SESSION 3 Powers-Roots & ALGEBRA

Algebra PART 1
HaithamDahawi@Gmail.com 01001635997
ALGEBRA OUTLINE
•What is algebra?
•Simplifying algebraic expressions
•Equations
•Inequalities
•Functions
WHAT IS ALGEBRA?
ALGEBRA?
Algebra is based on the operations of arithmetic and on the
concept of an unknown quantity, or variable.
 Used to solve equations and to find the value of a variable.

Suppose Pam has 5 more pencils than Fred.
 If F represents the number of pencils that Fred has, then the
number of pencils that Pam has is F + 5.
P=F+5
• Merging
SIMPLIFYING ALG • Common factor
EXPRESSIONS •
•
Factorizing
Squaring
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS SIMPLIFYING
1) By Merging(adding ,subtracting):
3x+5y=2x+7y
3x-2x=-5y+7y
x=2y
2) By Common factor:
9x-3y=10
→ 3(3x-y)=10
5x2y+10xy2=7
→ 5xy(x+2y)=7
SIMPLIFYING PRACTICE
Answer B
Answer E
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS SIMPLIFYING
3) Factorizing
(x+y)(x+y)=(x+y)2
= x2+2xy+y2
(x-y) (x-y) =(x-y)2

= x2-2xy+y2
(x-y) (x+y)
= x2-y2
Answer D.
Solving linear equations(one
unknown)
Solving linear equations(two
SOLVING EQUATIONS unknowns)
Solving quadratic equations
Solving higher order
equations
EQUATIONS TYPES
The focus of algebra is to solve equations involving algebraic

expression. Some examples of such equations are :
5x-2=9-x (Liner Equation with 1 unknown)
3x +1 = y-2 (Liner Equation with 2 unknown)
5x2+3x-2=7x (Quadratic Equation with 1 unknown)
15x3+10x2-5x=0 (Higher Order Equation)
SOLVING LINEAR WITH 1 UNKNOWN
The unknown must be isolated on one side of the equation

The rest be transformed to the other side
5x-3=9-x
5x+x=9+3
6x=12
12
x= =2
6
Only one equation is required
SOLVING LINEAR WITH 2 UNKNOWNS
It is required to have 2 Different equations

x+3y=5 & 2x=10-6y
The second equation can be written as: 2x+6y=10

Which can be reduced to : x+3y=5
Which is the same as eq 1
This question have no sufficient information because the 2

equations are identical
SOLVING LINEAR WITH 2 UNKNOWNS
There are 2 methods for solving linier eq in two unknowns
 Substitution
We get one variable (say x) in one side in first eq and
substitute (x) in the other equation with the other side
 Simultaneous
We modify (multi , div , add , sub) one of the equations to
gain the same cotenant of one of the variables in the 2
equations then eliminate it
SOLVING LINEAR WITH 2 UNKNOWNS (SUB)
2x+3y=8 & 9x=3+3y
Check they are not identical
Notice that there is a common term(3y) in both
3y=8-2x & 3y=9x-3
substitute from (1) to (2)
8-2x=9x-3
8+3=9x+2x
11=11x
→x=1
SOLVING LINEAR WITH 2 UNKNOWNS (SIM)
2x+3y=8 & 9x=3+3y
Check they are not identical (Automatically done)
Rearrange the 2 equations each type above the other
2x+3y=8
The goal is to eliminate either the x term or
9x=3+3y
the y term using Addition or subtraction
2x+3y=8
9x-3y=3 Since the 3y is in both eqs
11x+0=11 so we can add the 2 eqs
11x=11
x=1
2x+3y=8 & 9x=3+2y
Rearrange the 2 equations each type above the other
2x+3y=8 The goal is to eliminate either the x term or the y
9x=3+2y term using Addition or subtraction
2x+3y=8 x2 we have no identical terms we need to modify eqs
9x-2y=3 x3 (by multiplication)/(comm term)
4x +6y =16
By addition
27x-6y =9
25
31x +0 =25 31x=25 x=
31
2x+3y=8 & 9x=3-2y
2x+3y=8 The goal is to eliminate either the x term or the y

