UNIT

NETWORK THEOREMS
4
LESSONS COVERED

1.1. Superposition Theorem

1.2. Thévenin ’s Theorem
1.3. Norton’s Theorem
1.4. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

DURATION

6 hours

INTRODUCTION

In this module, the network theorems are introduced. As these are theorems, the
solutions to these rely on the application of methods or techniques presented in the
last two modules.

The focus of the theorems is on the output load or resistor.

The simplification of the network as viewed from the output side is a key characteristic
of these theorems.

OBJECTIVES/COMPETENCIES

At the end of the module, the students should be able to:

1. Recognize and analyze the different Network theorems for resistive

networks.

2. Apply combinations of Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Laws, VDF, CDF, Mesh and
Nodal Analyses to the solutions of Network Theorems.

3. Solve for voltages and currents as viewed from the load or output side of the
circuit.

4. Apply the Network theorem’s to other network theorems specifically on

maximum power transfer.

Unit 4: Network Theorems 84

PRETEST

Multiple Choice: Select the best answer by shading the appropriate box beside the
letter of the choices.

1. Which is the voltage of the 7Ω resistor?

A) 6.4 V C) 5.6 V
B) 2.4 V D) 3.8 V

2. Which is the current in the 3Ω resistor?

A) 1.8 A C) 1.7 A
B) 3.2 A D) 4.0 A

3. Which is the current in the 7Ω resistor?

A) 1.677 A C) 0.833 A
B) 1.167 A D) 0.333 A

4. Which is the current in the 5Ω resistor?

A) 0.50 A C) 6.545 A
B) 5.454 A D) 12.00 A

5. Which is the voltage in the 5Ω resistor?

A) 60 V C) 0.417 V
B) 2.4 V D) 72 V

Unit 4: Network Theorems 85

6. Which is the current in the 3Ω resistor?

A) 2.40 A C) 4.00 A
B) 0.65 A D) 0.80 A

7. Which is the voltage in the 7Ω resistor?

A) 12 V C) 3.0 V
B) 1.8 V D) 4.2 A

8. Which is the voltage in the 7Ω resistor?

A) 2.000 V C) 5.833 V
B) 1.167 V D) 4.200 V

9. Which is the power in the 5Ω resistor?

A) 28 W C) 20 W
B) 6.805 W D) 4.861 W

10. Which is the power in the 7Ω resistor?

A) 3.20 W C) 9.60 W
B) 4.48 W D) 1.92 W

Unit 4: Network Theorems 86

LESSON 4.1: SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

The Superposition Theorem

States
“The current through, or voltage across, any element of a network is equal to
the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced independently by each
source.” (Boylestad, 2016)

In the superposition theorem: initially one of the multiple sources is active while
the others are” turned off” and the circuit is analyzed with that active source. Then the
next source is active and the previous one is “turned off”.
In “turning off”: Voltage sources are replaced by a short circuit while current
sources are replaced by an open circuit.

Original Circuit:

Figure 1: A circuit with two voltage sources

Where:

I is the current in R2 due to V1 and V2

Steps:

1. “Turn off” alternately one of the sources in the circuit.

Part 1: Active Source: V1 Part 2: Active Source: V2

Figure 2: Alternately activating independently one source at a time

Where:

I1 is the current in R2 due to V1 only and I2 is the current in R2 due to V2 only

Unit 4: Network Theorems 87

2. Redraw Circuits when needed.

Part 1: Active Source: V1 Part 2: Active Source: V2

Figure 3: Circuits redrawn to adjust to the effect of the remnant source.

3. Solve for the current in each circuit. Any method is applicable, here Mesh Analysis
is used:

Part 1: Active Source: V1 Part 2: Active Source: V2

Figure 4: Circuits applied with Mesh Analysis

Get Mesh Equations

Mesh A: Mesh C:
–V1 + IAR1 + (IA – IB) R2 = 0 0 + ICR1 + (IC – ID) R2 = 0
Mesh B: Mesh D:
0 + IBR3 + (IB – IA) R2 = 0 +V2 + IDR3 + (ID – IC) R2 = 0

Solve for IA and IB Solve for IC and ID

Constraint Equation: Constraint Equation:

From Net Current: From Net Current:
I1 = IA – IB I2 = IC – ID

Part 3: Combine (Add) algebraically to get the resultant current.

