;fk; :
1. goq;fhyj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j gof;fk;. fztd; ,we;jTld;

mtDila rpijapy; kidtpAk; vhpe;J caph; Jwj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jd;
gpd;dzpapy; tpjitfspd; kPJ rKjhaj;jpd; ghh;it kpf Nkhrkhdjhf
mike;jij fhz KbfpwJ.
2. mjhtJ> xU Ntis czT> jiuapy; cwq;Fjy;> mzpfyd;fs; (m)
epwKila Milfs; cLj;jj; jil Nghd;wit gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
3. ,ilf; fhyq;fspYk;> tpjitfSf;F nkhl;il NghLk; gof;fk;
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
4. tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;dh; n[duyhf ,Ue;j NghJ rjpia
xopf;f 1829 Mk; mz;L xU rl;lk; ,aw;wpdhh;. tq;fhs rPh;jpUj;jthjp
,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; rjpj; jil nfhz;L tu ghLgl;lhh;.
Rje;jpjuj;jpw;F gpwF rjp :

1. rjpf; nfhLikf;F vjpuhf gy;NtW rl;lg;G+h;t eltbf;iff;Fg; gpwFk; rpy
,lq;fspy; rjp eilngw;Ws;sJ. mtw;iw ge;jy; fz;l; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;
rjpf;Nfhapy;fs; epidTj;J}z;fs; mij vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
2. ,e;jpa muR 1987 Mk; Mz;L rjpj; (jilr;) rl;lk; nfhz;L te;jjd; %yk;
rjp Kw;wpYk; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
tujl;rizf; nfhLikfs; (k) ,wg;Gfs; :
Kd; fhyj;jpy;> xU ngz;zpd; jpUkzk; eilngWk; nghOJ mtsJ

fztUf;F toq;Fth;> ,ij xU rk;gpujhakhfNt gpd;gw;wpdh;. gpd;dh;> ,J
fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;L gy tpjkhd r%ff; nfhLikfs; Vw;gl fhuzkhapd. ,jd;
%yk; ngz; rpRf; nfhiy> jw;nfhiy> jPf;Fspg;G Nghd;w epfo;Tfs; r%fj;jpy;
epfo;ej
; d.
kpf mjpfkhd tujl;rpidf; nfhLikfs;> fzth; tPl;bNyNa mjpfkhf

eilngWfpd;wd. eLj;juf; FLk;gg; ngz;fNs mjpfsT ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. 70%
ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; 21 Kjy; 24 taJilath; Mth;.
Page 6
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
fhuzq;fs; :
1. Mzhjpf;f> Mz;fNs cah;ej

; epiyapy; cs;s r%fk;.
2. kfs;fs; RikahfTk;> kfd;fs; nrhj;jhfTk; fUJk; epiy.
3. ngz;fSff;nfjpuhd nghUshjhu #oy; (m) ngz;fspd; nghUshjhu
,ayhik.
4. tujl;riz ngWtj nfstuhkf fUJgth;.
5. gioikathj r%f> gz;ghL rhh;ej
; mq;fPfhuk; tujl;ridf;F
toq;fg;gLk;.
Foe;ij jpUkzk;
,e;jpar; rl;lg;gb> ngz; 18 tajpw;Ff; fPOk;> Mz; 21 tajpw;Fs;Sk; nra;J

nfhs;Sk; jpUkzq;fs; Foe;ijfs; jpUkzq;fshFk;. Foe;ijj; jpUkzq;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhdit Fiw taJila ngz; rhh;eN
; j mikfpd;wd. mtw;wpd; Kf;fpa
fhuzkhf mth;fsJ r%f - nghUshjhu Vo;ik epiyNa mikfpwJ.
vjpuhd rl;lq;fs; :
1. Foe;ij jpUkzj; jilr; rl;lk; (m) rhujh rl;lk; 1929 Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L

Vg;uy; 1> 1930 Kjy; eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J [k;K & fh\;kPh; khepyk;
jtpu midj;J ,e;jpa khepyq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
2. Foe;ijj; jpUkz jiltpjpg;Gr; rl;lk;> 2006
3. ,g;Gjpar; rl;lk; Foe;ij; jpUkzj;jpw;F Cf;Ftpg;gth;fis fLikahf
jz;bg;gJld;> mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F kWtho;T toq;F
mth;fis ghJfhj;J tUfpwJ.
fhuzq;fs;
1. gbg;gwptpy;yh ngw;Nwhh;
2. tWik
3. tujl;rid
4. ghJfhg;gpy;yh r%k;
5. rl;lj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs;
6. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk;
Page 7
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
tujl;ridf;F vjpuhd murpd; jz;lidfs; :
,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk; 304 B gphpT jpUkzk; Mfp 7 tUlq;fSf;Fs; xU

ngz; ,we;J tpl;lhy; mtsJ fztd;> cwtpdh;fs; jz;lidf;F cs;shth;fs;.
,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk; 498 A :
1. tujl;riz Nfl;L nfhLikg;gLj;Jk; fztd; kw;Wk; cwtpdh;fis

jz;bj;jy;> 1961 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l tujl;rizj; jilr; rl;lk;
tujl;riz
2. thq;FtJk;> nfhLg;gJk; rl;lg;gb Fw;wk; vd tiuaiw nra;fpwJ.
3. 2009Mk; Mz;L cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jPh;g;gpd;gb tujl;riz jil midj;J
jpUkzkhd jk;gjpfSf;Fk; xNu tifapy; nghUe;Jk; vd tiuaiw
nra;fpwJ. Foe;ijj; jpUkzq;fshy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; :
4. gpurtfhy ,wg;G tPjk; mjpfhpj;jy;
5. Fiw Cl;lrj;J Foe;ijfs; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jy;
6. tWik mjpfhpj;jy;
7. FLk;g td;Kiw Njhd;wy;
8. ngz;fspd; kdepiy ghjpg;G
Foe;ijj; jpUkz jLg;G mjpfhhpfs; flikfs; :
1. fLikahd rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wy;> filgpbj;jy;.

2. tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
3. Foe;ijj; jpUkz Gs;sp tptuq;fis ifahSjy;.
4. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Foe;ij jpUkz Nflhd tpisTfis vLj;Jiuj;jy;
5. murpd; gpw jpl;lq;fis KOikahf nray;gLj;Jjy;.
6. ngz; Foe;ij ,wg;Gfs; (m) ngz; Foe;ij nfhy;ypfs;
7. gpwe;j ngz; Foe;ijfis nfhy;YtJ ngz; Foe;ij nfhy;yp MFk;.
fhuzq;fs; :
• tWik
• twl;rp
• ,staJ jpUkzk;
Page 8
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
• Mz; Foe;ij Nkhfk;

• gbg;gwptpd;ik
• mwptpd;ik (m) mwpahik
• jpUkzkhfhj ngz;zpd;
• fUr;rpijT
tpisTfs; :
• ghypd NtWghL
• ghy tpfpjk; FiwT
• ngz; fy;tpawpT Fiwjy;
• nghUshjhu gpd;dilT
• Mz; rhh;ej
; r%fk; Njhd;wy;
rl;lq;fs; :
1. njhl;by; Foe;ijj; jpl;lk; 1992

2. ngz; Foe;ij ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; 1991
gy jpUkzk; nra;Nthh; : (Polygany)
1. xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l kidtpia xNu Neuj;jpy; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk;

tof;fk;.
2. ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lk;> 1955d; gb xUtUf;F xNu kidtp kl;LNk
mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gy jpUkzq;fs; ngz;fspd; chpikfis
ghjpg;gJld; gy r%f nfhLikfSf;Fk; tpj;jpLf;fpwJ.
FLk;g td;KiwapypUe;J ngz;fis ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lk;> 2005 :
1. FLk;g td;nfhLik jLg;G rl;lk; kNrhjh 2005y; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L>

2006k; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. ,r; rl;lj;jpy; 5 gFjpfSk;> 37
gphpTfSk; cs;sd.
2. td;nfhLik vd;gJ clystpNyh> kdjstpNyh> nghUshjhu hPjpahd
Ruz;lypdhNyh xUthpd; cly; eyj;jpw;Nfh> capUf;Nfh> jPq;F
tpistpg;gtd; mJ td; nfhLik vd;w gphptpd; fPo; mq;Fk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
Page 9
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
ngz;> fztdJ tPl;bNy ghJfhg;ghf jq;fpapUf;Fk;gb> cj;juT gpwg;gpf;f

ePjpgjpf;F ,r;rl;lk; mwptpf;fpwJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz; kPz;Lk;
mt;tplj;jpNyNa ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; kPz;Lk; mt;tPl;bw;F nry;y ,ayhJ vd
cj;juT gpwg;gpf;f ,aYk;> NkYk; Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy; Fw;wthspf;F 1
tUlk; rpiwj; jz;lidAk;> &. 20000 tiu mgujhKk; tpjpf;fg;gLk;.
3. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; tpiuthd ePjp fpilf;f top NfhYfpwJ. mjhtJ 3 Kjy; 60
ehl;fSf;Fs; tof;F Kbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghypay; njhy;iy :
Ntiyaplq;fspNyh> nghJ ,lq;fspNyh ngz;fSf;F ghypay; Jd;GWj;jy;

jUk; eltbf;ifahFk;.
ePjpkd;wk; cj;juTg;gb
1. cly; hPjpahd Jd;GWj;jy;

2. ghypay; Ghpa mioj;jy;> tw;GWj;jy;
3. ghypay; rhh;ej
; E}y;fs;> jpiug;glq;fis ghh;f;f ypAWj;jy;.
4. cly; hPjpahd ghypay; tw;GWj;jy;.
,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; \uj;J chpikfs; 14>15 kw;Wk; 21apd; gb mbg;gil

chpikfshd ghypd NtWghL> thoptjw;fhd chpik> Rje;jpu chpikfis
ghjpg;gjhFk;> NkYk; \uj;J 19(1) (g)d; gb Rje;jpukhf tzpfk;> tpahghuk;> njhopy;
chpikfisAk; ghypay; njhy;iy ghjpf;fpwJ.
kfsph; ,l xJf;fPL kNrhjh :
1. kfsph; ,l xJf;fPL kNrhjh (m) 118 tJ murpaikg;G rl;lj; jpUj;j

kNrhjh ehlhSkd;wj;jpYk;> rl;lg;NguitapYk; 33% ,l xJf;fPl;bid
ngz;fSf;F toq;ftjw;fhd epYitapYs;s kNrhjhthFk;.
2. %d;W njhlh;r;rpahd nghJj; Njh;jy;fSf;F xUKiw ,l xJf;fPL.
3. ,uh[;a rigapy; khh;r; 9> 2010y; kNrhjh jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
4. gpg;> 2014y; kf;fsitapy; ,jw;F Mjuthf thf;Fs; gjpthftpy;iy.
5. kf;fsitapy; mDkjpf;fgl;lgpd;> ghjpf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,e;jpa khepyq;fspy;
nray;gLj;jg;gl;L> [dhjpgjpapy; rl;lkhf ,aw;wg;gLk;.
Page 10
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
kNrhjhtpd; Kf;fpatj;Jk;
1. Kw;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLikfs; epfo;e;J

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
2. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 10 % fPo; ngz;fspd; epiy.
3. ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jypd; Kf;fpa epiyahf kNrhjh fUjg;gLfpwJ.
4. ngz;fSf;F ngz;fNs gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vd;w epiy cUthjy;.
5. ngz; fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;G> njhopy; KidNthh;> cUthf top NfhYjy;.
Njrpa kfsph; Mizak; :
1. Njrpa ngz;fs; MizakhdJ> ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l xU

rl;lj;jpd; %yk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. 1992Mk; Mz;by; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngz;fSf;fhd Njrpa Mizar; rl;lk;> 1990 ,d;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;thizaj;jpy; ngz;fSf;fhd gpur;rpidfs;> Fw;wq;fs;> Fwpj;J
murpw;F MNyhrid mikg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ.
2. Kjy; Mizak; 1992y; n[ae;jp gl;ehaf; jw;Nghija jiyth; yypjh
Fkhukq;fyk;.
3. mikg;G
4. xU jiyth;> NkYk;
5. gy;NtW Jiwfspy; jpwik tha;ej
; 5 cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk;
6. xU nrayh; kj;jpa murhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;.
nray;ghLfs; :
1. Mizaj;jpd; nray;ghLfs;> Njrpa ngz;fs; Mizar; rl;lk; 1990> gphpT

10 d; gb tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. murpayikg;G kw;Wk; gpw rl;lq;fspd; cs;s ngz;fSf;F Mjuthd
midj;J ghJfhg;GfisAk Ma;T nra;jy;.
3. kj;jpa murplk; tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw Ma;twpf;if rkh;g;gpj;jy;.
4. ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Njitahd ghpe;Jiufis kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy
murpw;F toq;Fjy;.
5. murpayikg;gpd; ruj;J> ghpe;Jiufis kPJk; tof;Ffis tprhhpj;jy;.
Page 11
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
6. ngz;fspd; chpikfis ghjpf;Fk eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;L chpikfis

kPl;ly;.
7. ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;w epiyfis fzf;fpLjy;.
8. ngz;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bid mstpLjy;.
ngz;fspd; mjpfhukakhjy; Fwpj;j Njrpa nfhs;if (2001)

1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; KfTiu> mbg;gil chpikfs;> mbg;gil
flikfs; kw;Wk; murpd; newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghl;by; ghypd rkj;Jtk; Fwpj;J
njspthf vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. ngz;fspd; rkj;Jtk; kl;Lkpy;yhky;> ngz;fspd; epiy Nkk;gl murpd;
topfhl;LjiyAk; murpayikg;G vLj;Jak;GfpwJ.
3. [dehaf nfhs;if> rl;lq;fs;> Kd;Ndw;wj; jpl;lq;fs;> nray;ghLfs;
midj;jpYk; ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wNk Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.
4. Ie;jhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (1974 - 78) Kjy; 'ngz;fspd; eyk; vd;w
epiy khwp ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;" vd;w epiy tsh;eJ
; tUfpwJ.
5. ngz;fspd; jw;Nghija epiyahdJ> ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;w
Kf;fpa epfo;thf khwpAs;sJ.
Fwpg;ghf> gpd;jhq;fpa tFg;gpdh;> rpWghd;ikapdh; kiytho; kf;fs;>

ml;ltizg; gLj;jg;gl;l jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; Nghd;w gphpTfspy; cs;s ngz;fspd;
1. epiy ,d;wsT NkhrkhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ.

2. mth;fsJ fy;tp> cly;eyk; Nghd;wit gpwgFjpfis fhl;bYk; gpd;
jq;fpNa epiyapNyNa cs;sJ.
3. vdNt> mj;jifa Vio vspNahhpd; ngz;fspd; eyk; rhh;ej
;
mjpfhukspj;jy; mtrpak;.
Njrpa nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fs;:

1. ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> tsh;r;rp> mjpfhukspj;jy;.
2. midj;Jj; Jiw rhh;ej
; th;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;J Nehf;fq;fis
miljy;.
3. ngz;fspd; jpwikfis fz;lwpe;J> mth;fSf;F rhjfkhd #oiy
cUthf;Fjy;.
Page 12
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
4. Mz;fSf;F epfuhf midj;J JiwfspYk;> ngz;fSf;F tha;g;gspj;jy;

c.jh : murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> gz;ghL> FbAhpik.
5. KbntLj;jhy; gq;F ngWk; epiy.
6. fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;G> cly;eyk;> kUj;Jtk;> mwptpay; Nghd;w midj;J
JiwfspYk; rkkhd tha;g;G mspj;jply;> Mz;fSf;F epfuhd rk Cjpak;
ngw;wpl toptif nra;jy;.
7. ngz;fSf;F Mjuthd rl;l jpl;lq;fis typikailar; nra;jy;.
8. ghypd NtWghLfis fisjy;.
9. ngz;fs; rhh;ej
; rKjhaj;jpid fl;likj;jy;.
midj;J ,e;jpa ngz;fs; $l;likg;G

1. ,it> GJ jpy;ypia jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L nray;gLk; xU
mikg;ghFk;.
2. 1927y; khh;nful; vd;gtuhy;> ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfspd; tho;it
Nkk;gLj;Jjy; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ehsiltpy; gy;NtW r%f> nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL eltbf;iffspy;
ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; fhz nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
4. jw;NghJ> 100000 ngz;fis cWg;gpduhff; nfhz;L 500 fpisfis
epWtpAs;sJ.
5. rh;tNjr mstpy;> ngz;fSf;fhd xU Kd;Ndhb mikg;ghf AIWC
nray;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehL r%f ey thhpak; (1990)
r%f eyk; vdg;gLtJ> rKjhaj;jpd; midj;J cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk;

Fiwe;jgl;r tha;g;gspj;J jukhd tho;thjhu epiy mspj;jyhFk;.
nray;ghLfs; (k) flikfs; :

1. tho;thjhuk;> Fw;wq;fis fisjy;> r%f Nritfs; mspj;jply;.
2. epjprhh;ej
; nray;ghLfis fz;fhzpj;J nray;gLj;Jjy;.
3. r%fj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd
jiyaha mq;fk;.
Page 13
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
ngz;fspd; mjpfhu khspj;jYf;fhd Nritahw;Wk; jd;dhh;tyh;fis

fz;lwpe;J Cf;fkspj;jy;.
ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jYf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs;:
nghUshjhu mstpy; :
1. fy;tp Fwpg;ghf tho;thjhu mbg;gil fy;tpapid ngz;fSf;F toq;Fjy;.

2. ngz; njhopy; KidNtUf;F topr; rYif> fld; trjp Vw;wLj;Jjy;.
3. rk Ntiyf;F rk Cjpak; mspj;jy;.
4. ntw;wpaile;j ngz; njhopy; KidNthh;fspd; tho;f;ifia
gpugygLj;Jtjd; %yk; Cf;fkspj;jy;.
5. epjh;rdj;jpy;> ngz;fSf;fhd nrhj;Jhpikia epiy ehl;by;.
6. nghUshjhu tpopg;Gzh;T Kfhk;fis ngz;fspilNa Vw;gLj;Jjy;> rpwg;g
rYiffs;> khdpaq;fs; toq;Fjy;.
murpay; mstpy;:
1. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 33% ,l xJf;fPl;bid clikahf mky;gLj;Jjy;.
2. murpay; <LgLk; ngz;fSf;F Kd;Djhuzkhf epfor; nra;jy;.
3. gj;jphpf;if> njhiyf;fhl;rp> muR rhuh mikg;gpdh; ngz;fspd; murpay;
epiy Nkk;gl ghLgLjy;.
4. murpay; tpopg;Gzh;fis ngz;fspilNa Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
5. ngz;fs; thf;F KOikahf nrYj;Jtjw;F xj;Jiog;G mspj;jy;.
rKjha mstpy; :
1. xNu khjphpahd rptpy; Kiwia ehL KOtJk; nfhz;L tUjy;.
2. rka> rl;l rlq;Ffis fisjy;.
3. FLk;g td;Kiwfis jtph;j;jy;.
4. ngz;fis jho;j;Jk; newpKiwfis khw;wpaikj;jy;.
5. Mz; Nkyhjpf;f r%fj;ij khw;Wjy;>
6. ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; mePjp Fwpj;J tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
Page 14
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
ngz;fs; mjpfhukspj;jypd; jpl;lq;fs;
t.vz; jpl;lq;fs; tUlk; Nehf;fk;

1. support to 2003-04 ngz;fspd; jdpj; jpwikia
training and Nkk;gLj;jpa mjd; %yk; mth;fsJ Ra
employment rhh;G nfhs;ifia cUthf;Fjd; %yk;
programme for tUkhd ngUf;F eltbf;iffis
women (STWP) Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
2. uh\;l;hPa kfpsh 1993 ngz;fSf;F Njitahd flDjtp
Nfh\; (IRMIS) kw;Wk; rpwg;G rYiffis toq;Ftjd;
%yk; r%f nghUshjhuj; jpl;lq;fspy;
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
3 gUt taJ 2010 11 Kjy; 18 tajpw;Fl;lg;gl;l
ngz;fspd; ngz;fspd; cly; epiy> fiyj;jpwd;
Kd;Ndw;wj; kw;Wk; gy;NtW epiyfspd; Nkk;glr;
jpl;lk; (SABLQ) nra;jy;.
4. kj;jpa r%f ey 1953 ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd;
thhpak; (CSWB) eyDf;fhf gy;NtW jpl;lq;fis
nray;gLj;Jy;.
5. Njrpa fld; epjp 1993 ,jd; %yk; kfspUf;F rpW Ez;zpa
(ngz;fs;) fld; trjp> tl;bapy;yh fld;> jtiz
Kiw trjp Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
6. Indira Gandhi 2010 fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs;> ghY}l;Lk;
Metritva Sathyog jha;khh;fSf;F khdpak;> rYiffs;
Yojana (IGMSY) toq;Fk; jpl;lk; &.4000> 3
jtizfshf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. Rak;rpjh (Indira 2001 Ra Ntiy tha;g;G kw;Wk; Ra cjtpFO
Methile Yojana) Vw;gLj;Jjy; %yk; typikahd
(IMY) mbj;jsk; mikj;jy;.
8. ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 1969 FLk;g gpur;rpidapdhNyh> Mgj;J
rpWkpfSf;fhd #o;rpiyapdhNyh ghjpf;fg;gl;l
jq;Fk; tpLjp ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWkpfspd; jw;fhy
mikg;G (SSH) tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhf mth;fSf;fhd
jq;Fk; tpLjp Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
9. Rtjhh; 1995 ngz;fis Rakhf rpe;jpj;jy;>
nray;gLjy; kw;Wk; jd; tho;tpid
Page 15
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
jPh;khdpj;jy; Nghd;w nray;ghLfis

Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
10. STEPW 1986 ngz;fis rpW FOf;fshf
xd;wpizj;J mth;fSf;F Njitahd
gapw;rp> flDjtp kw;Wk; mth;fsJ
jpwikfis tsur; nra;jy;.
11. fpuhkg;Gw 1982 fpuhkg;Gw ngz;fspd; r%f
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; nghUsjhhu epiy cah;j;Jjy;>
Foe;ijfs; mth;fSf;F Njit Ra rhh;G epjpj;
Nkk;ghl;Lj; Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;a cjtp gphpjy;.
jpl;lk; (DWCRA)
12. jkpo;ehL kfsph; 1983 ngz;fSf;fhd r%f nghUshjhu
Nkk;ghl;L thhpak; mjpfhukspj;jiy toq;Fjy;.
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; cly; eyk; rhh;e;j jpl;lq;fs;
vz; jpl;lk; Mz;L

1. [ddp Ruf;\h Nah[dh 2005
2. fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd; eyd; 2005> Vg;uy; 01
3. fpk;\hhp rf;jp Nah[dh 2000
4. ,sk; gUtj;jpdUf;fhd Cl;lr;rj;J jpl;lk;(NPAG) 2002-2003
5. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp khl;hpl;t r`;ha Nah[dh 2000
ngz;fspd; fy;tpf;fhd jpl;lq;fs;
1. rh;t rpf;\ mgpahd; (SSA) 2001
2. kfpsh rkf;ah jpl;lk; 1989
3. f];J}hpgh fhe;jp gypf;fh tpj;ahyah 2004
4. gypf;fh rk;hpjp Nah[dh 1997
5. Ngl;b gr;Nrhy; - Ngl;b gNjht; 2015
Njrpa ngz;fs; mjpfhukspj;jYf;fhd nfhs;if (National Mission for

Empowerment of Women):
,J khh;r; 8> 2010 y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Page 16
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
Nehf;fk;:
1. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu hPjpapy; ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;
2. ngz;fs; cly;> kd> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; hPjpapy; vd
midj;J tifapYk; Nkk;ghL milar; nra;jy;.
ngz;fSf;fhd khepy tsikak; (State Resource Centre for Women):
Nehf;fk;: ngz;fSf;F KOikahd mjpfhukspj;jy;
nfhs;if: ‘midj;Jj; JiwfspdpilNaAk; gq;fspg;ig tYg;gLj;jy;”
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;: ngz;fs; gq;fspg;G eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd vspjhd topfs;.

1. ngz;fSf;F nghUshjhu mjpfhukspj;jy;
2. ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwia xopj;jy;
3. ngz;fSf;F r%f mjpfhkspj;jNyhL Rfhjhuf; fy;tpiaAk;
cWjpg;gLj;Jy;
4. Kf;fpakhd ghypdf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy;.
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; (Ministry of Women & Child

Development):
jw;Nghija jiyth;> Nfgpdl; mikr;ruhf cs;s jpUkjp. Nkdfh fhe;jp

Mthh;.
Ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;Lj; JiwahdJ> jdp mikr;rfkhd
[dthp 30> 2006 Kjy; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
• ,t;tikr;rfk; ngz;fSf;F kw;Wk; Foe;ijfSf;F KOikahd
Nkk;ghl;il typAWj;JfpwJ.
• ,J Fwpg;gpl;l FOtpw;F jpl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> kw;Wk; eilKiwfis
,aw;wTk;> jpUj;jk; nra;aTk; mjpfhuk; cilaJ.
• ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhfg; ghLgLk; muR kw;Wk; muR
rhuh epWtdq;fSf;F topfhl;b mtw;iw xUq;fpizf;fpwJ.
Page 17
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk;
,t;tikr;rfk; 6 jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1. Njrpa nghJ $l;LwT kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;L epWtdk;
2. Njrpa ngz;fs; Mizak;
3. Njrpa Foe;ij chpikfs; ghJfhg;G Mizak;
4. kj;jpa jj;njLg;G ts Kfhthz;ik
5. kj;jpa r%f eythhpak;
6. ,uh\;bhpa kfpsh Nfh\;
tpdhf;fs;
1. ngz;fs; mjpfhuk; gw;wpAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; tptupj;J vOJf.

2. ngz;fSf;fhd rl;lg;ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; murpayikg;G fl;likg;Gfs; gw;wpAk;
Fwpg;G jUf.
3. ngz;fs; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd Mizak; kw;Wk; muR jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp njhFj;J
tiuf.
Page 18
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : r%f khw;wk;> efukakhjy; kw;Wk; mjd; gpur;ridfs;
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
r%f khw;wk;> efukakhjy; kw;Wk; mjd;

gpur;ridfs;
r%f khw;wk;
mwpKfk;
r%f khw;wk; vd;gJ El;gKiw khw;wk; vd;W rKjhaj;jpy; $wg;gLfpwJ. v.f.

thndhyp> Cu;jpfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdq;fs; Kjypait kdpjdpd;
tho;f;ifiag; gy Jiwfspy; khw;wpAs;sd. NkYk; r%f khw;wq;fis msf;fTk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lTk; ,aYtjhapw;W. Mjyhy; mwptpaywpQu;fs; r%f khw;wj;ijr;
r%f ,aypd; %yk; mwpa Kw;gl;Ls;sdu;. jw;fhyr; r%fk; ,ae;jpu fhyk;
(Machine Age) GJikf; fz;Lgpbg;G cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fk; Nkk;gl;l fhyk; vd;W
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;fhy efuq;fs; kdpju; jk; Njitfisg; nghUj;Jk; mtdJ
mwpTf; $u;ikia ntspg;gLj;jpAk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. ,ae;jpuf; fhykhfpa jw;fhyk;
Kjyhspj;Jtj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjpy;iy.
gz;ilf;fhy vz;zq;fs; gof;f tof;fq;fs; kdpjupilNa ,Ue;j NghjpYk;

mit Xustpw;Fj; jhd; Vw;fg;gLfpd;wd. v-f. ngz;fs; njhopw;$lq;fl;Fr;
nrd;W njhopw; Gupjy;> FLk;gk; vd;Dk; epWtdk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l epiy
Mfpait r%f khw;wj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. gw;gy jpUj;jq;fs;
jw;fhyj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjJ. kdpjdpd; Vo;ikj; juk; ePq;fp ,e;E}w;whz;by;
Nkd;ikaile;Js;shd;. gz;ilf;fhy vz;zq;fs; kiwe;J kf;fspilNa
cau;itf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
gw;gy rq;fq;fs; Njhd;wp nghUs;> tsk;> rf;jp ,it Kw;Nghf;file;J

etehfupfk; (Fashion) ntspg;gl;L FbauR Nehf;fq;fisg; gutr; nra;Js;sd.
xt;nthU El;gj; njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wKk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij khw;wp mikf;f
cjTfpd;wJ. v-f. Ntshz;ik> MLkhL tsu;j;jy;> mtw;iwg; ngUf;Fjy;.
cuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpait tptrhak; jd;ikapYk; mstpYk;
Page 1
r%f khw;wk;> efukakhjy; kw;Wk; mjd; gpur;ridfs;;
Kd;Ndw;wkile;Js;sij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Ntshz;ik> Miyj;njhopy;

Kjypait kf;fisr; rpw;W}u;fspypUe;J efuj;jpw;Fk; efuj;jpypUe;J rpw;W}u;fSf;F
FbNawTk; fhuzkhapUf;fpd;wd.
,t;tifahd khWjy;fs; gy rpf;fy;fis ePf;Ffpd;wd. Nghf;Ftuj;J

Kd;Ndw;wk;> tpz; tpkhdk;> jpiug;glf;fhl;rp> njhiyf;fhl;rp (Television)
Kjypait rKjhaj;jpd; khWjy;fis gw;gy tifapy; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
thndhyp kdpjDf;F Xa;T Neuk;> mwpT> gad; Kjypatw;iwf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
thndhyp nra;jpfisg; gug;Gtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;Ls;s r%fj;jpy; xU ehl;bw;Fk; kw;nwhU ehl;bw;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik
Ntw;Wik> xd;iw xd;W Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jjy; Kjypatw;iw mwptjw;Fj ;Jiz
GupfpwJ.
jw;fhyg; nghUshjhuk; gy FOf;fis cz;lhf;fp xU FO kw;nwhU FOit

Kwpabf;f Kay;fpd;wJ. ,f;FOf;fs; gy nfhs;iffisg; gof;fj;jpy; nfhz;L
te;J r%f khWjy;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
kdpjDila khw;wj;ijj; njupe;J nfhs;s ,uz;L Nfhl;ghLfs; cs;sd.
1. Rw;Wg;Gwk; my;yJ #o;epiy> nghUs; khw;wk;> ,itfisf; nfhz;L kdpjd;

vg;gb khwpAs;shd; vd;gJ xd;W.
2. kdpjdpd; elj;ij> Cf;fk;> jl;gntg;g epiy ,tw;iwg; nghUj;Js;sJ.
efu FbapUg;Gfs;
1991Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;fPL tiuaWg;gjhtJ