9x=3-2y term using Addition or subtraction
2x+3y=8 x2 we have no identical terms we need to modify eqs
9x+2y=3 x3 (by multiplication)/(comm term)
4x +6y =16
27x+6y =9 x-1 By subtraction (or preferably multiply by -1 )
4x +6y =16
-27x-6y = -9
−7
-23x +0 =7 -23x=7 x=
23
LINEAR WITH 2 UNKNOWN PRACTICE
Answer is D
Answer is B
Answer is E
EQUATIONS PRACTICE
Answer D
EQUATIONS AGE PROBLEMS
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
At least one term with power of 2

Ax2 + Bx + C=0
Note: solutions =Roots of equation

Quadratic equations can come in 3 forms
Ax2 + C Ax2 + Bx Ax2 + Bx + C
Make the equation in the form of zero equation
Ax2 + C Ax2 + Bx Ax2 + Bx + C
x2 -4=0 x2=2x
(x-2)(x+2) x2-2x=0
x=2 or x=-2 Take common factor
x(x-2)=0
x2=4 Either (x=0) or (x-2)=0
x=2 or x=-2 The solution set is {0,2}
x2+5x+6 x2- 5x+6
=(x+3)(x+2) =(x-3)(x-2)
x2+5x-6 x2-5x-6
=(x+6)(x-1) =(x-6)(x+1)
When the constant is +ve :

1) The signs are (+ve & +ve) or (-ve & -ve) (depending on the Middle term)
2) Numbers :what are the 2 numbers such that their product is 6 and their addition is 5
When the constant is -ve :

1) The signs are (+ve & -ve) or (-ve & +ve)
2) Numbers :what are the 2 numbers such that their product is 6 and their diffrence is 5
3) The bigger number takes the sign of the middle term
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS PRACTICE
Only in the last case do the two constants add to + 2.

So, the constants in the factors are − 4 and 6,
so the two factors of the equation are
0 = x2 + 2x − 24 = (x + 6)(x − 4) ,
and thus the solution is x = − 6 or 4
(remember, one of the factors must equal 0).
− 6 is among the answer choices, but 4 is not,
answer is A
EQUATIONS PRACTICE
Answer E
EQUATIONS PRACTICE
Answer D
EQUATIONS PRACTICE
SOLVING HIGHER ORDER EQUATIONS
3x3+9x2-30x=0
Take common factor 3x
3x(x2+3x-10)=0
3x(x+5)(x-2)=0
(x=0) or (x+5=0) or (x-2=0)
The s.s. is x={0,-5,2}
N.B. the number of solutions is similar to the highest power in
the eq
INEQUALITIES
INEQUALITIES DEFINITION
Inequalities are a type of relation where the quantities are not

equal to each other
The Inequalities statements uses the following symbols
INEQUALITIES RULES
1. Adding or subtracting unequal quantities to (or from)

equal quantities:
 If a > b, then c + a > c + b
 If a > b, then a - c > b - c
2. Adding unequal quantities to unequal quantities:

 If a > b, and if c > d, then a + c> b + d
3. Comparing three unequal quantities:

 If a > b, and if b > c, then a > c
INEQUALITIES RULES
4. Combining the same positive quantity with unequal

quantities by multi or div:
 If a > b ,and if x > 0, then x a > x b
 If a > b ,and if x > 0, then a/x>b/x
 If a > b ,and if x > 0, then x/a<x/b
5. Combining the same negative quantity with unequal

quantities by multi or div:
 If a > b ,and if x < 0, then x a < x b
 If a > b ,and if x < 0, then a/x<b/x
 If a > b ,and if x <0, then x/a>x/b
INEQUALITIES PRACTICE
❑In this problem, you need to remember that if unequal