I = I1 + I2

Unit 4: Network Theorems 88

 APPLICATION

Sample 1: Solve for the current in each

resistor using superposition

Please note that the current directions are

all assumptions.

Solution:

Part 1: Consider only 10V source, shorting

7V source:

To distinguish the currents from the original:

the currents are marked with ( ‘ ) for the first
source.

Let’s apply KCL and KVL here:

KCL at middle upper node: I’2 + I’3 = I’1 (eq’n. 1)

CW direction KVL at left loop: CW direction KVL at right loop:

–10V – I’2(5Ω) – I’1 (8Ω) = 0 0V – I’3 (12Ω) + I’2(5Ω) = 0
8I’1 + 5I’2 = –10 (eq’n. 2) 5I’2 – 12I’3 = 0 (eq’n. 3)

(eq’n. 1) in (eq’n. 2)
8(I’2 + I’3) + 5I’2 = –10 5I’2 – 12I’3 = 0 (eq’n. 3)
8I’2 + 8I’3 + 5I’2 = –10 13I’2 + 8I’3 = –10 (eq’n. 5)
13I’2 + 8I’3 = –10 (eq’n. 5) To equations, two unknown = SOLVABLE!!

Using the equation/function of the calculator: From KCL

I’2 = – 0.612 A I’1 =I’2 + I’3 = (– 0.612 A) + (– 0.255 A)
I’3= – 0.255 A I’1= – 0.867 A

Unit 4: Network Theorems 89

Part 2: Consider only 7V source, shorting 10V
source:

To distinguish the currents from the original and

the first source: the currents are marked with ( “ )
for the second source.

Let’s also apply KCL and KVL here:

KCL at middle upper node: I”2 + I”3 = I”1 (eq’n. 1)

CW direction KVL at left loop: CW direction KVL at right loop:

– 7V – I”2(5Ω) – I”1 (8Ω) = 0 +7V – I”3 (12Ω) + I”2(5Ω) = 0
8I”1 + 5I”2 = – 7 (eq’n. 2) 5I”2 – 12I”3 = –7 (eq’n. 3)

(eq’n. 1) in (eq’n. 2)
8(I”2 + I”3) + 5I”2 = – 7 5I”2 – 12I”3 = –7 (eq’n. 3)
8I”2 + 8I”3 + 5I”2 = – 7 13I”2 + 8I”3 = –7 (eq’n. 5)
13I”2 + 8I”3 = – 7 (eq’n. 5) To equations, two unknown = SOLVABLE!!

Using the equation/function of calculator: From KCL

I”2 = – 0.714 A I”1 =I”2 + I”3 = – 0.714 + 0.286 A
I”3= +0.286 A I”1= – 0.428 A

Part 3: Combine (Add) algebraically to get the resultant current.

I1 = I’1 + I”1 = – 0.867 A – 0.428 A = – 1.295 A

I2 = I’2 + I”2 = – 0.612 A – 0.714 A = – 1.326 A
I3 = I’3 + I”3 = – 0.255 A +0.286 A = + 0.031 A

Those values with negative signs meant that the assumed direction of the current in
the given, should be pointing in the opposite direction:
For summary just provide the absolute values of the current as final answers:

I1 = 1.295 A
I2 = 1.326 A
I3 = 0.031 A

Unit 4: Network Theorems 90

Sample 2: Solve for the voltage in the 4Ω resistor using superposition theorem.

Solution:
Part 1: Consider only 20 V source, open the 5 A current source:

I’T

The circuit is redrawn as seen at the right as a series circuit.

Via Mesh Analysis:

+20 + I’T (5Ω + 8Ω + 4Ω) = 0 V’4Ω = I’T (4Ω)

17I’T = – 20 V’4Ω = (– 1.176 A) (4Ω)
I’T = – 1.176 A V’4Ω = – 4.705 V

Part 2: Consider only 5 A source, short the 20 V voltage source:

I”X

The circuit is redrawn as seen at the right as a simple series-parallel circuit.

Ohm’s Law
V”4Ω = I”X (4Ω)
Via CDF to get I”X , the current at the parallel branch that has the 8Ω and 4Ω resistors.