‘khefuhl;rp> efuhl;rp> ,uhZtf;FbapUg;G thupak; my;yJ mwptpf;fg;gl;l
efu;g;Gwf; FOitf; nfhz;lJk;> Fiwe;jJ 5000 kf;fs; njhifiaf; nfhz;lJk;
Fiwe;jJ 75 rjtPj Mz; njhopyhspfs; tptrhaky;yhj gpw njhopy;fspy;
<Lgl;bUg;gJk; kf;fs; mlu;j;jp xU r.fp. kPl;lUf;F Fiwe;jJ 400 Ngiuf; nfhz;l
vy;yhg; gFjpfSk; efu;g;Gw FbapUg;GfshFk;.
Page 2
r%f khw;wk;> efukakhjy; kw;Wk; mjd; gpur;ridfs;
efu;g;Gwf; FbapUg;Gfspd; gupzhkk;
ngh.M.1810y; 1 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; njhifiaf; nfhz;bUe;j ,yz;ld;

khefuNk Kjy; efuf; FbapUg;ghFk;. 1982y; cyfpy; Vwf;Fiwa 175 efuq;fs; 1
kpy;ypad; kf;fs; njhifiaf; nfhz;l efuq;fshFk;. 1800Mk; Mz;by; cyfpd; 3
rjtPj kf;fNs efu;g;Gwf; FbapUg;Gfspy; tho;ej
; du; vd;gij xg;gpLk;nghOJ
jw;nghOJ 48 rjtPj kf;fs; efu;g;Gwf; FbapUg;Gfspy; tho;fpd;wdu;.
efu;g;Gwf; FbapUg;gpd; epiyfs;
msT kw;Wk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; Nritfs; kw;Wk; mspf;fg;gLk; nray;ghLfs;

Mfpatw;iwg; nghUj;J efu;g;Gwikaq;fs; efuk;> khefuk; kpy;ypad; efuk;>
,ize;j efuk;> kPg;ngUefu; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
efuk; (5000 f;Fk; Nkyhd kf;fs;)
„fpuhkk;… vd;w nrhw;Fwpg;ig itj;J „efuk;… vd;w fUj;ij rpwg;ghfg; Gupe;J

nfhs;syhk;. kf;fs; njhif kl;LNk xU msTNfhy; MfhJ. fpuhkj;jpw;Fk;
efuj;jpw;FKs;s nray;ghl;L Kuz;ghLfs; vg;NghJk; njspthf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
Mdhy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l nray;ghLfshd cw;gj;jpj; njhopy;> rpy;yiw kw;Wk; nkhj;j
tpahghuk; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhu; Nritfs; Nghd;wit efuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
khefuk; (1>00>000f;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; njhif)
khefuk; vd;gJ Kd;dzp efukhFk;. khefuq;fs; efuq;fisf; fhl;bYk;

mstpy; ngupajhfTk;> nghUshjhur; nray;ghLfis mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy;
nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,it Nghf;Ftuj;J Kidaq;fisAk;> ngupa epjp
epWtdq;fisAk; tl;lhu epu;thf mYtyfq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. kf;fs;
njhif 1 kpy;ypaidf; fle;J tpl;lhy; ,J kpy;ypad; efuk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,ize;j efuk;
,ize;j efuk; (Conurbation) vd;w nrhy; gw;wp Ngl;upf; Nfl;]; (Patrick

Geddes) vd;gtuhy; 1915mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. cz;ikapy; jdpj;jdpg;
Page 3
gpupTfshf ,Ue;j efuq;fs; my;yJ khefuq;fs; ,ize;J mjd; %yk; efu

tsu;r;rp ngw;w ngUk;gFjpiaf; Fwpf;f ,r;nrhy;iy mtu; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
,yz;ld; khefuk;> khd;nr];lu;> rpfhNfh kw;Wk; Nlhf;fpNah Nghd;wit rpy
vL;j;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; i`juhghj; kw;Wk; nfhr;rp Mfpait
,ize;j efuq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.
kPg;ngU efu;
‘ngupa efuk;’ vd;Dk; nghUs; nfhz;l nkfhNyhNghyp]; vd;w fpNuf;f

thu;j;ij [Pd;fhl; nkd; (Jean Gott man – 1957) vd;gtuhy; gpugykhdJ. ,J
,ize;j efuq;fs; Nru;tjhy; gue;J tpupe;j ‘ngupa ngU efug; gFjpia Fwpf;fpwJ’
(Super metropolitan).
mnkupf;fh If;fpa ehl;by; tlf;fpy; gh];ld; Kjy; njw;fpy; th\pq;ld;

tiuAs;s efu;g;gw epyg;gFjp kPg;ngU efUf;F rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.
kpy;ypad; efuk; (1 kpy;ypaDf;F Nky;)
1 kpy;ypad; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l efuk; kpy;ypad;

efuk; vdg;gLk;. cyfpy; kpy;ypad; efuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if vd;Wkpy;yhj
mstpw;F mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. ,yz;ld; khefukhdJ 1800y; kpy;ypad;
efukhdJ. mijj; njhlu;eJ
; ghup]; 1850Yk; epa+ahu;f; 1860Yk; kpy;ypad;
efuq;fshapd 1950y; 80 khefuq;fs; kpy;ypad; efuq;fshf cUntLj;jd.
Xt;nthU 30 Mz;LfSf;Fk; kpy;ypad; efuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk;
tPjk; %d;W klq;fhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,J 1975y; 160> 2005y; 438Mf ,Ue;jJ.
efu;Gw tpupthf;fj;Jf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
efu;g;Gw tpupthf;fk; gy fhuzpfshy; Vw;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd:
Fiwthd epy tPjq;fs;: Fiwe;j tpiyapy; epyKk;> tPLfSk; Gwefu;g; gFjpfspy;

fpilf;fpd;wd. efu;g;Gw tsu;r;rp ikaq;fs; kf;fis mq;F jq;ftplhky; nra;tjhy;
kf;fs; ntspNaw tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.
Page 4
tho;f;ifj;juk; cau;jy;: tho;f;ifj; juk; ruhrup FLk;g tUkhdKk; cau;e;J

,Ug;gjhy; kf;fs; njhiy J}uj;jpYs;s gzpaplq;fSf;F nry;yTk;> tPl;Lf;Fj;
jpUk;gp tuTk; Njitahd gzj;ij nrytpLk; jpwd; ngw;wtu;fshf cs;sdu;.
efu;Gwj; jpl;lkpd;ik: Fiwthd Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry; kw;Wk; mikjpahd #oy;

Mfpatw;iw kf;fs; tpUk;Gtjhy; mtu;fs; tpspk;ig Nehf;fp efUfpwhu;fs;.
fl;Lf;flq;fhj tsu;r;rp> kuq;fis ntl;Ljy;> gRikg; gug;G ,og;G> ePz;l
Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry;fs;> Nkhrkhd cs;fl;likg;G trjpfs; Mfpait kf;fisg;
Gjpa ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
Fiwthd tPl;L tup tPjq;fs;: khefuq;fspy; tof;fkhf nrhj;Jtupfs; mjpfkhf

,Ug;gjhy; ,ijj; jtpu;f;f kf;fs; Gwefu; gFjpfspy; tho Kw;gLfpd;wdu;.
Vnddpy; mq;F tupfs; FiwT.
kf;fs;njhif tsu;r;rp mjpfupg;G: tpupthf;fj;jpw;F kw;nwhU fhuzk; kf;fs;

njhif tsu;r;rp mjpfupg;ghFk;. xU khefuj;jpd; kf;fs;njhif mjd; jhq;Fk;
jpwidtpl mjpfkhf cs;sjhy; mq;F thOk; cs;@u; r%fq;fs; khefupd;
ikaj;jpypUe;J NkYk; NkYk; J}ukhfr; nry;fpd;wd.
Efu;Nthupd; tpUg;gq;fs;: mjpf tUtha; ngWk; tFg;gpYs;s kf;fs; ngupa tPLfs;>

mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; gLf;ifaiwfs;> ngupa ghy;fdpfs; kw;Wk; ngupa Gy;
jiufs; Mfpatw;iw mjpfk; tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. kpFe;j kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l
khefuq;fspy; ,j;jifa trjpfs; ,y;yhjjhy; efu;gGw tpupthf;fk; Vw;glf;
fhuzkhfpwJ. kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g vq;F tPL fpilf;fpwNjh mj;jifa
Fie;j kf;fs; mlu;j;jp nfhz;l FbapUg;Gg; gFjpfisNa kf;fs; nghJthfj;
Njbr; nry;fpd;wdu;.
efukakhjyhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfs;
rPdhtpw;F mLj;jgbahf cyfpNyNa ,uz;lhtJ mjpf efu;g;Gw kf;fs; nfhz;l

ehL ,e;jpahthFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; efu;g;Gw kf;fs; njhifahdJ (nkhj;j kf;fs;
njhifapy; Rkhu; 25%) fpl;lj;jl;l mnkupf;f If;fpa ehl;bd; nkhj;j kf;fs;
njhiff;Fr; rkkhdjhFk;. efu;g;Gw tsu;r;rp tpfpjk; mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
Page 5
ngupa vz;zpf;ifapy; kf;fs; kpfg;ngupa kw;Wk; ngupa efuq;fSf;F

(Metropolitan) tUtjhy; efu;g;Gw ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif tUlj;jpw;F 5
rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf mjpfupf;fpwJ. kf;fs; njhifapd; ,e;j gpuk;khz;lkhd
tsu;r;rp gy r%fg; nghUshjhu Rw;Wr;#oy; gpur;rpidfSf;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ.
efu;g;Gw ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy Kf;fpag; gpur;ridfs; fPNo RUf;fkhff;
nfhLf;fg;glLs;sd.
1. ,lk; kw;Wk; FbapUg;G trjp gw;whf;Fiw
,aw;if kw;Wk; Gtpapay; jilfshy; tsu;e;J tUk; kf;fs; njhiff;F Njitahd

mjpf ,lk; vspjpy; fpilg;gjpy;iy. ,lg;gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf epyj;jpd; tpiy
mjpfupg;gJld;> mYtyfk; kw;Wk; FbapUg;Gfspd; thlif mjpfupf;fpwJ.
kf;fshy; mjpf thlif nfhLf;f Kbahjjhy; efuf; Fbirfspd; Njitaw;w
tsu;r;rp Vw;gLfpwJ.
xU kjpg;gPl;bd;gb ,e;jpa efuq;fspy; tUlj;jpw;F Rkhu; 2 kpy;ypad;

tPLfspd; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpwJ.
xU kjpg;gPl;bd;gb ,e;jpa efuq;fspy; tUlj;jpw;F Rkhu; 2 kpy;ypad;

tPLfspd; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Fiwe;j tUthAs;s kf;fs; FOf;fs;
efuf; FbirfspYk;> eilghijfspYk; thOk; epiyikf;Fj; js;sg;gLfpd;wdu;.
,e;jpahtpd; ngupa efuq;fspy; efuf; Fbirfs; kw;Wk; eilghijfspy; tho;gtu;
vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ.
2. r%f mbg;gil trjpfspd; gw;whf;Fiw
,e;jpahtpd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd khefuq;fspy; tsu;r;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Mdhy; efukakhjy; eilngwtpy;iy. cz;ikapy;> kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
mjpfupj;Js;s Ntisapy; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfSfk;> Fbik trjpfSk;
NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. efu;g;Gw ,lq;fspy; kf;fs; Ftpe;Js;sjhy; r%f mbg;gil
trjpfshd tPL> kpd;rhuk;> FbePu;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> Rfhjhuk;> fopT mfw;Wjy;> fy;tp
epWtdq;fs;> kUj;Jtkidfs;> g+q;fhf;fs;> tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs; kw;Wk;
nghOJNghf;F trjpfs; Nghd;wit mjpf mOj;jj;jpw;F Mshfpd;wd.
Page 6
3. Ntiyapd;ik
Ntiyapd;ik vd;gJ fl;lhakhf Ntiyaw;W ,Ug;gjhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy;

tUlj;jpw;F 3 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd efu;g;Gw Ntiyapd;ik gbg;gbahf cau;e;J
tUfpwJ. xU kjpg;gPl;bd;gb Rkhu; 25% efu;g;Gwj; njhopyhsu;fs;
Ntiyapd;wp ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. mjpf msT Ntiyapd;ik kw;Wk; jFjpf;Ff;

Fiwthd Ntiy Nghd;wit Fw;w tpfpjk; mjpfupf;ff; fhuzkhfpAs;sJ.
4. Nghf;Ftuj;J gpur;rid
Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rpf;fy;fs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry; Mfpait ,e;jpa

khefuq;fspd; Kf;fpag; gpur;ridahFk;. xU efuk; ngupajhf tsu tsu mjd;
nray;ghLfSk; kpf Kf;fpakhdit. njhopyhspfSf;Fk; gazpfSf;Fk; mjpf
Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; Njit. Vjpu;ghujtpjkhf> ngupa efuq;fspy; Fwpg;ghfg;
gioa efuq;fspy; rhiyfs; FWfyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt gazpfspd;
mjpfupj;J tUk; Njitia rkhspf;f Kbatpy;iy. jdpahu; thfdq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if jpBnud mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthf Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry;>
jhkjk;> vupr;ry; kw;Wk; gjw;wk; Nghd;wit Vw;gLfpwJ. rhiyfis
mfyg;gLj;jhky;> rhiyfspd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jhky; thfdq;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaj; jw;NghJs;s tPjjj;jpy; mjpfupf;f mDkjpj;jhy; Kf;fpa
khefuq;fspy; cs;s Nghf;Ftuj;J mikg;G KOtJk; ruptilAk;.
5. vuprf;jp neUf;fb
vuprf;jp neUf;fb njhopw;rhiyg; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpiaAk;

tpepNahfj;ijAk; ghjpf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; vuprf;jpahdJ njhopy; tsu;r;rp>
Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; jpwd; kw;Wk; kdpj trjpiar; rhu;eJ
; s;sJ. ngUefuq;fs;>
kpy;ypad; kw;Wk; Kjy; epiy efuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; cr;rfl;l kpd; Njit ehSf;F
ehs; mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ. mjw;Nfw;wthW vuprf;jpapd; mspg;G
Njitia g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; epiyapy; ,y;iy.
Page 7
6. ePu; mspg;Gg; gw;whf;Fiw
kdpj tho;f;ifapd; Kjy; kw;Wk; Kd;dzpj; Njit ePu;. cz;ikapy; ePNu

tho;f;if. kdpjd; ePu; ,y;yhky; tho KbahJ. nfhy;fj;jhtpy; ruhrup jdpegupd; ePu;
Efu;T 250 ypl;lu;> Kk;igapy; 175 ypl;lu;> by;ypapy; 80 ypl;lu; kl;LNk. Mdhy; yh];
VQ;ry;]; efupy; ,J 1200 ypl;lu;> rpfhNfhtpy; 1100 ypl;lu; MFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; efu;g;Gw gFjpfspy; fLikahd ePu;g; gw;whf;Fiw cs;sJ vd;gij

nrd;id> i`juhghj;> n[a;g;g+u;> N[hj;g+u;> ehf;g+u;> rpk;yh> Nrhyd;> #uj;> cja;g+u;>
tNjhjuh Nghd;w efuq;fspy; ehnshd;Wf;F xd;W Kjy; ,uz;L kzp NeuNk ePu;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;w cz;ikapypUe;J mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. Njrpa jiyefu;
GJnly;ypAk; ePu; mspg;G ehnshd;Wf;F Rkhu; 4 kzpNeuk; vd;W
Kiwg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
7. Rw;Wr;#oy; khRgLjy;
Rw;Wr;#oy; khRgLjyhdJ midj;J kpy;ypad; kw;Wk; ngU efuq;fspd;

jPtpug; gpur;rpidahFk;. Thfdq;fs;> njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; tPLfspypUe;J
ntspNaWk; Gifapdhy; fhw;W khRgLtJNghy; ePu; kw;Wk; xyp khriljhYk;
mjw;fpizahf jPtpukhd xd;whFk;. Fg;ig Nrfupf;Fk; ,lq;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw
fpuhk-efu tpspk;ig Rfhjhukw;wjhf Mf;FtJld; kf;fs; cly; eyj;jpw;Fg;
ghjfkhfTk; MfpwJ. Fg;ig mfw;Wk; gpur;rid (mghafukhd gpsh];bf;>
cNyhfk; kw;Wk; nghl;lyk; fl;Lk; nghUl;fs;) ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghyhd
khefuq;fspYk;> efu;g;gwg; gFjpfspYk; jPtpukhd gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ.
Vjpu;ghutpjkhf ngUkstpy; Fg;igfs; MWfspNyh mtw;wpd; fiufspNyh
nfhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. Kk;ig> nfhy;fj;jh kw;Wk; nrd;id Nghd;w khefuq;fspy;
Fg;igfspd; ngUk;gFjp njhlu;e;J flypy; nfhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
8. Fw;wk; mjpfupj;jy;
mjpfupf;Fk; efu;g;Gwf; Fw;wq;fs; etPd efuq;fspd; mikjpiaf; Fiyf;fpd;wd.

r%ftpayhsu;fs; $w;Wg;gb Ntiyapd;ik efu;g;Gw gFjpfspy; Fw;wq;fSf;F
Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. Ntiyapy;yhj ,isQu;fs; flj;jy;> gzk; gwpj;jy;> Foe;ij
Page 8
flj;jy;> nfhiy> tog;gwp nra;jy; (ghf;nfl; gpf;fpq;)> fw;gopj;jy;> nfhs;isabj;jy;

kw;Wk; jpULjy; Nghd;w Fw;wq;fspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. efuf; Fbirfs;
Ntiyapy;yhj Fw;wthspfshy; Fw;wj; njhopiyNa tof;fkhff; nfhz;ltu;fshf
khWfpd;wdu;. nghUs; fyhr;rhuk;> tsu;e;J tUk; Efu;Tj;jd;ik> Raeyk;>
fbdkhd Nghl;b> Mlk;gukhf nryT nra;Ak; gof;fk;> mjpfupj;J tUk; r%fg;
nghUshjhu Ntw;Wikfs;>
mjpfupj;J tUk; Ntiyapd;ik kw;Wk; jdpik Mfpait ,g;gpur;ridf;Fr;

rpy Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fshFk;.
tpdhf;fs;:
1. ,e;jpahtpy; r%f khw;wk; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

2. efukakhjy; gw;wpAk; mjd; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;Jk; tptup?
Page 9
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : jPtputhjk;> tFg;Gthjk; kw;Wk; kjthjk; fytuq;fs;
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
jPtputhjk;> tFg;Gthjk; kw;Wk;

kjthjk; fytuq;fs;
Kd;Diu
,dthjk;
1. ,dthjk; vd;gJ gy;NtW r%fq;fs; rhh;ej
; Xh; fUj;jpay; nfhs;if
MFk;. ,jd;gb ,q;F rKjhakhdJ kjq;fshYk;> gy;NtW r%fq;fshYk;
gythwhf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mr;r%fq;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
tpj;jpahrkhfTk;> rpy rkaq;fspy; Kuz;gl;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. ,dthjk; vd;gJ xU r%fk; (m) kjj;ijf; rhh;ej

; kf;fs; kw;nwhU
r%fj;ijr; rhh;ej
; kf;fspd; kPJ gifik czh;itf; nfhz;Ls;sijAk;
czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. ,q;F ,dthjpfshy; kjq;fspd; thapyhf murpay;
tsh;j;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ (m) Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F kjthjp vd;gtd;
me;j kjj;ij rhh;ej
; td; vdg; nghUs;glkhl;lhd; khwhf me;j
kjf;nfhs;ifapd; thapyhf murpay; nra;gtNd kjthjp vdf;
fUjg;gLfpd;whd;.
,e;jpahtpy; tFg;Gthjj;jpd; vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:-
1. fhyp];jhd;> ehfh Nghd;w gFjpfspd; jdp khepy Nfhhpf;iffs;.

2. Gjpa khepyj;jpw;fhd jPtpu Nfhhpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
(v.fh. njYq;fhdh)
3. A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; khepyq;fshf khw;wg;glf;Nfhhp Nghuhl;lq;fs;
(v.fh. kzpg;G+h;> jphpGuh)
4. cs;ehl;L vy;iyg; gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; ejpePh; gq;fPl;L gpur;ridfs;
(v.fh. rz;bfh;> fhtphp ejpePh; gpur;rid)
5. rpy kjthj mikg;Gfs; ‘gpuhe;jpathjj;ij” Cf;Ftpg;gJ kl;Lkpy;yhky;
mjd; nfhs;iffSk; td;Kiwiaf; J}z;Lk; tz;zk; ,Uf;Fk;.
(v.fh. rptNrdh)
Page 1
jPtputhjk;> tFg;Gthjk; kw;Wk; kjthjk; fytuq;fs;;
6. ‘kz;zpd; ike;jh;fs; (Sons of soil) vd;w Nfhl;ghL fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;G

cs;spl;litfs;
7. me;j gpuhe;jpa kf;fSf;Nf toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;ij
tpijf;fpd;wJ. (v.fh. ‘mrhk;-mrhkpah;f;Nf”)
,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpd; kPjhd mjd; jhf;fk;:-
1. ngUk;ghd;ikahf nfhiy nra;ag;gLth;fs; xd;Wkwpah Viokf;fshth;.

mth;fspd; tPLfs;> cilikfs;> tho;f;if> tho;thjhuk; Kw;wpYkhf
rpijf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. ,J midj;J gpuhe;jpaq;fspYk; ‘kdpj-chpik kPwYf;F” topNfhyhfpwJ.
3. rpy Neuq;fspy; Foe;ijfspd; ngw;Nwhh;fs; ,we;JtpLtjhy;
mf;Foe;ijfs; guhkhpf;f Mjhtpy;yhj epiyapy;> ,Wjpahf tho;ehs;
KOtJk; mdhijfshf tho Ntz;ba mty epiyf;F Mshfpd;wdh;.
4. ghh;g;gdk; (Ghettoization) (m) gpuhkzk; kw;Wk; mfjpfs; gpur;ridfs;
,df;fytuq;fs; J}z;lg;gl kw;nwhU ghpkhzq;fshf cs;sd.
5. ,dtjkhdJ ‘,urpayikg;G Nfhl;ghLfs;> kjr; rhh;gpd;ik kw;Wk; kj
rfpg;Gjd;ik Mfpatw;wpw;F mr;RWj;jyhf cs;sJ.
6. ehl;bd; ‘xw;Wik” kw;Wk; ‘xUikg;ghl;bw;F” CW tpidtpf;Fk; tifapy;
cs;sJ.
7. ,J kf;fis gy;NtW ,df;FOf;fshf gphpf;fTk;> ntWg;Gzh;it
J}z;Ltjpy; kl;LNk gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
8. r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd jilf;fy;yhfTk;> rKjhaj;jpd; gpd;dilTf;F
fhuzkhfTk; cs;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; ,dthjj;jpd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp:-

Kjy; epiy:
,q;F kf;fs; ‘XNu kjk;” vd;w Nfhl;ghl;by; ek;gpf;if nfhz;L ,Ue;jdh;.
mk;kjkhdJ vy;Nyhh;f;Fk; nghJthd ‘kjr;rhh;gw;w” nfhs;iffisf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,JNt kjk; rhh;ej
; ‘r%f - nghUshjhu” vz;zq;fs; nfhz;l
rKjhak; cUthf mbg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ.
Page 2
jPtputhjk;> tFg;Gthjk; kw;Wk; kjthjk; fytuq;fs;
,uz;lhk; epiy:
1. gy;NtW kjq;fspd; fsQ;rpakhd ,e;jpahtpy; NtWgl;l ‘,dthj fUj;jpay;

nfhs;iffs;”;(Communal Ideology) Cw;nwLf;f njhlq;fpaJ.
2. xU kjj;jpdhpd; rKjha> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu murpay; Nehf;fq;fs;
(tpUg;gq;fs;) kw;nwhU kjj;jpdhplk; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;L ,Ue;jJ.
vdNt ,e;jepiy ‘Rje;jpukhd ,dthjk; (Liberal Communalism)(m)
kjthj ,dthjk;” (Moderate Communalism) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
%d;whk; epiy:-
1. ,e;j epiyapy; ,dthjkhdJ gy;NtW rKjhaq;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs;

xd;Wf;nfhd;W jfhjitfshfTk;> gifik czh;T kw;Wk; tpNuhjj;ij
tsh;f;f $bajhfTk; gu];gu czh;Tfs; mw;wjhfTk; khwpaJ. NkYk;
,dthjpfs; gy;NtW rKjhaq;fshdJ nghJthd kjr;rhh;gw;w
fUj;Jfisf; nfhz;bUf;f KbahJ vd;w fUj;ij Mzpj;jukhf
typAWj;j njhlq;fpdh;.
2. jPtpu kjthjk; vd;gJ ‘gak;” kw;Wk; ‘ntWg;Gzh;it” mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lJ. NkYk; kjk;> nray;ghL kw;Wk; elj;ijapy; td;Kiwfisg;
GFj;jp murpay; vjph;ghsh;fSld; nkhopg;Nghhpy; <LgLj;JtJ MFk;.
,dthjkhdJ 3 epiyapYk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W khWgl;ljhf mike;Js;sJ
kl;Lkpy;yhky; njhlh;r;rpahf xd;wpd; kPJ xd;W nrayhw;Wfpd;wJ. ,JNt
etPd murpaypd; tsh;r;rpf;F Cd;WNfhyhf ,Ue;jJ.
3. ,JNt fhyzp Mjpf;fk; rhh;ej

; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F
tpisnghUshf mike;Jk;. Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rp ,dthjf; nfhs;ifapd;
tsh;r;rpapy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpaJ.
4. kjtd;Kiw vd;gJ kjthj FOf;fspilNa Fw;wr; nray;fisf; J}z;b

mth;fshy; cz;lhFk; td;Kiw nray;fs; MFk;. NkYk; td;Kiwf;
FOf;fs;> jq;fs; FOtpdhpilNa xw;Wikiag; NgZtNjhL
Page 3
kl;Lkpy;yhky;> gypahl;fisAk; (Victims) FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fSf;fhfNt

Njh;en
; jLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
,e;jpahtpd; ngUk; ,df;fytuq;fs;:-

1946-fy;fj;jh fytuk;:-
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; fy;fj;jh fytuk; ‘Neub eltbf;if ehs;” vd;w fUg;G

ehshf mike;jJ. tq;fhs khfhzj;jpy; ,e;J-K];yk
P ; kf;fspilNaahd
td;kj;jhy; ,f;fytuk; cz;lhdJ.
1984- rPf;fpa fytuk;:-
1984-k; Mz;L etk;gh; 1-k; Njjpad;W rPf;fpag; gLnfhiy epfo;ej

; J.
,e;jpuhfhe;jpapd; gLnfhiyia mLj;J nly;ypapd; aKdh ejpf;fiuaUNf
epfo;ej
; fytuj;jhy; 800 rPf;fpah;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
fh\;kPh; fytuk; 1986:-
1986-y; K];yPk;-kf;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf cs;s fh\;kPhpy; ,e;Jf;fSf;F

vjpuhf epfo;j;jg;gl;l fytuk; MFk;. mk;khepyj;jpd; ‘Mde;j; ehf;” gFjpapy;
,e;Jf;fs; ngUkstpy; jhf;fg;gl;ldh;.
1989 - thuzhrpf; fytuk;:-
,e;jpahtpd; Gdpj (Gz;zpa) efukhff; fUjg;gLk; thuzhrpapy; 1989 Kjy;

1992 tiu njhlh;r;rpahf %d;W fytuq;fs; epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. 1989-y; ,e;J-K];yPk;
td;kj;jhy; Kjy; fytuk; epfo;e;jJ. 2007-k; Mz;L rpwpa fytuk; xd;Wk;
epfo;ej
; J.
1989- gfy;G+h; fytuk;:
‘rpy;f; rpl;b” vd;wiof;fg;gLk; gfy;G+h; ,f;fytuj;jhy; kpfTk; Nkhrkhfg;

ghjpg;gile;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;G epfo;ej
; kpf Nkhrkhd kjf;
fytukhFk;. ,e;J-K];yk
P ; Ntw;Wik fhuzkhf 2 khjk; ePbj;j ,f;fytuj;jpdhy;
1000 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; ghjpg;gile;jdh;.
Page 4
gk;gha; fytuk; 1992 :-
1992 brk;gh; kw;Wk; 1993 fspy; epfo;ej

; fytuk; ghgh; k#jp ,bg;gpd;
fhuzkhf epfo;ej
; ,f;fytuj;jhy; 1000 f;F Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; ,we;jdh;. NkYk;
1993-y; Kk;igapy; ele;j Fz;Lntbg;gpw;Fk; ,JNt fhuzkhFk;.
F[uhj; fytuk; 2002 :-
2002-k; Mz;L njhlh;r;rpahd ,e;J-K];yk

P ; fytuj;jhy; epfo;ej
; fytuk;
MFk;. K];yk
P ; fytuf; Fk;gyhy; Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkpl;L ‘rgh;kjp tpiuT ,uapy;”
vhpf;fg;gl;lJ. mijj; njhlh;eJ
; epfo;ej
; Nfhj;uh ,uapy; vhpg;G kw;Wk;
mfkjhghj;jpd; ‘eNuhlh ghl;bah” fytuk; Mfpait cr;r epiyf;F nrd;wJ.
nlfh];fh fyfk; 2010 :-
2010-k; Mz;L Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpd; nlfh];fh gFjpapy; K];yk

P ; kjthjf;
Fk;gyhy; ,e;J kf;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;Jf;fspd; Gdpj ,lq;fshd Nfhtpy;fs; kw;Wk;
filfs; ngUkstpy; vhpf;fg;gl;ld.
m];]hk; fytuk; 2012 :-
2012 k; Mz;L [{iyapy; ,e;jpahtpd; Nghlh ,dj;jth;f;Fk;> tq;fhs

Njrj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gyk;ngah;ej
; K];yk
P ; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ,df; fytuk;
%z;lJ. 80 Ngh;f;F Nky; ,wg;G kw;Wk; gy Mapuk; kf;fs; tPLfis ,oe;jdh;.
K\hgh; efh; fytuk; 2013:-
cj;jpugpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Krhgh; efhpy; 2013-y; epfo;ej

; ,e;J-K];yk
P ;
fytuj;jhy; 48 Ngh; ,we;jdh;. 93 Ngh; fhakile;jjhf jfty;fs; ntspte;jd.
gpuhe;jpathjk; (Regionalism)
1. gpuhe;jpathjk; vd;gJ ‘jdJ gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; kPjhd gw;W (m) tpRthrk;

kw;Wk; Jiz Njrpathjk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU gpuhe;jpaj;jpd;
kPjhd mjPj md;gpd; ntspg;ghL gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; rhuhk;rkhFk;.
Page 5
2. gpuhe;jpathjk; vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; xUq;fpizg;gpw;fhd Jiz

epfo;thFk;. Gjpa murpay; nfhl;ghlhd ‘eLT epiyik (Centrality)”-apy;
,Ue;J tpyfp epw;fpwJ.
ABSU-d; Kjd;ikahd Nfhhpf;iffs;:-

ABSU-→ All Bodo Student’s Union
1. ,e;jpahtpy; m];]hk; khepyj;jpy; 1967 -k; Mz;L murpay; rhh;gw;w khzth;

,af;fkhf (ABSU) midj;J NghNlh khzth; mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. fhyzp Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Ke;ija m];]hkpd; gy;NtW ,];]hk; rKjhaf;
FOf;fspd; Ml;rpapy; epfo;ej
; Ruz;ly;fs; (Exploitation) fhuzkhfNt
‘jdp NghNlh Nyz;l;” Nfhhpf;if cjakhdJ.
rNfhjuj;Jtk; :-
1. rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;gJ rpy Neuq;fspy; njspthd (m) Kiwahd

mikg;Gfs; vd;w rpj;jhe;jj;ijAk;> rpy Neuq;fspy; ,ufrpa rKjha
mikg;Gfs; vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;gJ Xh; ,af;fkhf NjhoikAlDk;> rNfhju
kdg;ghq;FlDk;> mwpT rhh;ej
; > cly; rhh;ej
; > mwnewprhh;ej
; > kjk; rhh;ej
; >
r%f Kd;Ndw;wk; rhh;e;j nray;ghLfspy; xj;Jiog;GlDk;> <Kghl;LlDk;
Xh; #o;epiyapy; ,ize;J nray;gLtJ MFk;.
3. rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd; jpwTNfhy; vd;gJ jdJ FOtpd; cWg;gpdiu ntw;wpia
Nehf;fp ce;jpj; js;StJ MFk;.
4. NkYk; ,J jdp kdpj tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; nghJthd Nehf;fq;fisr;
rhh;eJ
; cs;sJ.
5. ‘,ize;J gzpahw;Wjy;” vd;gJ rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd; gy epiyfspy; kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;. (r%fk;> tzpf> kj epfo;Tfspy;. . . )
Page 6
jPtputhjk;
Kd;Diu:
1. I.eh. nrayfj;jpy; mwpf;ifg;gb jPtputhjk; vd;gJ jdpkdpjdhNyh

my;yJ xU rl;lj;jpduhNyh> xU jdpkdpjDf;Nfh my;yJ xU
$l;lj;jpdUf;Nfh Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; nghJ kf;fSf;F gaj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jkhapd;> mJ jPtputhjk; vd;W tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
2. 'jPtputhjk;>" 'tFg;G thj fytuk;"> 'cs;ehl;Lf; fytuk;"> 'Gul;rpfs;">
'kpjkpQ;rpa murpw;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffs; Nghd;wit midj;Jk;
kf;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLikfisNa Mjhukhff; nfhz;L
nray;gLfpd;wd.
jd;ikfs; :
1. murpw;F vjpuhdjhfNth (my;yJ)

2. r%fj;jpw;F vjpuhdjhfNth mikfpwJ.
3. eilKiw rhj;jpakw;w Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf kdpj caph;fis nfhy;Yjy;>
r%ff; nfhLikfis muq;Nfw;wy;.
4. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fis Nrjg;gLj;jp> murpw;F vjpuhf rl;lq;fis kPWjy;.
5. mr;rWj;jy;> gak; Nghd;w czh;Tfis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Nehf;fq;fis
mila KaYjy;.
6. Neh;ik rpe;jidaw;w epiyapy;> mg;ghtp nghJ kf;;fis ghjpg;gilar;
nra;jy;.
7. jPtputhjk;> ' nfhLikfspd; cr;rk;"> 'kdpjj; jd;ik nray;" vd
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nehf;fq;fs; :
1. jq;fspd; jPa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf muir jq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F

itj;jpUe;jd.
2. td;Kiwapy; <Lgl;L jq;fspd; Nfhhpf;fis miljy;.
3. jPtputhj Njitfis epiwNtw;w muir eph;ge;jpjy;.
4. cs;ehl;L epiyj; jd;ik kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpiaj; jLj;jy;.
Page 7
5. jPtputhjj;jpw;F ,isQh;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk; tsh;j;jy;.

