EE Lab Final

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB
SRI VASAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PEDATADEPALLI, TADEPALLIGUDEM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB LAB
NAME: PIN NO:

BRANCH: YEAR:
NAME OF THE LABORATORY:
CODE:
NO. OF EXPERIMENTS DONE:
Faculty In-charge of the Laboratory Head of the Department
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering i

DO’s AND DON’Ts IN THE LAB
DO’s:-
1. Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Boys Tuck in and
shoes, girls with apron)
2. All students should come to the Lab with necessary tools.
3. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
4. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit
diagram.
5. Student should be aware of operating equipment.
6. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is
restricted.
7. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment
from the Lab Store Room.
8. After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab
Instructor.
9. The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
10. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the
connections are removed.
11. All patch cords and stools should be placed at their original positions.
DON’Ts:-
1. Don’t come late to the Lab.
2. Don’t enter into the Lab with Mobiles, Golden rings, Bracelets and Bangles.
3. Don’t make or remove the connections with power ON.
4. Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
5. Don’t leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering ii

INDEX C20
S.No. Date Name of the Experiment Page No. Remarks

One Lamp Controlled By One Switch with
1.
PVC surface conduit system
One Lamp Controlled By One Switch And
2.
Provision Of 2/3 Pin Socket
3. Stair case Wiring
4. Go-down wiring
5. Fluorescent Lamp Connection
6. Pipe Earthing
8 Plate Earthing
Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor by Field

9
and Armature Control Method
Load Test on AC, 3-phase Squirrel Induction
10
Motor
11 Load Test On 1- Phase Induction Motor
12 Load Test On 1-Phase AC Series Motor
13 Study of DC & AC Machines starters
Identification of the terminals of DC and AC

14
Machines
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering iii

GUIDELINES TO WRITE YOUR OBSERVATION BOOK
1. Experiment Number, Date, Title, Aim, Apparatus, Name plate details /

Specifications (if required), Procedure, Precautions should be on right
side.
2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations,
should be on left side.
3. Theoretical and model calculations can be on any side as per your
convenience.
4. Result should always be at the ending on right side.
5. You all are advised to leave sufficient number of pages between
experiments for doing theoretical or Model calculations.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering iv

VISION & MISSION

Vision
To evolve as a centre of excellence in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering that produces graduates of high quality with ethical
values.
Mission
M1 : To impart technical knowledge through learner-centric
education supplemented with practical exposure..
M2 : To provide opportunities that promote personality development
through co-curricular and extra-curricular activities.
M3 : To inculcate human values & team spirit that enables the
Electrical and Electronics Engineers to face the future challenges.
Course Outcomes:
CO1 M310.1 Connect various electrical wiring circuits.
CO2 M310.2 Measure the resistance between the terminals of various

Electrical Machines.
CO3 M310.3 Draw the Speed Control Characteristics of DC Machines.
CO4 M310.4 Draw the Performance Characteristics of AC Machines.
CO5 M310.5 Install different Earthing Systems for electrical safety.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering v

1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Exp. No. : Date :

ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH
AIM:-
To wire up a circuit in conduit system one lamp controlled by one switch
TOOLS REQUIRED: -
1. Screw driver 200mm-1no,
2. combination pair 150mm-1no,
3. Line tester 500v-1no,
4. Wire stripper-1 no,
5. pocker-1no,
6. Mallet-1no
MATERIAL REQUIRED :-
1. Tumbler switches (6.P.S.T) 250V, 5A 1no.
2. Batten Holder 250V 1no.
3. Filament Lamp 60W, 250V 1no.
4. 1-way box 19mm 1 no.
5. 2-way junction box 19mm 1 no.
6. L-type junction box 19mm 1 no
7. PVC Insulated wire 1/18 L.S
8. Link Clips L.S
9. Teak wood board (30 x 20 cm) l no.
10. S c r e w s 24 no
11. PVC conduit pipes 19 mm L.S
2
3
THEORY:-
Electrical appliances or apparatus connected to the supply mains and to the associated protective
and controlling devices by means of cables. This arrangement by cables and apparatus is known as a
circuit. The lamp circuits used for house wiring are generally controlled from different places. The neutral
cable is directly given to the lamps. Whereas the phase cable is given to the lamps through switch.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Draw the lay out and connection diagram.
2. Collect the required wiring materials.
3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per connection diagram.
4. Check the circuit for continuity.
5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.
6. Finish the work neatly and correctly.
Precautions:-
i) Phase wire should be connected to the switch.

ii) All the joints are tapped with the insulation tape.
iii) While testing the circuit with Megger, the terminals of Megger should not be short circuited.
iv) The wires must be run at inaccessible height.
v) Switch board must be provided at 1.5m from the ground level.
vi) The switches must be in off position, while giving supply.
vii) Leave sufficient length of wire to the switch board in view of further repairs.
Result:-
4
5
Exp. No. : Date :
ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH AND PRIVISION OF 2/3 PIN

SOCKET
AIM:- To make wiring circuit of one lamp controlled by one switch and to provide 2/3 pin socket
THEORY:
A network which connects the supply terminals to the consumer load points such as filament
lamps, fluorescent lamps, sockets, fans, ceiling roses with the help of an insulated cable is called wiring
system. When cables are run through P.V.C. conduits, it is called P.V.C. conduit wiring system. When
conduits are run over the surface of the walls, roof it is called surface conduit wiring system. When conduit is
run inside the cement masonry work, it is called concealed wiring system. P.V.C. surface conduit wiring
system is suitable for domestic wiring.
MATERIALREQUIRED:-
1. one way switches, 5A, 250V 2 no
2. 2/3 pin socket 5A, 250V 1 no
3. 19mm P.V.C. conduit pipe LS
4. 3-way junction box 19mm 1 no
6. 1-way box 19mm 2 no
7. 1/18, P.V.C. Insulated Copper Conductor LS
8. 19mm Saddles 12 no
9. Insulated tape LS
10. Bakelite Lamp Holders (250V, 5A) 1 no
11. Wooden Screws 12 no
TOOLS REQUIRED :-
1. Insulated Screw Driver 200mm 1 no
2. Insulated Cutting Plier 150mm 1 no
3. Hand Drill Small 1 no
4. Chisel 3/4" 1 no
5. Hack Saw 300mm 1 no
6. Ball peen Hammer 1/2Ib 1 no
7. Megger 500v 1 no
8. Tester 500v 1 no
6
7
Procedure :-
i) Draw the plan of the circuit diagram on the board with a piece of chalk.
ii) Cut the P.V.C. pipe into required sizes.
iii) Fix the P.V.C. pipe and junction boxes by means of saddles.
iv) Cut the P.V.C. insulated copper conductor into required pieces of length.
v) Run the P.V.C. insulated copper conductor with the help of spring through P.V.C. conductors
vi) Fix the ceiling rose at required places on the teak wood round blocks and given the wiring
connections as per the circuit diagram.
vii) Fix the switches on the board and give the connections.
viii) Place the incandescent lamps in their holders.
ix) Check the circuit with megger and test lamp.
x) Give the supply to the circuit.
xi) Switch on the switches in a scheme and observe the lamps that glows as per the
requirement.
Precautions :
i) All the connections are made tight at outlet points.
ii) While making installation of wiring, insulation should not be damaged.
iii) Sharp edges of conduit should be avoided by the help of L-shaped bends.
iv) All the fittings should be well fixed on the wooden board.
Result :
8
9
Exp. No. : Date :
STAIRCASE WIRING CIRCUIT

