Solution Manual for Intermediate Algebra, 13th

Edition, Marvin L. Bittinger

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Solution Manual for Intermediate Algebra, 13th Edition, Marvin L. Bittinger

Chapter 5
Rational Expressions, Equations, and
Functions
10. From Exercise 2 we know that the domain is
Exercise Set 5.1 {x|x is a real number and x = 9}, or (−∞, 9) ∪ (9, ∞).
12. From Exercise 4 we know that the domain is
RC2. A rational expression is simplified when the numerator {x|x is a real number and x = 7 and x = 11}, or
and the denominator have no factors (other than 1) in (−∞, 7) ∪ (7, 11) ∪ (11, ∞).
common.
2 − y 2 −1 (2 − y 2 )(−1)
14. · =
RC4. A rational expression is undefined when the 8 − y −1 (8 − y)(−1)
denominator is zero.
p+1 p−4 (p + 1)(p − 4)
CC2. −(x − 8) = −x + 8 = 8 − x; the answer is (g). 16. · =
p+4 p−4 (p + 4)(p − 4)
1 8 1 x
CC4. ÷ = · ; the answer is (a). 7w3 7w2 · w 7w2 w w
x x x 8 18. = = · =
28w2 4 · 7w2 7w2 4 4
CC6. (h)
48t5 8t5 · 6 8t5 6 6
20. = = · = 6
CC8.
x
·
8 x x+1
= ÷ ; the answer is (d). 56t11 8t5 · 7t6 8t5 7t6 7t
8 x+1 8 8 6a − 30 6(a − 5) 6 a−5
22. = = · =a−5
x2 + x + 105 6 6·1 6 1
2.
5x − 45 18a − 2 2(9a − 1) 2 9a − 1 9a − 1
24. = = · =
Solve: 5x − 45 = 0 22 2 · 11 2 11 11
5x = 45 8x + 16 8(x + 2) 8 x+2 x+2
26. = = · =
x=9 8x − 16 8(x − 2) 8 x−2 x−2
The expression is not defined for 9. p2 − 25 (p + 5)(p − 5) p+5 p−5
28. = = · =
x2 − 3x − 4 p2
+ 10p + 25 (p + 5)(p + 5) p+5 p+5
4. p−5
x2 − 18x + 77
Solve: x2 − 18x + 77 = 0 p+5
(x − 7)(x − 11) = 0 y 2 + 8y − 9 (y + 9)(y − 1) y+9 y−1
30. = = · =
x−7 = 0 or x − 11 = 0 y 2 − 5y + 4 (y − 4)(y − 1) y−4 y−1
y+9
x=7 or x = 11
y−4
The expression is not defined for 7 and 11.
a2 − b2 (a + b)(a − b)
5r + 3 32. = =
6. f (r) = a3 + b3 (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2 )
r−6
a+b a−b a−b
Solve: r − 6 = 0 · = 2
a + b a2 − ab + b2 a − ab + b2
r=6
The domain is {r|r is a real number and r = 6}, or
10t 20t − 40 ✧
10 · /t · 2 ✏
/ · 10(t − 2)
·
✏
34. =
(−∞, 6) ∪ (6, ∞). 6t − 12 30t3 2 · 3(t − 2)(3)(10)
/ ✧ (t/)(t2 )
10
9 = 2
8. g(x) = 9t
8x + x2
y 2 + 10y + 25 y 2 − 3y
Solve: 8x + x2 = 0 36. ·
y2 − 9 y+5
x(8 + x) = 0
✏ ✏
(y + 5) (y + 5)(y)(y − 3)
x = 0 or 8 + x = 0 =
✏ ✏
(y + 3)(y − 3) (y + 5)
x = 0 or x = −8 y(y + 5)
=
The domain is {x|x is a real number and x = −8 and y+3
x = 0}, or (−∞, −8) ∪ (−8, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).

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144 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

m2 − n 2 m + n ✏ ✏
(m + n) (m − n) (m + n) y 2 − 36
÷
3y − 18
·
✏ ✏
38. = 54.
4m + 4n m − n 4(m + n) (m − n) y2 − 8y + 16 y 2 − y − 12
m+n y 2 − 36 y 2 − y − 12
= = ·
4 y2 − 8y + 16 3y − 18
y 2 − 10y + 9 y+4 ✏ ✏
(y + 6)(y − 6) (y − 4) (y + 3)
· 2
✏ ✏
40. =
y2 − 1 y − 5y − 36 (y − 4) (y − 4)(3)(y − 6)
✏ ✏ ✏
(y − 9) (y − 1) (y + 4) · 1 (y + 6)(y + 3)
=
✏ ✏ ✏
(y + 1)(y − 1) (y − 9) (y + 4)
=
3(y − 4)
1 a3 + 4a a2 + 8a + 15
= 56. ÷ 2
y+1 a2 − 16 a + a − 20
x3 − 27 x2 − 6x + 9 a3 + 4a a2 + a − 20
42. · = ·
x2 − 9 x2 + 3x + 9 a2 − 16 a2 + 8a + 15
(x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)(x − 3)(x − 3) ✏ ✏
a(a2 + 4)(a + 5) (a − 4)
=
(x + 3)(x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)
=
✏ ✏
(a + 4)(a − 4) (a + 5) (a + 3)
(x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) (x − 3)(x − 3) a(a2 + 4)
= · =
(x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) x+3 (a + 4)(a + 3)
(x − 3)(x − 3) 8y 3 + 27 4y 2 − 9
= 58. ÷
x+3 64y − 1 16y 2 + 4y + 1
3

8y 3 + 27 16y 2 + 4y + 1
4x2 − 9y 2 4x2 + 6xy + 9y 2 = ·
44. · 2 64y 3 − 1 4y 2 − 9
8x − 27y 4x + 12xy + 9y 2
3 3
(2y + 3)(4y 2 − 6y + 9)(16y 2 + 4y + 1)
(2x + 3y)(2x − 3y)(4x2 + 6xy + 9y 2 ) · 1 =
= (4y − 1)(16y 2 + 4y + 1)(2y + 3)(2y − 3)
(2x − 3y)(4x2 + 6xy + 9y 2 )(2x + 3y)(2x + 3y)
(2y + 3)(16y 2 + 4y + 1) 4y 2 − 6y + 9
(2x + 3y)(2x − 3y)(4x2 + 6xy + 9y 2 ) 1 = ·
= · (2y + 3)(16y + 4y + 1) (4y − 1)(2y − 3)
2
(2x + 3y)(2x − 3y)(4x2 + 6xy + 9y 2 ) 2x + 3y
1 4y 2 − 6y + 9
= =
2x + 3y (4y − 1)(2y − 3)
x3 y − 64y x2 y 2 − 16y 2
9a7 12a2 9a7 24b7 60. ÷ 2 2
46.
2
÷ 7
= 2 · x y + 64y x y − 4xy 2 + 16y 2
3
8b 24b 8b 12a2
x3 y − 64y x2 y 2 − 4xy 2 + 16y 2
9·✧
a2 · a5 · 3
/·8
/ ·✧
b2 · b 5 = ·
= x3 y + 64y x2 y 2 − 16y 2
/ ·✧
8 b ·3
2 /·4·✧ a2
y(x − 4)(x2 + 4x + 16)(y 2 )(x2 − 4x + 16)
9a5 b5 =
= y(x + 4)(x2 − 4x + 16)(y 2 )(x + 4)(x − 4)
4
y(x − 4)(y 2 )(x2 − 4x + 16) x2 + 4x + 16
6x + 12 x + 2 6x + 12 x3 = ·
48. ÷ = · y(x2 − 4x + 16)(y 2 )(x − 4) (x + 4)(x + 4)
x x 3 x x+2
x2 + 4x + 16
✏
6(x + 2)· x
/ · x2 =
✏
= (x + 4)(x + 4)
x
/ (x + 2)
d2 − d d−2  5d
= 6x 2 62. · 2 ÷ 2
d − 6d + 8 d + 5d
2 d − 9d + 20
x2 − 4 x − 2 x2 − 4 x + 4 ✏ ✏
d/ (d − 1)(d − 2) (d − 5)(d − 4)
50.
x
÷
x+4
=
x
·
x−2
=
✏ ✏
(d − 4) (d − 2) (d)
/ (d + 5)(5d)
✏
(x + 2)(x − 2) (x + 4) (d − 1)(d − 5)
✏
= =
x(x − 2) 5d(d + 5)
(x + 2)(x + 4) 9x2 1 x − 4y
= 64. ÷ 2 ·
x x2 − 16y 2 x + 4xy 3x
25x2 − 4 5x − 2 25x2 − 4 x + 3 9x2 x2 + 4xy x − 4y
52. ÷ = · = · ·
x2 − 9 x+3 x2 − 9 5x − 2 x2 − 16y 2 1 3x
✏ ✏
(5x + 2)(5x − 2) (x + 3) =
3 · 3 · x · x(x)(x + 4y)(x − 4y)
=
✏ ✏
(x + 3) (x − 3)(5x − 2) (x + 4y)(x − 4y) · 1 · 3x
5x + 2 3x(x + 4y)(x − 4y) 3x · x
= = ·
x−3 3x(x + 4y)(x − 4y) 1
2
= 3x

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Exercise Set 5.2 145

66. The x-values in the graph extend from −4 to 5, so the 8. 27 = 3 · 3 · 3

domain is [−4, 5]. 35 = 5 · 7
The y-values in the graph extend from −3 to 2, so the 63 = 3 · 3 · 7
range is [−3, 2].
LCM = 3 · 3 · 3 · 5 · 7, or 945
68. The x-values in the graph extend from −4 to 5, so the
domain is [−4, 5]. 5 13
10. +
12 18
The y-values in the graph extend from 0 to 2, so the range
5 13
is [0, 2]. = + LCD = 2 · 2 · 3 · 3, or 36
2·2·3 2·3·3
70. 10x − 13x + 4 = (5x − 4)(2x − 1)
2
5 3 13 2
= · + ·
72. 10y 2 + 80y − 650 = 10(y 2 + 8y − 65) 2·2·3 3 2·3·3 2
= 10(y + 13)(y − 5) 15 26
= +
36 36
74. y = mx + b 41
2 =
8 = − (−4) + b 36
7
11 19
48 12. +
=b 30 75
7
11 19
2 48
The equation is y = − x + . = + LCD = 2 · 3 · 5 · 5, or 150
7 7 2·3·5 3·5·5
11 5 19 2
2x − 5(x + 2) − (x − 2) 2x − 5x − 10 − x + 2 = · + ·
76. = 2·3·5 5 3·5·5 2
x2 − 4 x2 − 4
55 38
−4x − 8 = +
= 2 150 150
x −4
✏
−4(x + 2) =
93
=
31
=
✏
(x + 2) (x − 2)
5
150
7
50
11
−4 14. + +
= 8 12 40
x−2
5 7 11
= + +
2·2·2 2·2·3 2·2·2·5
Exercise Set 5.2 LCD = 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 5, or 120
5 3·5 7 2·5 11 3
= · + · + ·
RC2. We first look for the least common denominator of 90 2·2·2 3·5 2·2·3 2·5 2·2·2·5 3
and 81. 75 70 33
= + +
120 120 120
RC4. Then to find the LCM of 90 and 81, we use each factor
the greatest number of times that it appears in any one 178 89
= =
factorization. 120 60
7 4 − 9a 7 − (4 − 9a) 7 − 4 + 9a 16. 18a2 b = 2 · 3 · 3 · a · a · b
CC2. − = = =
4+a 4+a 4+a 4+a 50ab3 = 2 · 5 · 5 · a · b · b · b
3 + 9a
LCM = 2 · 3 · 3 · 5 · 5 · a · a · b · b · b, or 450a2 b3
4+a
18. r2 − s2 = (r + s)(r − s)
2. 12 = 2 · 2 · 3
rs + s2 = s(r + s)
32 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2
LCM = s(r + s)(r − s)
LCM = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3, or 96
20. 6x2 y 2 = 2 · 3 · x · x · y · y
4. 45 = 3 · 3 · 5
9x3 y = 3 · 3 · x · x · x · y
54 = 2 · 3 · 3 · 3
15y 3 = 3 · 5 · y · y · y
LCM = 2 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 5, or 270
LCM = 2 · 3 · 3 · 5 · x · x · x · y · y · y, or 90x3 y 3
6. 24 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 3
22. x2 + 10x + 25 = (x + 5)(x + 5)
60 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 5
x2 + 2x − 15 = (x + 5)(x − 3)
LCM = 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 5, or 120
LCM = (x + 5)2 (x − 3)