6. kf;fspilNa mr;r czh;it Vw;gLj;jp murpd; ghJfhg;Gg; gil kPJ
ek;gpf;if ,of;fr; nra;jy;.
7. jPtputhjf; FOf;fs;> gpd;gw;Wgth;fs;> mth;fspilNa ek;gpf;ifAzh;T
tsh;j;jy; Nghd;w nray;fspy; <LgLjy;.
jPtputhjk; Njhd;wf; fhuzq;fs; :

1. 'jPtputhjk; xU ehspy; Njhd;Wtjpy;iy> mJ njhlh;r;rpahd gy;NtW
mOj;jq;fshy; Njhd;WfpwJ".
2. nghWg;gw;w> jpwdw;w muR eph;thf mikg;G
3. Coy; kype;j muRj; Jiwfs;
4. ghJfhg;Gg; gilapd; jpwikapd;ik> ,ayhj epiy
5. gioikahd jPtputhj vz;zq;fs;> ghuk;ghpa eilKiw
6. cyfshtpa jfty; njhlh;G tsh;r;rpapd; %yk; jPtputhj jfty;fs; vspjpy;
ghpkhw;wk;.
7. rKjha xLf;F eilKiw> Ntiy tha;g;gpy; xLf;fg;gl;l rKjhaj;jpdhpd;
Mjq;fk;.
8. tWik> grp> twl;rp Nghd;witfspy; murpd; kw;w nray;ghL.
9. vspjpy; MAjq;fs;> ntb nghUl;fs; fpilj;jy;.
10. me;epa ehLfspypUe;J jPtputhjf; FOf;fSf;F gzk; ghpkhw;wk;>
Cf;Ftpg;G nray;ghLfs;.
11. jpwikaw;w csTj; Jiw
12. ePjpj;Jiwapy; cs;s FiwghLfs;.
13. Vw;wj; jho;Tfs;.
14. rhjp> kj> ,dk; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s mjPj gw;W
15. ,isQh;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; mwpahik> fy;tpawptpd;ik
jPtputhj;jhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; :

1. murpd; eph;thf nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gg; gil kPJ ek;gpf;if
,oj;jy;
2. epiyj; jd;ikapd;ik> nghJ mikjp rPh; FiyT
3. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fs; ghjpg;giljy;> kdpj caphpog;G
Page 8
4. nghUshjhuk ];jpuj; jd;ik ,oj;jy;> r%f tsh;r;rpapd;ik

5. Rw;Wyh> njhopy;> tptrha tsh;r;rpfs; ghjpj;jy;
6. nghJkf;fspd; ,lk; ngah;jy; mjpfhpj;jy;.
jPtputhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffs; :

jPtputhjk; gy;NtW mikg;Gfs; rhh;ej
; > gy;NtW eltbf;iffSld;
njhlh;GilaJ. vdNt ,J rhh;ej
; xopg;G eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; midtuJ
eyd; rhh;ej
; xU nrayhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mit> ePz;l fhy kw;Wk; FWfpa
fhy eltbf;iffshf gFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
FWfpa fhy eltbf;iffs; : (ghJfhj;jy;)

1. ,jpu jz;lidfs;> fLikahd eltbf;iffs; %yk; jPtputhjpfis
kdkhw;wk; milar; nra;jy;.
2. csTg; gilapy; Gjpa njhopy; El;gq;fisAk;> jfty; njhlh;G
rhjdq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
3. rl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Fiwfis ePf;fp> jPtputhjj;ij xLf;f Gjpa rl;l
newpKifis cUthf;Fjy;.
4. jPtputhjk; Fwpj;j jfty; mspg;gtUf;F chpa ghJfhg;G trjpfis
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
5. jPtputhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd rpwg;Gg; gilg;gphptpdiu cUthf;F Kiwahd
gapw;rp mspj;jy;.
6. fpuhk ghJfhg;G FOf;fis Vw;gLj;jp kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;it
cUthf;Fjd; %yk; jPtputhj jLg;G eltbf;ifis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
ePz;l fhy eltbf;iffs; : (tUKd; fhj;jy;)

1. re;Njfj;jpw;Fhpa ,isQh;fs; FOf;fs;> mikg;Gfis Kiwahf
fz;fhzpj;jy;> Muha;jy;.
2. ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;f;ff; $ba (Clfq;fs; %yk;) nray;ghLfspy; muR
<LgLjy;.
3. jtwhf topelj;jg;gLk; ,isQh;fSf;F Kiwahd Ntiy tha;g;G
trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpj; jUjy;.
Page 9
4. murpd; Nkd;ikfis tpsf;fp> jPtputhj vz;zq;fis xopj;jy;.

5. ,sk; njhopy; KidNthh;fis Cf;Ftpj;J njhopy; ngUf;f
eltbf;iffis ifahSjy;.
6. Vw;wj; jho;Tfis fise;J> tWik> twl;rp epiyia xopj;jy;.
7. Nghjpa fy;tpawpT toq;Ftjd; %yk; mwpahikia mfw;Wjy;.
8. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia ngUf;Ftjd; %yk;> mjpf Ntiytha;g;Gfis
cUthf;Fjy;.
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; eltbf;iffs; :

1. 1997 - jPtputhj mZFz;L jhf;Fjy;fis xLf;Fjy;. (International
Convention for the suppressions of terrorist bombings)
2. 1999 - jPtputhj Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd epjpjpAjtpfis jLj;jy;. (International
Convention for the suppressions of finding of terrorist)
3. 2005 - I.eh.tpd; nghJ mitapy;> epA+ ghh;f; mZ MAj jPtputhjj;ij
xLf;Fjy; epiwNtw;wk;. (International Convention for the suppression of
acts of Nuclear terrorist bombings)
4. 14tJ rh;tNjr jPtputhj jLg;G eltbf;iff;fhd khehl;by; cyfshtpa
vjph; jPtputhj Nghh;j;jpwk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; jPtputhjk; :
1. ,e;jpah 4 tpjkhd jPtputhj ,af;fq;fis fz;Ls;sJ.
▪ gQ;rhg; - fhyp];jhd; njhlh;ghd jPtputhjk;
▪ fh\;kPh; - gphptpidthjpfspd; Nghuhl;lk;
▪ tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> [hh;f;fz;l;> rl;B];fh;> Me;jpu gpuNjrk; -
ef;riyl;Lfs;.
▪ m];]hk; - cy;‡gh jPtputhjk;.
2. tl fpof;F khepyq;fshd ehfyhe;J> kpNrhuk;> kzpg;G+h;> jphpGuh> Nghd;w
,lq;fspy; tsh;r;rpapd;ik> rKjha gpd;dilT> mq;fPfhukpd;ik Nghd;w
fhuzq;fshy; jPtputhj nray;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. ef;riyl;Lfs; epy gphptpid njhlh;ghd jPtputhj eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
Page 10
4. fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; gphptid> Ntw;Wik> tsh;r;rpapd;ik> kjk; rhh;ej

; kw;Wk;
ghfp];jhd; jPtputhj nray;ghLfspy; rh;tNjr gpur;rpidahf
cUntLj;Js;sJ.
5. fhyp];jhd; jPtputhj nray;ghLfs; rPf;fpa jPtpu vdg;gLfpd;wJ> ,jd;gb
jq;fSf;nfd;W jdp milahsj;ij cUthf;f 'jdpehL" vd;w
Nfhhpf;ifAld; nray;gLfpd;wdh;.
,e;jpa murpd; eltbf;iffs; :

1. jLg;Gf; fhty; rl;lk; 1950
2. ,r;rl;lg;gb muR Fw;wk; Ghpe;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; vtiuAk; fhtypy; itf;f
mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ.
3. cs;ehl;L ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; guhkhpg;G -1971
4. Njrpa ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1980 (NSA)
5. jPtputhj kw;Wk; gyte;j nray;fs;
6. jLg;Gr; rl;lk; (TADA - Terrorist & Disruptive Preventions Act)
7. ,r;rl;lk; MISA kw;Wk; NAS rl;lq;fis tpl kpf mjpf mjpfhuk;
,Ue;jjhy;> jtwhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ> vdNt 1995 ,y; ,J ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
8. gaq;futhj jLg;Gr; rl;lk; 2001 (POTA) gy;NtW jug;gpdh; ,r; rl;lj;jpw;F
vjph;g;G njhptpj;jjhy; ,J 2004 y; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
9. I.eh. rigapd; jPtputhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd rl;lj;jpYk;> ghJfhg;G fTd;rpypd;
jPtputhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd jPh;khdk; - 1973y; ,e;jpah ifnaOj;jpl;lJ.
mikg;Gfs; :
1. Njrpa tprhuiz mikg;G - 2009 (NSA)
▪ rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd nray; jLg;G mikg;G - 2008.
2. may; ehl;L ghpth;j;jid ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fs;sf; flj;jy; jLg;G - 1974
(COFEPOSA)
3. Nghijg; nghUs; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd nghUs;fs; jLg;G - 1988
(PITNDSAPA)
,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpa jPtputhjj; jhf;Fjy;fs; :

1. Kk;ig Fz;L ntbg;G - 12> khh;r; - 1993 - 260 Ngh; gyp
Page 11
2. Nfhit Fz;L ntbg;G - 14>gpg;uthp - 1998 - 46 Ngh; gyp

3. ghuhSkd;wj; jhf;Fjy; - 13, etk;gh;- 2001
4. Kk;ig ,uapy; epiya jhf;Fjy; - 26 etk;gh; 2008
5. mfkjhghj; mf;\h;jhk; Nfhapy; jhf;Fjy; - 24> nrg; - 2002
6. nly;yp njhlh; Fz;L ntbg;G - 29 mf; -2005
7. n[a;g;G+h; ntbFz;L jhf;Fjy; - 13> Nk 2008
8. m];]hk; Fz;L ntbg;G (nfsfhj;jp) -30 mf;> 2008
9. fh\;kPh; rl;lg; Nguitj; jhf;Fjy; - 1> mf;> 2001
jPtputhjk; vjph; nfhs;Sk; Kiwfs; :
jPtputhjj;ij vjph;nfhs;Sk; Kiwfis 3 tifahf gphpf;fyhk;.
1. ,];Nuy; Kiw
2. mnkhpf;f Kiw
3. ,e;jpa Kiw
,];Nuy; Kiw :
1. 4 Kf;fpa epiyf; Nfhl;ghLfis nfhz;Ls;s jPtputhjpfsplk; Ngr;R
thh;j;ij $lhJ.
2. jPtputhjpfspd; kPJ jPBh; jhf;Fjy;.
3. kpf fLikahd ghJfhg;G mZFKiw
4. ghy];jPd; jPtputhjpfspd; kPJ fLikahd jhf;Fjy; ifahSjy;.
5. ,k;Kiw vjph; - jPtputhj Kiw vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
mnkhpf;f Kiw :
1. cyfg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWtJ jPtputhjj;jpw;F vjpuhf

fLikahd epiyg;ghL cs;sJ.
▪ jPtputhj MjuT ehLfSf;F vjpuhf th;j;jf jil> Vw;Wkjp jLg;G
2. jPtputhj ehLfspy; mZFz;L jhf;Fjy;. v.fh: fpA+gh - 1962> ypgpah -

1986
3. ,k;Kiwapy; jPtputhjj;ij mopNahL mopj;jy; Nghf;F
filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Page 12
,e;jpa mZFKiw :
1960f;F gpwF jPtputhjj;jhy; ,e;jpah nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
▪ [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; gphptpid> tFg;G thj fytuq;f s;

NkNyhq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Operation Blue Star - gQ;rhg; - [Pd; 6> 1948 kw;Wk;
▪ Operation Black Thunder - m];]hk; - Nghd;w jPtputhj vjph;
eltbf;iffs; Njhy;tpapNyNa Kbtile;jJ.
▪ ,e;jpahtpy;> vjph; - jPtputhj eilKiwahdJ fhty;Jiw kw;Wk;
,uhZtj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
▪ ,e;j mZFKiwfs; midj;Jk; xt;nthU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu>
murpay; gyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ>
▪ ,e;jpahtpy; - vjph; - jPtputhjk;
▪ mnkhpf;fhtpy; - jPtputhj xopg;G
▪ ,];Nuypy; - vjph; kw;Wk; xopg;G eltbf;iffs; ,ize;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tlfpof;F khepyq;fspy; Vw;gLk; Gul;rp (m) fpsh;r;rp> fytuk;:

1. ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf td;Kiwiaj; J}z;Lk; tpjkhf cs;@h;
thrpfs; my;yJ FOf;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; mghafukhd epfo;TfNs fytuk;>
fpsh;r;rp vdg;gLfpwJ.
2. ,e;jpahtpd; tlfpof;F khepyq;fspy; midj;J gFjpfspYk; ,t;tifahd
fpsh;r;rpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
m];]hk; :
1. 1980fspy; ,t;tifahd eltbf;iffs; Muk;gk;
2. m];]hkpy; cs;s ntspehl;lth;fsJ ngaiu mk;khepyj;jpy; cs;s Njh;jy;
tiutpypUe;J ePf;Fjy; kw;Wk; mth;fis ntspNaw;Wjy;.
3. UMF kw;Wk; ULFA ,uhZt mikg;Gfs; Njhw;wk;.
4. midj;J NghNlh khzth; rq;fk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jdp khepy Nfhhpf;if
fpsh;r;rpahf khwpaJ.
5. NghNlhNyyz;l; jdpj;Jt ikak; 1994y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L ,d;wsTk; mij
gpur;rpid jPh;f;fg;gltpy;iy.
Page 13
kpNrhuk; :
1966ypUe;Nj fpsh;r;rp> fytuq;fs; jdpj;Jt milahskpd;ik> kpNrhuk; (k)

kpNrhuhkpy;yhj goq;FbapdUf;fhf ,ilapyhd jfuhWfs;.
kzpg;G+h; :
1. 1976y; ,Ue;J Gul;rpfs; Njhw;wk;

2. (People's liberation Army) kf;fs; tpLjiyg; gil Njhw;wk; - 1978
3. ikj;hp kw;Wk; Ffp kiytho; kf;fs;.
ehfyhe;J :
1. 1951y; ,Ue;J fpsh;r;rp
2. milahs rpd;dk; Kf;fpa gpur;rpid
3. m];]hk; kiyg;gFjpapy; ngU ehfyhe;J mikj;jy.
4. Njrpa tpLjiy ikak; ,jpy; jPtpuk; fl;LfpwJ.
jphpGuh :
jphpGuh Njrpa ,af;fk;> jphpGuh Gypfs; gil Nghd;w mikg;G jphpGuhtpy;

,Ue;J tq;fhsj;jpw;F ,lk; ngah;jiy jLf;f typAWj;jp NghuhLfpwJ.
Nkfhyah :
kiytho; kw;Wk; kiytho; my;yhj kf;fspilNaahd gpur;rpidfs; Kf;fpa

mq;fk;.
tFg;Gthj td;Kiw :
1. tFg;G thj td;Kiwapd; NghJ kf;fs; kw;nwhU FOtpdUf;F vjpuhf
nray;gLth;. kf;fspd; ,r;nray;ghLfs;> vjph;ghh;g;gjw;F
mg;ghw;gl;ljhfTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;j ,ayhjjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
2. ,t;td;Kiwia r%f Gwf;fzpg;G kw;Wk; r%f hPjpahd
Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhdjhfTk; mikAk;.
,e;jpa tFg;G thj fytuq;fs;:

1. gQ;rhg; mjd; vy;iy - 1946 -1948
2. fpof;F ,e;jpah> fy;fj;jh> [hk;n\l;G+h; - 1964
Page 14
3. gP`hh; gfy;g+h;> F[uhj; - 1990

4. fh;ehlfh - ngy;fhk; - 1991
5. cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; - thuzhrp - 1992
6. cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; - Kfhyh; efh; - 2012
ef;ry; ,af;fq;fs; :
1. ef;ry; ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpa Mz;L 1967 Nkw;F tq;fhsj;ijr; Nrh;ej
;
fhZ rd;ahy;> rhU k[Pk;jhu MfpNahuhy; epy chpikahsh;fis vjph;j;J
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lNj ef;riyl;. ,th;fs; khNtap];l; nghJTilik gphpitr;
Nrh;ej
; thf;s; 1970 fspy; ef;riyl; gy;NtW gphpTfshf khw;wk; ngw;wJ.
2. rhU k[Pk; jhuh; - eph;%y khf;Fk; jpl;lk; %yk; ef;ry; ,e;jpahtpy; gutpaJ.
ef;ry;fspd; guty; :
,e;jpahtpy; rj;jP];fh;> xb]h> [hh;f;fz;l;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> kfhuh\;buh>

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Nghd;w khepyq;fspy; gutpAs;sdh;.
Nehf;fq;fs; :
1. muir ifg;gw;Wjy;.
2. ef;ry;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpj;J mjd; Mf;fpukpg;Gfis
ngUf;Fjy;.
3. nfhhpy;yh FOf;fs; %yk; Rje;jpukhd mikg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
4. epy cilikahsh;fsplkpUe;J epyq;fis mgfhpj;J epykpy;yNjhUf;F
toq;Fjy;.
5. fhty;Jiw> nghJkf;fspilNa mr;r czh;it Vw;gLj;jp jq;fsJ
typikia mjpfhpj;jy;.
ef;ry; gutYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; :
1. epy cilikahsh;fshy; cs;#h; thprfs; eRf;fg;gl;lik.

2. murpd; jpl;lq;fs; Kiwahf kf;fis nrd;wilahjJ.
3. Vw;wj; jho;T rKjhak;
4. mjpfhu kw;Wk; nry;tf; FiwT
5. tWik> Ntiytha;g;G FiwT
Page 15
6. epy gfph;T Kiwfspy; KiwNfL

7. nghWg;gw;w muR eltbf;iffs;
8. rpW FOf;fspd; Njhw;wk; Nkhrdkhd FbAhpik mikg;G gw;whf;Fiwahd
fhty; Jiwg;gil kw;Wk; Coy; kype;j muR eph;thfk;.
Kf;fpar; rl;lq;fs; :
1. TADA - Terrorist and Disruptive Prevention Act 1985.
2. jPtputhj kw;Wk; gyte;j nray;fs; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; 1985
3. 1985 Nk nfhz;L tug;gl;L jPtputjhk; (k) jPtputhjpfis fl;Lg;gLj;j
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
rpwg;Gfs; :
1. rpwg;G ePjpkd;w mikg;G
2. gpizapy; ntsptu jil
3. xU tUlk; tiu Gydha;T Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjp.
4. midj;J tprhuizfSk; xspg;gLj;Jjy;.
5. fhty;Jiw fhl;rpaq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
FiwghLfs; :
1. rpWghd;ikapdUf;F vjpuhf khepy muR ,r;rl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
2. nghJkf;fSf;F vjpuhf fhty;Jiw gad;gLj;Jjy;.
3. 1 Fiwthf rhjfkhd jPh;g;G tpfpjk;
4. MAjk; njhlh;ghd gy;NtW Fw;wq;fs;
5. rpW Fw;wq;fSf;F fLikahd jz;lidfs;
Njrpa ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1980 :

1. ,r;rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ> ,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;>
'ghJfhg;G mspj;jy; kw;Wk; rpy tof;Ffs; njhlh;Gila
td;KiwfspypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;"
2. ,r;rl;lk; [k;% - fh\;kPh; khepyk; jtpu Vida ,e;jpa gFjpfs;
midj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jf; $baJ.
3. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; kj;jpa / khepy muRfSf;f xU re;Njfj;jpw;Fhpa
jdpegiu ifJ nra;J fhtypy; itj;j mjpfhuk; kw;wk; ntspehl;bypUe;J
Page 16
ghjfkhd MAj jLg;G kw;Wk; rl;lk; xOq;F ghJfhg;G eltbf;if

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;.
4. ,r;rl;lk; ntspehl;bduJ re;Njfj;jpw;Fhpa egiu fhtypy; itf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. ,r;rl;lk; ruz;rpq; 1980fspy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa Gydha;T ikak; :

1. NIA vdg;gLk; Njrpa Gydha;T ikak;> 2008y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
2. ,J jPtputhjk; td;Kiw njhlh;ghd tof;Ffis Muha kj;jpa mstpy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. ,jd; %yk; 2009y; NIA kw;Wk; mJ njhlh;ghd mq;fq;fSld;> I.eh.
mikg;Gfs;> Gydha;Tf; FOf;fs;> rh;tNjr mikg;GfSld; ,ize;J
gzpahw;WfpwJ.
nray;ghLfs;
1. ,J Rje;jpukhd> jPtputhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd mikg;G.
2. khepy murpd; mDkjp ,y;yhkNyNa tof;Ffis tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;.
3. NIA mjpfhpfSf;F tof;ffis tprhuiz Nkw;nfhs;s midj;J
mjpfhuq;fSk; toq;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. jw;Nghija WIAtpd; ,af;Feh; nrayh; jpU. ruj;Fkhh; (Sharad Kumar,
Director General)
tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpahtpy; jPtputhj ,af;fq;fs; gw;wp mjidj; jLf;Fk; murpd;

eltbf;iffs; gw;wpAk; vOJf.
2. ef;ry; ,af;fq;fs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; tFg;Gthjj;jpd; vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wpAk; mjd;
tsu;r;rp gw;wpAk; tpsf;fp vOJf.
Page 17
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikapdupd; gpur;ridfs;
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk;

rpWghd;ikapdupd; gpur;ridfs;
Kd;Diu:
kdpj chpikfs;
1. chpikfs; vd;gJ xU kdpjdpd; r%f tho;tpd; gy;NtW epge;jidfspd;

njhFg;G MFk;. mitfspd;wp xU kdpjdpd; tho;T rpwg;gilahJ. kdpj
chpikfs; vd;gJ xU kdpjDf;F ,aw;ifahfNt fpilf;fg; ngw Ntz;ba
chpikfs; MFk;.
2. chpik vDk; ‘Nfhhpf;if” r%fj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; xU
murhq;fj;jhy; nray;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gJ ‘nghrhq;f;tl;” mth;fspd;
fUj;jhFk;.
3. xt;nthU kdpjdpd; mikj;J Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffSf;Fk; mbg;gil
Mjhukhf jpfof; $baJ kdpj chpik vDk; mbg;gil chpik MFk;.
4. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fg; gpd;G I.eh kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhf;f
gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; vLj;J tUfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd gpur;ridfs;:-

kdpj chpikfSf;fhd rthy;fs;:-
r%f hPjpapyhd rthy;fs;:-
1. xg;ge;j njhopyhsh; - Foe;ij njhopyhsh;
2. jPz;lhik
3. ngz; rpRf; nfhiy
4. FLk;g td; nfhLik
5. gzpaplj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghypay; njhy;iyfs;
6. Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;
7. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd Ruz;ly;
8. jyPj; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd kf;fspd; kPjhd jhf;Fjy;fs;.
Page 1
kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikapdupd; gpur;ridfs;
kj hPjpapyhd rthy;fs;:-
1. ,dthjk; /kjthjk;
2. rhjp td;Kiwfs;
3. nfsutf; nfhiyfs;
nghUshjhu hPjpapyhd rthy;fs;:-
1. tWik
2. Ntiyapd;ik
3. Nghij kUe;Jf;F mbikahjy;
4. Efh;Nthh; chpik kWf;fg;gLjy;
murpay; hPjpapyhd rthy;fs;;:-
1. rpiwr;rhiyfspy; mj;J kPwp epfOk; td;Kiwfs;

2. Nghyp - vd;fTz;lh;fs;
3. murpay; hPjpapyhd td;Kiwfs;
kdpj chpikfs; kPjhd cyfshtpa jPh;khdk;-1948
1. xU jdpkdpjdpd; tho;f;if> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> nfsutk; njhlh;ghd

chpikfNs mbg;gil chpikfshff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
2. I.eh. rigahdJ mf;Nlhgh; 24> 1945 k; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,jd; Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fq;fSs; xd;W kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
kw;Wk; kjpj;jy; MFk;.
4. kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr kNrhjhf;fis I.eh-Nt
tbtikf;fpd;wJ. I.eh.tpd; kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd rhrdk; MdJ
1948 k; Mz;L brk;gh; 10-k; ehs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,J
‘cyfshtpa kdpj chpikfs; rhrdk;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr kNrhjhf;fis I.eh-Nt
tbtikf;fpd;wJ. I.eh.tpd; kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd rhrdk; MdJ
1948 k; Mz;L brk;gh; 10-k; ehs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,J
‘cyfshtpa kdpj chpikfs; rhrdk;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Page 2
,r;rhrhdkhdJ kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd 30 fUj;Jiufisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. mJ fPo;fz;lthW gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfs;

2. r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu chpikfs; MFk;.
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;:-
1. xU jdpkdpjdpd; midj;J tifahd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; Cd;W Nfhyhf

mike;Js;sJ.
2. kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpj;jy;.
3. kdpj Fyj;jpw;F ,ilNa ve;j ghFghLk; ,y;yhky; midtUk; ‘rkk;”
vd;gij I.eh. typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr gpufldj;jpd; 30 fUj;Jiufs;: -
1. ruj;J 3-11 → jdpkdpj chpikfs;

2. ruj;J 12-17 → rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfs;
3. ruj;J 18-21 → Md;kpf> murpay; kw;Wk; nghJ Rje;jpuk;
4. ruj;J 22-27 → r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu chpikfs;
5. ruj;J 28-30 → xU jdpkdpjdpd; r%f flikfs;.
jdpkdpj chpikfs;:-
1. ruj;J-3 :- tho;f;ifr; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; xU jdpkdpjdpd; ghJfhg;G

njhlh;ghd chpikfs;
2. ruj;J -4 :- mbik tpahghuk; kw;Wk; mbikj;jdj;ij xopj;jy;.
3. ruj;J -5 :- jdp kdpjd; vtiuAk; Jd;GWj;j $lhJ.
4. ruj;J -6 :- mq;fPfhuhj;jpw;fhd chpik
5. ruj;J - 7 :- rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;.
6. ruj;J -8:- mbg;gil chpik kPwg;gLtjpy; ,Ue;J typikahd jPh;T
ngWtjw;fhd mbg;gil chpik.
7. ruj;J - 9 :- ahiuAk; ePjpf;Fg; Gwk;ghd Kiwapy; ifJ nra;af; $lhJ
vd;gjw;fhdJ.
8. ruj;J - 11:- A+fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epuguhjpf;F jz;liz toq;Ftjw;F
vjpuhd chpik.
Page 3
rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfs;:-
1. ruj;J 12 :- rl;lj;ij ghJfhj;jy;

2. ruj;J 13 :- ,af;fq;fSf;fhd Rje;jpuk;
3. ruj;J 14 :- Gfyplk; Njh;tpw;fhd my;yJ NjLjYf;fhd chpik
4. ruj;J 15:- xU ehl;bd; Fbkfdhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd chpik
5. ruj;J 16 :- midtUf;Fk; jpUkzj;jpy; rkj;Jtj;ij NgZjy; kw;Wk; rk
chpik toq;Fjy;
6. ruj;J 17:- nrhe;jkhf nrhj;J itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd chpik
murpay;> Md;kPf> nghJ Rje;jpuk;:-
1. ruj;J 18 :- Rje;jpukhfTk;> RakhfTk;> kdrhl;rpg;gbAk; rpe;jpf;Fk; chpik

2. ruj;J 19 :- jq;fs; vz;zq;fisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk;> mgpg;uhaq;fisAk;>
czh;TfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; chpik
3. ruj;J 20 :- rq;fq;fisAk;> fofq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd chpik
4. ruj;J 21 :- murhq;j;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd chpik
r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu chpikfs;:-
1. ruj;J 22 :- murhq;f <Lghl;bd; thapyhf r%f ghJfhg;gpidg;

ngWtjw;fhd chpik
2. ruj;J 23 :- Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd chpik
3. ruj;J 24 :- Xa;T ngWtjw;fhd chpik
4. ruj;J 25 :- tho;thjhuj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhd chpik
5. ruj;J 26 :- fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd chpik
6. ruj;J 27 :- Rje;jpukhfg; gq;nfLj;jYf;fhd (Participation) chpik.
xU jdpkdpjdpd; r%f flikfs;:-
1. ruj;J 28 :- rh;tNjr kw;Wk; r%f MizfSf;F chpikaspj;jy;

2. ruj;J 29 :- xU ,dj;jpd; (gphptpd;) flik
3. ruj;J 30 :- rhrdj;jpy; mwpTWj;jg;gl;l ‘Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd” chpikiag;
ghJfhj;jy;.
Page 4
Njrpa kdpj chpik tpjpfs;:
Njrpa kdpj chpik tpjpfs; nghJthf 2 tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. murpayikg;G tpjpfs;
2. rl;lKiwapyhd tpjpfs;
murpayikg;G tpjpfs;
1. kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd murpayikg;G tpjpfs; KOikAk; ‘,e;jpa

murpayikg;ig” %yhjhukhff; nfhz;L vOe;jitfshFk;.
2. KfTiu> mbg;gil chpikfs;> muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> mbg;gil
flikfs;> jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;> Mq;fpNyh-,e;jpad; kw;Wk;
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;NlhUf;fhd ,lxJf;fPL Nghd;witfs; ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpd; kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd Kf;fpa fUj;JiufshFk;.
murpayikg;G thapyhd ghJfhg;Gfs;:-
KfTiuapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifr;

Rje;jpuk; njhlh;ghd chpikg; ghJfhg;Gfs;.
1. ruj;J 14:- rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;.