Recall CDF: Particular to this circuit:

𝐈𝐓 𝐑 𝐏𝐍 𝐈"𝐓 𝐑 𝟓Ω (𝟓𝑨)(𝟓Ω)
𝐈𝐍 = 𝐈"𝐗 = = = 1.471 A
𝐑𝐒 𝐑"𝐒 (𝟏𝟕Ω)
R”S = 5Ω +( 8Ω + 4Ω) = 17Ω V”4Ω = I”X (4Ω)
I”T = 5 A V’4Ω = (1.471 A) (4Ω)
V’4Ω = +5.884 V

Unit 4: Network Theorems 91

Part 3: Combine (Add) algebraically to get the resultant voltage.
V4Ω = V’4Ω + V”4Ω = –4.705 V +5.884 V
V4Ω = 1.179 V

ACTIVITY 1:

Using superposition, find the current through 2.2kΩ for the network:

Note: Original is from: (Boylestad, 2016) p 420 prob. 7

Unit 4: Network Theorems 92

LESSON 4.2: THÉVENIN’S THEOREM

Thévenin’s Theorem
States:
“Any two-terminal dc network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting solely of a voltage source and a series resistor” (Boylestad, 2016)

Core Concept of Thévenin’s Theorem

Figure 5: Two Terminal DC Network transformed to the Thévenin’s Equivalent Model

Thévenin’s Theorem Procedure*

Preliminary:
1. Remove that portion of the network where the
Thévenin equivalent circuit is found. This requires
that the load resistor “RL” be temporarily
removed from the network.
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-
terminal network.

RTH: Thévenin’s Equivalent Series Resistance as

seen from the load
3. Calculate RTH by first setting all sources to zero
(voltage sources are replaced by short circuits
and current sources by open circuits) and then
finding the resultant resistance between the two
marked terminals. (If the internal resistance of the
voltage and/or current sources is included in the original network, it must remain
when the sources are set to zero.)

VTH: Thévenin’s Open-circuit Voltage

4. Calculate VTH by first returning all sources to
their original position and finding the open-
circuit voltage between the marked terminals.
(This is the open-circuit voltage between the
two terminals marked in step 2.)

Conclusion:

Unit 4: Network Theorems 93

5. Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit with the
portion of the circuit previously removed replaced
between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.
his step is indicated by the placement of the
resistor “RL” between the terminals of the Thévenin
equivalent circuit
* (Boylestad, 2016)

APPLICATION

Sample 3: Solve for the voltage in the 12Ω

resistor using Thévenin’s Theorem

Solution:
Thévenin’s Theorem:

Preliminary:

RTH:
Set all current sources as open circuit
and all voltage sources as short-circuit.

Determine resistance as seen from the RTH

RL side

RTH is 5Ω in parallel with 8Ω

(5Ω)(8Ω)
RTH = =3.077 Ω
5Ω+8Ω

VTH:
Return all sources back and solve for VTH
Use Mesh Analysis: +
– 10V – 7V + I (8Ω + 5Ω) = 0
– 17 + 13I = 0 VTH
I
13I = 17
I = 𝟏𝟕⁄𝟑 A
–

Unit 4: Network Theorems 94

 Via Parallel Voltages:
VTH = –7V + (𝟏𝟕⁄𝟑 𝐀)(5 Ω)
VTH = – 0.462 V

Conclusion:

RTH = 3.077 Ω

+
VTH = – 0.462 V RTH = 3.077 Ω
VL
– –

VTH = 0.462 V VL = 0.368 V

+
Circuit redrawn with corrected polarity:

LESSON 4.3: NORTON’S THEOREM

Norton’s Theorem
States:
“Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a current source and a parallel resistor” (Boylestad, 2016)

Core Concept of Norton’s Theorem

Figure 6: Two Terminal DC Network transformed to the Norton’s Equivalent Model

Norton’s Theorem Procedure*

Preliminary:
1. Remove that portion of the network across which
the Norton
equivalent circuit is found.
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal
network.

Unit 4: Network Theorems 95

RN: Norton’s Equivalent Parallel Resistance as seen from the load

3. Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero

(voltage sources are replaced with short circuits
and current sources with open circuits) and then
finding the resultant resistance between the two
marked terminals. (If the internal resistance of the
voltage and/or current sources is included in the
original network, it must remain when the sources
are set to zero.) Since RN = RTH, the procedure and
value obtained using the approach described for Thévenin’s theorem will determine
the proper value of RN.