AIM :-
To Make a wiring circuit to control one lamp by means of two, two-way switches provided at
two different required places using P.V.C. conduit system of wiring.
THEORY:-
To control on & off at the steps, the stair case wiring is used. It is very helpful at that location.
The blub can be controlled from two different places, It requires two two-way switches, One switch will
be located at ground floor and another will be located at upstairs. The bulb can be made "off' or "on"
from both places.
TOOLS REQUIRED :
1. Insulated cutting plier 15cm 1 no

2. Insulated screw driver 15cm 1 no
3. Pocket knife Small 1 no
4. Sand paper 10cm x 10cm 1 no
INSTUREMENTS REQUIRED:
1. Megger 500 V
2. Tes t er 500 V
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
1. Two-way switches, 5A, 250V 2 no

2. Lamp 60w 1 no
8. 19mm Saddles 12 no
10
11
Procedure :
i) As per the circuit diagram, the length of the wire, P.V.C. pipe, number of screws, number of switch
boards are estimated.
ii) The P.V.C. pipe is fixed to the working board with the help of 25mm screws.
iii) The two-way switches are fixed to the switch boards with 19mm screws and the batten holder
is fixed to the round block.
iv) The wires are connected as per the wiring diagram.
v) After verifying the connections and testing with megger, the supply is given.
vi) The blub glows, when the two switches are in the same position i.e. either in position 1 or 2.
vii)The blub can be controlled by activating the switch from any switch board.
Precautions :
i) All switches must be provided on live wire only.
ii)The switches must be in off position while given the supply.
iii) While connecting wires connections must be followed.
iv) All connections must be tight.
v) All wires should run in parallel without linking in the conduits.
Result :
12
13
Exp. No. : Date :
GODOWN WIRING
AIM:-
To wire up a circuit in conduit system as per layout and conditions (go down wiring)
THEORY:-
TOOLS REQUIRED: -
1. Screw driver 200mm-1no,
2. combination pair 150mm-1no,
3. Line tester 500v-1no,
4. Wire stripper-1 no,
5. pocker-1no,
6. Mallet-1no,etc….
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
1. One-way switches, 5A, 250V 2 no

2. Lamp 60 w 1 no
9. 19 mm Saddles 12 no
14
15
PROCEDURE:-
1. Draw the lay out and connection diagram.
2. Collect the required wiring materials.
3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per connection diagram.
4. Check the circuit for continuity.
5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.
6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.
RESULT:-
16
FLUORESCENT LAMP CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
17
Exp. No. : Date :
FLUORESCENT LAMP CONNECTION

AIM:
To prepare wiring for fluorescent lamp.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Name of the tool Range Quantity
Insulating cutting plier 15cm 1
Insulating screw driver 20cm 1
Pocket knife Small 1
Tester 500V 1
Test Lamp ------ 1
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Name Range Quantity
Fluorescent lamp 40w/250V 1
Choke coil 40W/250V 1
Starter Slow type 1
2-plate ceiling rose 250V/60W 1
SPST switch 250V/50W 1
Wires 1mm2 3 meters
Screws 25.5mm 2
18
FLUORESCENT LAMP CONNECTION:
19
THEORY:
A fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that
uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the
gas excites mercury vapor, which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes
a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical
energy into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The typical luminous
efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy
of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output. Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more
costly than incandescent lamps because they require a ballast to regulate the current through
the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost. Compact
fluorescent lamps are now available in the same popular sizes as incandescent and are used as
an energy-saving alternative in homes.
We need tube light, ballast, starter and fluorescent light holders to make wiring
connection. The fluorescent tube has two filaments with four terminals the starter is
connected between two filaments; the ballast is connected between main Ac supply and one
filament in tube light. Here another terminal in tube light is directly connected to the AC
supply, to ionize the mercury atoms in the tube light starter element is used, after the
ionization operation of starter is does not need for fluorescent lamp. The ballast employed to
convert the AC supply frequency to high frequency and the ballast regulates the supply given
to the tube light.
The control circuit of tube consist of a starting switch (S) known as starter, an iron
cored inductive coil called a choke or ballast (L).
OPERATION:
A starting switch namely the glow type (voltage operated device) is used in tube
operation. The starter is glow type starter (S) shown in fig. Consist of two electrodes sealed in
glass tube filled with mixture of Helium & Hydrogen. One electrode is fix & another is U-
shaped bimetallic strip made up of two different metals having two different temperature co-
efficient. Contacts are normally open. When the supply is switched ON, heat is produced due
to glow discharge between electrodes of starter is sufficient to bend bimetallic strip until it
makes contact with fixed electrode.
20
CHOKE or BALLAST:
STARTER:
21
Thus current between two electrode E1 & E2 is completed & relatively large
current circulated through them. The electrodes are then heated to incandescence by this
circulating current & gas in their immediate vicinity is ionized. After a second or two, due to
absence of glow discharge a bimetallic strip cools sufficiently. This causes to break contact &
sudden reduction of current induces an emf of the order of 800-1000V in choke coil. This
voltage is sufficient to strike an arc between two electrodes E1 & E2 due to ionization of
Organ. The heat generated in the tube vaporizes mercury & potential difference across the
tube falls to 100-110V. This potential difference is not sufficient to restart glow in starter.
FUNCTION OF AUXILIARY CIRCUIT COMPONENTS:
CHOKE:
1. It provides a necessary high voltage to start discharge in the tube.
2. Since the voltage required across the tube during normal operation is small, the
excess voltage drops across the tube.
3. It acts as a stabilizer.
STARTER:
Starter is used for breaking & closing circuit with the help of small relay
element and choke for to make a voltage from 230v to 1000v for energise electrons
(which are in the argon gas & mercury)and closing & opening starter helps voltage
build up. according to the above process electrons collision occurs .so due to that
avalanche breakdown occurs and due to that more number of electrons created .so the
current flow inside the tube is get increasing & lighting process takes places
PROCEDURE:
1. Check all the components of fluorescent lamb by using series test lamp board.
2. Fix the fluorescent lamp as per the circuit diagram.
3. After completing wiring as per the circuit, check the connection using tester after that,
give the supply to the circuit.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections must be tight.
2. Care should be taken while using series test lamp board.
3. Care should be taken while giving connections.
RESULT:
22
PIPE EARTHING
23
Exp. No. : Date :
PREPARE PIPE EARTHING