2. ruj;J 15:- xU jdpkdpjd; ,dk;> kjk;> rhjp> gpwg;G> gpwg;gplk; Nghd;w
fhuzq;fSf;fhf NtWgLj;jy; $lhJ.
3. ruj;J 16 :- murhq;f Ntiy tha;g;Gfspy; midtUf;Fk; rk chpik
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. ruj;J 17 :- jPz;lhik xopg;G -jPz;lhikr; rl;lk;(1955)> gpd;dh; ,JNt
rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;(1976) vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
5. ruj;J 18 :- gl;lq;fs; xopg;G (Mq;fpNyah; je;j gl;lq;fs; xopg;G> ,e;jpa
murhy; toq;fg;gLk; gj;k=> gj;kG+rd; Nghd;w gl;lq;fSk;> ,uhZt
gl;lq;fshd guk;tPh; rf;uh Nghd;w gl;lq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.)
6. ruj;J 19 :- Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;Jhpik> MAjkpd;wp $Lk; chpik> rq;fk;
mikf;Fk; chpik> ,e;jpahtpy; vq;Fk; nry;y chpik> ,e;jpahtpy; vq;Fk;
trpf;f chpik> ve;jj; njhopiyAk; nra;a chpik> $l;LwT rq;fk;
mikf;Fk; chpik Mfpad. jw;NghJ jdpkdpj Rje;jpu chpikfs; 6.
Page 5
7. ruj;J 20 :- Fw;wq;fSf;F jz;lid mspg;gjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G toq;FfpwJ.

8. ruj;J 21:- cahp tho;jy; kw;Wk; jdpegh; Rje;jpuk;
9. ruj;J 22 :- ifJ nra;J fhtypy; itg;gjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G
10. ruj;J 23 :- Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd ghJfhg;G> rl;ltpNuhjkhf kdpjh;fis
tpahghuk; nra;tjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.
11. ruj;J 24:- 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l rpWth;fis njhopw;ghiyfspNyh>
Ruq;fq;fspNyh> gpw mghafukhd njhopy;fspNyh Ntiyf;F mkh;j;Jtij
jil nra;fpwJ.
12. ruj;J 25 :- ahUk; ve;j kjj;ijAk; Rje;jpukhf Vw;fTk;> gpd;gw;wTk;>
gug;gTk; chpik.
13. ruj;J 26:- vy;yh rkaj;jtUk; rka kw;Wk; mwepiya mikg;Gfis
mikj;J mtw;iw eph;tfpj;Jf; nfhs;s chpik
14. ruj;J 27:- kjj;jpid Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F thpnrYj;JtjpypUe;J chpik
15. ruj;J 28 :- Kw;wpYk; murhq;f epjpapy; nray;gLk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; rka
Nghjid $lhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.
16. ruj;J 29 :- rpWghd;ikapdh; eyd; fhj;jy;> jk;Kila nkhop> gz;ghL>
vOj;J Mfpatw;iw Ngzpf;fhj;jy;.
17. ruj;J 30 :- rpWghd;ikapdh; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; Vw;gLj;jp eph;tfpf;fTk;
chpikaspf;fpwJ.
18. ruj;J 31 :- nrhj;Jhpikia 44tJ rl;l jpUj;jjpd; %yk; 1978 Mk; Mz;L
ePf;fg;gl;L gphpT 300A f;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ ,J rl;l chpikahFk;.
19. ruj;J 41 :- Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd chpik
20. ruj;J 32>226 :- cr;r ePjpkd;w> cah;ej
P p kd;wj;jpd; ePjpg; Nguhizfs;
rl;l Kiwapyhd tpjpfs;:-
1. kj;jpa> khepy murhq;fq;fshy; mt;tg;NghJ #o;epiyf;Nfw;wthW

,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fshFk;.
2. SC / ST kf;fspd; rptpy; chpikiag; ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lk;> jPa nray;fspy;
,Ue;J kf;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lk; (Prevention of Atrocities act) Njrpa
ngz;fs; Mizar; rl;lk;> Njrpa rpWghd;ik ,dj;jtUf;fhd rl;lk;>
Page 6
Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; rl;lk; Nghd;witfs; rpy Kf;fpa rl;l

tbfhy;fshFk;.
kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpa murhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rpy rl;lq;fs;: -
1. 1829- tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGtpd; rjp xopg;G

2. 1929-Foe;ijj; jpUkz xopg;Gr; rl;lk;
3. 1956- ,e;J ,sth;> fhg;Ghpik rl;lk;
4. 1976-rk Cjpar; rl;lk;
5. 1989-jho;j;jg;gl;l> goq;Fbapdiu mePPjpfspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lk;
6. 1993-Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; rl;lk;
7. 2005-jftywpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;
8. 2005-kfhj;kh fhe;jp Njrpa Ntiytha;g;G cWjpj; jpl;lk;
9. 1955-rptpy; chpikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lk;
10. 1956-ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfis rl;lj;Jf;F Gwk;ghd Kiwapy; flj;jiyj;
jLf;Fk; rl;lk;
11. 1961 - NgWfhy rYif rl;lk;
12. 1976 - rk Cjpar; rl;lk;
13. 1938-Foe;ijfspd; Ntiytha;g;G Fwpj;j rl;lk; (jpUj;jg;gl;lJ -1985)
14. 1986-Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; xopg;Gr; rl;lk; ,sQ;rpwhh; ePjpr; rl;lk;.
15. 1989-SC/ST kf;fSf;nfjpuhd mePjpfisj; jLf;Fk; rl;lk;
16. 1990-Njrpa ngz;fs; Mizar; rl;lk;
17. 1992-Njrpa rpWghd;ikapdh; Mizar; rl;lk;
18. 1993-Njrpa gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; Mizar; rl;lk;
19. 1995-khw;Wj; jpwdhspfspd; ghJfhg;G> rkchpikf;fhd rl;lk;
mk;nd[;b ,z;lh;Ne\dy; (Amnesty International 1961)
1. kdpj chpikia ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; kdpj chpik kPwiyj; jLg;gJ

,uz;Lk; ,jd; gq;fhFk;.
2. kdpj chpik kPwypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspd; Njitfis mwpe;J
mth;fSf;F Nghjpa epthuzk; toq;FtJ.
Page 7
Foe;ijfs; ghJfhg;G epjpak; (Children’s defence fund 1973)
1. Foe;ijfspd; tWik xopg;gpw;fhd nfhs;iffs;> jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy;.

2. ftdpg;ghhpd;wp ,Uj;jy;> Gwf;fzpj;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J Foe;ijfisg;
ghJfhj;J mth;fSf;F fy;tpapy; rkkhd chpikfis ngw
toptFf;fpd;wJ.
kdpj chpikfs; nray;ghl;L ikak; (Human rights action centre)
1. kdpj chpikfSf;fhd rh;tNjr gpufldj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.

2. kdpj chpik kPwy;fis jLg;gjw;fhd Gjpa topKiwfis cUthf;Fjy;>
fz;lwpjy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
Human Rights Watch:-
kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr tpjpfspd; %yk; kdpj chpik kPwy;

eltbf;iffis jLf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fisr; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Human Rights Without Frontier:-
rh;tNjr mstpy; kdpj chpikfis ghJfhg;gij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ.
National Associations for the Advancement of coloured people:- (1999)
1. kf;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fy;tp chpikfis cWjp nra;tNj

mjd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
2. ,dk; rhh;ej
; ghFghLfs; kw;Wk; ,dk; rhh;ej
; ntWg;Gfis ePf;FtNj ,jd;
gzpahFk;.
Asia Watch (Mrpa thl;r;)
1. kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd NGO 1978 y; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

2. kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd epfo;Tfspy; ftdk; nrYj;jfpd;wJ.
3. kdpj r%fj;jpd; ePjpf;fhf Fuy; nfhLf;Fk; mikg;ghFk;.
4. ,jw;F Kd; ‘Helsinki Watch”vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 8
I.eh.tpd; kdpj chpikfs; Mizak;(UNCHR)
1. I.eh.tpd; Xh; cWg;G mikg;GfSs; xd;whFk;.

2. 1946 k; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
3. 2006k; Mz;by; ,t;thizakhdJ I.ehtpd; kdpj chpik fTd;rpy; Mf
khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ (United Nations Human rights Council 2006)
UNHRC –apd; gzpfs;:-
1. rh;tNjr tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L kdpj chpikfs; ghJfhg;G> Nkk;ghL

Mfpatw;wpw;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fpd;wJ.
2. kdpj chpikfSf;fhf rh;tNjr xj;Jiog;gpidf; nfhz;L tUjy;.
3. kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd gpur;ridfspy; rh;tNjr> Njrpa mstpy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy;.
4. kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd epfo;Tfis rh;tNjr mstpy;
xUq;fpizf;Fk; mikg;ghFk;.
5. kdpj chpikfis eilKiwgLj;jypy; rh;tNjr mstpy; cWjpAld;
nray;gl Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ.
6. kdpj chpikfis Nkk;gLj;j Gjpa tpjpfis cUthf;Ftjpy; Jiz
Ghpfpd;wJ.
7. kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd mikg;Gfs;> cld;gbf;iffSf;F
Mjutspj;jy;.
8. kdpj chpik kPwy;fspy; cldbahf eltbf;if vLf;f Kidfpd;wJ.
9. kdpj chpikfs; ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
10. kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd Jiw hPjpahd fs nray;ghLfs;> epfo;Tfspy;
Mh;tKld; gq;Nfw;wy;
11. kdpj chpikfs; njhlh;ghd fy;tp> jfty;> MNyhrid> kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g
cjtpfis toq;Fjy;.
12. Njrpa mstpy; kdpj chpik fl;likg;Gfis epWTtjpy; Kf;fpag;
gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
Page 9
kdpj chpikfSf;fhd ePjpkd;wq;fs;:-
1. Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1993-d; fPo; xt;nthU

khtl;lj;jpYk; kdpj chpikfis ghJfhg;gjw;nfd xU ePjpkd;wk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. kdpj chpikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mbkl;l mstpyhd rpwe;j mikg;ghf
xUq;fpizg;Gld; nray;gLfpd;wJ.
gzpfs;:-
1. kdpj chpik kPwy; njhlh;ghf vOe;j Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; hPjpapyhd epYitapy;

cs;s tof;FfSf;F Ntfkhf jPh;T fhz;gjw;nfd ,j;jifa ePjpkd;wq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLs;sJ.
2. khtl;l mstpy; kdpj chpikfSf;fhd ePjpkd;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ljd;
%yk; r%fj;jpd; mbkl;l mstpy; ,Ue;J kdpj chpikfs;
ghJfhf;fg;gLtJ cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. kdpj chpikfs; kPwy;fspy; cldbahf kPs; eltbf;if vLf;f
Kidfpd;wJ.
4. kdpj chpikfSf;fhd jw;fhg;G epfo;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
5. Njrpa mstpy; kdpj chpikf;fhd fl;likg;Gfis cUthf;Ftjpy; Jiz
Ghpfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; rpWghd;ikapdu; :
goq;Fb ,d kf;fs; ,aw;ifapd; Foe;ijfshth; mth;fspd; tho;f;if

KiwahdJ ,aw;ifr; R+oypd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ. gue;J tphpe;j ,e;jpa
epyg;gug;gpy; gy khWgl;l goq;Fb ,d kf;fs; trpj;J tUfpd;wdh;. goq;Fb ,d
kf;fspd; trpg;G gFjpia Nkk;ghLk;, mtu;fis rpWghd;ikapduhf
fUjpf;nfhz;L mgptpUj;jp tsh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j muR gy eltbf;if
Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. Mdhy; mth;fspd; trpg;G gFjpahdJ jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l
fpuhkq;fs; (my;yJ) Ff;fpuhkq;fspy; tho;fpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; Rw;WR+oy; ,
nghUshjhuk; fy;tpapy; gd;Kfjd;ikapd; tsh;r;rp ngwhkYk; , midj;J tpjkhd
tWikAk; ngw;w ,e;jpahtpd; jho;j;jgl;Nlhh; goq;Fbapdh; (k) rhpahd tptuk; ngw
Page 10
Kbahj goq;Fbapdh; vDk; gytPdkhd, gphptpd; kf;fs; njhif

vz;zpf;ifahdJ nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif vz;zpf;ifapd; mty epiyapy;
cs;sdh;.
goq;Fb kf;fspd; ,dq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; 533 goq;Fb ,dq;fs; [xU rpy khepyj;jpy; gy ,dq;fs;

xd;Wld; xd;W fye;Js;sd] khepyq;fspYk;, A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspYk; vd ehL
KOtJk; gutp cs;sdh;. ,e;jpa murpyikg;G gb ruj;J 342-d; fPo; khepy kw;Wk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfgbahd 62-,dq;fs; xhprhtpy; cs;sdh;. 50 -
,dq;fs; kj;jpa gpuNjrk;, rl;b];fh;, [hh;f;fz;l;, gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhprh Nghd;w
khepyq;fspy; cs;sdh;. NkYk; kfhuh\;buh, F[uhj;, uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; Nkw;F
tq;fhsk; Nghd;w khepyj;jpy; Fiwe;j goq;Fb ,d kf;fs; cs;sdh;.
goq;Fbapdh; vjph;nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; :

1. rpW epyk; itj;jpUj;jy; :
1. mth;fs; itj;jpUf;Fk; rpW epyj;jpdhy; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; ,d;ik.
2. Fiwthd kfR+ypdhy; fld;Rik Vw;gLfpwJ.
rpWepyk; itj;jpUj;jy;
fld; Rik Fiwthd kf#y;
Fiwthd tUtha;
njhopw; Kiw :
1. ngUk;ghYk; ghuk;ghpa njhopw;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;WtJ
2. 90% cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLtJ
2. fy;tpawptpd;ik :
1. fy;tpawptpd;ik tpfpjk; Fiwthf cs;sJ.
2. ,e;epiyahdJ mth;fspd; r%f, nghUshjhu, murpay; chpikfs; gw;wpa
mwpahikf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
Page 11
3. goq;Fbapdh; my;yhjth; epyk; ngWjy; :

1. goq;FbapdUf;F xJf;fg;gl;l ,lj;ij rl;lG+h;tkhf gdq;Fbapduhf
my;yhjtUf;F khw;wgLjy;.
2. fhl;by; mth;fspd; cw;gj;jp Rje;jpuk; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. Ruz;ly; :
epyg;gpuGfs;, ku xg;ge;jjhuh;fs;, tl;bf;F fld;ngWtJ, tUtha; Jiwapdh;
kw;Wk; (NghyP]); fhty; Jiw mjpfhhpfs; Nghd;Nwhuhy; goq;Fb ,dh;
Ruz;lg;gLfpd;wdh;.
5. Nghjpa tq;fp trjpapd;ik :
Nghjpa tq;fp trjpapd;ikapdhy; mth;fs; tl;bf;F fld; jUgtiu rhh;eJ
;
cs;sdh;.
6. goikahd Kiwfs; :
1. mth;fs; etPd rhFg;gb Kiwapid gpd;gw;whky; goikahd Kiwiag;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.
2. ngUk;ghd;ikahf rhFgb khw;Wtjhy;.
7. eyj;jpl;lq;fspd; Njhy;tp :
muR gy eyj;jpl;lq;fs; goq;Fb ,d kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F

NghJkhd Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
8. r%f jdpik :
1. mth;fs; jdpj;J tho;gth;fs;.
2. mth;fspd; ,lj;jpw;F NghJkhd mstpw;F jfty; njhlh;G trjp

Kd;Ndw;wkilatpy;iy.
9. tWik :
goq;Fbapdh; tWikapd; fhuzkhf kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp

,y;yhj tho;f;if thOk; epiyapy; cs;sdh;.
10. kUj;Jt trjp ,y;yhik :
1. goq;Fb ,d kf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha; ghjpg;G kw;Wk; tpgj;J Nghd;w

Neuq;fspy; NghJkhd kUj;Jt trjp ,y;yhj epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.
Page 12
2. goq;Fbapdh; trpf;Fk; gFjpapy; nghJ Rfhjhu tpepNahf mikg;gpd; epiy

kpfTk; gytPdkhf cs;sJ.
11. ,d ghFghL :
1. r%f gpd; jq;fpa ,dkhf fUjgLjy;.
2. fPo;jukhd Ntiy nra;a eph;g;ge;jpf;fg;gLjy;.
v.fh - kyk; ms;Sk; njhopy;
12. r%f fz;bf;fj;jf;f nray; :
ngUk;ghyhd xg;ge;j njhopyhsh;fshf kw;Wk; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fshf

goq;Fbapd kf;fis eph;ge;jpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
goq;Fb eyj;Jiw mikr;rfk; Kf;fpa jpl;lq;fs;/jpl;lk; RUf;fkhf fPNo

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
murpay; rhrdj;jpd; 275 (1) fPo; rpwg;G kj;jpa cjtp kw;Wk; khdpaq;fs; :
1. kj;jpa murhdJ khepyk; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjr murpd; cjtp cld;

kj;jpa murpd; rpwg;G cjtp jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; goq;Fbapdh; Jiz jpl;lk;
%yk; goq;Fb tsh;r;rpfhfTk; jq;fsJ Kaw;rpfspd; JizahfTk;. ,e;j
cjtp mbg;gilapy; Ntshz;ik, Njhl;lf;fiy, rpwpa ePh;ghrd trjp, kz;
ghJfhg;G, fhy;eil tsh;g;G fhLfs; tsh;g;G, fy;tp, $l;LwT, kPd;tsk;,
fpuhkk; kw;Wk; rpwpa msT njhopw;rhiyfs; Jiwfspy; FLk;gk; rhh;ej
;
tUkhdk; <l;Lk; jpl;lkhfTk;, Fiwe;j gl;r Njitfis epiwT nra;Ak;
jpl;lkhFk;.
2. ,e;jpa murpyikg;gpd; ruj;J 275 (1)-d; gb khepy muR/ A+dpad; muR

goq;Fb tsh;r;rpf;fhd jpl;lkpLtjpy; mij eph;thfg;gLj;jTk;, eph;thf
kl;lj;jpid cah;e;j epjp gad;gLj;jTk; NkYk; goq;Fb khzth;fs; jukhd
fy;tp ngw ciwtplg; gs;spfs; mikf;fTk;, ,r;ruj;J gb ,e;epjp
toptFf;fpwJ.
Page 13
Guhjdg; goq;Fb FOf;fs; tsh;r;rp jpl;lk; : (PTGS)
,e;jpahtpy; 75-,d goq;Fbapdh; cs;sdh;. mth;fs; 17 khepyq;fspYk;, 1

A+dpad; gpuNjrkhd me;jkhd; epf;NfhghpYk; cs;sdh;. mth;fspd; tho;f;if
KiwAk;, nghUshjhuk;, Fiwe;j njhopy;El;gk; cila gioa tptrha KiwAk;,
Fiwe;j fy;tpawpTk; kf;fs; njhifapy; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; goq;Fb
kf;fs; Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh; vd gy milahsk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L
,th;fs; Guhjdg; goq;Fb FOf;fs; (PTGS) vd kj;jpa muR tifg;gLj;jpaJ
kj;jpa murhdJ ,th;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; tsh;r;rp Vw;gLj;j 1998-99-y; nkhj;j
tsh;;r;rpiaAk;, nefpo;Tk; nfhz;l jpl;lk; tFj;jJ mj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; tPl;L
trjp, cs;fl;likg;G tsh;r;rp, fhy;eil mgptpUj;jp, fy;tp, Rfhjhuk;, (epyk;) fhzp
toq;fy; tptrha tsh;r;rp, r%f ghJfhg;G, fhg;gPL vd midj;J tpjkhd tsh;r;rp
nfhz;lj;jpl;lkhf kPz;Lk; gjpndhutJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpy; (2007-08)
Kiwg;gLj;j ghJfhg;Gld; $ba tsh;r;rp” (CCD) vd GJ nghopT jUk; Ntfj;Jld;
khepy murhq;fKk;, muR rhuh mikg;GfSk; mth;fspd; tsh;r;rpapy; ngUk; gq;F
tfpf;fpd;wdh;.
goq;Fbapd khzth; / khztpaUf;fhd tpLjpfs; :
1. goq;Fbapd khztpfs; fy;tp ngw;W Nkk;ghl;L tsh;r;rpg; ngw kj;jpa

murhdJ %d;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; goq;Fbapd khztpfs; tpLjp
mikf;Fk; jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; kj;jpa murhdJ 50% epjpAk;,
khepy murhdJ 50% epjpAk;, A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpw;F kj;jpa muNr 100%
epjpAk; toq;Fk; vd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jdbgilapy; khepy kw;Wk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpy; 1999-2000 Mz;by; 29-khztpah; tpLjpAk;, 2000-2001
Mz;by; 11 khztpah; tpLjpf;Fk; epjp xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;j khjphpahd jpl;lj;jpy; ve;j khw;wKk; ,y;yhky; khzth;fSf;fhd

tpLjp mikf;Fk; jpl;lk; 1989-90-y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epjpapd; %yk;
2000-2001- Mz;L 15-khzth; tpLjp mikj;J ju epjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 14
goq;Fb kf;fs; trpf;Fk; gFjpfspy; njhopw;gapw;rp ikaq;fs; :
1. ,k;ikaj;jpd; jpl;lkhdJ goq;Fbapd ,isQh;fspd; jpwd;fis

Nkk;gLj;jp ghuk;ghpa/etPd fy;tpj; jFjpia nghWj;J gy;NtW nra;njhopy; ,
jw;Nghija nghUshjhug; Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; re;ij jpwdpy; nghUj;jkhd
ftiy ngw my;yJ Ra Ntiy ngw cjtp nra;fpwJ NkYk; ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F
khepy murk;, A+dpad; eph;thfKk; muR rhuh epWtdq;fs; %yk;
nray;gLj;j 100% khdpak; toq;FfpwJ.
2. jd;dhh;t njhz;L epWtdq;fs; typAWj;Jk; jpl;lq;fis khepy murhdJ

“jd;dhh;t Kaw;rpfSf;F Mjutspf;Fk; khepy FOtpd;” ghpe;Jiuapd;
Nghpy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j FOthdJ jiyik
nrayhsh;/nrayhsh;> khepy goq;Fb ey/tsh;r;rp Jiwapd; jiyikapy;
mike;jJ. ,f;FOtpd; ghpe;JiuahdJ xt;nthU epjp Mz;Lk;
typAWj;jgLk;, epjpahz;bd; jpl;lj;Jld; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
,e;jpa goq;Fb $l;LwT re;ijg;gLj;jy; mgptpUj;jp $l;likg;G ypkpnll; :

(TRIFED)
,e;jpa goq;Fb $l;LwT re;ijg;gLj;jy; mgptpUj;jp $l;likg;G ypkpnll;

1987- Mz;by; kj;jpa murhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. goq;Fbapd kf;fspd; cw;gj;jpia
; Tk;, jdpahh; Ruz;lypy; fhg;ghw;wTk; th;j;jfh;,
yhgfukhd Kiwapy; re;ijg;gLj;j
,ilj;jufh; Nghd;Nwhh; Ruz;lypy; ,Ue;J jLf;fTk; muNr 1987-Mz;by; &.100
Nfhb KjyPl;by; Muk;gpj;jJ. ,e;epWtdj;jpy; murpd; gq;F &. 99.75 NfhbahFk; ,
gpw gq;Fjhuh;fspd; gq;F 0.23 NfhbahFk;.
Njrpa goq;Fb ntsp ehl;L gbg;Gf;fhd fy;tp cjtpj; njhifj; jpl;lk; :
1. goq;Fbapd khzth;fs; KJfiy gbg;G kw;Wk; Kidth; gbf;F

ntspehl;by; nrd;W gapd;W tu murhdJ mth;fSf;F gaz nryT,
jq;Fk; nryT vd midj;J nryitAk; Vw;W fy;tp cjtp njhifAk;
toq;FfpwJ.
2. ,t;Tjtp njhifahdJ 35 - tpjkhd Jiwfspd; KJfiyg; gbg;gpw;Fk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Page 15
3. ,it kl;Lkpd;wp xt;nthU Mz;Lk; 15- tpjkhd ghpRk;, cjtpfSk;

mspf;fg;gLk;.
4. ,j;jpl;lk; Kjd; Kjypy; 1954-55-y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ jd;dhh;t njhz;L
epWtdq;fspd; typAWj;jypd; thapyhf 2007-08-Mz;by;
kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; goq;Fbapdh;fhd fkp\d;
1. Kjy; Mizf;FO SC, ST Nghyh gh];thd; rh];jphp jiyikapy; 1978-y;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. 1990-y; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; Njrpa Mizahf ngah;
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
3. mjd;gpwF KjyhtJ Mizf;FO - 1992-y;> v];.vr;.uhk;jhd; jiyikapy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. 3-tJ fkp\d; jpyPg; rpq; ghThpa jiyikapy; 1998-y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. 4-tJ fkp\d; Dr. gprha; Nrhd;fh; rh];jphp jiyikapy; 2002-y;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. 2003-y; murpayikg;G 89-jpUj;jk;gb jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fb Njrpa
Mizaj;ij goq;Fbapdh; Njrpa Mizakhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; goq;Fbapdh;f;F murpd; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
1. nfhj;jbik Kiw xopj;jy;

2. xg;ge;j njhopyhsh; Kiw xopj;jy;
3. goq;Fbapd; kw;Wk; Mjpjpuhtplh; eyj;Jiw tpLjp rpwg;G topf;fhl;b
4. Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; +2 Njh;tpy; khtl;l mstpy; ntw;wp
ngw;wtUf;F Kjy; ghpR &.3>000 2-k; ghpR &.500> 10-tFg;gpw;F Kjy; ghpR
&.1000 2-k; ghpR> &.300.
5. fhL tsh;g;G jpl;lq;fs;
6. mth;fspd; tptrhaj;jpw;F khzpak; toq;Fjy;
7. tpyq;F tsh;g;G - goq;Fb eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
Page 16
jkpo;ehl;by; goq;Fbapdh; cs;s rpy khtl;lq;fs;
1. Njhlh ,ikf;fs; epyfphp

2. FUk;gd;];
3. Nfhlh jpUney;Ntyp
4. fz;izfhud; jpUney;Ntyp
5. fhkuh jpUney;Ntyp
tpdhf;fs;
1. kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; mjidr; rhu;e;j gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
2. rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhd gpur;ridfs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
Page 17
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : fy;tp - r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd fy;tpapd; gzpfs;


Mizah;>
fy;tp - r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd

fy;tpapd; gzpfs;
Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rpapy; fy;tp
Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa fy;tpapd; tuyhw;iw ehk; ehd;F

fl;llq;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
1. Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpapd; Muk;gk; Kjy; 1813 tiuapyhd fhyk;

2. 1813 Kjy; 1853 tiuapyhd fhyk;
njhlf;f fhyq;fspy;> Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp fy;tpapy; myl;rpak;

kw;Wk; FWf;fPL ,d;ik vd;w nfhs;;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ. Vnddpy; fy;tpahdJ
mjd; jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,y;iy. fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; 1813Mk; Mz;L
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l gl;lar; rl;lk;> ,e;jpau;fspd; fy;tpf;fhd nghWg;ig kpff; Fiwe;j
mstpy; Vw;Fk;gb fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ. rkag;gug;Gf; FOtpdiuj; jtpu>
tq;fhsj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,uh[h uhk;Nkhfd;uha;> kjuh]pd; gr;irag;gu;> nly;ypiar;
Nru;ej
; gpNuru; Nghd;w rkag;gug;Gf;FO my;yhjtu;fSk; fy;tpf;fhf jq;fspd;
gq;fspg;igr; nra;jdu;.
,uz;lhtJ fl;lkhdJ fy;tpf; nfhs;if> gapw;Wnkhop> fy;tpiag; gug;Gk;

Kiw Mfpa gpur;ridfspy; kpfg;ngupa fUj;J NtWghLfs; nfhz;l fhykhf
fUjg;gl;lJ. KjyhtJ gpuptpduhd fPo;jpirthjpfs; fPo;jpir nkhopfisg;
ghJfhf;fTk;> rk];fpUjk; kw;Wk; ghurPf nkhopfis gapw;W nkhopahf;fTk;
tpUk;gpdhu;. ,uz;lhtJ gpuptpduhd Mq;fpy rhu;G Nfhl;ghLthjpfs; Mq;fpy
nkhop %yk; Nkw;fj;jpa mwpit gug;Gtij Mjupj;jdu;. mtu;fs;
fPo;jpirthjpfspd; nfhs;iffis vjpu;j;jdu;. %d;whtJ gpuptpdu;> gapw;W
nkhopahf ,e;jpa nkhopfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;fs; Mtu;.
Page 1
fy;tp - r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd fy;tpapd; gzpfs;
,e;j fUj;J NtWghLfs; 1835Mk; Mz;bd; nkf;fhNy-tpd; Fwpg;gpdhy;

XusT Xa;ej
; J. cau; fy;tpapy; fPo;j;jpir nkhopiaj; jtpu;j;J> Mq;fpyf;
fy;tpahdJ cau; tFg;gpdUf;fhf Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU khfhzKk;
mjw;Nfw;w fy;tpf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;w mDkjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,Ue;j NghjpYk;>
1854Mk; Mz;L tiu ,e;j fUj;J NtWghLfs; njhlu;e;jd.
Mq;fpNyaupd; nry;thf;F kpf;f fy;tpapd; %d;whk; fl;lj;ij mfpy ,e;jpaf;

fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; fhyk; vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;. ,J 1854Mk; Mz;L ru; rhu;y];
Tl; fy;tp mwpf;ifAld; njhlq;FfpwJ. 1882Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l `z;lu;
fy;tpf;FO njhlf;ff; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ.
ehd;fhtJ fhyf;fl;lk; khfhzq;fspd; Rahl;rpf; fhykhFk;. 1935Mk;

Mz;Lr; rl;lk; ehL KOtJk; fy;tpapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd Gjpa rfhg;jj;ij
cUthf;fpaJ. 1929Mk; Mz;bd; cyfshtpa nghUshjhu ngUke;jj;jhy; Gjpa
jpl;lq;fs; fLikahf ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. 1935Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;
KOikahd khfhz Rahl;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jp> khfhz fy;tp mikr;ru;fspd;
epiyia tYg;gLj;jpaJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fg;g pd; fy;tp Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd
kpf Kf;fpakhd jpl;lkhd rhu;[z;l; mwpf;if (1944) jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fy;tpf;
nfhs;if rkfhy fy;tpapd; rpe;jid kw;Wk; nray;ghLfspy; kPJ kpFe;j jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp tsu;r;rp
1947Mk; Mz;L ngw;w Rje;jpukhdJ Rje;jpu ,e;jpaf; fy;tp tuyhw;wpy; xU

Gjpa rfhg;jj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. mJ ,e;jpau;fSf;fhd xU Gjpa ek;gpf;if> xU
Gjpa ghu;it> xU Gjpa vjpu; fhyj;ij nfhz;L te;jJ. gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp Fwpj;j
mwpf;if jahupf;f 1948Mk; Mz;L lhf;lu; ,uhjhfpU\;zd; fy;tpf;FO
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fy;tpf; FOtpd; gupe;Jiufisg; gpd;gw;wp cau;fy;tpapd;
juj;ij epu;zapf;f gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1952-53Mk;
Mz;by; mikf;fg;gl;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;FO> ,ilepiy fy;tp Jiwapy; epfo;ej
;
kpf Kf;fpakhd epfo;T MFk;. mJ fy;tpapy; Gjpa mikg;G KiwfisAk;>
ghlg;Gj;jfq;fspd; juk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfspy; Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk;
gupe;Jiuj;jJ. 1964,y; ,e;jpa muR lhf;lu; D.S.Nfhj;jhup jiyikapy; xU
Page 2
fy;tpf;FOit epakpj;jJ. mf;FO 14 taJ tiuapyhd midj;J

Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lha njhlf;f fy;tpiaAk; ehL KOtJk; xNu
khjpupahd 10 + 2 + 3 fy;tp mikg;igAk; gupe;Jiu nra;jJ.
Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;if
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwF> 1968Mk; Mz;bd; Kjy; Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifahdJ

,e;jpaf; fy;tp tuyhw;wpy; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,J
Njrj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL> nghJthd FbAupik> fyhr;rhuk;
kw;Wk; Njrpa xUikg;ghl;bid tYg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;lJ. 1986Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapid
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; Nehf;fk; xU epiyahd rKjhaj;ij> Nkk;ghl;Lld;
$ba Jbg;ghd rKjhakhf khw;WtjhFk;. ,f;fy;tpf; nfhs;if ehl;by; tpspk;G
epiy kf;fSf;fhd rktha;g;Gfs;> cjtpj; njhiffs;> taJ te;Njhu; fy;tp>
jpwe;jepiyg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;Gw
,e;jpahtpy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ePf;Fjiy typAWj;jpaJ. Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;i f
njhlf;ff; fy;tpapy; Foe;ijfis ikakhff; nfhz;l mZFKiwf;F miog;G
tpLj;jJld;> njhlf;fg;gs;spfis Njrpa mstpy; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
fUk;gyifj; jpl;lj;ijAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifahdJ 1992 Mk; Mz;L kPz;Lk;

jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Njrpaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tbtikj;jy;> gzpapilf;
fy;tpia typAWj;Jjy;> trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tp
epiyapy; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iwg; gupe;Jiuj;jJ.
midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk; (SSA) kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpj;

jpl;lk; (RMSA)
midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk; vd;gJ ,e;jpa murpd; Kjd;ikj; jpl;lkhFk;.