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146 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

24. x2 − 36 = (x + 6)(x − 6) 42. x3 y3 x3 −y 3

+ = +
x2 − y 2 y 2 − x2 x2 − y 2 x2 − y 2
6−x
x3 − y 3
LCM = (x + 6)(x − 6), or (x + 6)(6 − x) = 2
x − y2
We could also express (x + 6)(6 − x) as −(x + 6)(x − 6). ✏
(x − y)(x2 + xy + y 2 )
26. 2x2 − 5x − 3 = (2x + 1)(x − 3)
=
✏
(x + y)(x − y)
2x − x − 1 = (2x + 1)(x − 1)
2 x2 + xy + y 2
=
x2 − 6x + 9 = (x − 3)(x − 3) x+y
LCM = (2x+1)(x−3)(x−3)(x−1), or (2x+1)(x−3)2 (x−1) x−2 x+2
44. + LCD = (x + 3)(x − 4)
x+3 x−4
28. 9x3 + 9x2 − 18x = 9x(x2 + x − 2) =
3 · 3 · x(x + 2)(x − 1) x−2 x−4 x+2 x+3
= · + ·
6x5 + 24x4 + 24x3 = 6x3 (x2 + 4x + 4) = x+3 x−4 x−4 x+3
2 · 3 · x · x · x(x + 2)(x + 2) (x2 − 6x + 8) + (x2 + 5x + 6)
=
LCM = 2 · 3 · 3 · x · x · x(x + 2)(x + 2)(x − 1), or (x + 3)(x − 4)
18x3 (x + 2)(x + 2)(x − 1), or 18x3 (x + 2)2 (x − 1) 2x2 − x + 14
=
30. x − 4x + 4x = x (x − 4x + 4) =
5 4 3 3 2 (x + 3)(x − 4)
x · x · x(x − 2)(x − 2)
5ab a+b
3x2 − 12 = 3(x2 − 4) = 3(x + 2)(x − 2) 46. +
a2 − b2 a−b
2x + 4 = 2(x + 2) 5ab a+b
= +
LCM = 2 · 3 · x · x · x(x − 2)(x − 2)(x + 2), or (a + b)(a − b) a − b
6x3 (x − 2)(x − 2)(x + 2), or 6x3 (x − 2)2 (x + 2)
LCD = (a + b)(a − b)
a − 8b a + 13b 2a + 5b 5ab a+b a+b
32. + = = + ·
a+b a+b a+b (a + b)(a − b) a − b a + b
3t + 2 t − 4 3t + 2 − (t − 4)
34. − = 5ab + a2 + 2ab + b2
t−4 t−4 t−4 =
(a + b)(a − b)
3t + 2 − t + 4
= a2 + 7ab + b2
t−4 =
(a + b)(a − b)
2t + 6 2(t + 3)
= =
t−4 t−4 48.
3y + 2
+ 2
8
r2 s2 r2 −s2 − y − 10 2y − 7y + 5
2y 2
36. + = +
r−s s−r r−s r−s =
3y + 2
+
8
r2 − s2 ✏
(r + s)(r − s) (2y − 5)(y + 2) (2y − 5)(y − 1)
=
r−s
=
✏
r−s LCD = (2y − 5)(y + 2)(y − 1)
= r+s 3y + 2 y−1
= · +
4 9 4 −9 (2y − 5)(y + 2) y − 1
38. − = − 8 y+2
x −x x x ·
(2y − 5)(y − 1) y + 2
4 − (−9)
= 3y 2 − y − 2 + 8y + 16
x =
13 (2y − 5)(y + 2)(y − 1)
=
x 3y 2 + 7y + 14
=
2y − 3 4−y 2y − 3 y−4 (2y − 5)(y + 2)(y − 1)
40. − = 2 −
y2 − 1 1 − y2 y − 1 y2 − 1
2y − 3 − (y − 4)
=
y2 − 1
2y − 3 − y + 4
=
y2 − 1
y+1
=
y2 − 1
✏ y+1
=
✏
(y + 1) (y − 1)
1
=
y−1

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Exercise Set 5.2 147

−2 5 y+3 6 5
50. + + 58. +
y + 2 y − 2 y2 − 4 y 2 + 6y + 9 y 2 − 9
−2 5 y+3 6 5
= + + = +
y + 2 y − 2 (y + 2)(y − 2) (y + 3)(y + 3) (y + 3)(y − 3)
LCD = (y + 2)(y − 2) LCD = (y + 3)(y + 3)(y − 3)
−2 y − 2 5 y+2 6(y − 3) + 5(y + 3)
= · + · + =
y+2 y−2 y−2 y+2 (y + 3)(y + 3)(y − 3)
y+3 6y − 18 + 5y + 15
=
(y + 2)(y − 2) (y + 3)(y + 3)(y − 3)
−2y + 4 + 5y + 10 + y + 3 11y − 3
= =
(y + 2)(y − 2) (y + 3)2 (y − 3)
4y + 17
= 3y + 2 2y
(y + 2)(y − 2) 60. +
y 2 − 7y + 10 y 2 − 8y + 15
y−2 y+6 3y + 2 2y
52. − = +
4y + 8 5y + 10 (y − 5)(y − 2) (y − 5)(y − 3)
y−2 y+6 LCD = (y − 5)(y − 2)(y − 3)
= − LCD = 4 · 5(y + 2)
4(y + 2) 5(y + 2) (3y + 2)(y − 3) + 2y(y − 2)
y−2 5 y+6 4 =
(y − 5)(y − 2)(y − 3)
= · − ·
4(y + 2) 5 5(y + 2) 4
3y 2 − 7y − 6 + 2y 2 − 4y
5y − 10 − 4y − 24 =
= (y − 5)(y − 2)(y − 3)
20(y + 2)
5y 2 − 11y − 6
y − 34 =
= (y − 5)(y − 2)(y − 3)
20(y + 2)
3p − 2 p−3
6xy x+y 62. −
54. − p2 + 2p − 24 p2 − 16
x2 − y 2 x−y
3p − 2 p−3
6xy x+y = −
= − (p + 6)(p − 4) (p + 4)(p − 4)
(x + y)(x − y) x − y
LCD = (p + 6)(p − 4)(p + 4)
LCD = (x + y)(x − y)
6xy x+y x+y (3p − 2)(p + 4) − (p − 3)(p + 6)
− · =
=
(x + y)(x − y) x − y x + y (p + 6)(p − 4)(p + 4)

6xy − x2 − 2xy − y 2 3p2 + 10p − 8 − p2 − 3p + 18

=
=
(x + y)(x − y) (p + 6)(p − 4)(p + 4)

−x2 + 4xy − y 2 2p2 + 7p + 10

=
=
(x + y)(x − y) (p + 6)(p − 4)(p + 4)

5x 3x 2 y y2 + 2
56. −
64. − + 2
x2 − 6x + 8 x2 − x − 12 y + 3 y − 1 y + 2y − 3
5x 3x 2 y y2 + 2
= − = − +
(x − 4)(x − 2) (x − 4)(x + 3) y + 3 y − 1 (y + 3)(y − 1)
LCD = (x − 4)(x − 2)(x + 3) LCD = (y + 3)(y − 1)
5x(x + 3) − 3x(x − 2) 2(y − 1) − y(y + 3) + y 2 + 2
= =
(x − 4)(x − 2)(x + 3) (y + 3)(y − 1)
5x2 + 15x − 3x2 + 6x 2y − 2 − y 2 − 3y + y 2 + 2
= =
(x − 4)(x − 2)(x + 3) (y + 3)(y − 1)
2x2 + 21x −y
= =
(x − 4)(x − 2)(x + 3) (y + 3)(y − 1)
x(2x + 21)
=
(x − 4)(x − 2)(x + 3)

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148 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

x−1 x+1 x−6 1 1 2b

66. − + 72. + −
x − 2 x + 2 x2 − 4 b−a a + b a2 − b2
x−1 x+1 x−6 1 −1 1 2b
= − + = · + −
x − 2 x + 2 (x + 2)(x − 2) b−a −1 a + b (a + b)(a − b)
LCD = (x − 2)(x + 2) −1 1 2b
= + −
x−1 x+2 x+1 x−2 x−6 a−b a + b (a + b)(a − b)
= · − · +
x − 2 x + 2 x + 2 x − 2 (x + 2)(x − 2) LCD = (a + b)(a − b)
(x2 + x − 2) − (x2 − x − 2) + (x − 6) −(a + b) + (a − b) − 2b
= =
(x − 2)(x + 2) (a + b)(a − b)
x2 + x − 2 − x2 + x + 2 + x − 6 −a − b + a − b − 2b
= =
(x − 2)(x + 2) (a + b)(a − b)
3x − 6 −4b
= =
(x − 2)(x + 2) (a + b)(a − b)
3(x − 2) 13x + 2 x+2 x−3
= 74. − +
(x − 2)(x + 2) x2 + 3x − 10 x − 2 x + 5
✏
3(x − 2) 13x + 2 x+2 x−3
=
✏
(x − 2)(x + 2) = − +
(x + 5)(x − 2) x − 2 x + 5
3 LCD = (x + 5)(x − 2)
=
x+2 13x + 2 x+2 x+5 x−3 x−2
= − · + ·
x−6 x−1 x+1 (x + 5)(x − 2) x − 2 x + 5 x + 5 x − 2
68. − −
x2 − 4 x − 2 x + 2 13x + 2 − (x2 + 7x + 10) + (x2 − 5x + 6)
=
x−6 x−1 x+1 (x + 5)(x − 2)
= − −
(x + 2)(x − 2) x − 2 x + 2 13x + 2 − x2 − 7x − 10 + x2 − 5x + 6
LCD is (x + 2)(x − 2) =
(x + 5)(x − 2)
=
x − 6 − (x − 1)(x + 2) − (x + 1)(x − 2) ✦)·1
(x−2
(x + 2)(x − 2) =
✦)
(x + 5)(x−2
x − 6 − x2 − x + 2 − x2 + x + 2 1
= =
(x + 2)(x − 2) x+5
−2x2 + x − 2 76. y
=
(x + 2)(x − 2)
5y 2y 3
70. − + 5x
3y ⭐ 15
1 − 2y 2y + 1 4y 2 − 1
5y −1 2y 3
· − + x
1 − 2y −1 2y + 1 (2y + 1)(2y − 1)
−5y 2y 3
= − +
2y − 1 2y + 1 (2y + 1)(2y − 1)
LCD = (2y + 1)(2y − 1)
78. 64a3 − 27b3 = (4a − 3b)(16a2 + 12ab + 9b2 )
−5y(2y + 1) − 2y(2y − 1) + 3
= 4 7 4
(2y + 1)(2y − 1) 80. The slope of 5y + 4x = 7, or y = − x + , is − so
5 5 5
−10y 2 − 5y − 4y 2 + 2y + 3 we want to write an equation of the line passing through
=
(2y + 1)(2y − 1) 5
(−2, 3) with slope .
−14y 2 − 3y + 3 4
= y = mx + b
(2y + 1)(2y − 1)
5
3 = (−2) + b
4
5
3 = − +b
2
11
=b
2
5 11
The equation is y = x + .
4 2

