DJJ 40163:

MECHANICS OF
MACHINES

BALANCING CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION

VI
 High speed engines and other machines is a common
phenomenon nowadays.
 Therefore, it is essential that all rotating and reciprocating
parts should be completely balanced, as well as possible.
 Imbalance forces not only increase the loads on bearings
and stresses in the various members, but also produce
unpleasant and dangerous vibrations.
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
INTRODUCTION
 The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibrations
 Heavy industrial machines such as steam turbines and electric
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generators, vibration could cause catastrophic failure
 Vibration are noisy and uncomfortable
 For a body to be completely balanced it must have two things :
 Static Balance – occurs when there is no resultant centrifugal force and the
centre of gravity is on the axis of rotation
 Dynamic Balance – occurs when there is no resulting turning moment along
the axis
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
INTRODUCTION
 The magnitude and position of the balancing mass may be
found out analytically or graphically
VI
 By using graphical method, we need to draw the polygon
 If the system not in complete balance, the polygon is
opened
 If the system is in complete balance, the polygon is closed

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN ONE PLANE / SAME PLANE
 Example:

VI Balancing of a single
rotating mass by a
single mass rotating
in the same plane

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN ONE PLANE / SAME PLANE
 Consider any number of m2
masses of magnitude m1, m2 m1

VI
and m3 at distances of r1, r2
and r3 from the axis of the
r2
r1
rotating shaft. 𝜃2
𝜃1

 Let θ1, θ2 and θ3 be the O 𝜃3

X
angles of these masses with r3
the horizontal line OX as
shown in figure → m3
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN ONE PLANE / SAME PLANE
 If the shaft in static System Mr polygon (force polygon)
condition (didn’t

VI
rotate), the balancing m1
is in static balance m2
m2r2 m3r3
 So that the centre of r1
r2
gravity of the system 𝜃1
is on the axis of shaft 𝜃2
which is O O X
𝜃3
r3 m1r1
 If the system is in m4r4
complete balance,
m3
polygon mr is closed. O
∑𝑚𝑟 = 0
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN ONE PLANE / SAME PLANE
 After the system is in balanced condition, the system become
as figure below: System
m1
VI
r1
m2

r2
𝜃1
𝜃2
O 𝜃3 X
𝜃4
r3
r4
m3
m4
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN ONE PLANE / SAME PLANE
 If the shaft is System Polygon mr (vector diagram)
𝑚1 𝑟1 𝜔2
rotating, the
balancing is in 𝑚2 𝑟2 𝜔2
dynamic balance
 Centrifugal force
m1

r1
VI m2

r2
m2r2
m3r3

occur at each 𝜃1
masses 𝜃2
O X
𝜃3
 If the system is in m1r1
complete r3 m4r4
balance, polygon m3
mr is closed
𝑚3 𝑟3 𝜔2 O
∑𝑚𝑟𝜔2 = 0
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN ONE PLANE / SAME PLANE
 After the system is in balanced condition, the system become
as figure below: m1 System
m2

VI r1
r2
𝜃1
𝜃2
O X
𝜃3
𝜃4
Balancing Mass r3
r4
m3

m4
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN ONE PLANE / SAME PLANE
 Sketch the space diagram with positions of several masses
 Construct mr table – obtain centrifugal force (or mr value)
 The centrifugal force will represent by the vector diagram.


the polygon mr. VI
Sketch the vector diagram with appropriate scale. This several vector diagrams will construct
If the polygon closed, the system is in balanced condition
 If the polygon opened, the system is in unbalanced condition. Need to draw the balancing
force. So that the polygon become closed. The direction of balancing force in opposite
direction
 Find out the magnitude of the balancing mass
 For static balanced – magnitude of balancing force or unbalanced force; ∑𝑚𝑟 = 0

 For dynamic balanced – magnitude of balancing force or unbalanced force; ∑𝑚𝑟𝜔2 = 0