,J midj;J Foe;ijfSk; njhlf;ff;fy;tpia ngWtjw;fhf 2000-01Mk;
Mz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. Foe;ijfspd; cupikahd ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lha fy;tp
(RTE-2009 rl;l tpjpfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kjd;ik mikg;ghf ,J jw;NghJ
nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. fy;tp cupikr; rl;lkhdJ (RTE) 6 Kjy; 14 taJ tiu
Page 3
midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tpia toq;f topnra;fpwJ.

midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk; (SSA)> gs;spfs; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW tifahd
GJikfisAk;> nray;ghLfisAk; Jtf;fp itj;Js;sJ. rpy Kf;fpa
nray;ghLfshd kjpa czT toq;;Fjy;> gs;sp Nkyhz;ikf; FO mikj;jy;>
tFg;giwf;fhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs; toq;Fjy; Mfpaitfs; ,tw;Ws;
mlq;Fk;.
midtUf;Fk; ,ikepiyf; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; (RMSA) gjpNdhwhk; Ie;jhz;Lj;

jpl;l fhyj;jpy; nray;gLj;jg;gl;l jpl;lkhFk;. ,J ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd;
juj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jk;> nghJthd mZFKiwf;fhd kj;jpa murpd; epjp cjtpj;
jpl;lk; MFk;. 15 Kjy; 16 taJf;Fl;gl;l ,sk; khztu;fSf;F jukhd> vspjpy;
fpilf;ff; $ba> vspa mZFKiwAld;> midtUf;Fk; tha;g;Gfis cUthf;Fk;
,ilepiyf; fy;tpia mspg;gNj ,jd; (RMSA) Nehf;fk; MFk;. RMSA jpl;lj;jpd;
%yk; mwptpay; Ma;tfk;> E}yfq;fs;> Mrpupau;fSf;fhd gzpapilg; gapw;rp>
fzpdp topf; fy;tp> gs;sp ,izr; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
cgfuzq;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,e;jpa muR gs;spfSf;F toq;FfpwJ.
2018-2019Mk; Mz;L kj;jpa epjpepiy mwpf;if gs;spf; fy;tpapid

Kd;gUtf; fy;tp Kjy; 12Mk; tFg;G tiu vt;tpj ghFghLkpd;wp KOikahf
toq;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhope;jJ. rkf;u rpf;\hthdJ (Samagra Skisha) rkkhd
tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; rkkhd fw;wy; tpisTfis mstpLjy; Mfpa gs;spapd;
nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gue;jf; Fwpf;Nfhis mila
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J SSA kw;Wk; RMSA Mfpa jpl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
2017Mk; Mz;L Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if tiutjw;fhd xU FO kdpj ts
Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 2019Mk;
Mz;L rku;g;gpj;jJ.
fy;tpapd; gzpfs;
fy;tp gy gzpfis Mw;WfpwJ. mit :
1. fy;tpapd; %yk; ,isa jiyKiwapdu; jhq;fs; vg;gb ele;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. gpwuplk; vg;gbg; gof Ntz;Lk;. ve;jf; fhupaq;fisr; nra;ayhk;
ve;jf; fhupaq;fisr; nra;af; $lhJ> vg;gb tho;f;ifia mikj;J f;
Page 4
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;nwy;yhk; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sfpwhu;fs;. ,g;gbf; fw;Wf;

nfhz;L r%fj;jpy; mjd;gb xOFfpwhu;fs;. ,t;thW fy;tp ,isa
jiyKiwapdiur; r%fj;NjhL ,iae;J xl;b xOF thor; nra;fpwJ.
2. fy;tp kdpju;fSf;F jpwdhAk; jpwikiaf; (Critical faculty) nfhLf;fpwJ.
vtw;iwAk; myrp Muha;eJ
; ve;j mk;rq;fs; Vw;fj; jf;fit> ve;j mk;rq;fs;
Vw;fj; jfhjit vd;W fz;L gpbf;ff;$ba jpwikiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
vtw;iwAk; jpwdhAk; jpwik mikAk; NghJ kdpju;fs; jhq;fs; fw;Wf;
nfhs;fpw gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspy; vit nghUj;jkhdit> eilKiw
tho;f;iff;F Vw;wit> fhyj;Jf;F xj;jit vd;W ,dq;fz;L mtw;iwNa
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sfpwhu;fs;. gJik Nghd;W jq;fSf;Ff;
fw;gpf;fg;gLtijnay;yhk; mtu;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. fy;tpNa
,jw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.
3. fy;tpawpT ngw;w kf;fs; fhyj;Jf;F xt;thjit> Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj; jfhjit
vd;W tpyf;fp itf;fpw gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tof;fpypUe;J
kiwe;J tpLfpd;wd. MapDk;> fy;tpapd; %ykhf mwpT tsu;r;rp
Vw;gLtjhy; kf;fs; Gjpa gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;fpwhu;fs;.
me;jg; Gjpa mk;rq;fs; tof;fpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. gioad fope;J> Gjpad
GFtjhy; gz;ghL Njf;fk; (Stagnation) milahky; khw;wkile;J
tsu;r;rpailfpwJ.
4. fy;tpapdhy; mwpT tsu;fpwJ. mwpT tsu;r;rpapdhy; Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; gydhfr;
r%fj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; mikfpwJ.
,t;thW fy;tp jdp kdpjDf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; gy gzpfis Mw;WfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf>

gz;ghL jiyKiw jiyKiwaha; mikTwTk;> r%f Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;glTk;
cjTfpwJ.
tpdhf;fs; :
1. ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rp gw;wp tptupj;J vOJf.

2. fy;tpapdhy; r%fk; milAk; gad;fis tptup.
Page 5
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
1. mf;Nlhgh; 2> 1952 y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

2. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; murhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l kpfg;nghpa Cuf Gzuikg;G
jpl;lkhFk;.
3. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; 55 r%fj; jpl;lq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. ,j;jpl;lkhdJ vl;lth (Etawah) Nfhuf;G+h; Nrhjidfspd; mbg;gilapdy;>
My;gh;l; NkNah vd;ghpd; tpsf;fjpdhYk; cUthdJ.
mikg;G Kiw :
1. r%f tsh;r;rp epWtdk;
2. r%f tsh;r;rp Muha;r;rp ikak;
3. khtl;lkhdJ 100 fpuhkq;fspy; cs;slf;fpa tsh;r;rp tay;fshf
gphpf;fg;gl;L xU tl;lhu tsh;r;rp mYtyhpd; eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L
tug;gLfpwJ.
4. tl;lhu tsh;r;rp mYtyh;f;F fPNo fpuhk mstpyhd gzpahsh;fs; (10-12)
fpuhkq;fSf;F xU nghWg;ghsuhf cs;sdh;.
gz;Gfs; :
1. fpuhk Gw kf;fspidNa jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsh;g;gJ.
2. fpuhk Gw kf;fspd; cstpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ.
3. Gjpa eph;thf mikg;gpid cUthf;FtJ
4. kf;fs; eyd; rhh;ej
; jpl;lk;.
5. ,J gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfs;> $l;LwT rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; (tpfh\;)
kz;lyq;fs; %ykhf xd;wpize;J rKjha mf;fiwf;fhf nray;gLtJ
vd;w vz;zj;ij toq;FtJ.
Nehf;fq;fs; :
1. Ntshz;ikia cw;gj;jpia ngUf;FtJ juk; kw;Wk; msT.
2. fpuhkg;Gw Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik gpur;ridia jPh;g;gJ.
Page 1
3. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; njhlh;G rhjidfspd;

njhopy;El;gq;fis Nkk;gLj;JtJ.
4. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; nghJ Rfhjhuk; Muk;g fy;tp> nghOJNghf;F mq;fis
Vw;gLj;JtJ.
5. fpuhkg;Gw tPLfs; Nkk;ghL
6. Fbir njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; iftpid nghUl;fs; jahhpg;G njhlh;ghd
njhopw;rhiyfis mikj;jy;.
7. rhpahd Kiwapy; kw;Wk; fhzj;jf;f tsq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
KOikahd tsh;r;rpia mikg;gJ.
8. kf;fs; eyd;> rpwg;ghf Vw;gLj;jp jUk; ehl;by; cs;s midj;J trjpfSk;
fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F fpdq;f toptif nra;tJ.
9. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F r%f> jhh;kPf kw;Wk; epjp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd toptif
nra;tJ.
10. murhdJ khtl;lk;> tl;lk; kw;Wk; fpuhkGw mstpy; Neubahf njhlh;Gs;s
nfhs;s VJthf xU eph;thf njhlh;Gs;s nfhs;s VJthf xU eph;thf
fl;likg;ig cUthf;FtJ.
tuhyw;W gpd;ddp / cUthf;fk; :

njhlq;fgLtjw;F Ke;ijia epiy :
Kjy; epiy :
Kd;Ndhbfspd; Kaw;rpf;fhyk; (1921 -1930)
1. fhe;jpa ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; Mf;fg;G+h;tkhd Ntiyfs;.

2. tpNdh ghghNt ,af;fk;
▪ fpuhkld;
▪ fpuhkRtuh[pak;
3. 1921 ,y; ,utpe;jpuehj; jh$h; mth;fshy; fpuhkg;Gw kW Gzh; mikg;Gfhf
nfhz;L tug;gl;l = epNfjd; Nrhjid - 1921
4. khh;j;jhz;lk; Nrhjid - 1929. 1929 ,y; ];ngz;]h; n`l;r; vd;gtuhy;
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
5. $h;fhd; khtl;lj;jpy; Brane's vd;gtuhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Nrhjid
(gpiud;)
Page 2
r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;;
6. 1932 ,y; V.J. fpU\;zkhr;rhhp vd;gtuhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gNuhlh

fpuhkg;Gw kuGzuha;T Nrhjid 1932.
,uz;lhk; epiy :
1. gapw;rp fhy Kd;Ndhl;lk; ( 1945 - 1952)

2. nkl;uh]; gph;fh jpl;lk; (1946 ,y;) 34 gph;thfhtpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
3. Nilo Kheri experiment - S.K. Dey S.K. Nl Kd;dhs; r%f tsh;r;rp kw;Wk;
$l;LwTj; Jiw mikr;rhpd; mthpd; thf;fj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l /
epNyhfphp Nrhjid.
4. 1948 ,y; My;gh;l; Nkah; vd;gthpd; cjtpAld; njhlq;fg;gl;l vg;ght
Nrhjid jpl;lk;.
,uz;lhk; $l;lk;
Kjy; epiy :
1. njhlq;fg;gl;ljw;F gpe;ija epiy 1952-56
2. mikg;G eph;thf $l;lk; 1952 - 1956
3. mikg;G Kiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
4. gzpahsh;fs; Nrh;j;jy;
5. tl;lhu mstpyhd tuT> nryT jpl;lk; kw;Wk; eph;thf mikg;G Kiw
Mfpatw;iw tiuaiw nra;jy;.
6. jpl;lj;jpd; Mz;L Kiw Fwpj;j tpsk;guk;
7. mjpfhuj;ij gpujpepjpg;gLj;Jjy; - kj;jpauR> khepy muR> khtl;l muR
,uz;lhk; epiy :
xd;wpizg;G njhopy;El;g jpl;lk; (1956 - 1958)
1. ,f;$l;lkhdJ 5tJ tsh;r;rp Mizah;fs; khehl;bw;F gpwF njhlq;fpaJ.

2. r%f tsh;r;rpf;F vLf;fg;gl;l epjpahdJ 200 Nfhbahf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
3. jpl;lkhdJ kf;fs; gq;Nfw;wTld; $ba muR jpl;lk; vd;w epiyapy; ,Ue;J
murpd; gq;Nfw;Gld; $ba kf;fs; jpl;lk; vd;W khw;wg;gl;lJ.
4. jpl;lk; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; mikg;G Kiwfspy; khw;wk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
Page 3
%d;whk; epiy :
1. [dehaf Kiwapy; gpujpepjpj;Jt gLj;jg;gl;l rl;lk; 1959.

2. Njrpa tsh;r;rp FOthdJ r%f tsh;r;rp jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Njrpa tphpthf;f
Nrit Mfpatw;wpd; epiyahd gw;wp mwpa gy;te;juha; Nkj;jh FOit
epakpj;jJ.
3. gy;te;juha; Nkj;jh FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; :
• tptrhak;> FbePh;> fpuhkg;Gw njhopw;rhiyfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F
Kd;Dhpik mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;Juh[; mikg;G Kiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• jpl;lkhdJ tl;lhu mstpyhd gzpahsh;fspd; cjtpAld; kf;fshy;
Njh;eJ
; vLf;fg;gl;l cs;shl;rp gpujepjpfs; %yk; nray;gLj;jg;gl xU
nray;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jpl;l eph;thfkhdJ:
1. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpw;Fk;> fpuhk Nrth;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa xU neUq;fpa cwit

Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
2. fpuhk Nrth;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia ,ul;bg;ghf Ntz;Lk;.
3. xU fpuhk Nrtfh;fs; 800 FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa kf;fs; njhif
nfhz;l gug;gstpw;F epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. khtl;l Ml;rpah; xUq;fpizg;ghs nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jpl;lq;fs; :
1. Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik rhh;ej

; njhopy;fs;
2. jhpR epy Nkk;ghL
3. rpW kw;Wk; nghpa ePh;ghrd trjpfs;
4. tPhpa tpijfs; kw;Wk; cuq;fs; toq;FtJ
5. fhy;eil tsh;g;G> kz; ghJfhg;G Nghd;witfspd; fld; trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jp
jUtJ.
6. $l;LwT rq;fq;fis mikj;jy;
7. Muk;g taJ te;Njhh;fhd r%f fy;tp tsh;r;rp
Page 4
r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;;
8. rpW njhopy; kw;Wk; Fbir njhopy;fs; %yk; fpuhkg;Gw Ntiytha;g;G

,d;ik gpur;rid jPh;g;gJ.
9. fpuhkg;Gw Rfhjhu jpl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ.
10. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; jfty; njhlh;G rhjidfis
Vw;gLj;JtJ.
11. Ra njhopy; gapw;rp mspg;gJ.
12. FbePh; trjpfis Vw;gLj;jp jUtJ.
13. khw;W jpwdhspfs;> MjuT mw;wth;fs; Nghd;Nwhh;fshd kWtho;T kw;Wk;
fpuhkg;Gw tPLfs; mikj;jy; Mfpa r%f jpl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;JtJ.
tpdhf;fs;
1. r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G jUf.

2. r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; njhlq;Ftjw;F Ke;ija epiyiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Page 5
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lq;fs;
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lq;fs;;
1. fpuhkg;Gw ,isQh;fSf;fhd gapw;rp kw;Wk; Ra Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lk; (1979)

(TRYSEM)
Nehf;fk;
1. fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; tWikf; Nfhl;bw;Ff; fPOs;s ,isQh;fSf;F njhopy;

gapw;rpAk;> tpahghug; gapw;rpAk; mspj;J RaNtiyj; njhlq;Ftjw;F cjtp
nra;tjhFk;.
2. taJ 18-35 taJ tiu cs;sth;fs;.
2. xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l Cuf tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lk; (IRDP)
1. 1980 k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 2k; Njjp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

2. tWikia xopg;gjw;fhd Kf;fpaj; jpl;lkhf nray;gLfpwJ.
3. ,jd; Jizj; jpl;lq;fshtd
1. TRYSEM
2. DWACRA
3. fq;fh fy;ahz; Nah[dh
4. rpj;uh
5. kpy;ypad; fpzWj; jpl;lk;
tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPo; cs;s kf;fSf;F Ra Ntiy tha;g;gspj;J jd;dpiwT

ngwr; nra;jyhFk;.
3. [t`h; Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh; (JRY) (1989)
1. Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lk; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw epykw;NwhUf;fhd

Ntiytha;g;G cWjpaspg;Gj; jpl;lk; Mfpa ,uz;L jpl;lq;fisAk;
,izj;J njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F> Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lkhfr; nray;gLfpwJ.
Page 1
4. [t`h; fpuhk rk;hpjp Nah[dh (1999)
1. fpuhkg;Gw fl;likg;Gfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; Ntiyapy;yhj ViofSf;F

$yp Ntiyfs; ngw;Wj; jUtijAk; Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. fpuhk rigfs; %yk; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd gzpfs; Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
5. NeU Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh (NRY) (1989)
1. efh;g;Gw kf;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;G mspg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L

nray;gLfpwJ.
2. 1997 y; ];th;z n[ae;jp efh;g;Gw Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lj;Jld; (Swarna
Jayanthi Urban Employment) ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. Ntiytha;g;G cWjpaspg;G jpl;lk; (1993) (EAS)
1. fpuhkj;jpy; 18 Kjy; 60 tajpw;Fl;gl;L ciof;Fk; jFjpAs;sth;fSf;F

Ntshz;ikj; njhopy; ,y;yhj ehl;fspy; 100 ehl;fSf;Ff; Fiwtpy;yhky;
Ntiytha;g;G jUjyhFk;.
2. fpuhkg;Gw fl;likg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;> kw;Wk; r%fj; jpl;lq;fis
nray;gLj;jp NghJkhd Ntiytha;g;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
7. ];th;z n[ae;jp r`hhp Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh (nghd;tpoh Mz;L jd;

Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lk;)
1. ,e;jpa Rje;jpukile;j 50 Mz;Lfs; epiwT ngw;wij nfhz;lhLk;

tifapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l jpl;lkhFk;.
2. 1997 brk;gh; 1 k; NjjpapypUe;J njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. efh;g;Gw Ntiyaw;w kf;Sf;F Ra Ntiytha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpj; jUfpwJ.
4. $yp Ntiytha;g;G Kiw %ykhfNth my;yJ jd; Ntiytha;g;G %yNkh
efh;g;Gw kf;fs; Ntiy ngWtij cWjp nra;fpwJ.
• Urban Self Employment Programme
• Urban Women Self-help Programme
• Skill training for Employment Promotion amongst urban poor (STEP – UP)
• Urban wage Employment Programme
• Urban Community Development Network.
• Urban Community Development Network.
Page 2
Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lq;fs;
8. ];th;z n[ae;jp fpuhk ];tNuh[;`h; Nah[dh (Vg;uy; 1> 1999)
1. xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l Cuf tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lk; (IRDP)

2. fpuhkg;Gw ,isQh;fSf;fhd gapw;rp kw;Wk; Ra Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lk;
(TRYSEM)
3. fpuhkg;Gw ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfSf;Ff;fhd Kd;Ndw;wj; jpl;lk;
(DWXCRA)
4. fpuhkf; iftpidQh;fSf;F cgfuz;q;fs; mspg;Gj; jpl;lk; (SITRA)
5. fq;fh fy;ahz; Nah[dh
6. kpy;ypad; fpzWfs; jpl;lk; (MWS)
Kjyhd jpl;lq;fis xUq;fpizj;J ];th;z n[ae;jp fpuhk ];tNuh[;fh;
Nah[dh nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
tWik xopg;G> Foe;ijfSf;F gz cjtp nra;jy; Nghd;w cjtpfSk;
RaNtiy tha;a;gpw;fhd cjtpfSk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
9. rk;G+h;z fpuhkpd; Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh (2001)
Ntiytha;g;G cWjpaspg;G jpl;lk; (EAS) [t`h; fpuhk; rk;jphp Nah[dh

kw;Wk; [t`h; Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh Mfpa %d;Wk; ,ize;J ,j;jpl;lk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nehf;fk;
1. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; rk;gsj;Jld; $ba Ntiytha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpj; jUjy;

2. Vio kf;fSf;F czT fpilf;fr; nra;jy;.
3. ,j;jpl;lr; nryTfis kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs; 75:25 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
10. twl;rpf;F ,yf;fhFk; gFjpj; jpl;lk; (1973)
ehl;bYs;s twl;rpf;F ,yf;fhFk; gFjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
Nehf;fk;
twl;rpf;F ,yf;fhd gFjpfspy; tsh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jp epyk;> ePh; kw;Wk;

,aw;if tsq;fis rkepiyapy; nfhz;L tUtjhFk;.
Page 3
11. me;jpNahja md;d Nah[dh (2000)
1. ViofSf;F nghJ tpepNahfj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb 2 &gha;f;F xU fpNyh mhprp>

3 &gha;f;F 1 fpNyh NfhJikAk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPOs;s FLk;gj;jpw;F khjk; 35 fpNyh czT jhdpak;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
12. gpujk ke;jphp Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh (1993> mf;Nlhgh; 2)
,isQh;fSf;F Rakhf njhopy; njhlq;f &gha; 1 yl;rk; Kjy; 2 yl;rk; tiu

fld; cjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
13. Ntiyf;F czT jpl;lk; (2001)
twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l 8 khepyq;fspy; (F[uhj;> rj;jP];fh;> ,khr;ry

gpuNjrk;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;> kfuh\;buh> xhprh> uh[];jhd>; cj;uhQ;ry;)cs;s fpuhkg;
gFjpfspy; Ntiytha;g;Gfis mspj;J grpia Nghf;Ftjw;fhd jpl;lkhFk;.
Ntiyf;fhd $yp ghjp czT> kPjp gzkhfTk; toq;fg;gLk;.
14. n[ag;gpufh\; ehuhad; Nuh[;fh; cj;jputhj jpl;lk; (2002-2003)
kpfTk; Vo;ik epiyapYs;s khtl;lq;fisj; Njh;en

; jLj;J mq;Fs;s
kf;fSf;Fk;> ,isQh; fSf;Fk; Ntiytha;gpw;fhd cj;juthjj;ij Vw;gLj;jp
mth;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cah;j;JtjhFk;.
,jd; %yk; gpd;jq;fpa khtl;lj;jpw;F Ntz;ba epjpAjtpiaAk;> Ntiy
tha;g;G ngWtjw;F Ntz;ba gapw;rpiaAk; kf;fs; ngWfpwhh;fs;.
,j;jpl;l epjpia kj;jpa khepy muRfs; 75:25 vd;w tpfpjhr;rhuj;jpy; epjpAjtp
mspf;fpd;wd.
Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs;
Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; vd;git XNu khjphpahd r%f - nghUshjhug;

gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;l Vio kf;fis cWg;gpdh;fshf nfhz;l xU rpwpa
jd;dhh;t mikg;ghFk;. cWg;gpdh;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; ‘gu];gu Ra cjtp &
xj;Jiog;G” %yk; jq;fspd; ‘nghJthd gpur;ridfSf;F” jPh;T fhZk; fskhfr;
nray;gLfpwJ.
Page 4
Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F ,ilNa Nrkpf;Fk; tof;f tof;fj;ij

Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
1. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; vd;git Xh; fpuhkj;jpu; cs;s 10 Kjy; 20 ngz;fisf;

nfhz;l Xh; epjp rhh;ej
; nghJ (];jhgdk;) mikg;ghFk;. cyfpy;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; jhd;
nray;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf njw;fhrpah kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy;jhd;
mjpfk;.
2. ngz;fs; jhq;fs; ‘fldhfg;” ngwj;jf;f mstpw;F Nghjpa ‘KjyPLfs;”
milAk; tiu rpy khjq;fs; njhlh;r;rpahf rpW njhifapidr; Nrkpg;ghf
nrYj;Jth;.
3. Nghjpa ‘KjyPLfs;” mile;j gpd;G cWg;gpdh;fSf;F Njitahd njhif
fldhf mspf;fg;gLk;.
4. ,e;jpahitg; nghWj;j tiu Racjtpf; FOf;fs;
tq;fpfsplkpUe;J‘FWq;fld;fis” vspjhfg; ngWk; tz;zk; rpwg;ghd
Kiwapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;fhf mitfs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l (m)
gjpT nra;ag;glhj Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; vd;w tiuaiw ,y;iy.
5. vdNt Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; njhopy; KidNthh;fspd; $lhukhf
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. muR rhuh njhz;L (NGO) epWtdq;fshy;
njhlq;fg;gLk; Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs;nghJthfNt ‘tWik xopg;G” Fwpj;j
mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
6. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; ngz;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;> jiyikg; gz;gpid
tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;> Muk;gf; fy;tp Nrh;f;if> Cl;lr;rj;J Nkk;ghL> gpwg;G
fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w cahpa Nehf;fq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L
nrayhw;Wfpd;wd.
Ra cjtpf; FOf;fspd; Njitfs;:-
1. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F tPo; cs;s kf;fis Ra

rhh;Tilath;fshf khw;Wtjpy; ,d;wpaikahjit fshf cs;sd.
2. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs;> cWg;gpdh;fspd; tUtha;> tho;f;ifj; juk; kw;Wk;
r%f me;j];J Mfpait cau topNfhYfpd;wd.
Page 5
3. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; gpd;jq;fpa r%fj;ijr; rhh;ej

; kf;fis
‘Kf;fpa];jh;fshf” khw;Wtjpy; tpid Cf;fpfshf nrayhw;Wfpd;wd.
NkYk; Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; ‘rKjha-rkjh;kj;ij” mWtil nra;Ak;
fsg;gzpapid Mw;Wfpd;wd.
Ra cjtpf; FOf;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs;:-
1. Ra cjtpf; FO ngz;fSf;fpilNa Nrkpf;Fk; gof;f tof;fq;fis

fw;gpf;fpd;wd.
2. njhopy;El;g trjp & gztypik cilath;fsplkpUe;J ngz;fs; jq;fisg;
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
3. ngz;fs; jq;fs; cw;gj;jp jpwid Nkk;gLj;j Njitahd fld;fis vspjpy;
ngw KbfpwJ.
4. ,t;thwhd fld;fs; %yk; ngz;fs; Nghjpa nghUshjhu
tsikia(Economic Prosperity) vspjpy; ngw KbfpwJ.
5. ngz;fspd; jd;dk;gpf;if> jpwik> MSik Mfpait Nkk;gLfpd;wJ.
6. ngz;fs; ‘gq;nfLj;jy;”(Participation) kw;Wk; ‘KbntLf;Fk;” (Decision
Making) jpwd; Mfpatw;iw tsh;j;njLf;f KbfpwJ.
7. ngz;fs; Xh; FOthf ‘mwpT rhh;ej
; jfty;fisg;” gfph;eJ
; nfhs;tjd;
thapyhf> jq;fspd; Ra epjpj; Njitia jhq;fNs Nkyhz;ik nra;Ak;
jpwid miltNjhL kl;Lkpy;yhky;> mjd; gaid jq;fSf;Fs;NsNa
gfph;eJ
; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
8. ngz;fs; jq;fs; ‘FO nray;ghL” kw;Wk; ‘$l;L eltbf;ifapd;”
G+uzj;Jtj;ij KOikahf czu Kbfpd;wJ.
9. ngz;fs; jq;fsJ epfo;fhy Nrkpg;gpid KjyPlhf nfhz;L tUq;fhyj;
Njitfisj; jpl;lkpl topfhl;LfpwJ.
10. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fshy; ‘kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;” Fwpj;j njhlh; fw;gpj;jy; &
Cf;Ftpg;gpd; thapyhf ‘r%f nghWg;Gzh;Tfs;” cilath;fshf
khw;wkilfpd;wdh;.
11. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; jq;fs; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F Nghjpa xj;Jiog;gpidAk;>
tha;g;GfisAk; mspf;Fk; fskhfr; nray;gLfpd;wd.
Page 6
jkpofj;jpy; Ra cjtpf; FOf;fspd; epiy:-

kfsph; jpl;lk; :-
1. kfsph; jpl;lk; vd;gJ jkpofj;jpjd; kfsph; Nkk;ghl;L fofj;jhy;
nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kfsphpd; r%f - nghUshjhu mjpfhukspj;jYf;fhdj;
jpl;lkhFk;. ,j;jpl;lkhdJ muR rhuh njhz;L epWtdq;fspd;
gq;Nfw;Gld; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; Ra cjtpf; FO rhh;ej
; jpl;lkhFk;.
2. jkpofj;jpy; ‘rh;tNjr Ntshz; Kd;Ndw;w epjpafj;jpd; (IFAD) cjtpAld;
1989-k; Mz;L” jh;kGhpapy; rpwpa mstpy; Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
3. gpd;G ,j;jpl;lkhdJ 1991-92 y; Nryk; kw;Wk; njd;dhw;fhL
khtl;lq;fSf;Fk;> 1992-93y; kJiu kw;Wk; ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lq;fSf;Fk;
tphpthf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. IFAD apd; ntw;wpiaj; njhlh;e;J’kfsph; jpl;lk;” khepy murhq;fj;jpd; epjp
cjtpAld; 1997-98 k; Mz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
5. je;Nghija #o;epiyapy; jkpofj;jpy; Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; 59>00>000 ngz;
cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;L ntw;wpfukhf ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd.
6. 31.3.2009 tiu jkpofj;jpy; cs;s 3>91>311 Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; 2062.04
Nfhbia Nrkpg;ghf nfhz;Ls;sd.
7. njhz;L epWtdq;fs; (NGO’s) Ra cjtpf; FOf;fis cUthf;FtjpYk;>
mth;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fTk;> mth;fisf; fz;fhzpg;gjd; %ykhfTk;
‘kfsph; jpl;lj;Jld;”; rPhpa Kiwapy; ,ize;J gzpahw;Wfpd;wd. NkYk;
njhz;L epWtdq;fs; ,jw;fhf Nghjpa epjp mspf;Fk; ];jhgdkhfTk;
nrayhw;Wfpd;wd.
8. NGO- f;fs; kfsph; jpl;lj;jpd; (nfhs;ifia) nfhs;ifahy; jpUg;jpAw;why;
,jd; xU gq;Fjhuuhf ,ize;J nray;glyhk;.
9. ‘kfsph; jpl;lj;jpd;” cahpa juk;> Ra cjtpf; FOf;fspd; eph;thfpfs; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdh;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; Kiwahd njhopw; rhh;ej
; gapw;rpfspd; %yk;
Gyg;gLfpwJ.
Page 7
10. ,j;jifa jpwd; Nkk;ghl;L gapw;rpfs; ngz;fis FOtpDs; <LghL;LlDk;>