AIM:
To prepare pipe earthing
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Sl.no. Material Quantity
1. 38mm dia.G.I. pipe 2.5m
2. 19mm G.I. pipe 1m
3. 12.7mm dia. G.I. pipe 2m
4. G.I. wire 8SWG 5m
5. G.I. lugs 2 no.
6. G.I reducing socket (38x19 mm) 1 no.
7. G.I Nuts, bolts, lock nuts and washers for 19mm dia. 2 sets
8. G.I. bends (13 mm dia) 2 no.
9. Cast iron frame 30x30 cm 1 no.
10. Cast iron cover 30x30 cm 1 no.
11. Funnel with wire mesh 1 no.
12. Charcoal or coke 20 kg
13. salt 20 kg
14. Cement concrete 1:4:8 L.S (Lump sum)
15. Caution plate painted 1 no.
THEORY:
Earth behaves as an Electrical conductor but it’s characteristics is that its conductivity
is variable and unpredictable. The resistance of an earth connection varies with earth’s
composition, chemical contents, moisture, temperature, season of the year, depth and
diameter of rod and other reasons. The resistance offered to AC and DC also differs
considerably. Theoretically, it is possible to calculate the resistance of any system of earthing
electrodes. However as there are too many variables such as temperatures, season, moisture
contents etc., it is usually measured in practice rather than calculated.
24
The object of earthing system is to provide a surface under and around a station,
which shall be at a uniform potential (nearly zero or absolute earth potential). This Earth
surface should be as nearly as possible to the system. This is in order to ensure that, all parts
of apparatus other than live parts and attending personnel shall be at earth potential at all
times. Due to this there exists no potential difference, which could cause shock or injury to a
person, when short circuit or any other type of abnormalities takes place.
Pipe earthing is the most common and best system of earthing as compared to other
systems. It is suitable for the earth and moisture conditions. In this method of earthing, a
galvanised iron pipe with predefined measurements is placed up right as shown in figure. The
size of the pipe depends upon the current to be carried and the type of soil. Usually the pipe
size is 40mm diameter and 2.5m in length for ordinary soil. Length of the pipe will be greater
for dry and rocky soils. If any abnormal conditions occurred, because of this earthing. Our
connected system will be safe, why because earthing will provide a path to the faulty currents
to flow through to ground, so the connected device will be safe.
PROCEDURE:
1. In this method, 38mm dia. G.I. pipe of 2500mm length is used for earthing. This pipe
is perforated at each interval of 100 mm and is tapered at lower end. A pipe clamp is
fitted to this pipe at 100 mm below the top to fix the G.I. Earth Wire No.8 SWG
2. The other end of which is fixed firmly to the bottom end of the earth wire duly
brought out, which is embedded in the P.S.C. pole. This pipe is placed inside 2700
mm deep pit.
3. A 600 mm dia. ‘farma’ of G.I. sheet or cement pipe is placed around the pipe. Then
the annular space between this ‘farma’ and the G.I. pipe is filled up by 300 mm
alternate layers of salt and coke/charcoal, while the remaining space outside the
‘farma’ is filled up by loose earth.
4. The ‘farma’ is gradually lifted up as the filling up progresses. Thus, the pit is filled up
up to 300 mm below the ground level, i.e. approx. up to the pipe clamp.
5. This remaining 300 mm is covered by constructing a small chamber of bricks so that
the top open end of the pipe and the pipe clamp connection remain accessible, for
attending when necessary. The chamber is closed by a wooden or stone slab cover.
6. Water is poured into the pipe through its open end periodically to keep the earthing
resistance within the specified limits.
25
RESULT:
26
PLATE EARTHING
27
Exp. No. : Date :
PREPARE PLATE EARTHING

AIM:
To prepare plate earthing.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Sl.no. Material Quantity
1. G.I. plate 60cm x 60cm x 6mm 1 no.
2. G.I. wire (8 S.W.G) 5m
3. 12.7 mm dia GI pipe 1m
4. 19 mm dia G.I. pipe 3m
5. G.I. nuts, bolts, chock nut and washer 5 sets
6. G.I. bends (12.7mm dia) 2 no.s
7. G.I. lugs 5 no.s
8. Cast iron frame with 30x30 cm 1 no.
9. Cast iron cover 30x30 cm 1 no.
10. Funnel with wire mesh 1 no.
11. Charcoal or coke 20kg
12. salt 20kg
13. Cement concrete 1:4:8 L.S (Lump sum)
14. Caution plate painted 1 no.
THEORY:
Earthing is a series of connections into the ground for electrical safety. The earthing
terminal is the main component in the system. Putting it in a simple layman's language,
earthing terminal is connected to any electrical set up, whether DG Set, transformer, motor,
control panel as to effectively disseminate rising fault current safely to the ground. This also
applies to current generated due to lightning occurrences. There are various materials used as
earthing terminal. One of them is metal plates usually made of Copper, but not restricted to
Galvanized Iron, Copper Bonded material, and other conductive alloys.
28
29
The earthing plate is placed deep into a pit (usually dug up to 2-3 meters), along
with Coal (absorbs and retains moisture) and Salt (creates ionic solution for faster dissipation
of current). The plate is connected via Copper conductor or GI Conductor or concealed
copper cable to the respective electrical set-up. A funnel is attached to add water at regular
intervals.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE VALUES OF EARTH RESISTANCE
Sl.no. Equipment to be earthed Maximum value

1. Large Power stations 0.5 ohms
2. Major sub-stations 1 ohms
3. Small sub-stations 2 ohms
4. In all other cases 5 ohms
PROCEDURE:
1. Materials for the connection are procured as per the schedule of items.
2. The plate is kept with its face vertical at a depth of 3 m and is so arranged that it is embedded
in an alternate layer of coke and salt for a minimum thickness of about 15cm in case earthing
is done by copper plate and in coke layer.
3. If it is done with GL Plate, The earth wire is securely bolted to the earth plate with the help of
bolt nut and washer.
4. The earthing electrode should be situated at a place at least 1.5 meter away from (i.e. outside)
the building whose installation system is being earthed.
5. The earth wire should be of same material as that of earth electrode.
6. The minimum sectional area of the earth lead wire should never be less than 0.02 sq. inch
(No. 8 S.W.G.) and not more than 0.1 sq. inch (i.e. 7.036 S.W.G.).
7. The size of earth conductor as a general rule should not be less than half of the section of live
line conductor.
8. The size of the continuous earth wires used with cables should not be either less than 0.0045
sq. in (14 S.W.G.) or half of the installation conductor size in case of light wiring.
RESULT:
30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
31
Experiment No: Date:
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