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Exercise Set 5.3 149

82. 18 = 2 · 3 · 3 10. y− 5
42 = 2 · 3 · 7 y−5 y 2 − 10y − 25
y 2 − 5y
82 = 2 · 41 − 5y − 25
120 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 5 − 5y + 25
300 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 5 · 5 −50
700 = 2 · 2 · 5 · 5 · 7 −50
The answer is y − 5, R −50, or y − 5 + .
y−5
LCM = 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 3 · 5 · 5 · 7 · 41, or 516,600
12. t− 4
84. 2a3 b7 = 2 · a · a · a · b · b · b · b · b · b · b t−3 t2 − 7t − 9
Other expression = ? t2 − 3t
− 4t − 9
LCM = 8a4 b7 , or 2 · 2 · 2 · a · a · a · a · b · b · b · b · b · b · b
− 4t + 12
The other expression must contain three factors of 2 and −21
four factors of a, or 8a4 . It may also contain from 0 to 7
−21
factors of b. The possibilities are: The answer is t − 4, R −21, or t − 4 + .
t−3
8a4 , 8a4 b, 8a4 b2 , 8a4 b3 , 8a4 b4 , 8a4 b5 , 8a4 b6 , or 8a4 b7 .
14. 2x2 − 3x + 4
b−c b−a 3x + 4 6x3 − x2 + 0x − 10
86. − 6x3 + 8x2
a − (b − c) (b − a) − c
b−c b−a − 9x2 + 0x
= − − 9x2 − 12x
a−b+c b−a−c
12x − 10
b−c b−a −1 12x + 16
= − ·
a − b + c b − a − c −1 − 26
b−c a−b The answer is 2x2 − 3x + 4, R −26, or
= −
a−b+c a−b+c −26
b − c − (a − b) 2x2 − 3x + 4 + .
= 3x + 4
a−b+c 16. 3x2 − x + 4
b−c−a+b 2x − 3 6x3 − 11x2 + 11x − 2
=
a−b+c 6x3 − 9x2
2b − c − a − 2x2 + 11x
= − 2x2 + 3x
a−b+c
8x − 2
8x − 12
Exercise Set 5.3 10
The answer is 3x2 − x + 4, R 10, or
RC2. x + 6 = x − (−6); the answer is −6. 10
3x2 − x + 4 + .
2x − 3
RC4. 6
18. 3x2 + 2x − 5
RC6. x + 7 = x − (−7); the answer is −7. x2 − 2 3x4 + 2x3 − 11x2 − 2x + 5
3x4 − 6x2
30y 8 − 15y 6 + 40y 4 2x3 − 5x2 − 2x
2. = 6y 4 − 3y 2 + 8
5y 4 2x3 − 4x
− 5x2 + 2x + 5
60x8 + 44x5 − 28x3 − 5x2
4. = 15x5 + 11x2 − 7 + 10
4x3 2x − 5
6. (7x3 y 4 − 21x2 y 3 + 28xy 2 ) ÷ 7xy = x2 y 3 − 3xy 2 + 4y The answer is 3x2 + 2x − 5, R (2x − 5), or
y− 4 2x − 5
8. 3x2 + 2x − 5 + 2 .
y−4 y 2 − 8y + 16 x −2
y 2 − 4y
− 4y + 16
− 4y + 16
0
The answer is y − 4.

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

150 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions


20. 2x3 − 2x2 + 5x − 4 38. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 −2
x2 + x 2x5 + 0x4 + 3x3 + x2 + 0x − 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
2x5 + 2x4 1 1 1 1 1 1 −1
− 2x4 + 3x3 y 5 + y 4 + y 3 + y 2 + y + 1 R −1, or
− 2x4 − 2x3
−1
5x3 + x2 y5 + y4 + y3 + y2 + y + 1 +
5x3 + 5x2 y−1
− 4x2 + 0x 40. y
− 4x2 − 4x
4x − 4
The answer is 2x3 − 2x2 + 5x − 4, R (4x − 4), or 5x  3y ⭐ 15
4x − 4
2x3 − 2x2 + 5x − 4 + 2 . x
x +x

22. −1  1 −2 2 −5
−1 3 −5
1 −3 5 −10
−10 42. y
x2 − 3x + 5, R −10, or x2 − 3x + 5 +
x+1
 x ⭐
2
24. 4 1 11 −19
4 60
1 15 41
x
41
a + 15, R 41, or a + 15 +
a−4

26. −2  1 −7 −13 3
−2 18 −10
1 −9 5 −7 44. y
−7
x2 − 9x + 5, R −7, or x2 − 9x + 5 +
x+2

28. 3  3 7 −4 3
9 48 132
x
3 16 44 135

3x2 + 16x + 44, R 135, or 3x2 + 16x + 44 +

135 g (x)  x 2
3
x−3

30. −2  1 −2 0 8
46. y
−2 8 −16
1 −4 8 −8
−8
x2 − 4x + 8, R −8, or x2 − 4x + 8 + f (x)  x  6x  6
2
x+2

32. −3  6 15 0 28 6 x
−18 9 −27 −3
6 −3 9 1 3
3
6y 3 − 3y 2 + 9y + 1, R 3, or 6y 3 − 3y 2 + 9y + 1 +
y+3
 48. 25y 2 = 64
34. −5  1 0 0 125 25y 2 − 64 = 0
−5 25 −125
1 −5 25 0 (5y + 8)(5y − 8) = 0

y 2 − 5y + 25 5y + 8 = 0 or 5y − 8 = 0
 8
y = − or
8
36. 2  1 0 0 0 0 −32 5
y=
5
2 4 8 16 32 8 8
1 2 4 8 16 0 The solutions are − and .
5 5
x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 8x + 16

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Set 5.4 151

50. 12x2 + 11x + 2 = 0 56. a6 −a5 b+a4 b2 −a3 b3 +a2 b4 − ab5 + b6

(4x + 1)(3x + 2) = 0 a + b a7 +b7
7 6
a +a b
4x + 1 = 0 or 3x + 2 = 0 −a6 b
1 2 −a6 b−a5 b2
x=− or x=−
4 3 a5 b2
1 2 a5 b2 +a4 b3
The solutions are − and − .
4 3 −a4 b3
52. f (x) = 6x3 − 13x2 − 79x + 140 −a4 b3 −a3 b4
a3 b4
f (4) = 6 · 43 − 13 · 42 − 79 · 4 + 140 a3 b4 +a2 b5
= 384 − 208 − 316 + 140 −a2 b5
=0 −a2 b5 −ab6
ab6 +b7
Since f (4) = 0, we know that 4 is a solution of f (x) = 0. ab6 +b7
That is, f (x) = 0 when x = 4, or when x − 4 = 0. We find 0
f (x) ÷ (x − 4).
The answer is a6 − a5 b + a4 b2 − a3 b3 + a2 b4 − ab5 + b6 .
6x2 + 11x− 35
x − 4 6x3 −13x2 −79x+140
6x3 −24x2
11x2 −79x
Exercise Set 5.4
11x2 −44x
−35x+140 7 2
RC2. The expression − is the numerator of the given
−35x+140 x 3
0 expression.

Now we know that (x − 4)(6x2 + 11x − 35) = 0. To find the RC4. After subtracting in the numerator, we multiply the
other solutions of f (x) = 0 we solve 6x2 + 11x − 35 = 0. 4
numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator, .
x
6x2 + 11x − 35 = 0
3 4
(2x + 7)(3x − 5) = 0 +
CC2. a 15a
2x + 7 = 0 or 3x − 5 = 0 1 3
−
2x = −7 or 3x = 5 12a 8a
7 5 LCM of the denominators in the numerator:
x = − or x=
2 3 a = a, 15a = 3 · 5 · a; LCM is 3 · 5 · a, or 15a.
7 5 LCM of the denominators in the denominator:
Then the solutions of f (x) = 0 are 4, − , and .
2 3
12a = 2 · 2 · 3 · a, 8a = 2 · 2 · 2 · a; LCM is 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · a,
54. x2 + (−k − 2)x+ (2k + 7) 24a.
x + 2 x3 − kx2 + 3x+ 7k
LCM of all the denominators: 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 5 · a, or 120a.
x3 + 2x2
(−k − 2)x2 + 3x 3 3
(−k − 2)x2 +(−2k − 4)x −5 − 5 24
2. 8 = 8 ·
(2k + 7)x+ 7k 2 2 24
(2k + 7)x+ (4k+14) +6 +6
3 3
7k−(4k+14)
9 − 120
The remainder is 0. Thus we solve the following equation =
16 + 144
for k.
−111 111
7k − (4k + 14) = 0 = =−
160 160
7k − 4k − 14 = 0
5 2 5 2
3k = 14 − −
4. 8 3 = 8 3 · 24
14 3 5 3 5 24
k= + +
3 4 6 4 6
15 − 16
=
18 + 20
−1 1
= =−
38 38

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

152 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

a3 1 1 1 1
3 2 − −
6. b5 = a · b 18. x y
= 2
x y xy
·
a4 b5 a4 x2 − y 2 x − y 2 xy
b2 xy xy
a3 b2 y−x
= 4 5 = 2
a b x − y2
a3 b2 1 ✏
−1 · (x − y)
= ·
a3 b2 ab3
=
✏
(x + y)(x − y)
1 −1 1
= 3 = , or −
ab x+y x+y

a2 − 16b2 1 1 a − (a − h)
a2 − 16b2 −
8. ab = ·
b 20. a − h a = a(a − h)
a + 4b ab a + 4b h h
b a−a+h
✏
(a + 4b) (a − 4b)(b)
/ a(a − h)
=
ab ✏
/(a + 4b) =
h
a − 4b h
=
a a(a − h)
=
1 1 h
+6 +6 t h/ 1
10. t = t · = ·
1 1 t a(a − h) h/
−5 −5
t t 1
=
=
1 + 6t a(a − h)
1 − 5t
y2 − y − 6
1 1
y+ y+ 22. y 2 − 5y − 14 y 2 − y − 6 y 2 − 6y − 7
y y y = 2 ·
12. = · 2
y + 6y + 5 y − 5y − 14 y 2 + 6y + 5
1 1 y
y− y− y 2 − 6y − 7
y y
✏ ✏ ✏
(y − 3)(y + 2) (y − 7) (y + 1)
y2 + 1
= 2
y −1
=
y2 + 1
(y + 1)(y − 1)
=
✏ ✏ ✏
(y − 7) (y + 2) (y + 5)(y + 1)
y−3
=
2 5 2 5 y+5
+ +
14. y z y z yz
= · 1 1 1 1
1 4 1 4 yz + +
− − 24. y−4 y+5 y − 4 y + 5 (y − 4)(y + 5)
y z y z = ·
6 2 6 2 (y − 4)(y + 5)
2z + 5y + +
= y+5 y−4 y+5 y−4
z − 4y
y+5+y−4
=
2 2 6(y − 4) + 2(y + 5)
1− 1− 2y + 1
16. 3x = 3x · 9x =
4 4 9x 6y − 24 + 2y + 10
x− x−
9x 9x 2y + 1
9x − 6 =
= 8y − 14
9x2 − 4 2y + 1
✏
3(3x − 2)
=
2(4y − 7)
=
✏
(3x + 2)(3x − 2)
3
=
3x + 2