,zf;fkhfTk;> xj;Jiog;GlDk; gzpahw;Wk; kdg;ghd;ik cilath;fshf
khw;Wtjpy; gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
11. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs;. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fspd; eilKiwfs;
kw;Wk; fUj;Jfis Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; 4 njhFjpfshf 4
ehl;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
12. ,g;gapw;rpahdJ cWg;gpdh;fspd; jiyikg;gz;G> fzflFg;
Gj;jf(Accounts) guhkhpg;G> ‘FOthf xUq;fpize;J nray;gLjy; (Team
building) Nghd;w jpwikfis thh;j;njLf;f cjTfpd;wJ.
13. FO cWg;gpdh;fs; Rakhfg; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffisj; njhlq;fTk;>
jpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;> NkYk; Ra Ntiythag;;gpid cUthf;fp
nfhs;sTk; tha;g;gspf;Fk; nghJ Nkilahfr; Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs;
nray;gLfpd;wd.
14. Ra cjtpf; FO cWg;gpdh;fs; ’njhopy; KidNthh;fshf” cUntLf;f ‘ 5
- ehs;- njhFg;G - gapw;rp” - toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
r%f eytho;Tj; Jiw kw;Wk; Cuf Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; - Jiwapd;
Neub eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; ‘jkpo;ehL kfsph; (Kd;Ndw;w) Nkk; ghl;Lf;fofk;
(TNCDW) Ra cjtpf; FOf;fis rpwe;j xUq;fpizg;Gld; fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghf ,af;fp
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
tpdhf;fs;
1. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; gw;wpAk; mjd; Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; tpsf;Ff.
2. Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; rpytw;iw Fwpg;gpl;L tptup.
Page 8
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : njhopy;KidT kw;Wk; njhopy;KidNthu; Nkk;ghL
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
njhopy;KidT kw;Wk; njhopy;KidNthu;

Nkk;ghL
njhopy; KidT: nghUs;> fUj;J kw;Wk; ,yf;fzk;
nghUspd; cw;gj;jp fhuzpfshd epyk;> ciog;G> %yjdk; Nghd;wtw;Wld;

njhopy;KidTk; xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,J Nghd;W xUehl;bd;
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F mr;rhzpahf tpsq;Fk; njhopy;Kidit gy;NtW
egu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;shky; VNjh gzpNjb nrhw;g tUkhdj;jpw;F jd; tho;itNa
nryT nra;tJ gyUf;F thbf;ifahdJ kpfTk; kdk; tUe;jj;jf;fjhf cs;sJ.
jd;dpr;irahf njhopy; nra;tJ ekJ ciog;Gf;Nfw;g Cjpak; <l;LtJ xU
jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;;jpd; ntspg;glhFk;. ,J jtpu;j;J epue;ju tUkhdj;jpw;fhf
jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ij mlF itg;gJ Ntjidf;Fupa nrayhf tpsq;FfpwJ. rpyu;
njhopy; KidT vd;gij VNjh gpwtpapNyNa xU kdpjDf;F flTs; nfhLj;J
mDg;Gk; Mw;wy; vd;Wk; vy;NyhUf;Fk; me;j Mw;wy; tUtjpy;iy vd thjk;
nra;Jk; gy njhopy; KjyhspfSf;F mbikgl;L tho;it fopj;J nrj;J
kbfpd;wdu;. ,e;j thjj;ij Vw;W xU ehL gy;NtW njhopy; KidNthu;fs; gpwe;J
njhopy; nra;J ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;wk; tiu fhj;Jfplf;f KbahJ.
njhopy; Kidtpd; mUk;gaidg; gw;wp kf;fs; kdjpy; xU rhjfkhd fUj;ij
tpijf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhopy; Kidtpd; rpwg;ig czur; nra;J gy egu;fis
njhopy; Kidtpw;F miof;f Ntz;ba fhyk; fdpe;Js;sJ. muRk; gy;NtW
epWtdq;fSk; njhopy; Kidit ek; ehl;by; tsu;jpl ehnshUnghOJk;
nghOnjhU NkdpAkhf Kad;W mUk;ghL gl;L tUfpd;wd. vdNt njhopy;
KidT jj;Jtj;ij gug;gp kf;fis gzprhu; mbik kdg;ghd;ikapypUe;J
tpLtpj;J njhopy;KidNthu; ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fyhk;.
Page 1
njhopy;KidT kw;Wk; njhopy;KidNthu; Nkk;ghL;
njhopy; KidT - nghUs;
njhopy; KidT vd;w nrhy; gpuQ;R nkhop nrhy;. mk;nkhopapy; ,d;dpir

fr;Nrupia my;yJ kdkfpo; Nfspf;if epfo;Tfis elj;Jgtiu
nray;KidNthu;fs; vd mioj;jdu;. Mf;];Nghu;L mfuhjp (1897) ,d;dpir
fr;Nrup elj;Jgtiu nray;KidNthu; vd nghUs;gLj;jpd. Mdhy; 16k;
E}w;whz;by; nray; KidNthu; vd;w nrhy; ,uhZt jhf;Fjypy; Kd;dpd;W
jhf;Fjy; elj;Jk; egiu Fwpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;by;
nghwpapay; fl;blk; fl;Ljy; mij gyg;gLj;Jk; nraypy; ,wq;fpatiu Fwpg;gpl
,r;nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy;
njhopy;Kidjy; vd;w nrhy;iy nghUshjhu Jiwapy; gad;gLj;j Jtf;fpdu;.
mijj; njhlu;e;J ,r;nrhy; kpfTk; gpugykhdJ. ,e;epiyapy; njhopy;KidT
vd;gJ gw;wp gy mwpQu;fs; kw;Wk; ty;Yeu;fs; fUj;J njuptpf;f ,r;nrhy; gy;NtW
,ju fUj;J Njhd;Wtjw;F tpj;jhf mike;jJ vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
mjdbg;gilapy; njhopy;KidNthiu ,lu; Vw;ghsu;> njhopy; mikg;ghsu; my;yJ
Gjpdk; GupNthu; vd gy gjq;fspy; tptupf;fpd;wdu;.
1. njhopy; KidNthu; ,lu; Vw;ghsu; vd;w fUj;Jiu
upr;ru;L Nrd;by;ad; vd;w <uhdpa mwpQu; njhopy; KidNthu; vd;gtu; jhd;

Jtq;fpa my;yJ Kide;j njhopypy; ,aw;ifahf gpd;dp gpize;Js;s ,liu
jhq;Fk; ,lu; jhq;fp vd tUzpf;fpd;whu;. mtupd; fUj;Jg;gb nghUshjhu
fhuzpfshd epyk;> ciog;G kw;Wk; %yjdk; Nghd;w fhuzpfis njhopy;
KidNthu; xUq;fpize;J nraypy; ,wq;Ffpwhu;. mg;NghJ fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk;
cWjpahdJ my;yJ jpl;ltl;lkhdJ. Mdhy; njhopy; KidNthiug;
nghWj;jtiu> ,it %d;iwAk; xd;whf fye;J jahupf;Fk; nghUis re;ijapy;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyapy; tpw;W jdf;F ,yhgk; ghu;g;gJ epr;rakw;w epfo;thf
cs;sJ. cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUis re;ijapy; thbf;ifahsu;fs; my;yJ
Efu;Nthu;fs; KOikahf thq;fp tpLthu;fs; vd mWjpapl;L $wKbahJ. vdNt
,liu KJfpy; Rke;J tpidia Jtf;fp elj;jp tUk;> cd;djkhd kdpjNd
njhopy; KidNthd; vd upr;ru;L Nrd;by;ad; fUJfpwhu;. mtu; Vw;Fk; ,liu
vtuhYk; <Lnra;a KbahJ my;yJ mjw;F CjpakplyhfhJ vd Koq;Ffpwhu;.
Page 2
njhopy;KidT kw;Wk; njhopy;KidNthu; Nkk;ghL
,tupd; $w;Wg;gb ahuhYk; <Lnra;a Kbahj my;yJ Cjpak; toq;FKbahj

,liu jhq;Fk; ,lu;jhq;fp njhopy; KidNthu; vd ciuf;fpwhu;.
2. njhopy;KidNthd; xU Vw;ghl;lhsu; (m) mikg;ghsu;
[pd; Ngg;il]; vd;w mwpQupd; ghu;itapy; njhopy; Kidgtu; xU mikg;ghsuhf

njd;gLfpwhu;. mtu; xU epfo;r;rpia Vw;ghL nra;tJ vt;tsT fbdNkh mt;tsT
fbdkhdJ njhopy; KidtJ vd;fpwhu;. njhopy; KidNthu; epyk;> fl;blk;>
njhopy;El;gk;> %yjdk; gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW trjpfis xd;wpizj;J
njhopiy gilg;gtd; vd fUj;Jiuf;fpwhu;. ,e;j Kaw;rpapy; mtu; vjpu; nfhs;Sk;
jilfs; vjpu;ghuhj Nghf;Ffs; kdj;Jauk; Nghd;wtw;iw nrhy;ypkhshJ vd;fpwhu;.
vdNt njhopy; Kidgtu; Xu; ey;y mikg;ghsu; vd tiuaUf;fpwhu;.
3. njhopy; Kidgtu; xU GJikgpj;jd;
1934 Mk; Mz;by; tho;ej

; `Pk; gPl;lu; njhopy; Kidgtiu Gjpd gilg;ghsp
vd mioj;jhu;. mtupd; fUj;Jg;gb njhopy;Kidgtu; xU gilg;ghspahf rPuhd
Kiwapy; VNjDk; xU GJikia GFj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpwJ vd;fpwhu;.
• nghUspy; Gjpa njhopy; El;gj;ij GFj;JtJ

• Gjpa ,lq;fspy; fr;rh nghUs;fis thq;FtJ
• ,Jtiu ,lk;ngwhj re;ijapy; EiotJ
• Kw;Wupikia Vw;gLj;j my;yJ Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kw;Wupikia jfu;f;f
Gjpa mikg;G Kiwia nfhzu;tJ.
• Gjpa rpwg;Gj;jd;ikia nghUspy; Gjpajhf Nru;g;gJ
,tupd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; GJik gilg;gtNd njhopy; Kidgtd; vd;fpwhu;.
Nkw;Fupa %d;W fUj;JfspypUe;J njhopy;Kidgtiu gy mwpQu;fs; gy

epiyg;ghLfspy; ghu;f;fpd;wdu;. mjhtJ ,lu; jhq;fp> mikg;ghsd; kw;Wk;
GJikgpj;jd; vd Nkw;$wpa mwpQu;fs; fUj;Jiuf;fpd;wdu;.
Page 3
kfspu; njhopy; KidNthu;fs;
njhopy; KidAk; kfspu;fs; mz;ikf; fhykhf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; kpfTk;

mwpKfkhdtu;fshf tpsq;Ffpwhu;fs;. ngz; njhopy; KidNthu; jq;fSf;fhd
Ntiy tha;g;gpidj; jhq;fNs Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJld;> gpwUf;Fk; Ntiy
tha;g;ig cUthf;fp tUtJ ngUikf;Fupa nra;jpahFk;. mnkupf;f ehl;L ngz;
njhopy; KidNthu;fs; me;ehl;bd; nghUshjhu vOr;rpf;F msg;gupa gq;fspg;ig
ey;fp tUfpd;wdu;. mnkupf;fhtpy; ngz;fs; elj;jp tUk; njhopiy Ma;T nra;J
tUk; ikak; elj;jpa Ma;tpy; njupatUk; cz;ik vd;dntd;why; ngz;
cupikahsu;fshy; elj;jg;gl;L tUk; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; ngUk;ghd;ik ngz;
Copau;fis nfhz;l epWtdq;fs;> 1997k; Mz;by; 5.4 kpy;ypadpy; ,Ue;jJ.
jw;NghJ ,J 10 kpy;ypad;fis njhl;lJ. ,d;W cs;s Gs;sp tptug;gb nghJthf
mnkupf;fhtpy; ele;J tUk; njhopypy; ehd;fpy; xU gq;F kfspuhy; elj;jg;gLk;
my;yJ kfspuhy; ngUkstpy; ,af;fg;gl;L tUk; epWkk; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
NkYk; me;j Ma;T $WtJ Nkw;$wg;gl;l epWkq;fs; Rkhu; 9.2 kpy;ypad;
egu;fSf;F Ntiy tha;g;ig cUthf;fpj; je;Js;sJ vd njuptpf;fpwJ. Rkhu; 1.15
bupy;ypad; mstpw;F ruf;if tpw;gid nra;Js;sJ. ,t;thNw tsu;e ;j ehlhd
fdlhtpYk; %d;wpy; xU gq;F epWkq;fs; kfspUf;F nrhe;jkhdjhFk;. gpuhd;]py;
Ie;jpy; xU gq;F kfspuhy; elj;jg;gLk; epWtdk;. RtPld; kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk;
mjpf mstpy; ngz;ghyhu; RaNtiyapy; mku;ej;pUg;gjhf Muha;r;rpfs;
njuptpf;fpd;wd. ngz;fs; Nkw;$wpa tsu;ej
; ehLfspy; rpy;yiw tzpfk;>
rpw;Wz;b rhiyfs;> fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> fhg;gPl;L njhopy; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp
njhopypy; $l <Lgl;L tUtjhf Ma;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.
Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; ngz;fshy; cupik Vw;W elj;jg;gLtJk; kw;Wk;

ngz;fis mjpfk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; epWkq;fs; 5.2 tpOf;fhNl vdyhk;. ,tu;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; Ntshz;Jiw> Ntshz; rhu;Gj; njhopy;fs;. iftpidg; nghUs;
cw;gj;jp> ifj;jwp Milfs; kw;Wk; Foirj; njhopy;fspy;> <Lgl;bUg;gjhf 2011k;
Mz;bd; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G Gs;sp tptuq;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.
nghUshjhuk; jhuhskakhf;fg;gl;lgpd; kfspu; njhopy; KidT #L gpbj;Js;sJ.
ngz;fs; nghUshjhu uPjpahf tpLjiy mila mtu;fspd; njhopy; KidT
Page 4
Mw;wiyAk; kw;Wk; jpwidAk; $l;l muRk; kw;w rhu;G epWtdq;fSk; rpwg;ghd

nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis tFj;J mjdbg;gilapy; ngz;fSf;F njhopy;
KidT nraypy; ,wq;f njhopy; fy;tpAk; kw;Wk; gapw;rpAk; mspj;J tUfpd;wd.
,jdhy; jw;NghJ %d;wpy; xU gq;F nghUshjhu njhopy;fs; kfspu; trk;
cs;snjd ,e;jpahtpy; elj;jg;gl;l Muha;r;rpfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. jw;NghJ cs;s
,e;jpa nghUshjhu #oy; ngz; njhopy; KidNthUf;F MjuthfNt cs;sd.
vdNt tUq;fhyj;jpy; kw;w Nkiy ehLfisg; NghyNt ,e;jpahtpYk; njhopy;fspy;
ngz; Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; ngz;fis mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; nfhz;L ,aq;Fk;
epWkq;fs; gy klq;F ngUFk; vd vjpu;g;ghu;f;fyhk;. mjpfkhd kfspu; gbj;J tUk;
epiyapy; kw;Wk; Clfq;fs; ngz; ghypdj;jpw;F mspj;J tUk; kfj;jhd MjuT>
vg;NghJk; cs;s murpdu; kw;Wk; muR rhuhj epWkq;fspd; NguhjuT> kfspu; njhoy;
Kidg;gpw;F kpfTk; rhjfkhd #oiy cUthf;fp tUfpwJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
njhopy; Kidtpy; GJik GFj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpahtpd; cjtp
ehl;bd; GJik GFj;Jjy; kw;Wk; njhopy; Kidit tsu;g;gjw;fhf gy

Kaw;rpfis ,e;jpa murhy; nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L> mjw;fhf njhopw;nfhs;iffis
cUthf;fp eilKiwg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Ntiy cUthf;fk; vd;gJ ,e;jpa
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Kd;dzp rthyhfTk cs;sJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l jdpr;rpwg;G kw;Wk;
jdpj;Jtkhd kf;fs; njhif eyDld; ,Ug;gJ ,e;jpahtpw;F ed;ik gaf;fpwJ.
vdpDk;;. GJikg;gLj;jTk;> njhopy; KidNthu;fis Nkk;gLj;jTk;> Njrpa kw;Wk;
cyf eyDf;fhf Ntiy tha;g;Gfis cUthf;fTk; kfj;jhd Mw;wy;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkPgj;jpa Mz;Lfspy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfis tsu;g;gjw;fhd Gjpa
jpl;lq;fSk;> tha;g;GfSk; ,e;jpa murhy;> mjhtJ tptrhak;> ,urhad kw;Wk;
cuq;fs;> epjp> tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; njhopy;> jfty; njhlu;G kw;Wk; jfty;
njhopy;El;gk;> ngUepWtd mYty;fs;> fyhr;rhuk;> czT gjg;gLj;Jjy;.
tPl;Ltrjp kw;Wk; efu;g;Gw tWik xopg;G> mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;
Nghd;witahFk;.
Page 5
epjp cjtp> fhg;gPL> khdpak;> gapw;rp> njhopy; njhlq;f Muk;gepiy

njhopy;El;gk;> tzpf fld;fs; kw;Wk; rpwg;G Cf;fk; Nghd;wtw;iw Gjpa njhopy;
epWtdq;fs; mikf;f njhopy; KidNthUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhopy;Kidit Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; GJik GidjYf;fhd ,e;jpahtpd;

Kaw;rpfs;
1. ];lhl;lg; ,e;jpah
njhlf;f epiyapy; cs;s njhopy;fl;F MNyhrid toq;FtJ> tsu;g;gJ>

MjuT mspg;gJ Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; %yk; mtw;iw tsu;f;Fk; jpl;lj;jpid
2016k; Mz;L [dtupapy; Jtq;fpaJ. Jtf;ff; fhyk; KjNy gy njhopy;
KidNthu;fs; gyjug;gl;l njhopy; tpidfis Jtf;fp ntw;wp fz;ldu;. epjpfspd;
epjp (Fund of Fund) vd;w epjpapd; %yk; njhlf;f epiy njhopy; tpidfSf;F epjp
trjp nra;J jug;gl;L tUfpwJ.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; jahupg;G jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ,e;jpahit gd;dhl;L cw;gj;jp ikakhf khw;w cjtp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpl;lk; 2014 nrg;lk;gu; jpq;fspy; eilKiwgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gq;NfW;W ,e;jpahit gd;dhl;L cw;gj;jp ikakhf khw;w ,e;jpa
Fbkfd;fs;> tpahghu jiytu;fs;> $l;lhspfshf tpioAk; egu;fs;> cyfk;
KOtJk; cs;s KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F miog;G tpLf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;nghOJ ,jd;
tpisthf md;dpa KjyPL> GJik GFj;jy;> jpwd; tsu;r;rp> mwpTrhu; nrhj;J
ghJfhg;G> cw;gj;jp> fl;likg;G Nkk;ghL Nghd;w tsu;r;rprhu; eltbf;iffs;
KLf;fptplg;gl;L KOtPr;rpy; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
3. mly; GJik GFj;jy; jpl;lk;;
gd;dhl;L juj;jpw;F ,zf;fkhd Kiwapy; GJikahd nghUl;fis

tbtikg;gJ kw;Wk; njhopy; Kidit KOtPr;rpy; Cf;Ftpj;J mij tsu;g;gJ
vd;w Kjd;ikahd Nehf;Fld; mly; jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
Page 6
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; njhopy;El;gk; mwpag; ngw;w jpl;lq;fSf;Nf mjpf Kd;Dupik

jug;gLfpwJ.
4. ngz;fSf;F gapw;rp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G jpl;j;jpw;fhd MjuT
Cufg; gFjpapy; cs;s kfspUf;F Kiwrhu; gapw;rpia ey;Fk; Nehf;Fld;

kfspu; kw;Wk; rpwhu; mikr;rfk; ,j;jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;jpaJ. Njhopy;Kiw kw;Wk;
Mw;wy; Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; kw;Wk; jpl;l FOTk; ,ize;J ,Jtiuapy;
,Jf;Fwpj;J eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J 30 Mz;Lfhy topfhl;ly; newpKiwfis
jw;fhy Njitf;F Vw;g khw;wp mikj;Jk; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Ntshz;Jiw> go
Ntshz;ik> czT gjg;gLj;Jjy;> Rw;Wyh> ghuk;gupa iftpidf; fiyfs;>
tpUe;Njhk;gy;> fzpdp kw;Wk; jfty; njhlu;G Jiw Nghd;w Jiwfspy;
Jtq;fg;gLk; kfspu; njhopy;KidNthUf;F gapw;rp ey;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. [d;jd; - Mjhu; - nkhigy;
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; gy muRj; jpl;lq;fspy; gad; ngw;W tUk; gadhspfSf;F

NruNtz;ba khdpaj;ij rk;ge;jg;gl;l Jiw Neuhf mtu;fSf;F toq;Fk;
Nehf;fj;jpy; gadhspfis fl;lhakhf tq;fpfspy; fzf;F Muk;gpf;f
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;L midtu; ngaupYk; tq;fpf;fzf;F Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
,jdhy; gadhspfSf;F nry;y Ntz;ba khdpaj;ij Ruz;b te;j ,ilj;jufu;fs;
mwNt mfw;wg;gl;ldu;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; gadhspfs; khdpaj; njhifiag;
gad;gLj;jp jq;fspd; tho;it tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
6. ,yf;F Kiw ,e;jpah b[pl;ly; (OR) ,e;jpah
,j;jpl;lj;pd; %yk; midj;J murpd; NritfSk; gadhspfSf;F kpd;dZ

Kiwapy; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; kpd;dZ
nghUshjhukhf khwp tUfpwJ. Cynfq;Fk; fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
gzpfis kf;fs; kpd;dZ Kiwapy; ngw tif nra;jpLk; mwpT nghUshjhukhf
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; khwp tUfpwJ vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
Page 7
7. ];lhz;l; mg; ,e;jpah
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; goq;Fbapdu; kw;Wk; jho;j;jg;gl;l ,dj;ijr; rhu;e;j

kfspUf;F epWkf; fld; toq;fp. mtu;fSk; tsu;e;J tUk; ,e;jpag;
nghUshjhuj;jpd; gyid ngw;W mDgtpf;f tif nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;NjhL
,j;jpl;lk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Jtq;fg;gLk; cw;gj;jp> Nrit
kw;Wk; tpahghu tpidfl;F &gha; 10 yl;rk; Kjy; &gha; xU Nfhb mstpw;F
xt;nthU kfspu; njhopy; KidNthUf;F jug;gLfpwJ. kfspu; jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk;
goq;Fb r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
8. tzpfk; rhu;e;j njhopy;Kiw cjtp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp jpl;lk;
muR rhuh mikg;Gfspd; gjpT nra;J nfhz;l eypTw;w kfspUf;F fld;

jUk; cd;djkhd jpl;lk; ,j;jpl;lk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk;> nghUshjhu uPjpahf
eypTw;w kfspu; fld; cjtpkl;Lkpd;wp> gapw;rp MNyhrid ngwTk; KbAk;.
Fwpg;ghf> Ntshz; rhuh jpl;lq;fSf;F ,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; cjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. gpujhd; ke;jpup F\hy; tpfh]; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Njrpa jpwd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; njhopy; Jiw mikr;rf

njhopy; rhu;ej
; jpwik Mw;wy; kw;Wk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;j gapw;rp mspf;fpd;wJ.
gapw;rp ngw;w gpd;G gadhspfs; Rakhf njhopy; Jtq;fp jq;fis
Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s ,j;jpl;lk; cjTfpwJ.
10. Njrpa jpwd; mgptpUj;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;
,j;jpl;lk; 2015 Mk; Mz;L [_iyj; jpq;fspy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; gadhspfSf;F njhopy; rhu;e;j Mw;wy;fspy; gapw;rp
jug;gLtJld; cldbahf kw;Wk; jukhd KbTfis vLf;f gapw;rp jug;gLfpwJ.
nghUshjhuj;jpy; cs;s midj;J JiwfspYk; gapw;rp mspj;J ,e;jpahit xU
Mw;wy; tq;fpahf khw;WtJ ,jd; yl;rpakhFk;.
Page 8
11. tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilapy; mjpfhukspj;jy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp
fsg; gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; nraY}f;fk; mspf;fg;gl;l mwptpay;

Muha;r;rpahsu;fshy; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Muk;gpf;f r%f nghUshjhu Nehf;fk;
nfhz;l nray; jpl;lk; MFk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; fPo; ehl;bYs;s eypTw;w gpupT
kf;fSf;F mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpapd; gyd;fis fpilf;fr; nra;J
rkj;Jtk; ngWtJ ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fiyaha Nehf;fkhFk;.
tpdhf;fs; :
1. njhopy;KidT vd;why; vd;d? njhopy;KidNthupd; kw;w fUj;Jiufis

tptup?
2. kfspu; njhopy;KidNthu; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
Page 9
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : cly; eyj;jpw;fhd murpd; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; muRrhuh mikg;Gfspd;
gq;F
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
cly; eyj;jpw;fhd murpd; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;

muRrhuh mikg;Gfspd; gq;F
Kd;Diu:
murpd; eyf;nfhs;if
Rfhjhu nfhs;if :
Rfhjhu nfhs;if vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l cly; eyd; njhlh;ghd

,yf;Ffis mikf;Fk; nghUl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; KbTfs;> jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
eltbf;iffs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
Njrpa Rfhjhu nfhs;if - 2002
,J kpf mj;jpahtrpakhf Njitg;gLk;> Rfhjhu mikg;Gfspd; nray;jpwid

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jgl;ljhFk;.
,yf;F :
1. midtUk; Rfhjhu jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tUtJ.
2. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fk; kf;fspd; cly; eyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa xU
,izg;ig cUthf;FtJ.
Nehf;fq;fs; :
1. midtuhYk; Vw;W nfhs;sf;$ba juj;jpyhd Rfhjhuj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ.
2. gutyhf;fg;gl;l Rfhjhu mikg;Gfis njhlh;G nfhs;Sk; topKiwfis
mjpfg;gLj;JtJ.
3. Rfhjhu fl;likg;Gfs; Fiwthf cs;s ,lj;jpy; Gjpjhf Vw;gLj;JtJ
kw;Wk; Vw;nfdNt Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fspy; Nkk;gLj;JtJ.
4. nghJ Rfhjhu KjypLfis mjpfg;gLj;JtJ. (Fwpg;ghf kj;jpa murhy;)
5. Nritfis gaDs;s tiffspy; toq;Ftjw;F VJthf khepyq;fs; mstpy;
nghJ Rfhjhu eph;thf jpwid tYg;gLj;JtJ.
6. Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fspd; FOf;fSf;F Nritfis toq;Fk; nghUl;L nghJ
Rfhjhuj;jpy; jdpahh; epWtdq;fspd; mjpfg;gLj;JtJ.
7. mNyhgjp kUj;Jt Kiwapy; kUe;Jfspd; gad;ghl;il Kiwg;gLj;JtJ.
Page 1
cly; eyj;jpw;fhd murpd; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; muRrhuh mikg;Gfspd; gq;F

;
8. ghuk;ghpa kUj;JtKiwfspy; midtUjw;;F topKiwfis

mjpfg;gLj;JtJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;Ffs; :
kUj;Jt epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfspy; 2003f;Fs; jukhdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l

msT NfhYf;F Fiwahky; fl;LgLj;Jk; xU rl;lj;ij cUthf;FtJ.
2005 f;Fs;:
1. NghypNah Nehia xopg;gJ.
2. njhONehia xopg;gJ.
3. xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l xU fz;fhzpg;G mikg;G, Njrpa Rfhjhu fzf;F
kw;Wk; Gs;spapay; mikg;ig Vw;gLj;JtJ.
4. khepyq;fshy; Rfhjhuj;jpw;f;F nrytplgLk; epjpia 5.5% ypUe;J 7
tpOf;fhl;bw;F cah;j;JtJ.
5. Rfhjhu tuT, nryT jpl;lj;jpw;fhf xJf;fg;gLk; nkhj;j epjpapy; xU 1%
tpOf;fhL kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpfhf xJf;fPL nra;tJ.
6. nghJ Rfhjhu jpl;lq;fis eilKiwgLj;Jtij gutyhf;FtJ.
2007 f;Fs; :
HIV/va;l;]; njhw;iw G+[;akhf;FtJ.
2010 f;Fs; :
1. fUq;fha;r;riy xopg;gJ.
2. TB, kNyhpah Nghd;w Neha; gug;gpfis mopg;gjd; %yk; ,jdhy; Vw;gLk;
caph; ,og;Gfis 50% tpOf;fhL Fiwg;gJ.
3. ghh;it ,og;G Fiwg;ghl;il 0.5% Fiwj;jy;.
100
4. IMR – 30/1000 Fiwg;gJ, MMR khf Fiwg;gJ.
100000
5. nghJ Rfhjhu mikg;Gfspd; gad;ghl;il jw;NghJ cs;s 20%

tpOf;fhl;bypUe;J 75% tpOf;fhlhf cah;j;JtJ.
6. nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; murhy; nghJRfhjhuj;jpw;F nrytplg;gLk;
epjpia 0.9% ypUe;J 2% Mf cah;j;JtJ.
Page 2

;
7. Rfhjhu tuT - nryT jpl;lj;jpw;f;F nrytplg;gLk; nkhj;j epjpapy; 2%

tpOf;fhL kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpfhf xJf;fPL nra;tJ.
8. nkhj;j Rfhjhu nrytpdj;jpy; kj;jpa murpd; khdpaj;ij 25% tpOf;fhL
cah;j;JtJ.
9. khepyq;fshy; Rfhjhuj;jpw;F nrytplg;gLk; epjpia 8% tpOf;fhLfhf
cah;j;JtJ.
2015 f;Fs; :
ahidf;fhy; Nehia xopg;gJ.
Njrpa Rfhjhu nfhs;if - 2015
,yf;F :
1. cah;ej
; gl;rkhf mikaf;$ba Rfhjhuj;ij cUthf;FtJ.
2. midtUk; kpf jukhd Rfhjhu Nritfis ngWk; epiyapid
cUthf;FtJ.
nfhs;iffs; :
1. rkkhd gq;Nfw;G.
2. midtUf;Fk; nghJthdJ.
3. Nehahspfis ikag;gLj;jpaJ kw;Wk; jukhd Nritfs;.
4. gd;Kfj;jd;ik.
Jiz mikg;Gfs; :
1. KbT nra;ag;gLk; mjpfhuj;ij gutyhf;FtJ.
2. nghUl;fs; $wy;.
3. njhopy; rhh;ej
; kdg;ghd;ik, xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; newpKiwfs;.
4. fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; mikg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;s $ba epiy.
5. midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl $ba epiy.
Nehf;fq;fs; :
1. kf;fSf;fhd nghJ Rfhjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ.
2. nghJ Rfhjhu mikg;Gfis tphpthf;fk; nra;jy;.
Page 3

;
3. Neha;jLg;G, fl;likg;G Nkk;ghL, Neha; jPh;g;G, kw;Wk; kWtho;T mspf;Fk;

mikg;Gfs;.
4. Njitaw;w nrytpdq;fis fzprkhf Fiwg;gJ.
5. tphpthd Muk;g, Rfhjhu Nritfs; midtUf;Fk; ,ytrkhf fpilg;gij
cWjp nra;tJ.
6. mj;jpahtrpkakhd kUe;J nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; kUj;J t Nrhjidfs;
midtUf;Fk; fpilf;f toptif nra;tJ.
7. nghJ, Rfhjhu nfhs;ifapd; ,yf;Ffis miltjw;f;F VJthf jdpahh;
Rfhjhu mikg;Gfspd; tsh;r;rpia newpKiwg;gLj;JtJ.
Njrpa Cuf Rfhjhuj; jpl;lk; (NRHM)
1. jukhd kUj;Jt Nrit> Cufg; gFjpapYs;s kf;fs; vspjhf milAk;

tifapy; 2005 k; Mz;L ,j;jpl;lk; njhq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. cly;eyj;ij cWjp nra;Ak; nghUl;L FbePh;> Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> czT+l;lk;
ghypd rkepiy vd midj;ijAk; cWjp nra;fpwJ.
3. cly;eyj;jpw;fhf nryT nra;Ak; epjp nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP) 2-3%
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;JfpwJ.
Nehf;fq;fs;
1. IMR → 30/1000
2. MMR → 100/100000
3. kNyhpah> nlq;F> ,tw;why; ,wg;gth;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwj;jy;.
4. igNyhpah Nehia 2015 f;Fs; xopj;jy;.
5. fhrNehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; kPl;G 85% Mf mjpfhpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. midj;J r%f cly;ey ikaq;fspYk; xNu khjphpahd kUj;J t juj;ij
jUjy;.
7. ,j;jpl;lkhdJ kUj;Jt trjpfis gQ;rhaj;Jfs; %yk; midj;J
kf;fSf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
Page 4

;
8. ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Gjpa fUj;JU

,j;jpl;lj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; cs;s
ngz;fSf;F cly; ey Nkk;ghL Fwpj;j gapw;rp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. tl;lhug; gFjpfspy; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; Rj;jk; NgZjy; kf;fspilNa
cly;eyk; kw;Wk; jLg;G kUe;Jfs; Fwpj;j tp\aq;fisg; gug;Gjy;
Nghd;wit mth;fspd; gzpahFk;.
jpl;l ntw;wpfs;
1. NghypNah xopg;G
2. [g;ghdpa vd;nrgyhl;b]; Neha;f;F vjpuhd jLg;G+rp (9 kpy;ypad;
Foe;ijfSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ)
3. Foe;ijfSf;Fg; guTk; nll;ld]; xopg;G
4. 2 kpy;ypad; gpurtq;fs; Muk;g Rfhjhu ikaq;fspNyh (m)
kUj;JkidfspNyh eilngw;wd.
5. Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; xU tUlj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.
6. 1 kpy;ypad; ‘fpuhk cly;eyk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuf; FOf;fs;” %yk; gs;spfspy;
Rfhjhuj; jpl;lq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld.
fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs; eyj; jpl;lk;

fh;g;gzpg; ngz;fs; ,wg;G tpjk; (MMR)
1. 1 yl;rk; NgUf;F> vj;jid fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs; gpurtj;jpd; NghNjh> my;yJ

gpurtk; Kbe;j 42 ehl;fspNyh ,wf;fpd;wdh; vd;gNj MMR MFk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; jw;Nghija MMR tpfpjk; = 212/100000.
[ddp Ruf;\ Nah[dh
1. Njrpa Cuf Rfhjhuj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2005 y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l jpl;lkhFk;.