IN: Norton’s Short-circuit Current

4. Calculate IN by first returning all sources to their

original position and then finding the short-circuit
current between the marked terminals.
It is the same current that would be measured by an
ammeter placed between the marked terminals.

Conclusion:

5. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the

portion of the circuit previously removed
replaced between the terminals of the
equivalent circuit.
* (Boylestad, 2016)

APPLICATION

Sample 4: Solve for the voltage in

the 4Ω resistor using Norton’s
theorem.

Solution:

Preliminary:

Unit 4: Network Theorems 96

RN:
Set all current sources as open circuit
And all voltage sources as short-circuit.

Determine resistance as seen from the

RL side

RN is 8Ω in series with 5Ω
RN = 𝟖Ω + 𝟓Ω = 13 Ω

RN
IN:
Return all sources back, short
the load terminal and solve for IN

Mesh 1: IN
I1 = + 5A I1 I2
Mesh 2: RN
20V + I2(8Ω) + (I2 – I1)(5Ω) = 0
20 + 8I2 + 5I2 – 5I1 = 0
20 + 13I2 – 5(5) = 0 Looking at Mesh 2, it is visible that:
13I2 – 5 = 0 IN = I2
I2 = 𝟓⁄𝟏𝟑 A = 0.385 A IN = 0.385 A

Conclusion:

IN = 0.385 A RN = 13 Ω

Solving for VL
IL
+

VL
IN = 0.385 A RN = 13 Ω
–

Solving IL by CDF:
𝐈𝐍 𝐑 𝐍 (𝟎.𝟑𝟖𝟓𝑨)(𝟏𝟑Ω)
𝐈𝐋 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝑨
(𝐑 𝐍 +𝐑 𝐋 ) (𝟏𝟑Ω+𝟒Ω)

Unit 4: Network Theorems 97

 APPLICATION

Conversion of the Equivalent Circuits:

During simplification of the circuit to Thévenin’s equivalent circuit, you might
end up with an open circuit similar to a Norton’s equivalent circuit and vice versa.
In some instances, circuits can be easily simplified to the other equivalent circuit
rather than what you were originally targeting for.
Below is the conversion scheme for these two equivalent circuits.

A. Thévenin’s to Norton’s

RN = RTh

IN=VTh/RTh

B. Norton’s to Thévenin’s

RTh = RN

VTh=INRN

ACTIVITY 2:

Given the following circuit:

a) Solve for the Thévenin’s Equivalent Circuit then convert it to its Norton’s Equivalent
Circuit.
b) Determine the power to the load, if the load resistance is:
b.1) 30Ω; b.2) 60Ω

Unit 4: Network Theorems 98

LESSON 4.4: MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

In circuit designs, the load should be able to maximize the input voltage and
current and in effect the power provide by the source. The input power should be
efficiently received by the load.
The maximum power theorem (MPT) states that in order for a load to “receive
maximum power from a network when its resistance is exactly equal to the Thévenin
resistance of the network” (Boylestad, 2016)

At MPT :

RL = RTH

Figure 7:: Thevenin's Equivalent for Maximum Power Transfer Conditions

Load Current “𝐈𝐋 ”, Load Voltage “𝐕𝐋 ” and Load Power “𝐏𝐋 ”

a. General Condition:

𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝐑 𝐓𝐡
𝐈𝐋 = ; 𝐕𝐋 =
𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐋 𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐋

𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝐑 𝐓𝐡
PL = IL VL = ( )( )
𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐋 𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐋

𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝟐 𝐑 𝐓𝐡
𝐏𝐋 =
(𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐋 )𝟐

b. At MPT:
𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝐑 𝐓𝐡
𝐈𝐋𝐌 = ; 𝐕𝐋𝐌 =
𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐓𝐡 𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐓𝐡
𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝐕𝐓𝐡
𝐈𝐋𝐌 = ; 𝐕𝐋𝐌 =
𝟐𝐑𝐓𝐡 𝟐
V V
Substitute to the Power Equation: PL = IL VL = (2RTh ) ( 2Th )
Th
𝟐
𝐕𝐓𝐡
𝐏𝐌𝐏𝐓 =
𝟒𝐑𝐓𝐡

Unit 4: Network Theorems 99

Power Efficiency (Ꞃ): Ratio or percentage of the Power consumed by the load to the
total power delivered to the system or entire circuit.