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Set 5.4 153
1 5
+ 2   
26. x − 1 x − 5x + 4
2 1 3 1 1 2 7
1 2 38. a − 343 = a−7 a + a + 49
+ 8 2 4 2
x2 − 1 x2 + 3x + 2
40. y
1 5
2 −1
+ 2
= x x −5x+ 4 · (x+1)(x−1)(x−4)(x+2)
1 2 (x+1)(x−1)(x−4)(x+ 2) f (x) 
3x  2
+
x2 −1 x2 +3x+2
(x − 4)(x + 2) + 5(x + 1)(x + 2) x
=
(x − 4)(x + 2) + 2(x − 1)(x − 4)
x2 − 2x − 8 + 5x2 + 15x + 10
=
x2 − 2x − 8 + 2x2 − 10x + 8
6x2 + 13x + 2 42. |2x − 5| = 7
=
3x2 − 12x 2x − 5 = 7 or 2x − 5 = −7

=
(6x + 1)(x + 2) 2x = 12 or 2x = −2
3x(x − 4) x=6 or x = −1
1 1 1 1 The solutions are −1 and 6.
− 2 − 2 b3 c3
28. b2 c = b2 c · 5 5
1 1 1 1 b3 c3 44. f (a) = , f (a + h) =
− 3 − 3 a a+h
b 3 c b 3 c 5 5
f (a + h) − f (a) −
bc3 − b3 c a + h a
= 3 =
c − b3 h h
bc(c2 − b2 ) 5a − 5(a + h)
=
(c − b)(c2 + cb + b2 ) =
a(a + h)
✏
bc(c + b)(c − b) h
=
✏
(c − b) (c2 + cb + b2 ) =
5a − 5(a + h) 1
·
bc(c + b) a(a + h) h
= 2 5a − 5a − 5h
c + cb + b2 =
ah(a + h)
1 1 −5h
+ =
30. a2 + 7a + 12 a2 + a − 6 ah(a + h)
1 1
+
a2 + 2a − 8 a2 + 5a + 4 −5h/
=
1 1 ah
/(a + h)
+ −5
(a + 3)(a + 4) (a + 3)(a − 2) =
= a(a + h)
1 1
+
(a + 4)(a − 2) (a + 4)(a + 1) a a+h
1 1 46. f (a) = , f (a + h) =
+ 1+a 1+a+h
(a+3)(a+4) (a+3)(a−2) f (a + h) − f (a)
= ·
1 1 h
+
(a+4)(a−2) (a+4)(a+1)
a+h a
(a+3)(a+4)(a−2)(a+1) −
= 1 + a + h 1 + a
(a+3)(a+4)(a−2)(a+1) h
(a − 2)(a + 1) + (a + 4)(a + 1) (a + h)(1 + a) − a(1 + a + h)
=
(a + 3)(a + 1) + (a + 3)(a − 2) (1 + a + h)(1 + a)
=
a2 − a − 2 + a2 + 5a + 4 h
=
a2 + 4a + 3 + a2 + a − 6 (a + h)(1 + a) − a(1 + a + h) 1
= ·
2a2 + 4a + 2 2(a + 1)2 (1 + a + h)(1 + a) h
= 2 , or
2a + 5a − 3 (a + 3)(2a − 1) a + a2 + h + ha − a − a2 − ah
=
(1 + a + h)(1 + a)h
32. y 3 + 8 = (y + 2)(y 2 − 2y + 4)
h/ · 1
34. 2x3 − 32x2 + 126x = 2x(x2 − 16x + 63) = =
(1 + a + h)(1 + a)h/
2x(x − 9)(x − 7) 1
=
36. 1 − 1000a3 = (1 − 10a)(1 + 10a + 100a2 ) (1 + a + h)(1 + a)

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

154 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
x+3 8 x − 3 8
x+3
+1 +
48. x−3  x−3 x−3 1
x+3  = x+3 x−3 52. The reciprocal is
1 1
.
−1 − x2 + x + 1 + +
x−3 x−3 x−3 x x2
 8 We simplify.
x+3+x−3
 x−3  1
= 
 x + 3 − (x − 3)  1 1
x2 +x+1+ +
x−3 x x2
 2x 8 1
= Adding in the
 x−3  x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 denominator
=
x+3−x+3 x2
x−3 x2
 2x 8 = 1· 4
x + x3 + x2 + x + 1
 
= x−3
x2
6 =
x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
x−3
8
2x x−3
= · Chapter 5 Mid-Chapter Review
x−3 6
8
2x(x − 3)
=
6(x − 3) 1. True
✏
2 · x · (x − 3)
/
8
2. False
=
✏
/ · 3 · (x − 3)
2

x 8 3. False; although 4 is not in the domain, 5 is. (It does not
= make the denominator 0.)
3
x8 7x − 2 x + 1 7x − 2 x + 3 x + 1 x − 4
= 4. − = · − ·
38 x−4 x+3 x−4 x+3 x+3 x−4
7x2 + 19x − 6 x2 − 3x − 4
= −
(x − 4)(x + 3) (x + 3)(x − 4)
1 7x2 + 19x − 6 − x2 + 3x + 4
1−
a−1 =
50. The reciprocal of a is . (x − 4)(x + 3)
a−1 1
1− 6x2 + 22x − 2
a =
a−1 (x − 4)(x + 3)
1
1− 1 1
a +3 +3 m 1 + 3m
a−1 5. m = m · =
1 1 m 1 − 5m
=
a−1
Adding in the denominator −5 −5
m m
a
x+5
a−1 a 6. f (x) =
= · Multiplying by the reciprocal of x2 − 100
1 a−1 We set the denominator equal to 0 and solve.
the divisor
✏
(a − 1)(a) x2 − 100 = 0
=
✏
(1)(a − 1) (x + 10)(x − 10) = 0
=a x + 10 = 0 or x − 10 = 0
x = −10 or x = 10
The domain is {x|x is a real number andx = −10 and
x = 10}, or (−∞, −10) ∪ (−10, 10) ∪ (10, ∞).
−3
7. g(x) =
x−7
We set the denominator equal to 0 and solve.
x−7 = 0
x=7
The domain is {x|x is a real number and x = 7}, or
(−∞, 7) ∪ (7, ∞).

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 5 Mid-Chapter Review 155

x2 − 9 q q+1
8. h(x) = 19. − , LCM is q(q + 2)
+ 8x − 9
x2 q+2 q
We set the denominator equal to 0 and solve. q q q+1 q+2
= · − ·
x2 + 8x − 9 = 0 q+2 q q q+2
(x + 9)(x − 1) = 0 q 2 − (q + 1)(q + 2)
=
q(q + 2)
x+9 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
q 2 − (q 2 + 3q + 2)
x = −9 or x=1 =
q(q + 2)
The domain is {x|x is a real number and x = −9 and
x = 1}, or (−∞, −9) ∪ (−9, 1) ∪ (1, ∞). q 2 − q 2 − 3q − 2
=
q(q + 2)
24p2 2 · 12 · p2 12p2 2 2
9. = = · = −3q − 2
36p 3 3 · 12 · p · p
2 12p2 3p 3p =
q(q + 2)
42y − 3 3(14y − 1) 3 14y − 1 14y − 1
10. = = · = 2y 3y + 1
33 3 · 11 3 11 11 20. −
y 2 + 2y − 3 y 2 + y − 2
x2
−y 2
(x + y)(x−y) x + y x−y
11. = = · = 2y 3y + 1
x3 +y 3 (x + y)(x2 −xy + y 2 ) x + y x2 − xy + y 2 = − ,
(y + 3)(y − 1) (y + 2)(y − 1)
x−y
LCM is (y + 3)(y − 1)(y + 2)
x2 − xy + y 2
2y y+2 3y + 1 y+3
x2 − x − 30 (x − 6)(x + 5) x−6 x+5 x+5 = · − ·
12. = = · = (y + 3)(y − 1) y + 2 (y + 2)(y − 1) y + 3
x2 − 4x − 12 (x − 6)(x + 2) x−6 x+2 x+2
2y(y + 2) − (3y + 1)(y + 3)
=
9a − 18 9(a − 2) 9 a−2 a−2 (y + 3)(y − 1)(y + 2)
13. = = · =
9a + 18 9(a + 2) 9 a+2 a+2 2y 2 + 4y − (3y 2 + 10y + 3)
=
3−t −1(t − 3) −1 t − 3 −1 (y + 3)(y − 1)(y + 2)
14. = = · =
t2 − t − 6 (t − 3)(t + 2) t+2 t−3 t+2 2y 2 + 4y − 3y 2 − 10y − 3
=
15. x3 = x · x · x (y + 3)(y − 1)(y + 2)
14x2 y = 2 · 7 · x · x · y −y 2 − 6y − 3
=
35x4 y 5 = 5 · 7 · x · x · x · x · y · y · y · y · y (y + 3)(y − 1)(y + 2)
LCM = 2 · 5 · 7 · x · x · x · x · y · y · y · y · y, or 70x4 y 5 1 1
−1 − 1 b2
21. b = b · 2
16. x − 25 = (x + 5)(x − 5)
2
1 1 b
−1 −1
x2 − 10x + 25 = (x − 5)(x − 5) b 2 b 2
 
x2 + 3x − 40 = (x + 8)(x − 5) 1
− 1 b2
LCM = (x+5)(x−5)(x−5)(x+8), or (x+5)(x−5)2 (x+8) b
=  
1
45 x+1 45 x−1 − 1 b2
17. ÷ = · b2
x2 −1 x−1 (x + 1)(x − 1) x + 1
b − b2
45(x − 1) =
= 1 − b2
(x + 1)(x − 1)(x + 1)
b(1 − b)
✏
45(x−1) =
(1 + b)(1 − b)
=
✏
(x + 1)(x−1)(x + 1)
b(1−b)✏
=
45
(x + 1)2
=
✏
(1 + b)(1−b)
b
3x − 1 x =
18. + , LCM is (x + 6)(x − 2) 1+b
x+6 x−2
3x − 1 x−2 x x+6 w2 − z 2 w − z (w2 − z 2 )(w − z)
= · + ·
22. · =
x+6 x−2 x−2 x+6 5w − 5z w + z (5w − 5z)(w + z)
(3x − 1)(x − 2) + x(x + 6) (w + z)(w − z)(w − z)
= =
(x + 6)(x − 2) 5(w − z)(w + z)
3x2 − 7x + 2 + x2 + 6x ✏ ✏
(w+z) (w−z) (w − z)
=
(x + 6)(x − 2)
=
✏ ✏
5(w−z) (w+z)
w−z
4x2 − x + 2 =
= 5
(x + 6)(x − 2)

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156 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

t3 − 8 2t2 + t − 3 
23. · 29. 6 1 −4 −12
2t + 3 t−2 6 12
(t3 − 8)(2t2 + t − 3) 1 2 0
=
(2t + 3)(t − 2) The answer is x + 2.
(t − 2)(t2 + 2t + 4)(2t + 3)(t − 1)
= 30. (x4 − 3x2 + 2) ÷ (x + 3) = (x4 − 3x2 + 2) ÷ [x − (−3)]
(2t + 3)(t − 2) 
−3  1 0 −3
✏ ✏
(t−2) (t2 + 2t + 4)(2t+3) (t − 1) −3
0 2
9 −18 54
=
✏ ✏
(2t+3) (t−2) · 1 1 −3 6 −18 56
= (t2 + 2t + 4)(t − 1)
The answer is x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 18 R 56, or
56
24.
5c
+
2a
, LCM is 3 · 5c, or 15c x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 18 + .
3 5c x+3
5c 5c 2a 3 31. 3x − 1
= · + · 5x + 1 15x2 − 2x + 6
3 5c 5c 3
15x2 + 3x
25c2 + 6a
= − 5x + 6
15c − 5x − 1
x2 − 4x x2 − 8x + 16 7
25. ÷ 2
x2 + 2x x + 4x + 4 7
The answer is 3x − 1, R 7, or 3x − 1 + .
x − 4x x + 4x + 4
2 2 5x + 1
= ·
x2 + 2x x2 − 8x + 16 32. For a, a remainder of 0 indicates that x − a is a factor
x(x − 4)(x + 2)(x + 2) of the polynomial. The quotient is a polynomial of one
= degree less than the original polynomial, and it can be
x(x + 2)(x − 4)(x − 4)
x ✏ ✏
/(x−4) (x+2) (x + 2)
factored further, if possible, using synthetic division again