AIM;
To control or change the speed of a given D.C shunt motor by
1. Field current control method.
2. Armature resistance control method.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
Power 3 hp
Wound Shunt
Armature voltage 220V.
Armature current 12A
Excitation 220V, 0.75A
Speed 1500.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1. Voltmeter 0-300 V MC 1 No
2. Ammeter 0-1 A MC 1 No
3. Tachometer 0-9999 rpm Digital 1 No
300  /1.2 A, 1 No
4. Rheostats W.W
50  /5 A Each
Copper conductor
5. Connecting wires 2.5 Sq mm L.S
with p.v.c. insulation
32
TABULAR COLUMN
FIELD CURRENT CONTROL METHOD:
S.No Shunt field current (If) Speed (N) in R.P.M.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD:
S.No Armature voltage (volts) Speed (N) in R.P.M.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
33
THEORY:
The speed of a D.C. motor is given by the equation
V  I a Ra
N

---------- (1)
k V  I a Ra 
N

Where N = Speed of the motor in rpm
V = Applied voltage in volts
Ia = Armature current in amps
Ra = Armature resistance in ohms
 = Flux per pole in Weber.

From equation (1) it is observed that the speed can be controlled by varying
1. Field flux or field current.

2. Armature circuit resistance (Ra)
3. Applied voltage (V)
34
MODEL GRAPH:
Field current VS speed

Speed (rpm)
Field Current (A)
Armature voltage VS speed

Speed (rpm)
Armature Voltage (V)
35
PROCEDURE:
FIELD CURRENT CONTROL METHOD:
1. Perform the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in the figure.
2. Ensure that the field rheostat is kept at its minimum position and then start the
motor with the help of starter.
3. Note down the speed and field current in steps by changing the field resistance.
ARMATURE RESISTANCE CONTROL:
1. Perform the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in the figure.
2. Keep the rheostat connected in armature in the minimum position.
3. Start the motor with the help of starter.
4. Note down the speed and voltage in steps by changing the external resistance
connected in armature.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the connections should be tight.
2. Keep the voltmeter and ammeter in sleeping position.
3. Take the readings without any parallax error.
4. Don’t touch live terminals while motor is running.
RESULT:
36
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
37
Experiment No: Date:
LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE

INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM: To obtain following performance characteristics for a given 3-phase squirrel cage
induction motor
1. Line current, torque, power factor, efficiency, speed and slip Vs output.
2. Torque Vs slip.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of apparatus Range Type Qty.
1. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
3. Wattmeter (600V,10A) UPF 2
4. Tachometer - Digital 1
THEORY:
A 3-phase induction motor consists of stator and rotor with the other associated
parts. In the stator, a 3-phase winding is provided. The windings of the three phase are
displaced in space by 120º.A 3-phase current is fed to the 3-phase winding. These windings
produce a resultant magnetic flux and it rotates in space like a solid magnetic poles being
rotated magnetically.
A 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor is a type of three phase induction motor
which functions based on the principle of electromagnetism. It is called a ‘squirrel cage’
motor because the rotor inside of it – known as a ‘squirrel cage rotor’ – looks like a squirrel
cage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. The rotor was made very much free to rotate.
3. Pour some water inside the brake drum so as to cool the rotor belt.
4. 3-Φ induction motor started using star-delta starter by pressing green switch of starter.
5. Adjusted the load till current was made to rated value of motor.
6. Decrease the load step by step and note corresponding speed, load, current, voltage
and wattmeter readings.
7. At certain load, wattmeter W2 will show negative reading. Note down the line current
at this point.
38
OBSERVATIONS:
Line Input Efficienc

Voltage Current Power Load(kg) Speed Torque Output % Slip y P.F
(V) (A) W1 W2 S1 S2 (RPM) (Nm) (W) CosØ
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Radius of Brake drum R=
Ns= Synchronous speed in rpm =
% slip= [(Ns-N)/Ns]*100=
Input Power(W )= (W1+W2) =
Torque(T) = 9.81*(S1-S2)*R =
Output Power = 2πNT/60 =
% efficiency =[ output/input]* 100 =
39
8. Interchange the connection of current coil of wattmeter W2 which was reading

negative after switching off supply by pressing red switch of starter.
9. Rotor was made free to rotate by removing the load completely.
10. 3-Φ induction motor started using star-delta starter by pressing black switch of starter.
11. Adjust the line current to a value in step 7.
12. Note down corresponding speed, load, current, voltage, wattmeter readings. Take the
reading of wattmeter W2 as negative.
13. Finally switch off supply.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
1. There must be no load when starting the motor.

MODEL GRAPHS
RESULT:
40
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
41
Exp No: Date:

LOAD TEST ON 1-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on a given single phase induction motor and to draw its performance
curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3. Wattmeter (300V,10A) U.P.F 1
4. Tachometer - Digital 1
THEORY:
1-phase inductions operates on 1-phase supply. They are not self-starting motors as
they have only one winding. Whenever supply is given to the motor it produces single phase
wave causes pulsating flux which in turn produces pulsating torque which has no capability
to produce rotation.it can be explained in two theories
1. Double field revolving theory
2. Cross field theory
Hence in order to start up an induction motor, initial priming should be provided or the
winding can be splitted into two windings an capacitor can be added for high starting torque
and it can be placed permanently for power factor improvement.
PROCEDURE:
4. 1-Φ AC supply should be given to the motor. No load readings should be taken and
then load should be provided gradually.
42
TABULAR COLUMNS:
voltage current Input Load (kg) Speed Torque Output % Slip Efficiency
(V) (A) (W) S1 (rpm) (N-m) (W)
S2
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Radius of Brake drum R =
% slip= [(Ns-N)/Ns]*100 =
Input Power(W ) =
Torque(T) = 9.81*(S1-S2)*R =
Efficiency =[ output/input]* 100 =
MODEL GRAPH:
43
VECTOR DIAGRAM
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connection should be avoided.
2. Operate the instruments carefully.
3. Load currents should not be exceeding beyond their rating.
RESULT:
44
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
45
Exp No: Date:

LOAD TEST ON 1-PHASE AC SIRES MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on a given single phase AC series motor and to draw its performance
curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3. Wattmeter (300V,10A) UPF 1
THEORY:
The universal motors are small capacity series motors of about half KW which can
be operated on both DC and AC supplies. The general construction of universal motor is
similar to DC series motor i.e., series winding with few turns, laminated armature and field
circuit.
The working principle of universal motor is same as that of AC series motor generally
universally manufactured in two different ways .They are
1.Compensated type
2.Non compensated type
Universal motors operate on any type of supply and voltage ratings are of 115V to
220V.
They operate at high speeds. They are smaller in size and lighter in weight as compared to
other types of motors.
PROCEDURE:

4. 1-Φ AC supply should be given to the motor. No load readings should be taken and
then load should be provided gradually.
46
TABULAR COLUMNS:
voltage current Input Load (kg) Speed Torque Output % Slip Efficiency
(V) (A) (W) S1 (rpm) (N-m) (W)
S2
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Radius of Brake drum R =
% slip= [(Ns-N)/Ns]*100 =
Input Power (W ) =
Torque (T) = 9.81*(S1-S2)*R =
Efficiency =[ output/input]* 100 =
MODEL GRAPH:
47
UNIVERSAL MOTOR TYPES:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connection should be avoided.
2. Operate the instruments carefully.
3. Load currents should not be exceeding beyond their rating.
RESULT:
48
Department of electrical and Electronics engineering 49

STUDY OF DC AND AC MACHINES STARTERS
AIM:
To study the different starters used for DC and AC machines.
DIFFERENT STARTERS USED FOR DC MACHINES:

S.NO TYPE OF STARTER USED FOR
1. 2-Point Starter DC Series Motors
2. 3-Point Starter DC Shunt Motor
3. 4-Point Starter DC Compound Motor
DIFFERENT STARTERS USED FOR AC MACHINES:

S.NO TYPE OF STARTER USED FOR
1. DOL Starter Low range squirrel cage induction
Motors (Below 5 H.P)
2. Star-Delta Starter Squirrel cage Induction motors
(5 H.P to 15 H.P)
APPARATUS:
S.NO APPARATUS QUANTITY
1 3-point starter 1
2 4-point starter 1
3 DOL starter 1
4 Star-Delta starter 1
5 Screw driver 1
6 Cutting plier 1
THEORY:
NECESSITY OF STARTER:
Starters as the name suggest are not used to start the motors specially
when the motors are self-starting e.g. Induction Motor (AC motor) and DC Motor.

They are primarily used to reduce voltage or current at the

starting, thereby protecting the machine from heavy currents, over voltages and even very
low voltages (under-voltage) by use of Overload Coils (OLCs) or Under load Coils
(ULCs)
3 POINT STARTER:
A 3 point starter in simple words is a device that helps in the starting and running
of a shunt wound DC motor or compound wound DC motor. Now the question is why
these types of DC motors require the assistance of the starter in the first case. The only
explanation to that is given by the presence of back emf Eb, which plays a critical role in
governing the operation of the motor. The back emf, develops as the motor armature
starts to rotate in presence of the magnetic field, by generating action and counters the
supply voltage. This also essentially means, that the back emf at the starting is zero, and
develops gradually as the motor gathers speed. The general motor emf equation
at starting is modified to E = Ia.Ra as at starting Eb = 0.
Thus we can well understand from the above equation that the current will be
dangerously high at starting (as armature resistance Ra is small) and hence it is important
that we make use of a device like the 3 point starter to limit the starting current to an
allowable lower value.
Let us now look into the construction and working of three point starter to understand
how the starting current is restricted to the desired value. For that let’s consider the
diagram given below showing all essential parts of the three point starter.

Construction of 3 Point Starter:

Construction wise a starter is a variable resistance, integrated into number of
sections as shown in the figure beside. The contact points of these sections are called
studs and are shown separately as OFF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, RUN. Other than that there are 3
main points, referred to as
1. 'L' Line terminal. (Connected to positive of supply.)
2. 'A' Armature terminal. (Connected to the armature winding.)
3. 'F' Field terminal. (Connected to the field winding.)
And from there it gets the name 3 point starter. Now studying the construction of 3 point
starter in further details reveals that, the point 'L' is connected to an electromagnet called
overload release (OLR) as shown in the figure. The other end of OLR is connected to the
lower end of conducting lever of starter handle where a spring is also attached with it and
the starter handle contains also a soft iron piece housed on it. This handle is free to move
to the other side RUN against the force of the spring. This spring brings back the handle
to its original OFF position under the influence of its own force. Another parallel path is
derived from the stud '1', given to the another electromagnet called No Volt Coil (NVC)
which is further connected to terminal 'F'. The starting resistance at starting is entirely in

series with the armature. The OLR and NVC acts as the two protecting devices of the
starter.
Working of Three Point Starter:
Having studied its construction, let us now go into the working of the 3 point
starter. To start with the handle is in the OFF position when the supply to the DC
motor is switched on. Then handle is slowly moved against the spring force to make a
contact with stud No. 1. At this point, field winding of the shunt or the compound motor
gets supply through the parallel path provided to starting resistance, through No Voltage
Coil. While entire starting resistance comes in series with the armature. The high starting
armature current thus gets limited as the current equation at this stage becomes
As the handle is moved further, it goes on making contact with studs 2, 3, 4 etc.,
thus gradually cutting off the series resistance from the armature circuit as the motor
gathers speed. Finally when the starter handle is in 'RUN' position, the entire starting
resistance is eliminated and the motor runs with normal speed.
This is because back emf is developed consequently with speed to counter the
supply voltage and reduce the armature current. So the external electrical resistance is not
required anymore, and is removed for optimum operation. The handle is moved manually
from OFF to the RUN position with development of speed. Now the obvious question is
once the handle is taken to the RUN position how is it supposed to stay there, as long as
motor is running? To find the answer to this question let us look into the working of No
Voltage Coil.
Working of No Voltage Coil of 3 Point Starter:
The supply to the field winding is derived through no voltage coil. So when field
current flows, the NVC is magnetized. Now when the handle is in the 'RUN' position,
soft iron piece connected to the handle and gets attracted by the magnetic force produced
by NVC, because of flow of current through it. The NVC is designed in such a way that it
holds the handle in 'RUN' position against the force of the spring as long as supply is
given to the motor. Thus NVC holds the handle in the 'RUN' position and hence also
called hold on coil.
Now when there is any kind of supply failure, the current flow through NVC is
affected and it immediately looses its magnetic property and is unable to keep the soft
iron piece on the handle, attracted. At this point under the action of the spring force, the
handle comes back to OFF position, opening the circuit and thus switching off the motor.
So due to the combination of NVC and the spring, the starter handle always comes back
to OFF position whenever there is any supply problems. Thus it also acts as a protective
device safeguarding the motor from any kind of abnormality.
Drawbacks of a Three Point Starter:
The 3 point starter suffers from a serious drawback for motors with large variation
of speed by adjustment of the field rheostat. To increase the speed of the motor field