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

EXAMPLE 1
Four masses rotates at the same plane was attached on the shaft as shown on figure
below. Mass A = 34 kg and the radius = 250 mm; Mass B = 23 kg and the radius = 300
mm; Mass C = 10 kg and the radius = 350 mm; Mass D = 15 kg and the radius = 170
mm. Calculate :
second VI
a) Unbalanced force act on the shaft when the system rotates at 18 rotation per
b) Magnitude of balancing mass that located at radius 400 mm and the angle relative
to mass A B
C

90°
60°
50° A
O

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

D
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:
mr table:
Scale
Mass m(kg) r(m) mr(kgm)
(1cm:1kgm)
A 34 VI
0.25 8.5 8.5 cm
B 23 0.30 6.9 6.9 cm
C 10 0.35 3.5 3.5 cm
D 15 0.17 2.55 2.6 cm
X mx 0.40 0.4mx 9.5 cm
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
 SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1: From the force/mr polygon, do represents the
balancing force for rotating masses A, B, C & D;
1 𝑘𝑔𝑚
Force/mr Polygon (1 cm : 1 kgm); 𝑑𝑜 = 9.5 𝑐𝑚 × = 9.5 𝑘𝑔𝑚
1 𝑐𝑚
∴ 𝑚𝑋 𝑟𝑋 = 9.5 𝑘𝑔𝑚
200°
a) Unbalance force acting on the shaft when the
2.5cm

VI
c system rotates at 18 rotation per second;
3.5cm
d
150° 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑁 = 2𝜋 18 = 113.1 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
b ∴ 𝑈𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑋 𝑟𝑋 𝜔
9.5cm
𝐹 = (9.5)(113.1)2 = 121514.57𝑁 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
6.9cm b) Magnitude and angle of balancing mass, mX
𝑚𝑋 𝑟𝑋 = 9.5 𝑘𝑔𝑚
60°
9.5
o,x a 𝑚𝑋 = = 23.75 𝑘𝑔 𝐴𝑛𝑠
133° 8.5cm 0.4
∠133° 𝑐𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
EXAMPLE 2
Three masses A, B and C are placed in a balanced disc as shown at radii of 120
mm, 100 mm and 80 mm respectively. The masses are 1 kg, 0.5 kg and 0.7 kg
respectively. Find the 4th masses which should be added at a radius of 60 mm in
VI
order to statically balance the system.
(Ans: m4=2.4 kg, ∡ 152° cw from A)

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

EXAMPLE 3
Four masses of P, Q, R and S are placed on a shaft and rotated in the same
plane. The position angle Q, R and S in measured clockwise from P is 70°,
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130° and 210° respectively. The magnitude of the mass and distance from
the axis of rotation for the P, Q, R and S are as follows; P : 16 kg, 500 mm;
Q : 20 kg, 300 mm; R : 12 kg, 150 mm and S : 35 kg, 400 mm. Find the
magnitude and angular position of a mass balance that has a radius of
rotation at 520 mm. (Ans: m = 5.96 kg, ∡3° cw from P)
x

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

 EXAMPLE 4
A, B, C and D are four rotating masses in the same plane on an axis O. The
position angle of the mass are as follows: Angle AOB = 45°, angle BOC =
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45° and angle COD = 100°. The mass and radius of rotation A : 3 kg,
700mm; B : 9 kg, 300mm; C : 4 kg, 1100 mm and D : 8 kg, 900 mm. Find :
a) an unbalanced force of system when it is speed at 500 rpm (Ans: F=16.4493 kN)
b) the radius of rotation and the angular position of a mass balance at
7.5 kg (Ans: r = 0.8 m, ∡56° cw from A)
x

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN DIFFERENT PLANE
 Example of rotating mass in different plane;

VI
Balancing of a single
rotating mass by two
masses rotating in
different planes

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN DIFFERENT PLANE
 When several masses revolve in different planes, they can be
transferred to a Reference Plane (RP)