✏ ✏
= or another factoring method.
/(x+2) (x−4) (x − 4)
x
x+2 33. Addition, subtraction, and multiplication of polynomials
= always result in a polynomial, because these operations
x−4
always result in a monomial or a sum of monomials. Divi-
26. 3x + 2 sion of polynomials does not always result in a polynomial,
2x − 3 6x2 − 5x + 11 because the quotient is not always a monomial or a sum of
6x2 − 9x monomials. Example 1 in Section 5.3 in the text illustrates
4x + 11 this.
4x − 6
17 34. No; when we simplify a rational expression by removing
17 a factor of 1, we are actually reversing the multiplication
The answer is 3x + 2, R 17, or 3x + 2 + . process.
2x − 3
27. x3 − x2 + x− 1 35. Janine’s answer was correct. It is equivalent to the answer
x+1 x4 + 0x3 +0x2 + 0x − 1 at the back of the book:
x4 + x3 3−x −x + 3 −1(−x + 3) x−3
= = = =
− x3 +0x2 x−5 x−5 −1(x − 5) −x + 5
− x3 − x2 x−3
.
x2 + 0x 5−x
x2 + x
− x−1  misconception is that x 
36. Nancy’s is a factor of the numer-
x+2
− x−1 ator.
x
= 3 only for x = 1.
0
37. Most would agree that it is easier to find the LCM of all the
The answer is x3 − x2 + x − 1.
denominators, bd, and then to multiply by bd/(bd) than it
28. (2x3 −x2 +5x−4)÷(x+2) = (2x3 −x2 +5x−4)÷[x−(−2)] is to add in the numerator, subtract in the denominator,
 and then divide the numerator by the denominator.
−2  2 −1 5 −4
−4 10 −30
2 −5 15 −34
The answer is 2x2 − 5x + 15, R −34, or
−34
2x2 − 5x + 15 + .
x+2

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Set 5.5 157

4 3 10
10. − = , LCM is 3y
3y y 3
Exercise Set 5.5 4 3 10
3y − = 3y ·
3y y 3
RC2. Solutions
4 − 9 = 10y
RC4. Rational expression −5 = 10y
RC6. Solutions 1
− =y
2
RC8. Solutions This value checks.
CC2. True x−6 2
12. = , LCM is 7(x + 9)
x+9 7
x−6 2
2.
3 1 t 7(x + 9) · = 7(x + 9) ·
+ = , LCM is 24 x+9 7
8 3 12
3 1 t 7x − 42 = 2x + 18
24 + = 24 ·
8 3 12 5x = 60
9 + 8 = 2t x = 12
17 = 2t This value checks.
17 4 3
=t 14. = ,
2 x−1 x+2
This value checks. LCM is (x − 1)(x + 2)
5 2 1 4 3
4. − = , LCM is 40y (x − 1)(x + 2) · = (x − 1)(x + 2) ·
8 5 y x−1 x+2
5 2 1
40y − = 40y · 4x + 8 = 3x − 3
8 5 y
x = −11
25y − 16y = 40
This value checks.
9y = 40 x−2 2
40 16. = LCM is x − 4
y= x−4 x−4
9 x−2 2
This value checks. (x − 4) · = (x − 4) ·
x−4 x−4
y y
6. − = 15, LCM is 15 x−2 = 2
5 3
y y x=4
15 − = 15 · 15
5 3 This value does not check. (It makes the denominators 0.)
3y − 5y = 225 There is no solution.
−2y = 225 y+2 5
18. = , LCM is 3y
225 y 3
y=− y + 2 5
2 3y = 3y ·
This value checks. y 3
22 3y + 6 = 5y
8. y+ = −13, LCM is y
y 6 = 2y
 22 
y y+ = y(−13) 3=y
y
This value checks.
y 2 + 22 = −13y 1 5 3 1
y 2 + 13y + 22 = 0
20. − − = − , LCM is 12y
3 4y 4 6y
(y + 2)(y + 11) = 0  1 5 3 1
12y − − = 12y −
y = −2 or y = −11 3 4y 4 6y
Both values check. −4y − 15 = 9y − 2
−13y = 13
y = −1
This value checks.

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

158 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

50 50 4 7 8 1
22. − = , LCM is y(y − 2) 30. − =
y y−2 y x−2 x+5 2x2 + 6x − 20
 50 50  4 7 8 1
y(y − 2) − = y(y − 2) · − = ,
y y−2 y x−2 x+5 2(x − 2)(x + 5)
50y − 100 − 50y = 4y − 8 LCM is 2(x − 2)(x + 5)
 8 
−92 = 4y 2(x − 2)(x + 5)
7
− =
−23 = y x−2 x+5
1
This value checks. 2(x − 2)(x + 5) ·
2(x − 2)(x + 5)
5 3
24. = , 14x + 70 − 16x + 32 = 1
y+4 y−2
LCM is (y + 4)(y − 2) −2x = −101
5 3 101
(y + 4)(y − 2) · = (y + 4)(y − 2) · x=
y+4 y−2 2
This value checks.
5y − 10 = 3y + 12
1 2 2x − 1
2y = 22 32. = +
x−2 x + 4 x2 + 2x − 8
y = 11 1 2 2x − 1
= + ,
This value checks. x−2 x + 4 (x + 4)(x − 2)

26.
3 2y 5 LCM is (x + 4)(x − 2)
+ =
y − 2 4 − y2 y+2 1
(x + 4)(x − 2) · =
3 2y 5 x−2
− =
2 
y − 2 (y + 2)(y − 2) y+2 2x − 1
(x + 4)(x − 2) +
LCM is (y + 2)(y − 2) x + 4 (x + 4)(x − 2)

3 
2y x + 4 = 2x − 4 + 2x − 1
(y + 2)(y − 2) − =
y − 2 (y + 2)(y − 2) 9 = 3x
 5 
(y + 2)(y − 2) 3=x
y+2
This value checks.
3y + 6 − 2y = 5y − 10
y 3y + 5 2
16 = 4y 34. + =
y + 1 y 2 + 4y + 3 y+3
4=y y 3y + 5 2
+ = ,
This value checks. y + 1 (y + 1)(y + 3) y+3
1 8 2 LCM is (y + 1)(y + 3)
28. = 2 −
y 
2x + 10 x − 25 x − 5 3y + 5
(y + 1)(y + 3) + =
1 8 2 y + 1 (y + 1)(y + 3)
= − ,  2 
2(x + 5) (x + 5)(x − 5) x − 5
(y + 1)(y + 3)
LCM is 2(x + 5)(x − 5) y+3
1 y 2 + 3y + 3y + 5 = 2y + 2
2(x + 5)(x − 5) · =
2(x + 5) y 2 + 4y + 3 = 0

8 2 
2(x + 5)(x − 5) − (y + 1)(y + 3) = 0
(x + 5)(x − 5) x − 5
y+1 = 0 or y + 3 = 0
x − 5 = 16 − 4x − 20
y = −1 or y = −3
5x = 1
Since both −1 and −3 make a denominator 0, there is no
1
x= solution.
5
This value checks.

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Set 5.5 159

4 7 108 x−5 3
36. + = 3 42. We find all values of x for which = . First note
x + 3 x2 − 3x + 9 x + 27 x+1 5
that x = −1. Then multiply on both sides by the LCD,
Note: x3 + 27 = (x + 3)(x2 − 3x + 9)
5(x + 1).
Thus the LCM is (x + 3)(x2 − 3x + 9). x−5 3
 4 7  5(x + 1) · = 5(x + 1) ·
(x + 3)(x2 − 3x + 9) + 2 = x+1 5
x + 3 x − 3x + 9 5(x − 5) = 3(x + 1)
 108 
(x + 3)(x2 − 3x + 9) 5x − 25 = 3x + 3
(x + 3)(x2 − 3x + 9)
2x = 28
4(x2 − 3x + 9) + 7(x + 3) = 108
x = 14
4x2 − 12x + 36 + 7x + 21 = 108
This value checks. The solution is 14.
4x2 − 5x − 51 = 0
12 12
(4x − 17)(x + 3) = 0 44. We find all values of x for which − = 8. First note
x 2x
that x = 0. Then multiply on both sides by the LCD, 2x.
4x − 17 = 0 or x + 3 = 0  
12 12
2x − = 2x · 8
4x = 17 or x = −3 x 2x
17 12 12
x= or x = −3 2x · − 2x · = 16x
4 x 2x
We know that −3 is not a solution of the original equation, 24 − 12 = 16x
17 12 = 16x
because it results in division by 0. Since checks, it is
4 3
the solution. =x
3x 6 12 4
38. + +4 = 2 3
x+2 x x + 2x This value checks. The solution is .
4
3x 6 12
+ +4 = , 46. 4t3 + 500 = 4(t3 + 125) = 4(t + 5)(t2 − 5t + 25)
x+2 x x(x + 2)
LCM is x(x + 2) 48. a3 + 8b3 = (a + 2b)(a2 − 2ab + 4b2 )
 3x 6 
x(x + 2) + +4 = 50. x2 − 6x + 9 = 0
x+2 x
(x − 3)2 = 0
12
x(x + 2) · x=3
x(x + 2)
x · 3x + (x + 2) · 6 + x(x + 2) · 4 = 12 52. x2 − 49 = 0
3x2 + 6x + 12 + 4x2 + 8x = 12 (x + 7)(x − 7) = 0
2
7x + 14x = 0 x = −7 or x = 7
7x(x + 2) = 0 54. We will express 1.3 trillion as 1300 billion. We have the
x = 0 or x = −2 data points (1999, 90) and (2017, 1300).
Neither 0 nor −2 checks. Each makes a denominator 0. 1300 − 90 1210
Rate of change = = ≈ $67.2
The equation has no solution. 2017 − 1999 18
The rate of change is about $67.2 billion per year.
15
40. We find all values of x for which 2x − = 1. First note
x 1 1 1
that x = 0. Then multiply on both sides by the LCD, x. 56. a) Graph y1 = + and y2 = −
  1+x 1−x 1−x
15 x
x 2x − = x·1 and use the Intersect feature to find the points
x 1+x
of intersection of the graphs. The graphs are the
15
x · 2x − x · = x same for all real numbers in the domains of y1 and
x y2 . That is, the graphs intersect for all values of x
2x − 15 = x
2
except −1 and 1.
2x2 − x − 15 = 0 b) Set f (x) equal to g(x) and solve for x.
(2x + 5)(x − 3) = 0 1 x 1 x
+ = −
5
x = − or x = 3 1+x 1−x 1−x 1+x
2 Note that x = −1 and x = 1. Then multiply by the
Both values check. The solutions are −
5
and 3. LCD, (1 + x)(1 − x).
2