resistance can be increased. Therefore current through shunt field is reduced. Field
current becomes very low which results in holding electromagnet too weak to overcome
the force exerted by the spring. The holding magnet may release the arm of the starter
during the normal operation of the motor and thus disconnect the motor from the line.
This is not desirable. A four point starter is thus used.
4 POINT STRATER:
Working Principle of Four Point Starter:
The 4 point starter like in the case of a 3 point starter also acts as a protective
device that helps in safeguarding the armature of the shunt or compound excited DC
motor against the high starting current produced in the absence of back emf at starting.
The 4 point starter has a lot of constructional and functional similarity to a three point
starter, but this special device has an additional point and a coil in its construction. This
naturally brings about some difference in its functionality, though the basic operational
characteristic remains the same. The basic difference in circuit of 4 point starter as
compared to 3 point starter is that the holding coil is removed from the shunt field current
and is connected directly across the line with current limiting resistance in series.
Now to go into the details of operation of 4 point starter, lets have a look at its
constructional diagram, and figure out its point of difference with a 3 point starter.
Construction and Operation of Four Point Starter:
A 4 point starter as the name suggests has 4 main operational points, namely
1. 'L' Line terminal. (Connected to positive of supply.)
2. 'A' Armature terminal. (Connected to the armature winding.)
3. 'F' Field terminal. (Connected to the field winding.)
4. Like in the case of the 3 point starter, and in addition to it there is, A 4th point N.
(Connected to the No Voltage Coil NVC)
The remarkable difference in case of a 4 point starter is that the No Voltage Coil is
connected independently across the supply through the fourth terminal called 'N' in
addition to the 'L', 'F' and 'A'. As a direct consequence of that, any change in the field
supply current does not bring about any difference in the performance of the NVC. Thus
it must be ensured that no voltage coil always produce a force which is strong enough to
hold the handle in its 'RUN' position, against force of the spring, under all the operational
conditions. Such a current is adjusted through No Voltage Coil with the help of
fixed resistance R connected in series with the NVC using fourth point 'N' as shown in
the figure above.
Apart from this above mentioned fact, the 4 point and 3 point starters are similar
in all other ways like possessing is a variable resistance, integrated into number of
sections as shown in the figure above. The contact points of these sections are called
studs and are shown separately as OFF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, RUN, over which the handle is free
to be maneuvered manually to regulate the starting current with gathering speed.

Now to understand its way of operating lets have a closer look at the diagram
given above. Considering that supply is given and the handle is taken stud No.1, then the
circuit is complete and line current that starts flowing through the starter. In this situation
we can see that the current will be divided into 3 parts, flowing through 3 different points.
1. 1 part flows through the starting resistance (R1+ R2+ R3…..) and then to the armature.
2. A 2nd part flowing through the field winding F.
3. And a 3rd part flowing through the no voltage coil in series with the protective
resistance R.
So the point to be noted here is that with this particular arrangement any change
in the shunt field circuit does not bring about any change in the no voltage coil as the two
circuits are independent of each other. This essentially means that the electromagnet pull
subjected upon the soft iron bar of the handle by the no voltage coil at all points of time
should be high enough to keep the handle at its RUN position, or rather prevent the
spring force from restoring the handle at its original OFF position, irrespective of how the
field rheostat is adjusted. This marks the operational difference between a 4 point
starter and a 3 point starter. As otherwise both are almost similar and are used for
limiting the starting current to a shunt wound DC motor or compound wound DC motor,
and thus act as a protective device.

D.O.L STARTER:
For small capacity motors having power rating less than 5hp, these starters are
used.it doesn’t reduce starting current but it provides over loading low voltage protection
by inserting some relay coils.
It consists of two contacts that is normally opened and normally closed. During
starting NO is normally open and when it is closed the current flows through the starter.
When NO is pressed the coil gets energized and attracts the stator terminals thereby
supply flows. The torque equation is as follows.
TST=TFL*K(IST/IFL)2*SFL
STAR/ DELTA STARER:
It has DPST switch which connects the stator winding in star connection at start
and after attaining rated speed it is through on to delta connection. This type of starter is
ment for motor winding which is designed to run with delta connection.
For star connection
IL= IPh
VL= sqrt 3Vph
For delta connection
IL= sqrt 3Iph
VL= Vph


RESULT:

Identification of the terminal of DC shunt machine
Identification of the terminal of DC series machine
Identification of the terminals of DC compound machine

IDENTIFICATION OF THE TERMINALS OF DC AND

AC MACHINES
AIM:
To identify the terminals of dc machine (series, shunt and compound) by using
multimeter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Multimeter
2. DC Machines
3. AC Machines
THEORY:
DC MACHINES:
DC SHUNT MOTOR: The shunt wound DC machine falls under the category of self-
excited DC machines, where the field windings are shunted to, or are connected in
parallel to the armature winding of the motor, as its name is suggestive of. And for this
reason both the armature winding and the field winding are exposed to the same
supply voltage, though there are separate branches for the flow of armature current and
the field current as shown in the figure of DC shunt motor below. Since this machine
having four terminal two terminal are from field winding and two terminal for armature
winding
A series wound DC motor like in the case of shunt wound DC

motor or compound wound DC motor falls under the category of self-excited DC motors,
and it gets its name from the fact that the field winding in this case is connected internally
in series to the armature winding. Thus the field winding are exposed to the entire
armature current unlike in the case of a shunt motor.
Construction of Series DC Motor
Construction wise a this motor is similar to any other types of DC motors in almost all
aspects. It consists of all the fundamental components like the stator housing the field
winding or the rotor carrying the armature conductors, and the other vital parts like the
commutator or the brush segments all attached in the proper sequence as in the case of a
generic DC motor.
Yet if we are to take a close look into the wiring of the field and armature coils of
this DC motor, it’s clearly distinguishable from the other members of this type.
To understand that let us revert back into the above mentioned basic fact, that the motor
has field coil connected in series to the armature winding. For this reason relatively
higher current flow through the field coils and it’s designed accordingly as mentioned
below.
1. The field coils of DC series motor are wound with relatively fewer turns as the
current through the field is its armature current and hence for required MMF less
numbers of turns are required.
2. The wire is heavier, as the diameter is considerable increased to provide minimum

electrical resistance to the flow of full armature current.
3. In spite of the above mentioned differences, about having fewer coil turns the running
of this DC motor remains unaffected, as the current through the field is reasonably
high to produce a field strong enough for generating the required amount of torque. To
understand that better let’s look into the voltage and current equation of DC series
motor.
The electrical layout of a typical series wound DC motor is shown in the diagram below.
A compound wound DC motor or rather a DC compound motor falls under the

category of self-excited motors, and is made up of both series the field coils S1 S2 and
shunt field coils F1 F2 connected to the armature winding as shown in the figure below.