a. General Condition:

In Decimal form: In Percentage:

Ꞃ = PLoad/PTotal Ꞃ% = Ꞃ*100%

[𝐈𝐋𝟐 𝐑 𝐋 ]
Ꞃ=
[𝐈𝐋𝟐 (𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐋 )]

𝐑𝐋
Ꞃ=
𝐑𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑𝐋

b. At Maximum Power: 𝐑 𝐓𝐡 = 𝐑 𝐋

𝐑𝐓𝐡
Ꞃ= = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝐑𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑𝐓𝐡

Or Ꞃ% = 50%

Load Resistance from Power Efficiency (Ꞃ) and R TH:

From: We Derive:

𝐑𝐋 Ꞃ𝐑𝐓𝐡
Ꞃ= ; 𝐑𝐋 =
𝐑𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑𝐋 𝟏−Ꞃ

APPLICATION

Sample 5: Determine the appropriate load resistance and current for the given
required Thévenin’s equivalent circuit with VTH of 8V and RTH of 12Ω to have a power
efficiency (Ꞃ%) of:

(a) 35% ; (b) 50% and (c) 95%.

Solution: = 12Ω

(a) RL for Ꞃ% = 35%

Ꞃ = 0.35
Ꞃ𝐑 𝐓𝐡 (𝟎. 𝟑𝟓)(𝟏𝟐Ω)
𝐑𝐋 = =
𝟏−Ꞃ (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓)
𝐑 𝐋 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟔𝟐 Ω
𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝟖
𝐈𝐋 = =
𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐋 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟔. 𝟒𝟔𝟐
𝐈𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝐀

Unit 4: Network Theorems 100

(b) RL for Ꞃ% = 50% (c) RL for Ꞃ% = 95%

Ꞃ = 0.50 Ꞃ = 0.95

Ꞃ𝐑 𝐓𝐡 (𝟎. 𝟓)(𝟏𝟐Ω) Ꞃ𝐑 𝐓𝐡 (𝟎. 𝟗𝟓)(𝟏𝟐Ω)

𝐑𝐋 = = 𝐑𝐋 = =
𝟏−Ꞃ (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓) 𝟏−Ꞃ (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓)
𝐑 𝐋 = 𝟏𝟐 Ω 𝐑 𝐋 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖 Ω
𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝟖 𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝟖
𝐈𝐋 = = 𝐈𝐋 = =
𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐋 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐋 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟖

𝐈𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐀 𝐈𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐀

From that last sample problems answers, mathematically an efficiency of 95%

is indeed impressive compared to that of 35% and 50%. But, in observing also the
current in each efficiency case, the higher current is at 35%, while the lowest current
is at 95%. How can these two observations on efficiency and current be consolidated?

Simulated Proof of MPT

Let VTH = 10V, RTH = 20Ω

and RL is variable from 5Ω to 30Ω

VTH RTH RL IL VL PL Remarks

10 20 5 0.4000 2.0000 0.8000 Initial
10 20 6 0.3846 2.3077 0.8876 Increasing Power
10 20 7 0.3704 2.5926 0.9602 Increasing Power
10 20 8 0.3571 2.8571 1.0204 Increasing Power
10 20 9 0.3448 3.1034 1.0702 Increasing Power
10 20 10 0.3333 3.3333 1.1111 Increasing Power
10 20 15 0.2857 4.2857 1.2245 Increasing Power
10 20 16 0.2778 4.4444 1.2346 Increasing Power
10 20 17 0.2703 4.5946 1.2418 Increasing Power
10 20 18 0.2632 4.7368 1.2465 Increasing Power
10 20 19 0.2564 4.8718 1.2492 Increasing Power
10 20 20 0.2500 5.0000 1.2500 Maximum Power
10 20 21 0.2439 5.1220 1.2493 Decreasing Power
10 20 22 0.2381 5.2381 1.2472 Decreasing Power
10 20 23 0.2326 5.3488 1.2439 Decreasing Power
10 20 24 0.2273 5.4545 1.2397 Decreasing Power
10 20 25 0.2222 5.5556 1.2346 Decreasing Power
10 20 30 0.2000 6.0000 1.2000 Decreasing Power

Unit 4: Network Theorems 101

 APPLICATION

Sample 6: A 12V DC battery has an internal resistance of 0.8. Determine:

(a) the power delivered to a load of 20Ω.