2. Vio fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs; Kiwahd kUj;Jt epWtdq;fs; %yk; gpurtk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sjiy Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
3. 100% kj;jpa murpd; jpl;lkhFk;.
4. Foe;ijfs; gpwg;gpw;Fg; gpd;dhd kUj;Jt NritAk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Page 5

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[ddp rpR Ruf;\ fhh;af;uk;
2011k; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. muR kUj;Jkidfs; kw;Wk; nghJ

Rfhjhu epWtdq;fspy; eilngWk; midj;Jg; gpurtq;fSf;Fk; ,ytrkhfNt
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
Foe;ij eyj; jpl;lk;

rpR ,wg;G tPjk;
gpwe;J xU tUlj;jpw;Fs; ,wf;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; tPjk; MFk;. 1000 NgUf;F
vj;jid Foe;ijfs; ,wf;fpd;wdNth mJNt rpR ,wg;G tPjk; vdg;gLk;.
et;[j; rpR Ruf;\ fhh;af;uk;
gpwe;j Foe;ijfspd; ghJfhg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L> cly;eyg;

gzpahsh;fSf;F gapw;rpaspj;jNy ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Njrpa njhONeha; xopg;Gj; jpl;lk;
1. Njrpa njhONeha; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; 1955k; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

2. 1982 Kjy; gy kUe;Jfs; cgNahf KiwAk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
3. 1983 k; Mz;L njhONeha; xopg;Gj;jpl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
4. 1991k; Mz;L cyf Rfhjhu mikg;G (WHO) 2000k; Mz;bw;Fs;
njhONehia xopf;fj; jPh;khdk; nfhz;L te;jJ.
,jd; rpwg;Gfs;
1. xUq;fpize;j gutyhf;fg;gl;l njhONeha; njhlh;ghd Nritfis nghJ

Rfhjhu ikaq;fs; %yk; toq;Fjy;.
2. nghJ Rfhjhu Nrit ikaq;fspy; gzpGhpNthUf;F jpwd; tsh; gapw;rpfis
elj;jy;.
3. fy;tp kw;Wk; njhiyj; njhlh;G tpjpfs; %yk; Fwpj;j jfty;fis tpiutpy;
ngWjy;.
4. Cdj;ijj; jLj;jy; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt Kiwapy; kWtho;T mspj;jy;.
Page 6

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jpl;lj;ij fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;itaply;

fz;ghh;itaw;NwhUf;fhd fl;Lg;ghl;L Njrpaj; jpl;lk;
1. ghh;itaw;wth;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia 0.3% Mf 2001 Mz;bw;Fs;
Fiwj;jy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
2. 1976 k; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. NugP]; Neha; jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLj;
njhlh;ghd jpl;lk;.
3. 11tJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lf; fhykhd 2008 k; Mz;L NugP]; Nehahy; Vw;gLk;
kdpjh;fspd; ,wg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Gjpa jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
4. Neha;f; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd Njrpa ikak;mikg;gpd; fPo; nray;gl;l ,j;jpl;lk;
khh;r; 21 Kbtile;jJ.
Nehf;fk;
1. cly;eyg; gzpahsh;fSf;F> NugP]>; tpyq;Ffspd; fb Fwpj;j gapw;rp

toq;Fjy;.
2. ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F rpfpr;iraspj;jy; Fwpj;j gapw;rp jUjy;.
3. r%fj;jpw;F NugP]; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; fb Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;it
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
Njrpa Gifapiy fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
1. xUq;fpize;j Gifapiy fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lk;.

2. rpfnul; kw;Wk; Vida Gifapiyg; nghUl;fs; (tpsk;guq;fs; jil kw;Wk;
tpahguk; xOq;FgLj;Jjy; cw;gj;jp mspg;G kw;Wk; gfph;T)
3. rl;lk; 2003 vd;w ngahpy; cUthf;fg;l;lJ.
4. kf;fspilNa Gifapiyapd; jPa tpisTfs; gw;wp tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;Jjy;
Nghd;w mikg;Gfspy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mila Kaw;rpj;jy;.
Njrpa mNahbd; rj;J Fiwghl;L Neha; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
1. kdpj tsh;r;rpf;Fj; jpdKk; 100-150 ikf;Nuh fpuhk; mNahbd;

Njitg;gLfpwJ.
2. ,r;rj;J FiwghL> cly;eyk; kw;Wk; kd eyghjpg;G> fphpl;bdprk;>
fUr;rpijT> fhJ Nfshik> fha;lh; Nghd;wtw;iw Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
Page 7

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3. ,j;jpl;lk; Kjypy; Njrpa fha;lh; fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lk; vd;W 1962 Kjy;

toq;fg;gl;lJ.
4. murhq;fkhdJ czTf; fyg;gl jLg;Gr;rl;lk; 1954 d; gb mNahilL
,y;yhj cg;G tpw;gidia 2006 Kjy; jil nra;Js;sJ.
Njrpa kdeyj; jpl;lk; (1982)

Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
1. midtUf;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;;r kdey trjpia fpilf;fr; nra;jy;.

2. kdeyk; gw;wpa mwpitAk; nghJey Nrit Fwpj;j jpwikiaAk;
Cf;Ftpj;jy; r%f tsh;r;rpf;Fg; ghLgly;.
3. jw;NghJ ehL KOtJk; 123 khtl;lq;fspy; cly;ey jpl;lk;
nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Njrpa nfhR %yk; guTk; Neha;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;L jpl;lk; (National Vector Borne
Diseases Control Programme)
nfhRf;fs; %yk; guTk; Neha;fshd kNyhpah> gpNyhpah> fyh-mrhh;> [g;ghdPa

vd;nrgyhl;B];> nlq;F kw;Wk; rpf;Fd;Fd;ah Nghd;w Neha;fspd; jLg;G kw;Wk;
fl;Lghl;bw;nfd nfhz;Ltug;gl;l xd;wpize;j jpl;lkhFk;.
fpdpah GO xopg;Gj; jpl;lk;
1. 1983-84 k; Mz;Lfspy; Njrpa Neha; fl;Lghl;L ikaj;jpd; fPo; ,j;jpl;lk;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
2. cyf Rfhjhu ikaj;jpd; rhd;wpjo;gb gpg;uthp 15> 2000j;jpypUe;J
,e;jpahtpy; fpdpah GO Neha; Kw;wpYk; xope;jJ.
Njrpa Gw;WNeha; fl;Lghl;Lf;Fj; jpl;lk; (1975-76)

Nehf;fk;
1. jLj;jy; (Neha; tuhJ jLg;G)

2. Muk;g epiyapNyNa fz;lwpjy;
3. kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; kWtho;T
Page 8

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4. ,e;jpahtpy; 40% Gw;WNeha;f;F fhuzk; Gifapiyg; nghUl;fNs: ,tw;wpd;

fhuzkhf EiuaPuy; kw;Wk; tha; Gw;WNeha; Vw;gLfpwJ.
5. Njrpa Gw;WNeha; tpopg;Gzh;T ehs; etk;gh; 7.
6. uh\;bhpa MNuhf;fpa epjpapd; fPo; Rfhjhu mikr;rhpd; Gw;W
NehashpfSf;fhd epjp 2009 k; Mz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
czTf; fyg;gl jLg;Gr; rl;lk; 1954
1. Efh;Nthh;fSf;F Rj;jkhd kw;Wk; KOikahd czTg; nghUl;fs;

fpilg;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ.
2. ,J xU kj;jpa muRr; rl;lkhFk;.
3. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPohd tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; ju eph;zaq;fs; ,e;jpah KOtJk;
xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
4. ,r;rl;lk; nghJg;gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gpDk; ,jid eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
mjpfhuk; khepy muR kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;Nf cz;L.
czTg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ju eph;zar; rl;lk; 2006
1. czT fyg;gl jLg;Gr; rl;lk; 1954 I ePf;fp ,r;rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

2. czT ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;Ak; nghUl;L. cyftq;fp cjtpAld; 5
tUlj;jpw;fhd jpwd; tsh; gapw;rp czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kUe;JfSf;fhd
juf;fl;Lg;ghL vd;w ngahpy; 2003k; Mz;L kj;jpa murhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa kUj;Jtf; FO (Medical Council of India)
1. ,e;jpa kUj;Jtf; FOr;rl;lk; 1956 d; gb ehlhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd; %yk; rpy

jpUj;jq;fSld; 1958 y; ,t;tikg;G epWtg;gl;lJ.
2. 1993 y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l jpUj;jk;> Gjpa kUj;Jt fy;Y}hpfs; cUthf;fk;>
GJ ghlg;gphpTfs; njhlq;Fjy; kw;Wk; khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;
mjpfhpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F kj;jpa Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; FLk;g ey
mikr;rfj;jplk; xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.
Page 9

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uh\;bhpa MNuhf;a epjp
1997 njhlq;fg;gl;l ,e;epjp Kjypy; Njrpa cly;eykw;Nwhh; cjtp epjp vd;w

ngahpy; nray;gl;lJ.
1998 tWikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPo; thOk;> jPtpu Neha;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
kf;fSf;F (muR kUj;Jtkidfspy; rpfpr;ir ngWNthh;) epjp cjtp toq;FfpwJ.
1999 ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; kj;jpa murhdJ khepy mstpy; ,e;j epjpia
toq;Fk; nghUl;L khepyq;fSf;F khdpak; toq;FfpwJ.
Njrpa kUj;Jt mwptpay; fy;tpafk; 1961
kUj;Jt mwptpaypd; ed;ikfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nghUl;L 1961 k; Mz;L

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;tikg;ghdJ 1982 y; njhlu;r;rpahd kUj;Jtf; fy;tpj;
jpl;lj;ij njhlq;fpaJ.
ghh;k]p fTd;rpy; Mg; ,e;jpah (,e;jpa kUe;jfq;fs; FO) (Pharmacy Council of

India)
1997 ehlhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jhy;> ghh;k]p rl;lk; 1948 -,d; fPo;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1998 kUe;jfk; njhlh;ghd fy;tpia xOq;FgLj;Jjy; ,jd; flikahFk;.
1999 xUth; jd;id kUe;jhsdhf ,f;FOtpy; gjpT nra;J nfhz;l
gpd;dNu mJ njhlh;ghd gzpapid Nkw;nfhs;s ,aYk;. jw;NghJ
497 mDkjpf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sd.
xUq;fpize;j Neha; fz;fhzpg;Gj; jpl;lk;
1997 2004y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

1998 khepy mstpy; nray;gLk; jpl;lk;
1999 Nehapd; Muk;gepiy mwpFwpfis itj;Jj; jpwikahd gjpy;
eltbf;ifia Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; vLj;jy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,e;jpag; gy; kUj;Jtf; FO (Dental Council of India)
1. 1948k; Mz;L gy; kUj;Jt rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ehlhSkd;w rl;lk; %yk;

epWtg;gl;l mikg;G MFk;.
Page 10

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2. gy; kUj;Jtf; fy;tp> gzp kw;Wk; mjd; newpKiwfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy;

,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Njrpa kf;fs;njhiff; nfhs;if (gpg;uthp 2002)
Njrpa Rfhjhuf; nfhs;if (2002)> gjpNdhuhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; kw;Wk;

Njrpa Cuf Rfhjhu jpl;lk; Nghd;wit Foe;ij eydpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; nghUl;L
nfhs;if fisAk; jpl;lq;fisAk; nray;gLj;jp cs;sd.
FLk;g eyj; jpl;lk; 1952
1. ,J cyf mstpy; epWtg;gl;l Kjy; FLk;g ey jpl;lkhFk;.

2. ngz; rpRf;nfhiy> fUf;fiyg;G Nghd;wtw;iw jLf;Fk; nghUl;L Foe;ij
gpwg;gpw;F Kd; ghypd eph;zapj;jy; Nrhjidia muR 1994k; Mz;L
rl;lg;gb jil nra;Js;sJ.
ngz; Foe;ijfisf; fhg;Nghk;
1. “Save the Girl child” ,e;j Nfh\j;Jld; Njrpa mstpyhd $l;lk; xd;W
Vg;uy; 28> 2008y; eilngw;wJ.
2. ngz; rpRf;nfhiyapd; jPtpuj;ij ntspf;nfhzh;tJld;> mjdhy; Vw;gLk;
Foe;ij ghypd tpfpjf; FiwT> r%fj; jhf;fk; Nghd;wit Fwpj;J
ntspg;gLj;Jtjha; mike;jpUe;jJ.
3. jkpof murpd; njhl;by; Foe;ijj; jpl;lk;
jLg;G+rpj; jpl;lk;
capUf;F Mgj;J tpistpf;Fk; R+o;epiyfspypUe;J Foe;ijfisg;

ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L 1978 k; Mz;L ehL KOtJk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa nrtpypaf; FO
1. ,e;jpa nrtpypar; rl;lk; 1947 d; gb> ,f;FO Xh; ehlhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jhy;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. nrtpypag; gapw;rpapy; xNu msthd juj;ij ghJfhj;jy; njhlh;ghd xOq;F
Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
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NghypNah jLg;ghw;wy; jpl;lk; (1995-96)
Kjypy; 3 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F kl;Lk; NghypNah nrhl;L kUe;J

toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1996-97 k; Mz;Lfspy; 5 tajpw;Fl;gl;l midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; vd

,j;jpl;lk; tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa G@Nuhrp]; jLg;G kw;Wk fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
gjpNdhuhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; (2007-2012) 100 khtl;lq;fspy;

nray;gLj;j xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
uh[Pt; MNuhf;a eyf; fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; (Me;jpuh) 2007
tWikNfhl;bw;F fPo; thOk; kf;fSf;F uh[Pt; MNuhf;a = mwf;fl;lis

%yk; cly; eyf; fhg;gPL toq;Ftij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
; kw;w mk;rq;fs;
1. 2010> [dthp 9y; igNtyz;l; tha;top NghypNah jLg;G kUe;J gPfhh;

khepyj;jpy; (Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine) njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. MwhtJ “cyf cWg;Gfs; jhd jpdk;” ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; etk;gh; 27>
2010 y; mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. kj;jpa muR epjp - 240 Nfhb (80%)
4. khepy muRfs; epjp - 48 Nfhb (20%)
5. nghUshjhu tptfhuq;fSf;fhd kj;jpa mikr;rfk; gjpNdhuhtJ
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; Gw;WNeha; (lahgl;B];) rh;f;fiu tpahjp> fhh;bNah
th];Fyhh; tpahjp kw;Wk; ,ja milg;G Nghd;wtw;iwj; jLj;jy; kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;ghL vd;w jpl;lj;jpw;F xg;Gjy; mspj;jJ. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy
muRfspd; epjp gq;fPL KiwNa 80:20 MFk;.
gpujk ke;jphp ];t];ja Ruf;\ Nah[dh Nehf;fk;

ek;gj;jFe;j kUj;Jt Nritfisg; ngWtjpy; Vw;gLk; tl;lhu
rkepiyapd;ikia rhp nra;Ak; nghUl;L> ehl;by; jukhd kUj;Jtf; fy;tpia
toq;Ftij typAWj;JfpwJ. 2010 k; Mz;L ,j;jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
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jpl;lj;jpd; ,U Kf;fpaf; $Wfs;
va;k;]; (AIIMS) kUj;Jt epWtdk; Nghd;W 6 kUj;Jt epWtdq;fis r%fg;

nghUshjhu epiyapYs;s gpd;jq;fpa khepyq;fspy; Vw;gLj;JtJ.
• gPfhh; (ghl;dh)
• rj;jP];fh; (nua;g;G+h;)
• kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; (Nghghy;)
• xbrh (GtNd];tuk;)
• uh[];jhd; (N[hj;G+h;)
• cj;jh;fz;l; (hp\pNf\;)
Vw;fdNt cs;s kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpfs; / epWtdq;fs; GJg;gpj;jy; (trjpfis

Nkk;gLj;Jjy;). ,jw;nfd 10 khepyq;fspy; 13 fy;Y}hpfs;
Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
uh\;l;hpa ];t];ja gPk Nah[dh (mf;Nlhgh;1> 2007)
1. mikg;G rhuh njhopy;fspy; <LgLk; FLk;gj;jpdUf;F &. 30000 xU

tUlj;jpw;Ff; fhg;gPlhf nrYj;jg;gLk;.
2. gadhspf;F> ];khl; fhh;L Smart Card xd;W toq;fg;gLk;.
3. mjd; %yk; gzkpy;yh kUj;Jt rpfpr;iria gadhspfs; ngw ,aYk;.
jpl;lr; nryT
kj;jpa khepy epjp gq;fPL
• kj;jpa muR :
[k;K / tlfpof;F khepyk;
90 : 10
• kj;jpa muR : kw;w khepyq;fs;
75 : 25
• Vg;uy;1> 2008 Kjy; jpl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
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Njrpa cly; eyk; Muha;r;rpf; nfhs;if
1. Rfhjhu fl;likg;GfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; Fiwthd epjpapd; fhuzkhf

,e;jpahtpy; kUj;Jtk;> cly;eyj; njhlh;ghd Muha;r;rpfs; FiwT> vdNt
mjid Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nghUl;L Vg;uy; 3> 2011 y; Muha;r;rpf; nfhs;if
,Wjp tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;lJ.
2. cly; ey Nkk;ghl;bw;F nrytspf;Fk; njhifapy; Fiwe;jJ 2% I
Muha;rpf;F nrytpl ,f;nfhs;if typAWj;JfpwJ.
3. NkYk; Njrpa cly;ey Muha;r;rp Nkyhz;ik Mizak; xd;W epWtg;glTk;
,f;nfhs;if toptFf;fpwJ.
Njrpa va;l;]; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; (1987)
1. Njrpa va;l;]; fl;Lg;ghl;L fofk; vd;w mikg;G epWtg;gl;L> mjd; fPo;

,j;jpl;lk; 1987 Kjy; nray;gLfpwJ.
2. ehL jOtpa ikak; epWTjy;.
3. jhf;fkilaf;$ba FOf;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.
4. topfhl;L newpKiwfis toq;Fjy;
5. ghy;tpid Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
Njrpa igNyhpah fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; (1955)
Kjypy; 22 ,io xl;Lz;zp Ma;Tf; $lq;fs; ehl;bd;; gy gFjpfspYk;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
nray;ghL
1. nfhR vjph;g;G> Kl;ilg;GO vjph;g;G eltbf;ifia nray;gLj;Jjy;.

2. igNyhpah ikaq;fis epWtp Ez;zpa xl;Lz;zp ghjpg;G rpfpr;ir
nra;jy;.
Njrpa fhrNeha; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; nray;ghL
1. Muk;g epiyapNyNa fz;lwpe;J tPl;bNyNa rpf;r;ir mspj;jy;.

2. gp.rp.I jLg;G+rp nrYj;Jjy; (Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; rpwhh;fSf;F)
3. mWitr; rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; mtru rpfpf;ir.
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4. gapw;rp kw;Wk; nray;Kiw tpsf;fk;.

5. Gzh; tho;T
6. Muha;r;rp
7. khtl;l fhrNeha; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; 1962 y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
Nehf;fk;
1. 85% ghjpg;Gfis rhp nra;jy;

2. ghpNrhjid %yk; 75% ghjpg;Gfis fz;lwpjy;.
3. muR rhuh epWtdq;fis <LgLj;jy;
,uj;j ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;
1. 1998 [dthp 1 Kjy; njhopy; hPjpahf ,uj;j jhdk; nra;tJ ehl;by; jil
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. chpkk; ngw;w ,uj;j tq;fpfs; nray;gl mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. jd;dhh;t ,uj;j jhdk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ,f;nfhs;ifgb> ,uj;jj;jpd; xt;nthU myFk; ghpNrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
5. n`gilb];> kNyhpah kw;Wk; fpue;jp Neha; njhw;W fz;Lgpbf;f ,e;j
Nrhjid mtrpak;.
Njrpa buf;Nfhkh jLg;G Kfhk; (1963)
Njrpa ghh;itaw;Nwhh; fl;Lg;ghl;L jpl;lj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa FbePh; tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuj; jpl;lk;
1954 k; Mz;L ghJfhf;fg;gl;l FbePH; toq;fTk; Njitahd fopTePh;

Foha;fs; toq;fTk; midj;J fpuhkq;fs; kw;Wk; Fbir khw;W thhpaq;fspYk;
Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
20 mk;r jpl;lq;fs; (1975)
1. 1975 k; Mz;L eyj;jpl;lj;NjhL r%f nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia fUj;jpy;

nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 15

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2. 20 jpl;lq;fspy; 8 jpl;lq;fs; eyj;jpl;lk; Fwpj;j Neub (m) kiwKfj;

njhlh;G nfhz;lit.
Njrpa Rfhjhuf; nfhs;if
1. Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; FLk;g ey mikr;rfk; 1983 y; Njrpa Rfhjhuf;

nfhs;ifia cUthf;fpaJ.
2. ,jd;gb 2000 Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; eytho;T vd;w ,yf;if
miltJ ,jd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
3. ,jw;fhd Rfhjhu cj;jpfs; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
4. mitahdtd Rfhjhu fl;likg;G> Rfhjhu kdpjd; Nkk;ghl;L Muha;r;rp
kw;Wk; Rfhjhu Kd;Ndw;wk;.
Rfhjhuf; nfhs;ifapd; gutyhd rpghhpRfs;
1. xt;nthU 5000 Ngh; nfhz;l fpuhkj;jpYk; xU Rfhjhuj; Jiz ikak;

epWTjy;. (goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; kiyg;gFjpapy; 3000 NgUf;F xd;W tPjk;
Nkw;gb ikaj;jpy; Xh; Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; Rfhjhu gzpahsh; ,Ug;ghh;.
xt;nthU 30000 Ngh; nfhz;l fpuhk [dj; njhiff;F xU Muk;gr; Rfhjhu
ikak; epWTjy;. (goq;Fbapdh; trpf;Fk; kiyg;gFjpapy; 20000 NgUf;F
xd;W vd tpfpjk;) xU yl;r NgUf;F xd;W tPjk; rKjha Rfhju ikak;
mikj;jy;.
2. 1000 Ngh; nfhz;l xt;nthU fpuhk [dj; njhiff;F rKjhaj;jhy;
Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l Rfhjhu topfhl;bfSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; kw;Wk; kuG
topte;j nrtpypaiu xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; kfg;NgW kUj;Jtj;jpw;F
cjTk; gzpahsh; gapw;rpapid mspj;jy;. ,J jtpu gy;NtW tifahd
gzpahsh;fis gapw;Wtpj;jy;.
3. Nkw;fz;l jpl;lq;fs; %ykhf NghJkhd fl;likg;G kUj;J> Jiz
kUj;Jt> kdpj ts Mw;wy;fSf;F tha;g;G ngUFtJld; mjd; thapyhf
Rfhjhuf; nfhs;if nray; jpl;lj;jpy; $wg;gl;lij jOtpa mbg;gil
Rfhjhu trjp vd;Dk; ,yf;F tpiutpy; vl;l top NfhYfpwJ.
Page 16

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4. 1985> 1990> 1995 kw;Wk; 2000 Mz;Lf;Fs; mila Ntz;ba Fwpg;gpl;l

,yf;Ffs; Njrpa Rfhjhuf; nfhs;if nray; jpl;lj;jpy;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. ,f;nfhs;if nray;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjd;ik eyguhkhpg;gpid ,e;jpa Rfhjhu
Kiwikapy; ikakhfTk; Kf;fpag; gzpahfTk; Mf;fpAs;sJ.
6. 2000tJ Mz;Lf;Fs; midtUf;Fk; Rfhjhuk; vd;Dk; ,yf;if miltNj
,e;jpa Njrpa Rfhjhuj; jpl;lj;jpd; ,yf;fhFk;.
7. ,jpypUe;J Rfhjhuj; Jiwia eph;tfpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L> mjd; thapyhf nfhs;if cUkhw;wk; ngw toptFj;jy;
kw;Wk; Gjpajhf Njrpa Rfhjhuf; nfhs;if nray;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
muRrhuh mikg;Gfspd; gq;F
muR rhuh mikg;Gfs; murpd; xU gFjpahfNth (my;yJ) ,yhg

Nehf;fj;NjhL nray;gLk; epWtdkhfNth my;y.
1. ,e;j mikg;ghdJ nghJthf ehl;bd; rhjhuz Fbkfd;fshy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. ,jw;f;F muR> tzpf kw;Wk; jdpahh; epWtdq;fs; rpy Neuq;fspy; epjp
mspf;fpwJ.
muR mikg;Gfsplk; fhzg;gLk; mk;rq;fs;
1. jd;dhh;t mikg;Gfs;
2. jw;rhh;G cilaJ
3. r%f eydpy; mf;fiw nfhz;lJ.
flikfs; kw;Wk; gq;F:

1. fpuhkGw kf;fis Cf;Ftpg;gJ.
2. khjphpfs; kw;Wk; ghpNrhjidfis cUthf;FtJ
3. murpd; Kaw;rpfSf;F cWJizaha; ,Ug;gJ
4. tWikapy; ,Uf;Fk; fpuhkGw kf;fis xd;wpidg;gJ.
5. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F fy;tp mspj;jy;.
6. gapw;rp mspg;gJ.
7. nra;jpfis gug;GtJ.
Page 17

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8. tsq;fis xd;W jpul;LtJ.