Both the field coils provide for the required amount of magnetic flux that links with
the armature coil and brings about the torque necessary to facilitate rotation at desired
speed. As we can understand, a compound wound DC motor is basically formed by
the amalgamation of a shunt wound DC motor and series wound DC motor to achieve
the better off properties of both these types. Like a shunt wound DC motor is
bestowed with an extremely efficient speed regulation characteristic, whereas the DC
series motor has high starting torque.
So the compound wound DC motor reaches a compromise in terms of both this

features and has a good combination of proper speed regulation and high starting toque.
Though its staring torque is not as high as in case of DC motor, nor is its speed regulation
as good as a shunt DC motor. Overall characteristics of DC shunt motor falls somewhere
in between these 2 extreme limits.
Types of Compound Wound DC Motor
The compound wound DC motor can further be subdivided into 2 major types
on the basis of its field winding connection with respect to the armature winding, and
they are:
Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor
In case of long shunt compound wound DC motor, the shunt field winding is
connected in parallel across the series combination of both the armature and series field
coil, as shown in the diagram below.

Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor

In case of short shunt compound wound DC motor, the shunt field winding is
connected in parallel across the armature winding only. And series field coil is exposed to
the entire supply current, before being split up into armature and shunt field current as
shown in the diagram below.
Cumulative Compounding of DC Motor

A compound wound DC motor is said to be cumulatively compounded when the
shunt field flux produced by the shunt winding assists or enhances the effect of main field
flux, produced by the series winding.
Differential Compounding of DC Motor
Similarly a compound wound DC motor is said to be deferentially compounded
when the flux due to the shunt field winding diminishes the effect of the main series
winding. This particular trait is not really desirable, and hence does not find much of a
practical application.
The net flux produced in this case is lesser than the original flux and hence does
not find much of a practical application.
Typical range of the armature and series and shunt field resistances are as shown
in the below
Particular Range of the resistance
Armature resistance Above series &Below shunt field
Series winding resistance Below armature resistance
Shunt winding resistance Above the armature resistance
(In the range of 10s to 100s)

PROCEDURE:
1. Test the continuity between the terminals by using mulimeter. while testing the
continuity keep the multimeter in continuity mode
2. After identifying the terminals which having the continuity having in between
them mark the two terminals as 1 – 1’ and 2 -2’ so on
3. Measure the resistance between the two terminal mark the terminals as
armature(A-AA) shunt field(F-FF) series field (S-SS) depending upon the range
of the resistance between the terminals
4. Label the terminals with terminal marks and the symbols of armature shunt field
and series field
AC MACHINES
Construction of Three Phase Induction Motor:

The three phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical motor. Almost 80% of
the mechanical power used by industries is provided by three phase induction motors
because of its simple and rugged construction, low cost, good operating characteristics,
absence of commutator and good speed regulation. In three phase induction motor the
power is transferred from stator to rotor winding through induction. The induction motor
is also called a synchronous motor as it runs at a speed other than the synchronous speed.
Like any other electrical motor induction motor also have two main parts namely rotor
and stator
1. Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A stator
winding is placed in the stator of induction motor and the three phase supply is given
to it.
2. Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft.
The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further classified as
1. Squirrel cage rotor,
2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.

Depending upon the type of rotor construction used the three phase induction motor are
classified as:
1. Squirrel cage induction motor,
2. Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor or phase wound induction motor.
The construction of stator for both the kinds of three phase induction motor remains the
same and is discussed in brief in next paragraph. The other parts, which are required to
complete the induction motor, are:
1. Shaft for transmitting the torque to the load. This shaft is made up of steel.
2. Bearings for supporting the rotating shaft.
3. One of the problems with electrical motor is the production of heat during its rotation.
In order to overcome this problem we need fan for cooling.
4. For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is needed.
5. There is a small distance between rotor and stator which usually varies from 0.4 mm
to 4 mm. Such a distance is called air gap.
Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor:
The stator of the three phase induction motor consists of three main parts:
1. Stator frame,
2. Stator core,
3. Stator winding or field winding.
Stator Frame

It is the outer most part of the three phase induction motor. Its main function is to support
the stator core and the field winding. It acts as a covering and it provide protection and
mechanical strength to all the inner parts of the induction motor. The frame is either made
up of die cast or fabricated steel. The frame of three phase induction motor should be
very strong and rigid as the air gap length of three phase induction motor is very small,
otherwise rotor will not remain concentric with stator, which will give rise to unbalanced
magnetic pull.
Stator Core
The main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating flux. In order to reduce
the eddy current loss, the stator core is laminated. These laminated types of structure are
made up of stamping which is about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick. All the stamping are stamped
together to form stator core, which is then housed in stator frame. The stamping is
generally made up of silicon steel, which helps to reduce the hysteresis loss occurring in
motor.
Stator Winding or Field Winding
The slots on the periphery of stator core of the three phase induction motor carries three
phase windings. This three phase winding is supplied by three phase AC supply. The
three phases of the winding are connected either in star or delta depending upon which
type of starting method is used. The squirrel cage motor is mostly started by star-delta

stator and hence the stator of squirrel cage motor is delta connected. The slip ring three
phase induction motor are started by inserting resistances so, the stator winding of slip
ring induction motor can be connected either in star or delta. The winding wound on the
stator of three phase induction motor is also called field winding and when this winding
is excited by three phase ac supply it produces a rotating magnetic field.
Types of Three Phase Induction Motor

1. Squirrel cage three phase induction motor: The rotor of the squirrel cage three
phase induction motor is cylindrical in shape and have slots on its periphery. The slots
are not made parallel to each other but are bit skewed (skewing is not shown in the
figure of squirrel cadge rotor beside) as the skewing prevents magnetic locking of
stator and rotor teeth and makes the working of motor more smooth and quieter. The
squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminium, brass or copper bars (copper bras rotor is
shown in the figure beside). This aluminium, brass or copper bars are called rotor
conductors and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor
conductors are permanently shorted by the copper or aluminium rings called the end
rings. In order to provide mechanical strength these rotor conductor are braced to the
end ring and hence form a complete closed circuit resembling like a cage and hence
got its name as squirrel cage induction motor. The squirrel cage rotor winding is made

symmetrical. As the bars are permanently shorted by end rings, the rotor resistance is
very small and it is not possible to add external resistance as the bars are permanently
shorted. The absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of Squirrel cage
three phase induction motor very simple and robust and hence widely used three phase
induction motor. These motors have the advantage of adapting any number of pole
pairs. The below diagram shows squirrel cage induction rotor having aluminium bars
short circuit by aluminium end rings.
Advantages of squirrel cage induction rotor:
1. Its construction is very simple and rugged.