VI
 In order to have a complete balance of the several revolving
masses in different planes, the following two conditions must be
satisfied :
. The forces in the reference plane must zero, i.e the resultant force
must zero
 The couples about the reference plane must balance, i.e. the
resultant couple must be zero
 The system must in static balanced before dynamic balance can
be achieved DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN DIFFERENT PLANE
 Figure below shows the masses attached along the shaft;
Position of planes of the masses Angular position of the masses
RP m2
m2 m4
VI r2
m4

r4
r2 r4
Shaft
r1 O
r1 rx m1 r3
r3
m1 mx m3 rx
-L1 L2 m3

L3 mx
L4 DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN DIFFERENT PLANE
 For static balance, unbalanced force
∑𝑚𝑟𝑙 = 0
VI
 For dynamic balance, unbalanced couple
∑𝑚𝑟𝑙𝜔2 = 0
 All of these unbalanced force and unbalanced couple
must be eliminated in order to balance the system.

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

BALANCING OF SEVERAL MASSES ROTATING
IN DIFFERENT PLANE
 Draw the space diagram with positions of several masses
 Take one of the planes as the reference plane (unknown value)
 All of distance (mass) will be measure from this reference plane
 Construct mrl table –obtain unbalanced couple

 VI
The couple can be represented by the couple polygon (mrl polygon).
Draw the vector diagram with appropriate scale. This several vector diagram will
construct the polygon.
 If the polygon closed, the system is in balanced condition
 If the polygon opened, the system is in unbalanced condition. Need to draw the
balancing force. So that the polygon become closed. The direction of balancing force in
opposite direction
 Find out the magnitude of the balancing mass
 For static balanced – magnitude of balancing force or unbalanced force = ∑𝑚𝑟𝑙 = 0
∑𝑚𝑟𝑙𝜔2 = 0
 For dynamic balanced – magnitude of balancing force or unbalanced force =
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
EXAMPLE 5
Figure below shows three masses attached to a shaft. The shaft is supported by
bearings at both ends. The system is in static equilibrium.
mA mB mC
X Y
mA = 7 kg
mB = 12 kg
radius = 0.2 m
radius = 0.18 m VI 2m
mC = 15 kg radius = 0.15 m
2.5 m
By using the data given : 3m
4.5 m
a) Complete the mrl table
b) Draw the space diagram, the mr and mrl polygon
c) Determine the unbalance couple for the shaft when it rotates at 180 rpm
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
 SOLUTION EXAMPLE 5:
a) mrl table;
m r mr mrl Scale : mr Scale : mrl

VI
Plane l (m)
(kg) (m) (kgm) (kgm2 ) 1cm:0.5kgm 1cm:1kgm2
Reference
Plane (RP)
X - - rX 0 0 - 0
A 7 0.2 1.4 2.0 2.80 2.8 cm 2.8 cm
B 12 0.18 2.16 2.5 5.40 4.3 cm 5.4 cm
C 15 0.15 2.25 3.0 6.75 4.5 cm 6.8 cm
Y - - rY 4.5 4.5 - 1.5 cm
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 5:
b) Space diagram, mr & mrl polygon:
mr polygon (1 cm: 0.5 kgm); Space diagram;
b 248° VI B

4.5cm 105°
4.3cm 248° O A

105°
o,c
2.8cm a
C DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 5:
From the force/mr polygon, co represents the
mrl polygon (1 cm: 1 kgm2); balancing couple for rotating masses A, B & C on
a shaft;
248° 1 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
𝑐𝑜 = 1. 5 𝑐𝑚 × = 1.5 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
1 𝑐𝑚
b
VI ∴ 𝑚𝑌 𝑟𝑌 𝑙𝑌 = 1.5𝑘𝑔𝑚2

c) Unbalance couple acting on the shaft when the

6.8cm 5.4cm system rotates at 180 rpm;