❑quantities (c and d) are added to unequal quantities of the same order (a and b),
❑the result is an inequality in the same order.
❑ This rule is essentially what answer choice (D) says.
❑The correct answer is D.
INEQUALITIES COMPARISONS
Which is Bigger ?
X or X2
When handling inequality problems, you might think that by

simply plugging in some sample numbers, you can zero-in on
the correct answer.
Be careful! The wrong-answers might look right, depending on

the values you use for the different variables.
INEQUALITIES POWERS COMPARISONS
Raising base numbers to powers can have surprising effects on
the magnitude and/or sign—negative vs. positive—of the base
number.
You need to consider four separate regions of the real-number
line:
 1. Values greater than 1 (to the right of 1 on the number line)

 2. Values less than -1 (to the left of -1 on the number line)
 3. Fractional values between 0 and 1
 4. Fractional values between -1 and 0
INEQUALITIES POWERS COMPARISONS
INEQUALITIES COMPARISONS PRACTICE
Answer is D.
Answer E
Answer C
Answer D
Answer C
Answer D
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS DEFINITIONS
An algebraic expression in one variable can be used

to define a function of this variable
A function is denoted by a letter such as f or g along

with a variable in the expression
f(x) reads (f of x)
g(x) reads (g of z)
FUNCTIONS DEFINITIONS
The value f(x) is the solution when x is a definite value

 f(1)=-2 , f(0)=2 etc…
 m(x)=2 :always give the same value for different x

 h(x)=|x+3| : 2 input can have same output
 h(-4)=h(-2)=1
FUNCTIONS PRACTICE
Answer B
FUNCTIONS (OPERATIONS)PRACTICE
Answer A
FUNCTIONS (OPERATIONS)PRACTICE
−5
A. 13
1
B. 13
1
C. 5
Answer D
5
D. 13
E. 1
ASSIGNMENT ON ALL ALGEBRA
Kaplan :
Problem Solving:
Page 248 in book numbering & 254 in the document numbering
3,6,10,14,15,21,26,34,35,36,37,41,47
Data Sufficiency :
Page 314 in book numbering & 320 in the document numbering
2,5,9,14,23,24,29,30,33,35,36,38,45,46,47,50

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Algebra PART 1

•Simplifying algebraic expressions

 Used to solve equations and to find the value of a variable.

(x-y) (x-y) =(x-y)2

The focus of algebra is to solve equations involving algebraic

5x-2=9-x (Liner Equation with 1 unknown)

3x +1 = y-2 (Liner Equation with 2 unknown)

5x2+3x-2=7x (Quadratic Equation with 1 unknown)

15x3+10x2-5x=0 (Higher Order Equation)

The unknown must be isolated on one side of the equation

Only one equation is required

It is required to have 2 Different equations

The second equation can be written as: 2x+6y=10

This question have no sufficient information because the 2

2x+3y=8 The goal is to eliminate either the x term or the y

At least one term with power of 2

Note: solutions =Roots of equation

Ax2 + C Ax2 + Bx Ax2 + Bx + C

Make the equation in the form of zero equation

Ax2 + C Ax2 + Bx Ax2 + Bx + C

When the constant is +ve :

When the constant is -ve :

Only in the last case do the two constants add to + 2.

Inequalities are a type of relation where the quantities are not

The Inequalities statements uses the following symbols

1. Adding or subtracting unequal quantities to (or from)

2. Adding unequal quantities to unequal quantities:

3. Comparing three unequal quantities:

4. Combining the same positive quantity with unequal

5. Combining the same negative quantity with unequal

❑In this problem, you need to remember that if unequal

When handling inequality problems, you might think that by

Be careful! The wrong-answers might look right, depending on

 1. Values greater than 1 (to the right of 1 on the number line)

An algebraic expression in one variable can be used

A function is denoted by a letter such as f or g along

The value f(x) is the solution when x is a definite value

 m(x)=2 :always give the same value for different x

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