2. As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires less maintenance.
Applications: Squirrel cage induction motor is used in lathes, drilling machine, fan,
blower printing machines etc.
2. Slip ring or wound three phase induction motor: In this type of three phase
induction motor the rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that of stator but it
has less number of slots and has less turns per phase of a heavier conductor. The rotor
also carries star or delta winding similar to that of stator winding. The rotor consists of
numbers of slots and rotor winding are placed inside these slots. The three end
terminals are connected together to form star connection. As its name indicates three
phase slip ring induction motor consists of slip rings connected on same shaft as that
of rotor. The three ends of three phase windings are permanently connected to these

Slip rings. The external resistance can be easily connected through the brushes and
slip rings and hence used for speed control and improving the starting torque of three
phase induction motor. The brushes are used to carry current to and from the rotor
winding. These brushes are further connected to three phase star connected
resistances. At starting, the resistance is connected in rotor circuit and is gradually cut
out as the rotor pick up its speed. When the motor is running the slip ring are shorted
by connecting a metal collar, which connect all slip ring together and the brushes are
also removed. This reduces wear and tear of the brushes. Due to presence of slip rings
and brushes the rotor construction becomes somewhat complicated therefore it is less
used as compare to squirrel cage induction motor.
Advantages of slip ring induction motor -

1. It has high starting torque and low starting current.
2. Possibility of adding additional resistance to control speed.
Application: Slip ring induction motor is used where high starting torque is required i.e.
in hoists, cranes, elevator etc.

Working Principle of Three Phase Induction Motor:

An electrical motor is such an electromechanical device which converts electrical energy
into a mechanical energy. In case of three phase AC operation, most widely used motor
is three phase induction motor as this type of motor does not require any starting device
or we can say they are self-starting induction motor.
Production of Rotating Magnetic Field:
The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of
120°. When the primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3 phase AC source, it
establishes a rotating magnetic field which rotates at the synchronous speed. According
to Faraday’s law an EMF induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of magnetic
flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction motor are either
closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end ring, and cut the stator
rotating magnetic field, an EMF is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this EMF
a current flows through the rotor conductor.
Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and static rotor
conductor is the cause of current generation; hence as per Lenz's law the rotor will rotate
in the same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative velocity.
Thus from the working principle of three phase induction motor it may observed that the
rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the stator. If the speeds
equals, there would be no such relative speed, so no EMF induced in the rotor, and no
current would be flowing, and therefore no torque would be generated. Consequently the
rotor cannot reach the synchronous speed. The difference between the stator
(synchronous speed) and rotor speeds is called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic field
in an induction motor has the advantage that no electrical connections need to be made to
the rotor. Thus the three phase induction motor is:
 Self-starting.
 Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of commutators and
brushes that may cause sparks.
 Robust in construction.

 Economical.
 Easier to maintain.
TERMINAL BOX FOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:
Slip ring induction motor terminal box
Squirrel cage induction motor terminal box
PROCEDURE:
1. Test the continuity between the terminals by using multimeter. while testing the
continuity keep the multimeter in continuity mode
2. After identifying the terminals which having the continuity having in between them, mark
the terminals as S1, S2, and S3 for stator and R1, R2 and R3 for rotor.
3. Measure the resistance between the terminals, if the any three terminals shows almost
equal value of resistance then those three terminals belongs to one set and other terminals
belongs to other set.

4. The set which is having highest resistance should be treated as stator terminals and the
other set treated as rotor terminals.
5. Label the terminals with terminal marks and the symbols of stator and rotor.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Take the multiple readings to get the accurate values of the resistances
2. While measuring the armature terminal continuity and resistance make adjustment
to the armature by rotating the rotor
RESULT:

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

SRI VASAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB LAB

NAME: PIN NO:

NAME OF THE LABORATORY:

Faculty In-charge of the Laboratory Head of the Department

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering i

DO’s AND DON’Ts IN THE LAB

1. Don’t come late to the Lab.

3. Don’t make or remove the connections with power ON.

4. Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering ii

S.No. Date Name of the Experiment Page No. Remarks

3. Stair case Wiring

5. Fluorescent Lamp Connection

Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor by Field

11 Load Test On 1- Phase Induction Motor

12 Load Test On 1-Phase AC Series Motor

13 Study of DC & AC Machines starters

Identification of the terminals of DC and AC

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering iii

GUIDELINES TO WRITE YOUR OBSERVATION BOOK

1. Experiment Number, Date, Title, Aim, Apparatus, Name plate details /

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering iv

VISION & MISSION

CO1 M310.1 Connect various electrical wiring circuits.

CO2 M310.2 Measure the resistance between the terminals of various

CO4 M310.4 Draw the Performance Characteristics of AC Machines.

CO5 M310.5 Install different Earthing Systems for electrical safety.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering v

Exp. No. : Date :

3. Line tester 500v-1no,

4. Wire stripper-1 no,

1. Tumbler switches (6.P.S.T) 250V, 5A 1no.

2. Batten Holder 250V 1no.

3. Filament Lamp 60W, 250V 1no.

4. 1-way box 19mm 1 no.

5. 2-way junction box 19mm 1 no.

6. L-type junction box 19mm 1 no

7. PVC Insulated wire 1/18 L.S

8. Link Clips L.S

9. Teak wood board (30 x 20 cm) l no.

11. PVC conduit pipes 19 mm L.S

2. Collect the required wiring materials.

4. Check the circuit for continuity.

5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.

6. Finish the work neatly and correctly.

i) Phase wire should be connected to the switch.

Exp. No. : Date :

ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH AND PRIVISION OF 2/3 PIN

Exp. No. : Date :

STAIRCASE WIRING CIRCUIT

1. Insulated cutting plier 15cm 1 no

1. Two-way switches, 5A, 250V 2 no

Exp. No. : Date :

1. One-way switches, 5A, 250V 2 no

1. Draw the lay out and connection diagram.

2. Collect the required wiring materials.

4. Check the circuit for continuity.

5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.

6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.

FLUORESCENT LAMP CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Torque (T) = 9.81(S1-S2)R =