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

160 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

 
1 x 33 1 33
(1 + x)(1 − x) + = t= , or 16 , so 2t = 2 · = 33.
1+x 1−x 2 2 2
  1
1 x It would take Karla 16 hr to press the shirts, and it would
(1 + x)(1 − x) − 2
1−x 1+x take William 33 hr.
1 − x + x(1 + x) = 1 + x − x(1 − x)
12. Let t = the number of touchdown passes that would be
1 − x + x + x2 = 1 + x − x + x2 thrown in the 16-game season.
1 + x2 = 1 + x2 12 t
Solve = .
1=1 5 16
t ≈ 38 touchdown passes
We get an equation that is true for all real numbers.
Recall that, because of the restrictions above, −1 14. Let l = the length of the model, in inches.
and 1 are not solutions. Thus, for all values of x 175 43.5
except −1 and 1, f (x) = g(x). This tells us that Solve = .
l 6.75
the graphs intersect for all values of x except −1 l ≈ 27.16 in.
and 1.
16. Let w = the astronaut’s weight on Mars.
c) Answers will vary.
0.378 w
Solve = .
1 120
w = 45.36 lb
Exercise Set 5.6
18. Let H = the number of grams of hemoglobin in 32 cm3 of
blood.
A C 1.2 H
RC2. An equality of ratios, = , is called a proportion. Solve = .
B D 10 32
RC4. Rate equals distance divided by time. H = 3.84 g

RC6. The numbers named in a true proportion are said to 20. Let H = the number of homes that can be powered by 923
be proportional to each other. wind turbines.
15 923
Solve = .
2. Let t = the time it will take the pipe and the hose to fill 5250 H
the pool, working together. H = 323, 050 homes
t t 22. Let D = the number of deer in the game preserve.
Solve + = 1.
12 30 318 56
60 4 Solve = .
t= , or 8 hr D 168
7 7 D = 954 deer
4. Let t = the number of hours it will take Leah and Ian to
24. Let n = the number added to each of the given numbers.
wash the elephants, working together.
1+n 3+n
t t Solve = .
Solve + = 1. 2+n 5+n
3 4
n=1
12 5
t= , or 1 hr 0.34375 7.625
7 7 26. Solve = .
73 H
6. Let t = the number of hours it would take Henry to split H ≈ 1619.27 in., or 134.94 ft
the wood, working alone. Then t − 6 = Tom’s time, work-
ing alone. 28. Let w = the speed of the wind, in mph.
4 4 1430 1320
Solve + = 1. Solve = .
t t−6 550 + w 550 − w
t = 12, so it would take Henry 12 hr to split the wood, w = 22 mph. This answer checks.
working alone, and it would take Tom 12 − 6, or 6 hr. 30. Let r = the speed of the dinghy in still water, in mph.
8. Let t = the time it will take Grace and Caleb to sort the 6 12
Solve = .
donations, working together. r−4 r+4
t t r = 12 mph. This answer checks.
Solve + = 1.
4.5 3 32. Let r = Xavier’s speed, in mph. Then r − 2 = Vanessa’s
9 4 speed.
t = , or 1 hr, or 1.8 hr
5 5 8 5
Solve = .
10. Let t = the number of hours it takes Karla to press the r r−2
shirts. Then 2t = William’s time to do the job. 16 1 1
r= , or 5 , so Xavier’s speed is 5 mph, and Vanessa’s
11 11 3 3 3
Solve + = 1. 1 1
t 2t speed is 5 − 2, or 3 mph.
3 3

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Set 5.7 161

34. Let r = Hunter’s speed on a nonmoving sidewalk in ft/sec.

120 52 Exercise Set 5.7
Solve = .
r + 1.7 r − 1.7
The solution is 4.3 ft/sec. This answer checks. (x + y)t
RC2. w=
36. The domain is the set of all first coordinates in the graph, 4
{−4, −2, 0, 1, 2, 4}. xt + yt
w=
4
The range is the set of all second coordinates in the graph,
4w = xt + yt
{−2, 0, 2, 4, 5}.
4w − xt = yt
38. The x-values in the graph extend from −5 to 5, so the 4w − xt
domain is [−5, 5]. =y
t
The y-values in the graph extend from −5 to 0, so the The answer is (a).
range is [−5, 0].
RC4. (x + t)y
40. y
w=
4
4w = (x + t)y
x ⭓3 4w
=y
x+t
The answer is (d).
x
W1 d1
2. =
W2 d2
d2 W1
= d1
W2
42. y
1 1 1
4. = +
R r1 r2
r1 r2 = Rr2 + Rr1 Multiplying by Rr1 r2
r1 r2 = R(r2 + r1 )
x r1 r2
f (x)  5
|x |
=R
r1 + r2

6. (v1 + v2 )t
s=
2
44. Let p = the number of people per hour moved by the 2s = (v1 + v2 )t
60 cm-wide escalator. Then 2p = the number of people
2s
per hour moved by the 100 cm-wide escalator. We convert = v1 + v2
1575 people per 14 minutes to people per hour: t
2s 2s − v2 t
1575 people 60 ✦ min t
− v2 = v1 , or
t
= v1
·
14 ✦
= 6750 people/hr
min 1 hr
2V
8. I =
Solve p + 2p = 6750 V + 2r
p = 2250 people per hour IV + 2Ir = 2V Multiplying by V + 2r
2Ir = 2V − IV
46. Let d = the distance, in miles, Mackenzie lives from work.
Also let t = the travel time in hours, when Mackenzie 2Ir = V (2 − I)
1 5 2Ir
arrives on time. Note that 1 min = hr and 5 min = , =V
60 60 2−I
1
or hr.
12 1 1 1
10. + =
d 1 p q f
Solve: = t+ ,
50 60 qf + pf = pq Multiplying by pqf
d 1 f (q + p) = pq
= t−
60 12 pq
  f =
7 q+p
The solution is 30, , so Mackenzie lives 30 mi from
12
work.

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

162 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

t t R
12. + =1 A = 9·
a b I
bt + at = ab Multiplying by ab AI = 9R
at = ab − bt 9R
I =
at = b(a − t) A
at 26. f (−2) = (−2)3 − (−2) = −8 + 2 = −6
=b
a−t
28. f (0) = 03 − 0 = 0
nE
14. I = 5 − (−3) 8 4
E + nr 30. m = = =−
−2 − 8 −10 5
IE + Inr = nE Multiplying by E + nr
32. Use the result of Exercise 23.
IE = nE − Inr
2gR2
IE = n(E − Ir) h= −R
V2
IE We have V = 6.5 mi/sec, R = 3960 mi, and g =
=n
E − Ir 32.2 ft/sec2 . We must convert 32.2 ft/sec2 to mi/sec2 so
H all units of length are the same.
16. S= ✧ft 1 mi mi
m(t1 − t2 ) 32.2 2 · ≈ 0.0060984 2
H sec 5280✧ ft sec
(t1 − t2 )S = Now we substitute and compute.
m
2(0.0060984)(3960)2
t1 − t2 =
H h= − 3960
Sm (6.5)2
h ≈ 567
H
t1 = + t2 , or The satellite is about 567 mi from the surface of the earth.
Sm
H + Smt2
t1 =
Sm Exercise Set 5.8
E R+r
18. =
e r RC2. If a situation gives rise to a linear function f (x) = kx,
rE = e(R + r) Multiplying by er or y = kx, where k is a positive constant, we say that
rE we have direct variation.
=e
R+r
CC2. (d)
20. A = P (1 + rt)
CC4. (i)
A = P + P rt
A − P = P rt CC6. (a)
A−P CC8. (b)
=r
Pt
2. y = kx
22. V2 2g
R2
=
R+h 54 = k · 12
2 9
V 2g =k
(R + h) · = (R + h) · Multiplying 2
R2 R + h by (R + h)
(R + h)V 2 9
= 2g y= x
R2 2
2gR2 R2 4. y = kx
R+h = Multiplying by
V2 V2 3 = k · 33
2gR 2 1
h= − R Adding −R =k
V2 11
The result can also be expressed as 1
y= x
2gR2 − RV 2 11
h= .
V2 6. y = kx
R 0.8 = k · 0.2
24. 2.4 = 9 ·
45
4=k
12 = R
12 earned runs were given up. y = 4x

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Set 5.8 163

k
8. R = kW 22. t=
r
21 = k · 1500
k
0.014 = k 45 =
600
27, 000 = k
R = 0.014W
R = 0.014(3500) 27, 000
t=
R = 49 rail cars r
27, 000
10. f = kF t=
1000
6.3 = k · 150 t = 27 min
0.042 = k
k
f = 0.042F 24. P =
W
f = 0.042(80) k
440 =
f = 3.36 2.4
12. M = kE 1056 = k
38 = k · 95 1056
p=
0.4 = k W
M = 0.4E 1056
275 =
W
M = 0.4(100)
1056
M = 40 lb W = = 3.84 ft
275
14. d = kw k
26. W =
40 = k · 3 F
40 k
=k 300 =
3 1200
40 360, 000 = k
d= w
3 360, 000
40 W =
d= ·5 F
3 360, 000
W =
200 2 800
d= cm, or 66 cm
3 3 W = 450 meters
k
16. y= k
x 28. V =
P
k
1= k
8 200 =
32
8= k 6400 = k
8
y=
x 6400
V =
k P
18. y=
x 6400
V =
k 40
12 =
5 V = 160 cm3
60 = k 30. y = kx2
60 6 = k · 32
y=
x 2
k =k
20. y= 3
x
2 2
k y= x
1.8 = 3
0.3
0.54 = k
0.54
y=
x

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

164 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

k
32. y= 44. D = kAv
x2
k 222 = k · 37.8 · 40
6= 2 37
3 =k
54 = k 252
37
54 D= Av
y= 252
x2 37
430 = · 51v
kx 252
34. y=
z v ≈ 57.42 mph
k · 12
4= 46. P = kr2
15
5=k 1.5 = k · 352
0.00122 ≈ k
5x
y=
z P = 0.00122r2
xz P = 0.00122(50)2
36. y = k·
w P ≈ 3.1 MW
3 2·3
= k· 48. (−∞, ∞)
2 4
1=k 50. (−∞, −4) ∪ [0, ∞)
xz 
y= 5
w 52. − ∞, − ∪ (2, ∞)
8
xz
38. y = k· 54. 6x − 2y = 12, (1)
w2
12 16 · 3 3x + 2y = 24 (2)
= k· 2
5 5 9x = 36 Adding
5 x= 4
=k
4
Substitute 4 for x in one of the original equations and solve
5xz for y.
y=
4w2 3x + 2y = 24 (2)
40. k 3 · 4 + 2y = 24
I = 2
d
12 + 2y = 24
k
23 = 2 2y = 12
2
92 = k y=6
92 The solution is (4, 6).
I = 2
d
56. We are told A = kd2 , and we know A = πr2 so we have:
92
I = 2 kd2 = πr2
6
I ≈ 2.56  d 2 d
2
The intensity is about 2.56 W/m . kd2 = π r=
2 2
42. kT πd2
V = kd2 =
P 4
k · 42 π
231 = k= Variation constant
20 4
110 = k

110T
V =
P
110 · 30
V =
15
V = 220 cm3

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 5 Summary and Review: Study Guide 165