(b) the maximum power that the supply can ideally provide.

Solution:

(a) VTH = 12V , RTH = 0.8Ω and RL = 20Ω

𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝟐 𝐑 𝐓𝐡 (𝟏𝟐)𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟖)

𝐏𝐋 = =
(𝐑 𝐓𝐡 + 𝐑 𝐋 )𝟐 (𝟐𝟎. 𝟖)𝟐

PL = 0.266 W

(b) For MPT ; RL = RTh = 0.8Ω

𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝟐 (𝟏𝟐)𝟐
𝐏𝐌𝐏𝐓 = = PMPT = 45 W
𝟒𝐑 𝐓𝐡 𝟒(𝟎.𝟖)

Sample 7: Given is the Norton’s

equivalent model, to be connected
to a load.
Determine the maximum power
transfer level possible.

Solution:
Convert first to Thévenin’s Equivalent Circuit:

RTh = RN = 10kΩ

VTh=INRN =(0.125A)( 10kΩ)

VTh=1.25 kV

For MPT RL = RTh = 10kΩ

2
VTh (1.25𝑘𝑉 )2
PMPT = =
4R Th 4(10𝑘Ω)
𝐏𝐌𝐏𝐓 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝐖

Unit 4: Network Theorems 102

ACTIVITY 3:
Given the following circuit and determine
the:

a) Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

b) The value of RL for maximum power
transfer.
c) The Load’s: Current, Voltage and Power
at MPT:

Unit 4: Network Theorems 103

POST TEST

Multiple Choice: Select the best answer by shading the appropriate box beside the
letter of the choices.

1. Which is the voltage of the 3Ω resistor?

A) 1.2 V C) 1.8 V
B) 2.4 V D) 3.0 V

2. Which is the current in the 7Ω resistor?

A) 1.7 A C) 1.8 A
B) 3.0 A D) 4.2 A

3. Which is the current in the 5Ω resistor?

A) 1.677 A C) 0.833 A
B) 1.167 A D) 0.333 A

4. Which is the current in the 6Ω resistor?

A) 0.50 A C) 6.545 A
B) 5.454 A D) 12.00 A

5. Which is the voltage in the 5Ω resistor?

A) 60 V C) 0.417 V
B) 2.4 V D) 30 V

Unit 4: Network Theorems 104

6. Which is the current in the 5Ω resistor?

A) 2.40 A C) 4.00 A
B) 0.65 A D) 0.80 A

7. Which is the voltage in the 5Ω resistor?

A) 12 V C) 3.0 V
B) 1.8 V D) 4.2 A

8. Which is the voltage in the 5Ω resistor?

A) 2.000 V C) 5.833 V
B) 1.167 V D) 4.200 V

9. Which is the power in the 7Ω resistor?

A) 28 W C) 20 W
B) 6.805 W D) 4.861 W

10. Which is the power in the 5Ω resistor?

A) 3.20 W C) 9.60 W
B) 4.48 W D) 1.92 W

Unit 4: Network Theorems 105

GLOSSARY

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT. A circuit whose behavior is identical to that of a more

complex circuit or device over a stated range of operating conditions.

THEOREM. In mathematics and logic, statement in words or symbols that can be

established by means of deductive logic; it differs from an axiom in that a proof is
required for its acceptance.

FINAL REQUIREMENT

For SOL/AOL: Online Quiz 4

For RPL: Collective Quiz by January 2021

SUGGESTED READINGS AND WEBSITES

Read on Materials about other Network Theorems:

1. Millman’s Theorem
2. Substitution Theorem
3. Reciprocity Theorem

Online videos for Lecture: Search for Network Theorems in the Channel

1. The Engineering Mindset

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCk0fGHsCEzGig-rSzkfCjMw

2. Michel van Biezen electrical engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6hRPyjTx6k&list=PLX2gX-
ftPVXXAQHPsgcokk4aCHZUKFuho

3. Math and Science

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGa_b26eK2c

REFERENCES

Bird, J. (2017). Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology (6th ed.). NY: Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group.
Boylestad, R. (2016). Introductory Circuit Analysis: Global Edition (13th ed.), Essex,
England, Pearson Education Limited.

Irwin, J. D. & Nelms, R.M. (2015), Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, (11th ed.). John
Wiley & Sons

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/

Unit 4: Network Theorems 106