9. fpuhkg;Gw jiyth;fis cUthf;FtJ.
10. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; gpujpepjpahf nray;gLtJ.
11. GJikahsh;fshf nray;gLtJ.
12. kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig cWjpnra;tJ
13. Njitahd njhopy;El;gq;fis Nkk;gLj;JtJ
14. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspd; Nritfs; toq;fg;gLtij cWjp nra;tJ.
15. gpuhzpfs; ghJfhg;G.
16. khw;W jpwdhspfSf;F cjtp mspj;jy;.
17. Rw;W#oy; ghJfhg;G.
muR rhuh mikg;GfSf;fhd tuk;Gfs;:

1. epjp jl;LghL
2. gapw;rp ngw;w gzpahsh;fs; ,y;yhjJ.
3. jtwhd epjp Nkyhz;ik.
4. Fiwthd vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l nray;ghL.
5. njhopy; Nghl;bfs;.
6. murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;L Fiwtpdhy; muR rhuh mikg;Gfspy; epUthfj;jpy;
Vw;gLk; FiwghL.
• Foe;ijfs;
• ngz;fs;
• khw;Wjpwdhspfs;
• kdpj chpik
• Mgj;jhd tpgj;Jfspy;
• Rw;W#oy;
Efh;Nthh; mikg;Gfs;:
,e;j Efh;Nthh; mikg;GfshdJ Efh;Nthhpd; chpikfis ghJfhf;f

kpfr;rpwpa mstpyhd Nritfis nra;J tUfpd;wd.
Page 18

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,e;jpahtpy; nray;gLk; rpy Kf;fpa Efh;Nthh; ikaq;fs;

1. Consumer Guidance Society of India - Mumbai
2. Citizen Action Grow - Mumbai
3. Citizen Poooram - `pg;sp
4. War entry Organisation in (VOICE) - New Delhi
5. Mumbai Grahak Punchayat - Mumbai.
6. Consumer education and research - mfkjhghj; Center . (CERE)
7. Common utility and Trust Society - n[a;G+h; (CUTS)
Efh;Nthh; mikg;Gfspd; flikfs;:

1. Efh;Nthh; tpopg;Gzh;it Jhpjg;gLj;J kw;Wk; Efh;Nthh; fy;tpia gug;GtJ.
2. gytpjkhd jahhpg;Gfs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fis ngWtJ kw;Wk; mjid
Nrhjid nra;tJ.
3. Efh;Nthh; rhh;ghf tof;Ffis njhLg;gJ.
4. fyg;gplj;jpw;F vjpuhf Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;JtJ.
5. Efh;Nthh; chpik njhlh;ghf fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;F cjtp mspg;gJ.
6. Efh;Nthh; mikg;GfSld; xU tiy mikg;ig cUthf;FtJ.
7. muRf;F cWJizaha; ,Ug;gJ.
8. Efh;Nthh;fSf;F mth;fspd; chpikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cs;s jPh;T
Kiwfis gw;wp vLj;Jiug;gJ.
9. Efh;Nthh; chpikfs; njhlh;ghd ,jo;fs; rpw;nwhLfs; (k) jdp fl;Liufs;
Nghd;wtw;iw ntspapLtJ.
10. fyg;gl nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nghypahd nghUl;fs; Fwpj;j fz;fhl;rp
muq;Ffis mikg;gJ.
11. Efh;Nthh; chpikfs; njhlh;ghd Ngr;R$l;lq;fs;> fye;jha;Tfs;
Mfpatw;iw elj;JtJ.
fphpd; gp]; jd;dhh;t epWtdk;: (gp]; - mikjp) (Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;G)

1. ,J Rw;W#oy; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf rh;tNjr mstpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l xU
mikg;ghFk;.
Page 19

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2. Rw;W#oy; njhlh;ghd tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;JtNj ,jd; Kf;fpa

Nehf;fkhFk;.
3. ,J Rw;Wr;#oiy jtwhf gad;gLj;Jtij mikjpahd Kiwapy; vjph;g;ig
njhptpj;J gpur;rhuk; nra;Ak; xU Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.
• jl;g ntg;gepiy khw;wk;
• tsq;fis ghJfhj;jy;.
• ngUq;fly; ghJfhg;G
• jpkpq;fpyj;ij mopj;jy;
• kuG mD njhopy; El;gj;ij jLj;jy;.
• mZ MAj gaq;fuj;ij jil nra;jy;.
• er;R jd;ikapid Ntjpg;nghUl;fis mopj;jy;.
• ep&gpj;j tpahghuh tsh;r;rp
• Mfpait njhlh;ghf ,e;j mikg;G gpur;rhuk; njhlh;fpwJ
tpdhf;fs;:
1. muRrhuh mikg;Gfspd; gq;F> tuk;Gfs; kw;Wk; flikfs; gw;wp tptup?

2. Njrpa Rfhjhuf; nfhs;if - 2002 gw;wp vOJf.
3. Njrpa Cuf Rfhjhuj; jpl;lk; gw;wp tptupj;J vOJf.
Page 20
jkpo;ehL muR

gFjp : eyptile;NjhUf;fhd kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy nghJeyj;jpl;lq;fs;
fhg;Ghpik


Mizah;>
eyptile;NjhUf;fhd kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy

nghJeyj;jpl;lq;fs;
tho;thjhu jpl;lk;
Njrpa Cuf tho;thjhu jpl;lk; (National Rural livelihood Mission)
1. Cufg; gFjp tho; kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij cWjp nra;Ak; nghUl;L

njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lk;.
2. jw;NghJ m[Ptpfh vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpujk ke;jphp rpuhNkhjah Nah[dh (2000-2001)
Nehf;fk;
fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf>

Rfhjhuk;> njhlf;ff;fy;tp> FbePh;> FbapUg;G kw;Wk; fpuhkr; rhiyfs; Mfpa Ie;J
JiwfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpwJ.
gpujk ke;jphp fpuhkr; rhiyfs; jpl;lk; (2000> brk;gh;)
xt;nthU fpuhkj;ijAk; efh;g;Gw rhiyfSld; ,izj;jiy Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;lJ.
1. fpuhkpd; Mth];
fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; Vo;ikapYs;s kf;fSf;F FbapUg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpj;

jUtijAk;> tsUk; Njitf;F Vw;g tPLfis mikj;Jj; jUtjiyAk; Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;lJ.
2. fpuhk FbePh; jpl;lk;
FbePh;j; Njitia epiwT nra;jiyAk;> FbePh; Nrkpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fis

Vw;gLj;JjiyAk; kioePh; Nrfhpg;G jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F chpa Vw;ghLfis
nra;fpwJ.
Page 1
eyptile;NjhUf;fhd kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy nghJeyj;jpl;lq;fs;
25 rjtPj msT epjpia twl;rp gFjpfs; kw;Wk ghiytd gFjpfs; Kd;Ndw;w

jpl;lj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
[d; = gpkh Nah[dh (2000)
1. tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPo; thOk; kf;fSf;fhf “fhg;gPl;L jpl;lkhf”

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
2. 18 Kjy; 60 tajpw;Fl;gl;l fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efh;g;Gw kf;fs; gad;ngWk;
tifapy; tho;f;iff;F ghJfhg;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpuhkf; iftpidQh;fSF;F cgfuzq;fs; mspg;Gj; jpl;lk; (SITRA) (1992)
1. fpuhkf; iftpidQh;fSf;F Gjpa fUtpfis mspj;J> mth;fspd;

tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ.
2. xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l Cuf tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Jiz jpl;lkhFk;.
1999 k; Mz;L Rth;z n[ae;jp nghd;tpoh jpl;lk; Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lj; Jld;

,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
r%f tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lk; (1952)
kf;fs; gq;fspg;Gld;> Cufg; gFjpapy; midj;J tpjkhd tshr;rpfisAk;

Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
Cuf tsh;r;rpf;fhd Njrpa epjp (1984)
Cuf tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd epjp cjtp toq;fy;.
CAPART (1986)
Cufg; gFjpfspd; tsq;fis mjpfhpf;f cjTjy;.
gpujk ke;jphp fpuhk rjf; Nah]dh (2000)
Fiwe;jJ 500 Ngh; kf;fs;njhif nfhz;l fpuhkq;fspy; rhiyfs; mikj;jy;.
20 mk;rj; jpl;lk; (1975)
tWik xopg;G kw;Wk; tho;f;ifj;juj;ij cah;j;Jjy;.

Page 2
twl;rp ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfSf;fhd jpl;lk; (1973-74)
twl;rpapd; jhf;fj;ij Fiwf;Fk; nghUl;L> gaph; ghJfhg;G toq;fy;> epyj;jpd;

cw;gj;jp jpwid mjpfhpj;jy;> Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpwJ.
md;dG+h;zh jpl;lk; (2000)
1. midtUf;Fk; czTg; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jy;

2. tNahjpfh;fSf;F ,ytr czT jhdpaq;fs; toq;Fjy;.
3. nghJ tpepNahfj; jpl;lj;ij rPuikj;jy; %yk;> ViofSf;F czT
jhdpaq;fs; fpilf;fr; nra;jy;.
eph;ky; fpuhk Gu];fhh; (2003 mf;Nlhgh;)
Rfhjhu trjpfis ey;yKiwapy; nray;gLj;Jk; gQ;rhaj;Jfis

Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nghUl;L jug;gLk; tpUJ kw;Wk; Cf;fj; njhifia Fwpf;fpwJ.
thy;kpfp mk;Ngj;fhh; Mth]; Nah[dh (2001> brk;gh;)
Nrhpfspy;thOk; kf;fSf;F tPLfl;bj; jUjy;.
uh[pt; Mth]; Nah[dh (2010)
Nrhpfs; ,y;yh ,e;jpahit cUthf;Fjy;.
Njrpa Cuf FbePh; jpl;lk; (2009) (National Rural Drinking water Programme)
midtUf;Fk; ‘FbePh; ngWtij” Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L

nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpuh Mth]; Nah[dh (1985)
Curg; gFjpfspy;> tWik xopg;gpy; xU fl;lkhf tPL fl;bj; jUk; jpl;lk;

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; epjp xUf;fPLfs; KiwNa 75 : 25
Page 3
uh[Pt; fhe;jp fpuhkpd; tpj;Aj;jpfud; Nah[dh (2005)
1. Cufg; gFjpahf fUjg;gLk; midj;J fpuhkq;fspYk;> midj;J FbapUg;G

gFjpfspYk; “kpd;rhu ,izg;G” toq;Fjy;.
2. kpd; ,izg;G ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. Kd;Dhpik
• SC, ST FbapUg;G gFjpfs;.
• trjpaw;w kf;fspd; FbapUg;Gfs;.
ghuj; eph;khd; Nah[dh (2005)
Cuf fl;likg;G trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gLk; Jiwfs;
1. ghrdk;
2. rhiyfs;
3. kpd;rhu ,izg;G
4. FbePh;
5. tPLfs;
efh;g;Gw Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
[t`h;yhy; NeU Njrpa efh;g;Gw Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk; (JRNURM) (brk;gh; 3> 2005)
1. Njh;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l efuq;fspy; rPh;jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;. kpf tpiuthf
tsh;r;rp milAk; nghUl;Lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l jpl;lkhFk;.
2. efh;g;Gw fl;likg;G trjpfis rpW kw;Wk; eLj;ju efuq;fspYk; nfhz;L
tUjiyAk; Nehf;fkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ.
3. jw;NghJ 65 efuq;fspy; ,j;jpl;lk; nray;ghl;by; cs;sJ.
Page 4
r%f eyj; jpl;lk;

Njrpa r%f cjtpj; jpl;lk; / ehl;L r%f cjtpj; jpl;lk; (1995> Mf];l; 15)
Viof; FLk;gj;jpdh;> taJ Kjph;eN
; jhh;> tUkhdk; <l;Lk; FLk;gj; jiytid
,oe;j FLk;gj;jpdh;> CdKw;Nwhh; Nghd;w r%fj;jpy; eype;j epiyapYs;s
kf;fspd; ghJfhg;ig typAWj;Jk; nghUl;L nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; gy Xa;T+jpaj; jpl;lq;fs; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
1. Njrpa FLk;g eyj; jpl;lk; tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPo; cs;s

FLk;gq;fSf;fhf nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp Njrpa KjpNahh; Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk;.
3. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa tpjit Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk;.
4. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa CdKw;Nwhh; Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk;.
cly; eyj; jpl;lq;fs;

Njrpa Cuf cly;eyj; jpl;lk; (2005> Vg;uy; 12)
1. Cufg; gFjpapy; thOk; Vio kf;fSf;F> mth;fs; mZff; $ba jukhd

kUj;Jt Nritapid toq;Fjy;.
2. rpR ,wg;G tPjk; (IMR) kw;Wk; fh;g;gpzpag; ngz;fs; ,wg;G tPjk; (MMR)
Nghd;wtw;iw Fiwg;gJk; ,j;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
3. midj;J epiyfspYk;> r%f xj;Jiog;Gld; cly;ey Nritfs; kf;fis
rhpahd Kiwapy; nrd;wilAk;gbahd nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;ljhf
,j;jpl;lk; jpfo;fpwJ.
gpujk ke;jphp ];t];jah Ruf;\ Nah[dh (2010)
cly;ey Nritfspy;> gFjpthhpahf fhzg;gLk; rkkpd;ikia rhp nra;aTk;>

jukhd kUj;Jtf; fy;tp fpilg;gij cWjp nra;Ak; nghUl;Lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l
jpl;lkhFk;.
nly;ypapYs;s va;k;]; kUj;Jtkid Nghd;w 6 fy;tp epiyaq;fis ehL

KOtJk; cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; ,j;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Page 5
Guhjdg; goq;Fb FOf;fs; tsh;r;rp jpl;lk; : (PTGS)
,e;jpahtpy; 75-,d goq;Fbapdh; cs;sdh;. mth;fs; 17 khepyq;fspYk;, 1

A+dpad; gpuNjrkhd me;jkhd; epf;NfhghpYk; cs;sdh;. mth;fspd; tho;f;if
KiwAk;, nghUshjhuk;, Fiwe;j njhopy;El;gk; cila gioa tptrha KiwAk;,
Fiwe;j fy;tpawpTk; kf;fs; njhifapy; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; goq;Fb
kf;fs; Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh; vd gy milahsk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L
,th;fs; Guhjdg; goq;Fb FOf;fs; (PTGS) vd kj;jpa muR tifg;gLj;jpaJ
kj;jpa murhdJ ,th;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; tsh;r;rp Vw;gLj;j 1998-99-y; nkhj;j
tsh;;r;rpiaAk;, nefpo;Tk; nfhz;l jpl;lk; tFj;jJ mj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; tPl;L
trjp, cs;fl;likg;G tsh;r;rp, fhy;eil mgptpUj;jp, fy;tp, Rfhjhuk;, (epyk;) fhzp
toq;fy; tptrha tsh;r;rp, r%f ghJfhg;G, fhg;gPL vd midj;J tpjkhd tsh;r;rp
nfhz;lj;jpl;lkhf kPz;Lk; gjpndhutJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpy; (2007-08)
Kiwg;gLj;j ghJfhg;Gld; $ba tsh;r;rp” (CCD) vd GJ nghopT jUk; Ntfj;Jld;
khepy murhq;fKk;, muR rhuh mikg;GfSk; mth;fspd; tsh;r;rpapy; ngUk; gq;F
tfpf;fpd;wdh;.
goq;Fbapd khzth; / khztpaUf;fhd tpLjpfs; :
1. goq;Fbapd khztpfs; fy;tp ngw;W Nkk;ghl;L tsh;r;rpg; ngw kj;jpa

murhdJ %d;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; goq;Fbapd khztpfs; tpLjp
mikf;Fk; jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; kj;jpa murhdJ 50% epjpAk;,
khepy murhdJ 50% epjpAk;, A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpw;F kj;jpa muNr 100%
epjpAk; toq;Fk; vd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jdbgilapy; khepy kw;Wk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpy; 1999-2000 Mz;by; 29-khztpah; tpLjpAk;, 2000-2001
Mz;by; 11 khztpah; tpLjpf;Fk; epjp xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;j khjphpahd jpl;lj;jpy; ve;j khw;wKk; ,y;yhky; khzth;fSf;fhd

tpLjp mikf;Fk; jpl;lk; 1989-90-y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epjpapd; %yk;
2000-2001- Mz;L 15-khzth; tpLjp mikj;J ju epjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Page 6
Njrpa goq;Fb ntsp ehl;L gbg;Gf;fhd fy;tp cjtpj; njhifj; jpl;lk; :
1. goq;Fbapd khzth;fs; KJfiy gbg;G kw;Wk; Kidth; gbf;F

ntspehl;by; nrd;W gapd;W tu murhdJ mth;fSf;F gaz nryT,
jq;Fk; nryT vd midj;J nryitAk; Vw;W fy;tp cjtp njhifAk;
toq;FfpwJ.
2. ,t;Tjtp njhifahdJ 35 - tpjkhd Jiwfspd; KJfiyg; gbg;gpw;Fk;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. ,it kl;Lkpd;wp xt;nthU Mz;Lk; 15- tpjkhd ghpRk;, cjtpfSk;

mspf;fg;gLk;.
4. ,j;jpl;lk; Kjd; Kjypy; 1954-55-y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ jd;dhh;t njhz;L

epWtdq;fspd; typAWj;jypd; thapyhf 2007-08-Mz;by;
kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; goq;Fbapdh;f;F murpd; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
1. nfhj;jbik Kiw xopj;jy;

2. xg;ge;j njhopyhsh; Kiw xopj;jy;
3. goq;Fbapd; kw;Wk; Mjpjpuhtplh; eyj;Jiw tpLjp rpwg;G topf;fhl;b
4. Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; +2 Njh;tpy; khtl;l mstpy; ntw;wp
ngw;wtUf;F Kjy; ghpR &.3>000 2-k; ghpR &.500> 10-tFg;gpw;F Kjy; ghpR
&.1000 2-k; ghpR> &.300.
5. fhL tsh;g;G jpl;lq;fs;
6. mth;fspd; tptrhaj;jpw;F khzpak; toq;Fjy;
7. tpyq;F tsh;g;G - goq;Fb eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
jkpof murpd; jpl;lq;fs;

ngz;fs; eyj; jpl;lq;fs;
1. 1947 k; Mz;L kfsph; eyj; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;j kfsph; eyj;Jiw

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Page 7
2. 1952 y; r%f eyj; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;j kj;jpa r%f ey thhpak;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. 1954 y; jkpof muR> khepy r%f ey thhpaj;ij mikj;jJ.
khepy r%f ey thhpak; (1954)
1. ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs;> Mjp jpuhtplh; goq;Fb kf;fs;> mehijf;s

Nghd;Nwhh; midtUf;Fk; gy jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.
2. 1956 k; Mz;L FLk;gey mWit rpfpr;irj; jpl;lk; mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. ngz;fs; chpikfis ghJfhf;f 1990 k; Mz;L ‘jkpof kfsph; Mizak;”
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lk;
%tY}h; uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh; epidT jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lk;
Nehf;fk;
1. Vio ngzpfspd; fy;tp epiyia cah;j;Jk; nghUl;Lk;.

2. Vio ngw;Nwhh;fs; jq;fs; ngz;fspd; jpUkzj;ij elj;jpLk; nghUl;Lk;
cjtpj; njhif toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L : [Pd; 1989
cjtp
1. 10 k; tFg;G tiu Kbj;j ngz;fSf;F - &gha; 25000 kw;Wk; 4 fpuhk; jq;f

ehzak;.
2. ,sq;fiy gl;lk; tiu - &gha; 50000 kw;Wk; Kbj;j ngz;fSf;F 4 fpuhk;
jq;f ehzak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
jFjp
1. ngw;Nwhh; Mz;L tUkhdk; 24000 f;F kpfhky; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

2. ngz;fspd; taJ - 18 Kjy; 30 taJ
3. xU FLk;gj;jpy; xNu xU ngz;zpw;F kl;LNk toq;fg;gLk;.
Page 8
<.Nt. uh kzpak;ik epidT Vio tpjitfspd; ngz;fs; jpUkz cjtp jpl;lk;

(1981-82)
Nehf;fk;
Vio tpjitfspd; ngz;fs; jpUkzk; eilngw cjTjy;.
md;id njurh epidT mehijg; ngz;fs; jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lk; (1984-85)

Nehf;fk;
mehijg; ngz;fspd; jpUkzj;jpw;F epjpAjtp toq;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.
lhf;lh; jh;khk;ghs; mk;ikahh; epidT tpjit kWkzj; jpl;lk;

Nehf;fk;
tpjitfSf;F kWtho;T mspf;Fk; nghUl;L> tpjit kWkzj;ij

Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tifapy; epjp toq;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.
lhf;lh; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b epidT fyg;G jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lk;
[hjp> kj Ngjq;fis xopf;Fk; tifapy; eilngWk; fyg;G jpUkzq;fSk;

epjpAjtp toq;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.
kfsph; jpl;lk;
1. Racjtpf; FOf;fs; mikg;gpd; %yk;> r%f nghUshjhu mjpfhukspj;jiy

ngz;fSf;F fpilf;fr; nra;jy;.
2. 1997 k; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,j;jpl;lj;ij jkpo;ehL ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;w fofk; nray;gLj;JfpwJ.
Nehf;fk;
1. rpwpa nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; %yk; ngz;fs; jq;fs; nghUshjhu r%f

epiyia cah;j;j topnra;J nfhLj;jy;.
2. Ra cjtpf; FOf;fis mikj;J mjd; %yk; gapw;rp jUjy;.
3. gapw;rp Kbe;jgpd;> njhopy; njhlq;Fk; nghUl;L epjpAjtp mspj;jy;
Page 9
ngz; Foe;ij ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;
rptfhkp mk;ikahh; epidT ngz; Foe;ij ghJfhg;G jpl;lk; jw;NghJ

Kjyikr;rh; ngz; Foe;ijfs; ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;.
Nehf;fk;
1. FLk;g fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

2. ngz; rpRf; nfhiyia xopj;jy;.
3. Vio FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s ngz; Foe;ijfspd; ey;tho;it cWjp nra;jy;.
cjtpj; njhif
xU ngz; Foe;ij vdpy; &. 50000> 2 ngz; Foe;ijnadpy; &. 25000> Mz;
Foe;ij ,Ug;gpd; ,j;jpl;lk; mf;FLk;gj;jpy; nghUe;jhJ.
ngz; Foe;ijfs; fy;tpf;fhd jpl;lq;fs;
‘rj;ah mk;ikahh; epidT muR mehijfs; jpl;lk;”
Nehf;fk;
❖ Mjutw;w kw;Wk; mehij Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp toq;Fjy;.

❖ ,ytr czT> cil> ciwtplk; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt trjp toq;fy;.
cjtp
ciwtplk;> fy;tp> rPUil> ,ytr Gj;jfq;fs;> Nehl;L Gj;jfq;fs;> ,ytr

fhyzpfs; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt trjpfs;.
gad;ngWNthh;
1. iftplg;gl;l Foe;ijfs;
2. ngw;Nwhhpy;yhj Foe;ijfs;
3. rpiwf; ifjpfspd; Foe;ijfs;
4. ngw;Nwhhpy; xUtiu ,oe;j Foe;ijfs;
Page 10
nghpahh; <.nt.uh ehfk;kik jpl;lk;
1. rhjp> gphpT vd;w ghFghbd;wp midj;J ngz; Foe;ijfSf;Fkhd ,ytr

fy;tp toq;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.
Nehf;fk;
1. ngz; fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;

2. gs;sp ,ilepw;wiy Fiwj;jy;
3. ,sq;fiy gl;lgbg;G tiu ngz;fSf;F ,ytr fy;tp toq;Fjy;.
ngz;fs; kfg;NgW cjtpj; jpl;lk;

lhf;lh; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b epidT kfg;NgW cjtpj; jpl;lk;

2. tWikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPo; cs;s ngz;fSf;F kfg;NgW cjtpahf &. 12000
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
ngz; (Foe;ij) rpR ghJfhg;G jpl;lk; njhl;by; Foe;ij jpl;lk; (1992)
1. muR kUj;Jtkidfs;> Muk;g Rfhjhu epiyaq;fs;> muR Mehij

tpLjpfspy; “muRj; njhl;by;fs;” Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
2. r%f nghUshjhu epiy fhuzkhf ngw;Nwhuhy; iftplg;gl;l gy ngz;
Foe;ijfs; muRr; njhl;bypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;.
ngz;fs; Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk;:
rj;jpathzp Kj;J mk;ikahh; epidT ,ytr ijay; ,ae;jpuk; toq;Fk;

jpl;lk;
Nehf;fk;
Mjutw;w tpjitfs; fztdhy; iftplg;gl;l ngz;fs;> r%fj;jpy;

gpd;jq;fpa ngz;fs;> cly; CdKw;w Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; ,th;fSf;F
kWtho;T mspf;Fk; nghUl;Lk;> Ra Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L ijay;
,ae;jpuk; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Page 11
jkpof murpd; Mjp jpuhtplh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; eyj; jpl;lk;
1. jhl;Nfh → Mjp jpuhtplh; tPl;L trjpf; fofk;> 1974 k; Mz;bypUe;J

nray;gLfpwJ.
2. Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapduf;F gl;lg;gbg;G tiu ,ytrf; fy;tp
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. gow;FbapdUf;fhd jdp ,af;Fdufk; 2000 k; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
4. ‘jkpo;ehL goq;Fbapdh; ey thhpak;” 2007 k; Mz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. jPzlhikia xopf;fTk;> Mjp jpuhtplh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;F vjpuhd
nfhLikfsi mfw;Wk; nghUl;lk; 1955 k; Mz;L ‘chpikfs; ghJfhg;G
rl;lk;” kw;Wk; 1989 k; Mz;L ‘Mjp jpuhtplh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;F
vjpuhd nfhLikfs; jilr; rl;lk;” Mfpait eilKiwg;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sd.
khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs; eyj; jpl;lk;
1. ‘1992 k; Mz;L cly; CdKw;NwhUf;fhd kWthopT ,af;Fdufj;ij”

jkpof muR mikj;jJ.
2. Cly; CdKw;w Foe;ijfs; fy;tp ngw 25 rpwg;G gs;spfs; khepyk;
KOtJk; cs;sd. mf;Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr fy;tp czT> ciwtplk;
cjtpj; njhif Nghd;wit toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk;> Ntiy tha;g;GfspYk; CdKw;Nwhh;fSf;F 3%
,lxJf;fPL nra;Js;sJ.
Mjutw;Nwhh; eyj; jpl;lk;
1. jkpof muR Vio tpjitfs;> iftplg;gl;l ngz;fs;> Mjutw;w ngz;fs;

mjhtJ 18 taJ Kjy; 40 taJ tiu cs;sth;fSf;F> jhk;guk;> flY}h;>
Nryk;> jpUney;Ntyp> jQ;rhT+h;> fhiuf;Fb Nghd;w 6 ,lq;fspy; Nrit
,y;yq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
2. 1000 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l mehij Foe;ijfs; trpf;Fk; mehij ,y;yq;fspy;
E}yfq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; jpl;lk; ‘Mde;jk;” vd;w ngahpy;
nra;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; ‘rj;ah mk;ikahh; epidT muR mehijfs;
jpl;lk;” Nghd;wit nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Page 12
KjpNahh;fSf;fhd jkpof murpd; eyj; jpl;lq;fs;:

1. KjpNahh; Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk; 1962
60 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l KjpNahh;fSf;F khje;NjhWk; &. 1000 toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
gadhspfs;
kfdhy; iftplg;gl;lth;fs; my;yJ 20 tajpw;Fl;gl;l kfd; cs;s

KjpNahh;fs;.
kw;w gad;fs;
1. tUlj;jpw;F ,U Kiw ,ytr cil.

2. ,ytr rj;JzT
2. md;dG+h;zh jpl;lk;
tajhdth;fSf;F ,ytr mhprp toq;Fk; jpl;lk; Nghd;w jpl;lq;fs;

nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Xa;T+jpa jpl;lq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L
KjpNahh; Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk; 1962
cly; CdKw;NwhUf;fhd Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk; 1974
Mjutw;w tpjitfSf;fhd Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk; 1975
Mjutw;w tptrha njhopyhsh;fs; Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk; 1981
fztdhy; iftplg;gl;l ngz;fs; Xa;T+jpa jpl;lk; 1986
tpdhf;fs; :
1. eyptile;jtUf;fhd murpd; eltbf;iffspy; Kf;fpakhdtw;iw Fwpgpl;L

vOJf.
2. Mjhutw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;fhd jkpofj;jpd; muR

jpl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Page 13

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gphpT : TNPSC Group I Njh;T

jkpo;ehL muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; F&g; - 1 Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; Kjd;ik

ve;j xU jdpegNuh my;yJ jdpahh; Nghl;bj; Njh;T gapw;rp ikaNkh

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G

xU ehl;by; (m) xU gFjpapy; thOk; xl;L nkhj;j kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if.

kf;fs; njhifia jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

1. xU tUlj;jpy; 1000 egh;fSf;F vj;jid Foe;ijfs; gpwf;fpd;wd vd;w

gpwg;G tPjk; fPo;f;fhZk; fhuzpfSk; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sJ

1. xU tUlj;jpy; 1000 egh;fspy; vj;jid Ngh; ,wf;fpd;wdh; vd;w tPjj;ij

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G

1. ntspf; Fbg;ngah;r;rpahdJ kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ.

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G

mr;RWj;jf; $ba> mjpNtfkhd kf;fs; njhifapd; tsh;r;rp tPjj;ijNa

mjpf gpwg;G tPjk;

1. FLk;g eyk; gw;wpa tpsk;guk;

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G

Fiwthd ,wg;G tPjk;

Mz;L ,wg;G tPjk;

1. Rj;jk; Rfhjhu trjpfs;

rKjha kw;Wk; rkaf; fhuzq;fs;

1. jpUkzk; xU ,d;wpaikahj r%ff; flikahFk;.

1. Foe;ijfs;> tUkhdk; <l;lf; $ba epiyapy; jpfo;fpd;wdh;.

1. ,e;jpa kf;fspy; 26% Ngh; fy;tpawptw;Nwhh;.

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G

kf;fs;njhif ntbg;gpd; tpisTfs;

,e;jpa kf;fs; njhif mjpfhpg;gjhy; tptrha cw;gj;jpapy; rktpfpj tsh;r;rp

cw;gj;jp nra;ahj Efh;Nthh; Rik

1. kf;fs; njhif mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; KjpNahhpd;

jyh tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ehl;L tUkhdk; Fiwjy;

1. mjpNtfkhf tsUk; kf;fs; njhif jyh tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ehl;L

Nrkpg;Gk;> KjyPLk; Fiwjy;

Ntiyapd;ik (m) Fiw NtiyAilik

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G

kfsphpd; ciog;G tPzhjy;

1. mbf;fb Foe;ij ngWtjhy;> cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspy; ngUksT kfspuhy;

ciog;gpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; FiwT

1. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fkhdJ> ehl;L tUkhdk;> kw;Wk; jdp egh;

r%f eyj; jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ mjpfr; nryT

kf;fs;njhif mjpfhpg;ghdJ> Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;ifia

Ntshz;ikapy; gpd; jq;fpa epiy

1. kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rpapdhy; epyk; Jz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

muR kPJ epjpr; Rik

1. mjpNtf kf;fs;njhif mjpfhpg;G epjpr;Rikahf muRf;F mikfpd;wJ.

kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rpia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; topfs;

,t;tPjj;jpid mjpfhpg;gjw;F FLk;g fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfis ifahSk;

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G

Foe;ijfspd; ,wg;G tPjk;

Foe;ijfs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; ,wf;Fk;NghJ> nghJ kf;fs; rpW FLk;g

ngz;fspd; vOj;jwpT tPjk; kw;Wk; fy;tpia mjpfhpj;jy;

1. fy;tp fw;w ngz;fs;> jq;fSila FLk;g mstpidg; gw;wp mjpfg; nghWg;G

fhyk; jho;j;jp jpUkzk; nra;jy;

rl;l hPjpahd eltbf;if

Foe;ijj; jpUkzj;ijAk; xNu rkaj;jpy; xUth; gy ngz;fisj; jpUkzk;

mjpf Ntiy tha;g;G:-

1. Ntiytha;g;G trjpfis fpuhk kw;Wk; efh;Gwq;fspy; mjpfgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

2. nghJthf fpuhk Gwq;fspy; kiwKfkhd Ntiyapd;ik cs;sJ. Mjyhy;

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G

njhopy; Jiw kw;Wk; Ntshz; Jiw tsh;r;rp :-

1. Ntshz;ikAk; kw;Wk; njhopw;JiwAk; Kiwahf tsh;r;rpaile;jhy; mjpf

2. fpuhk Gwq;fspy; mjpf kf;fSf;F Ntiytha;g;G toq;F tifapy; Fbir

3. xUthpd; tUkhdk; caUk; NghJ mthpd; tho;f;if juk; Nkk;gLk; ,jdhy;