4. x4 = x · x · x · x
Chapter 5 Vocabulary Reinforcement x5 − 9x3 = x3 (x2 − 9) = x · x · x(x + 3)(x − 3)
2x2 + 11x + 15 = (2x + 5)(x + 3)
1. An equality of ratios, A/B = C/D, is called a proportion. LCM = x4 (x + 3)(x − 3)(2x + 5)
2. An expression that consists of the quotient of two polyno- r+s 5s
5. − 2
mials, where the polynomial in the denominator is nonzero, r2 + rs − 2s2 r − s2
is called a rational expression. r+s 5s
= −
3. A rational equation is an equation containing one or more (r + 2s)(r − s) (r + s)(r − s)
rational expressions. LCM is (r + 2s)(r − s)(r + s)
r+s r+s 5s r + 2s
4. If a situation gives rise to a function f (x) = k/x, or y = = · − ·
k/x, where k is a positive constant, we say that we have (r + 2s)(r − s) r + s (r + s)(r − s) r + 2s
inverse variation. (r + s)(r + s) − 5s(r + 2s)
=
(r + 2s)(r − s)(r + s)
5. A complex rational expression is a rational expression that
contains rational expressions within its numerator and/or r2 + 2rs + s2 − 5rs − 10s2
=
its denominator. (r + 2s)(r − s)(r + s)
r2 − 3rs − 9s2
6. If a situation gives rise to a linear function f (x) = kx, =
or y = kx, where k is a positive constant, we say that we (r + 2s)(r − s)(r + s)
have direct variation. The number k is called the variation 6. y− 4
constant. y − 1 y 2 − 5y + 9
y2 − y
− 4y + 9
Chapter 5 Concept Reinforcement − 4y + 4
5
5
1. True The answer is y − 4, R 5, or y − 4 + .
y−1
2. True
7. (x3 − 5x2 − 1) ÷ x + 3 = (x3 − 5x2 − 1) ÷ [x − (−3)]

−3  1 −5 0 −1
Chapter 5 Study Guide −3 24 −72
1 −8 24 −73
−73
x2 + 3x − 28 The answer is x2 −8x+24, R −73, or x2 − 8x + 24 + .
1. f (x) = x+3
x2 + 3x − 54
We set the denominator equal to 0 and solve. 2 8 2 8
+ +
x + 3x − 54 = 0
2 8. a b = a b · ab
8 2 8 2 ab
(x + 9)(x − 6) = 0 − −
a b a b
x+9 = 0 or x − 6 = 0 2 8
· ab + · ab
x = −9 or x=6 = a b
8 2
The domain is {x|x is a real number and x = −9 and · ab − · ab
a b
x = 6}, or (−∞, −9) ∪ (−9, 6) ∪ (6, ∞).
2b + 8a
=
b2 − 9 (b + 3)(b − 3) b+3 b−3 b−3 8b − 2a
2. = = · =
b2 − 5b − 24 (b − 8)(b + 3) b+3 b−8 b−8 2(b + 4a)
=
2(4b − a)
w − 125
3
w−5
3. ÷ b + 4a
w3 + 8w2 + 15w w3 − 25w =
4b − a
w3 − 125 w3 − 25w
= ·
w3 2
+ 8w + 15w w−5
✏ ✏
(w−5) (w2 + 5w + 25)(w/)(w+5) (w − 5)
=
✏ ✏
w/(w+5) (w + 3)(w−5)
(w2 + 5w + 25)(w − 5)
=
w+3

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166 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

5 3 4 4x2 − 7x − 2
9. − = 2 3.
x−4 x+5 x + x − 20 12x2 + 11x + 2
5
−
3
=
4 (4x + 1)(x − 2)
x−4 x+5 (x + 5)(x − 4) =
(4x + 1)(3x + 2)
  LCM is (x + 5)(x − 4) ✏
(4x+1)(x − 2)
(x+5)(x−4)
5
−
x−4 x+5
3
= (x+5)(x−4)·
4
(x+5)(x−4)
=
✏
(4x+1)(3x + 2)
5(x + 5) − 3(x − 4) = 4 x−2
=
3x + 2
5x + 25 − 3x + 12 = 4
4. a2 + 2a + 4 a2 + 2a + 4
2x + 37 = 4 =
a3 − 8 (a − 2)(a2 + 2a + 4)
2x = −33
a2 + 2a + 4 1
33 = ·
x=− a2 + 2a + 4 a − 2
2
1
33 =
The number − checks. It is the solution. a−2
2
5. 6x3 = 2 · 3 · x · x · x
10. y = kx
16x2 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · x · x
2
62 = k · LCM = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · x · x · x, or 48x3
3
3
· 62 = k 6. x2 − 49 = (x + 7)(x − 7)
2 3x + 1 = 3x + 1
93 = k Variation constant
LCM = (x + 7)(x − 7)(3x + 1)
y = 93x Equation of variation
7. x2 + x − 20 = (x + 5)(x − 4)
k
11. y= x2 + 3x − 10 = (x + 5)(x − 2)
x
LCM = (x + 5)(x − 4)(x − 2)
3 k
= y 2 − 64 y + 5 (y 2 − 64)(y + 5)
10 15 8. · =
3 2y + 10 y + 8 (2y + 10)(y + 8)
15 · =k
10 (y + 8)(y − 8)(y + 5)
=
9 2(y + 5)(y + 8)
=k Variation constant
2 (y✦+ 8)(y − 8)(y✦+ 5)
2(y✦+ 5)(y✦
9 =
+ 8)
2 9
y = , or y = Equation of variation y−8
x 2x =
2
x3 − 8 x2 + 10x + 25
9. ·
Chapter 5 Review Exercises x2 − 25 x2 + 2x + 4
(x3 − 8)(x2 + 10x + 25)
=
(x2 − 25)(x2 + 2x + 4)
x2 − 3x + 2
1. (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)(x + 5)(x + 5)
x2 − 9 =
We set the denominator equal to 0 and solve. (x + 5)(x − 5)(x2 + 2x + 4)
x2 − 9 = 0 (x2 + 2x + 4)(x + 5) (x − 2)(x + 5)
= ·
(x + 3)(x − 3) = 0 (x2 + 2x + 4)(x + 5) x−5
(x − 2)(x + 5)
x+3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 =
x−5
x = −3 or x=3
9a2 − 1 3a + 1 9a2 − 1 a + 3
The expression is not defined for the numbers −3 and 3. 10. ÷ = 2 ·
a −9
2 a+3 a − 9 3a + 1
2. In Exercise 1 we found that the replacements for which (9a2 − 1)(a + 3)
x2 − 3x + 2 =
is not defined are −3 and 3. Then the domain (a2 − 9)(3a + 1)
x2 − 9 (3a + 1)(3a − 1)(a + 3)
of f (x) is {x|x is a real number and x = −3 and x = 3}, =
or (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, 3) ∪ (3, ∞). (a + 3)(a − 3)(3a + 1)
✏
(3a+1)(3a − 1)(a✦+ 3)
=
(a✦ ✏
+ 3)(a − 3)(3a+1)
3a − 1
=
a−3

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Chapter 5 Summary and Review: Review Exercises 167

x3 − 64 x2 + 5x + 6 3 y y2 + 3
11. ÷ 14. − + 2
x2 − 16 x2 − 3x − 18 y + 4 y − 1 y + 3y − 4
x3 − 64 x2 − 3x − 18 3 y y2 + 3
= · = − +
x2 − 16 x2 + 5x + 6 y + 4 y − 1 (y − 1)(y + 4)
(x3 − 64)(x2 − 3x − 18) LCD = (y + 4)(y − 1)
=
(x2 − 16)(x2 + 5x + 6) 3 y−1 y y+4 y2 + 3
= · − · +
(x − 4)(x2 + 4x + 16)(x − 6)(x + 3) y + 4 y − 1 y − 1 y + 4 (y − 1)(y + 4)
=
(x + 4)(x − 4)(x + 2)(x + 3) 3y − 3 − (y 2 + 4y) + y 2 + 3
=
(x✦
− 4)(x2 + 4x + 16)(x − 6)(x✦+ 3) (y + 4)(y − 1)
(x + 4)(x✦− 4)(x + 2)(x✦
=
+ 3) 3y − 3 − y 2 − 4y + y 2 + 3
=
(x2 + 4x + 16)(x − 6) (y + 4)(y − 1)
= −y
(x + 4)(x + 2) =
(y + 4)(y − 1)
x 2
12. − 15. (16ab3 c − 10ab2 c2 + 12a2 b2 c) ÷ (4ab)
x2 + 5x + 6 x2 + 3x + 2
x 2 16ab3 c − 10ab2 c2 + 12a2 b2 c
= − =
4ab
(x + 2)(x + 3) (x + 1)(x + 2)
LCD = (x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 1) 16ab3 c 10ab2 c2 12a2 b2 c
= − +
x x+1 2 x+3 4ab 4ab 4ab
= · − ·
(x + 2)(x + 3) x + 1 (x + 1)(x + 2) x + 3 5
= 4b2 c − bc2 + 3abc
x2 + x − (2x + 6) 2
=
(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 1) 16. y − 14
x + x − 2x − 6
2 y−6 y 2 − 20y + 64
= y 2 − 6y
(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 1)
− 14y + 64
x2 − x − 6 − 14y + 84
=
(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 1) − 20
(x + 2)(x − 3) −20
= The answer is y − 14, R −20, or y − 14 + .
(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 1) y−6
(x✦+ 2)(x − 3) 17. 6x2 − 9
(x✦
=
+ 2)(x + 3)(x + 1) 2
x +2 6x4 + 0x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 4
x−3 6x4 + 12x2
=
(x + 3)(x + 1) − 9x2
− 9x2 − 18
2x2 2y 2 5x + 22
13. + LCD = (x − y)(x + y)
x−y x+y 5x + 22
2x2 x + y 2y 2 x − y The answer is 6x2 − 9, R (5x + 22), or 6x2 − 9 + .
= · + · x2 + 2
x−y x+y x+y x−y 
18. 4 1 5 4 −7
2x + 2x y + 2xy − 2y
3 2 2 3
4 36 160
=
(x − y)(x + y) 1 9 40 153
153
The answer is x2 +9x+40, R 153, or x2 + 9x + 40 + .
x−4
19. (3x4 − 5x3 + 2x − 7) ÷ (x + 1) =
(3x4 − 5x3 + 0x2 + 2x − 7) ÷ [x − (−1)]

−1  3 −5 0 2 −7
−3 8 −8 6
3 −8 8 −6 −1
The answer is 3x3 − 8x2 + 8x − 6, R −1, or
−1
3x3 − 8x2 + 8x − 6 + .
x+1

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

168 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
3 3 x2 − 5x − 36
3+ 3+
20. y
=
y y
· 22. x2 − 36
4+
4
4+
4 y x2 + x − 12
y

y
 x2 − 12x + 36
3 x2 − 5x − 36 x2 − 12x + 36
3+ ·y = · 2
y x2 − 36 x + x − 12
=  
4
4+ ·y (x2 − 5x − 36)(x2 − 12x + 36)
y =
(x2 − 36)(x2 + x − 12)
3
3·y+·y (x − 9)(x + 4)(x − 6)(x − 6)
y =
=
4 (x + 6)(x − 6)(x + 4)(x − 3)
4·y+ ·y (x − 9)(x✦
+ 4)(x✦
− 6)(x − 6)
y
(x + 6)(x✦
− 6)(x✦
=
+ 4)(x − 3)
3y + 3
= (x − 9)(x − 6)
4y + 4 =
(x + 6)(x − 3)
3(y + 1)
=
4(y + 1) 4 2
−
3(y✦
+ 1) 23. x + 3 x2 − 3x + 2
4(y✦
= 3 1
+ 1) +
x − 2 x2 + 2x − 3
3
= 4 2
4 −
x + 3 (x − 1)(x − 2)
2 2 2 b 2 a =
+ · + · 3 1
a b = a b b a +
21.
4 4 x − 2 (x + 3)(x − 1)
4 b3 4 a3
3
+ 3 · 3+ 3· 3 4 2
a b 3
a b b a −
x + 3 (x − 1)(x − 2) (x + 3)(x − 1)(x − 2)
2b 2a = ·
ab
+
ab
3 1 (x + 3)(x − 1)(x − 2)
= +
4b 3
4a3 x − 2 (x + 3)(x − 1)
3 3
+ 3 3
a b a b 4 2
·(x+3)(x−1)(x−2)− ·(x+3)(x−1)(x−2)
2b + 2a x+3 (x−1)(x−2)
=
ab 3 1
= ·(x+3)(x−1)(x−2)+ ·(x+3)(x−1)(x−2)
4b3 + 4a3 x−2 (x+3)(x−1)
a3 b3 4(x − 1)(x − 2) − 2(x + 3)
=
2b + 2a a b3 3
3(x + 3)(x − 1) + (x − 2)
= · 3
ab 4b + 4a3 4(x2 − 3x + 2) − 2x − 6
=
(2b + 2a) · a b
3 3
3(x2 + 2x − 3) + x − 2
=
ab(4b3 + 4a3 ) 4x2 − 12x + 8 − 2x − 6
=
2(b + a) · ab · a b
2 2
3x2 + 6x − 9 + x − 2
=
ab · 2 · 2(b + a)(b2 − ab + a2 ) 4x2 − 14x + 2
=
2(b + a) · ab a b 2 2
3x2 + 7x − 11
= ·
2(b + a) · ab 2(b2 − ab + a2 ) 2(2x2 − 7x + 1)
=
2 2
a b 3x2 + 7x − 11
=
2(b2 − ab + a2 ) x x
24. + = 1, LCM is 28
4 7
 
x x
28 + = 28 · 1
4 7
x x
28 · + 28 · = 28
4 7
7x + 4x = 28
11x = 28
28
x=
11
28
Since checks, it is the solution.
11