2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋(180)
𝜔= = = 18.85 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
105° 60 60

o,y 2.8cm a 𝑈𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑚𝑌 𝑟𝑌 𝑙𝑌 𝜔2

∴ 𝜏 = (1.5)(18.85)2 = 532.98 𝑁𝑚 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
1.5cm
c
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
EXAMPLE 6
Find the mass and the angle at which it should be positioned in planes A
and D at a radius of 60 mm in order to produce complete balance of
D
VI
system shown; (Ans: m = 4.18 kg ∡163° ccw from B, m =3 kg ∡178° ccw from B )
A

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

 EXAMPLE 7
A shaft has 4 discs A, B, C and D along its length 100 mm apart. A mass of 0.8 kg is
placed on B at a radius of 20 mm. A mass of 2 kg is placed on C at a radius of 30 mm and
rotated 120° from the mass on B. Find the masses to be placed on A and D at a radius of
VI
25 mm that will produce total balance. (Ans: mD = 1.507 kg ∡60° cw from B, mA =0.66 kg ∡89° cw from B )
mD
C
mA mB =0.8kg mC =2kg

rA=0.025m rB=0.02m rC=0.03m rD=0.025m

120°
0.1m 0.1m 0.1m O B

RP DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

EXAMPLE 8
A shaft carries four masses in parallel planes A, B, C and D in this order along its
length. The masses at B and C are 18 kg and 12.5 kg respectively, and each has an
eccentricity of 60 mm. The masses at A and D have an eccentricity of 80 mm. The
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angle between the masses at B and C is 100° and that between the masses at B and
A is 190°, both being measured in the same direction. The axial distance between
the planes A and B is 100 mm and that between B and C is 200 mm. If the shaft is in
complete dynamic balance, determine :
a) The magnitude of the masses at A and D (Ans: mA =9.75 kg , mD = 8 kg)
b) The distance between planes A and D (Ans: DistanceAD = 0.366 m)
c) The angular position of the mass D (Ans:∡108° cw from B ) DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
 EXAMPLE 9
The diagram below shows masses on two rotors in planes B and C. Determine the masses
to be added on the rotors in planes A and D at a radius of 40 mm which will produce static
and dynamic balance. (Ans: mD = 2.2 kg ∡139° ccw from horizontal plane, mA =1.95 kg ∡178° ccw from horizontal plane )
VI

DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES

EXAMPLE 10
A shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D of magnitude 200 kg, 300 kg, 400
kg and 200 kg respectively and revolving at radii 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm
and 80 mm in planes measured from A at 300 mm, 400 mm and 700 mm.
VI
The angles between the cranks measured anticlockwise are A to B is 45°, B
to C is 70° and C to D is 120°. The balancing masses are to be placed in
planes X and Y. The distance between the planes A and X is 100 mm,
between X and Y is 400 mm and between Y and D is 200 mm. If the
balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100 mm, find their magnitudes
and angular positions. (Ans: m = 182.5 kg ∡12° cw from A, m =355 kg ∡145° cw from A )
Y X
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
EXAMPLE 11
A shaft carries three masses A, B and C of magnitude 200 kg, 300 kg and 400 kg
respectively and revolving at radius 80 mm, 70 mm and 60 mm. The distances from
A to B and C are 300 mm and 400 mm respectively. The angles between the cranks
VI
measured anticlockwise for A to B is 45°, B to C is 70°. The balancing masses are to
be placed in planes X and Y at the end of shaft respectively. The distance between
the planes X and A is 100 mm and between C and Y is 200 mm. If the balancing
masses revolve at a radius of 100 mm, find :
a) Construct the balancing table
b) Balancing mass and angular position of Y (Ans: mY = 242.857 kg ∡98° cw from A)
c) Balancing mass and angular position of X (Ans: mX = 215 kg ∡144° cw from A)
DJJ 401633 – MECHANICS OF MACHINES
DJJ 40163:
MECHANICS OF
MACHINES

Q&A -END-