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Chapter 5 Summary and Review: Review Exercises 169

5 3 2 1 1
25. = , LCM is 2x(3x + 2) 28. + = 2
3x + 2 2x x − 3 4x + 20 x + 2x − 15
5 3 2 1 1
2x(3x + 2) · = 2x(3x + 2) · + =
3x + 2 2x x − 3 4(x + 5) (x − 3)(x + 5)
2x · 5 = 3(3x + 2) LCM is 4(x − 3)(x + 5)
 
10x = 9x + 6 2 1 1
4(x−3)(x+5) + = 4(x−3)(x+5)·
x=6 x−3 4(x+5) (x−3)(x+5)
Since 6 checks, it is the solution. 4(x + 5) · 2 + (x − 3) = 4
8x + 40 + x − 3 = 4
4x 4 4
26. + +9= 2 9x + 37 = 4
x+1 x x +x
9x = −33
4x 4 4
+ +9 = , 11
x+1 x x(x+1) x=−
3
  LCM is x(x+1) 11
4x 4 4 Since − checks, it is the solution.
x(x + 1) + + 9 = x(x + 1) · 3
x+1 x x(x + 1)
x · 4x + 4(x + 1) + 9x(x + 1) = 4 6 4
29. + =5
x x
4x2 + 4x + 4 + 9x2 + 9x = 4
10
13x2 + 13x + 4 = 4 =5 Adding
x
2
13x + 13x = 0 10
13x(x + 1) = 0 x· = x·5
x
13x = 0 or x + 1 = 0 10 = 5x
x = 0 or x = −1 2=x
The numbers 0 and −1 each make a denominator 0, so Since 2 checks, the value of x for which f (x) = 5 is 2.
there are no solutions.
30. Familiarize. Let t = the time it takes them to paint the
90 5x 405 house, working together.
27. − = 3
x2 − 3x + 9 x + 3 x + 27 Translate. Using the work principle, we get the following
90 5x 405 equation:
− =
x − 3x + 9 x + 3
2 (x + 3)(x2 − 3x + 9) t t
+ =1
LCM is (x + 3)(x2 − 3x + 9) 12 9
  Solve. We solve the equation.
90 5x
(x + 3)(x − 3x + 9) · 2
2
− = t t
x −3x + 9 x + 3 + = 1, LCM is 36
405 12 9
(x + 3)(x2 − 3x + 9) ·  
(x + 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) t t
36 + = 36 · 1
12 9
90(x+3)−5x(x2 −3x+9) = 405
t t
90x+270−5x3 +15x2 −45x = 405 36 · + 36 · = 36
12 9
−5x3 + 15x2 + 45x + 270 = 405
3t + 4t = 36
−5x3 + 15x2 + 45x − 135 = 0
7t = 36
5x3 − 15x2 − 45x + 135 = 0 Multiplying by −1
36 1
5(x3 − 3x2 − 9x + 27) = 0 t=
7
, or 5
7
5[x2 (x − 3) − 9(x − 3)] = 0 Check. We verify the work principle.
5(x2 − 9)(x − 3) = 0 36 36
5(x + 3)(x − 3)(x − 3) = 0 7 + 7 = 36 · 1 + 36 · 1 = 3 + 4 = 1
12 9 7 12 7 9 7 7
x+3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 1
State. It will take them 5 hr to paint the house, working
x = −3 or x = 3 or x=3 7
together.
We know that −3 is not a solution of the original equation,
because it results in division by 0. Since 3 checks, it is the 31. Familiarize. Let r = the speed of the boat in still water.
solution. Then the boat’s speed traveling downstream is r + 6 and
the speed upstream is r − 6. Since the time is the same
downstream and upstream, we let t represent each time.

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

170 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

Distance Speed Time Now we solve for c.

Downstream 50 r+6 t cd
W =
Upstream 30 r−6 t c+d
W (c + d) = cd Multiplying by c + d
Translate. Using the formula Time = Distance/Rate in W c + W d = cd
each row of the table and the fact that the times are the
same, we can write an equation. W d = cd − W c
50 30 W d = c(d − W )
=
r+6 r−6 Wd
=c
Solve. d−W
50 30 34. First we solve for b.
= ,
r+6 r−6 p t
S= +
LCM is (r + 6)(r − 6) a b
 
50 30 p t
(r + 6)(r − 6) · = (r + 6)(r − 6) · ab · S = ab +
r+6 r−6 a b
50(r − 6) = 30(r + 6) p t
abS = ab · + ab ·
50r − 300 = 30r + 180 a b
20r = 480 abS = bp + at
r = 24 abS − bp = at
Check. If the speed of the boat in still water is 24 mph, b(aS − p) = at
then the speed downstream is 24 + 6, or 30 mph. It would at
b=
take 50/30, or 5/3 hr, to travel 50 mi downstream. The aS − p
speed upstream is 24 − 6, or 18 mph. It would take 30/18, Now we solve for t.
or 5/3 hr, to travel 30 mi upstream. The times are the p t
S= +
same, so the answer checks. a b
 
State. The speed of the boat in still water is 24 mph. p t
ab · S = ab +
a b
32. Familiarize. Let d = the number of miles Fred will travel
p t
in 15 days. abS = ab · + ab ·
a b
Translate. We translate to a proportion. abS = bp + at
Miles → 800 d ← Miles
—— = —— abS − bp = at
Days → 3 15 ← Days
abS − bp
Solve. =t
a
800 d
= 35. y = kx
3 15
800 · 15 = 3·d 100 = k · 25
800 · 15 4=k
=d
3 y = 4x Equation of variation
4000 =d k
36. y=
Check. We substitute in the proportion and check cross x
products. k
800 4000 100 =
= ; 800 · 15 = 12, 000; 3 · 4000 = 12, 000 25
3 15 2500 = k
Since the cross products are the same the answer checks. 2500
y= Equation of variation
State. Fred will travel 4000 mi in 15 days. x
33. First we solve for d. k
37. t= t varies inversely as r.
cd r
W = k
c+d 35 = Substituting
W (c + d) = cd Multiplying by c + d 800
W c + W d = cd 28, 000 = k

W c = cd − W d 28, 000
t= Equation of variation
r
W c = d(c − W )
28, 000
Wc t=
=d 1400
c−W
t = 20

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Chapter 5 Summary and Review: Discussion and Writing Exercises 171

5 5 65
It will take the pump 20 min to empty the tank at the rate 43. − = 2
of 1400 kL per minute. x − 13 x x − 13x
5 5 65
38. N = ka N varies directly as a. − =
x − 13 x x(x − 13)
87 = k · 28 Substituting LCM is x(x − 13)
 
87 5 5 65
=k x(x − 13) − = x(x − 13) ·
28 x − 13 x x(x − 13)
87 5x − 5(x − 13) = 65
N = a
28 5x − 5x + 65 = 65
87
N = · 25 65 = 65
28
We get a true equation. Thus, all real numbers except
N ≈ 77.7
those that make a denominator 0 are solutions of the equa-
Ellen’s score would have been about 77.7 if she had an- tion. The numbers that make a denominator 0 are 13 and
swered 25 questions correctly. 0, so all real numbers except 13 and 0 are solutions.
39. P = kC 2 P varies directly as the square of C.

Chapter 5 Discussion and Writing Exercises

180 = k · 62 Substituting
180 = 36k
1. When adding or subtracting rational expressions, we use
5=k
the LCM of the denominators (the LCD). When solving
P = 5C 2 Equation of variation a rational equation or when solving a formula for a given
letter, we multiply by the LCM of all the denominators
P = 5 · 10 2
to clear fractions. When simplifying a complex rational
P = 5 · 100 expression, we can use the LCM in either of two ways.
P = 500 We can multiply by a/a, where a is the LCM of all the
The circuit expends 500 watts of heat when the current is denominators occurring in the expression. Or we can use
10 amperes. the LCM to add or subtract as necessary in the numerator
and in the denominator.
x2 − x
40. f (x) = 2. Rational equations differ from those previously studied be-
x2 − 2x − 35
cause they contain variables in denominators. Because of
We set the denominator equal to 0 and solve.
this, possible solutions must be checked in the original
x2 − 2x − 35 = 0 equation to avoid division by 0.
(x − 7)(x + 5) = 0
3. Assuming all algebraic procedures have been performed
x − 7 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 correctly, a possible solution of a rational equation would
x = 7 or x = −5 fail to be an actual solution only if it were not in the do-
main of one of the rational expressions in the equation.
We see that the domain is all real numbers except 7 and
This occurs when the number in question makes a denom-
−5, so answer B is correct.
inator 0.
41. x5 = x · x · x · x · x k2 k2 k1 k2
4. Let y = k1 x and x = . Then y = k1 · , or y = ,
x−4 z z z
so y varies inversely as z.
x2 − 4 = (x + 2)(x − 2)
x2 − 4x = x(x − 4) 5. Answers may vary. From Example 4 in Section 5.5 we see
x2 a2
LCM = x · x · x · x · x(x − 4)(x + 2)(x − 2), or that one form of such an equation is = .
x−a x−a
x5 (x − 4)(x + 2)(x − 2)
6. Answers may vary. Many would probably argue that it
Answer C is correct. 1 1 1
is easier to solve + = since it is easier for them to
a−b a3 − b3 a b x
42. The reciprocal of is . multiply a and b than 38 and 47. Others might argue that
a3 − b3 a−b 1 1 1
it is easier to solve + = since it is easier for them
a3 − b3 (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) 38 47 x
= to work with constants than variables.
a−b (a − b) · 1
(a✦− b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
(a✦
=
− b) · 1
= a2 + ab + b2

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172 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

x 5
7. −
x2 + 11x + 30 x2 + 9x + 20
Chapter 5 Test
x 5
= −
(x + 5)(x + 6) (x + 4)(x + 5)
x2 − 16 LCM is(x + 5)(x + 6)(x + 4)
1.
x2− 3x + 2 x x+4 5 x+6
We set the denominator equal to 0 and solve. = · − ·
(x + 5)(x + 6) x + 4 (x + 4)(x + 5) x + 6
x2 − 3x + 2 = 0 x2 + 4x − (5x + 30)
=
(x − 1)(x − 2) = 0 (x + 5)(x + 6)(x + 4)
x − 1 = 0 or x − 2 = 0 x2 + 4x − 5x − 30
=
x = 1 or x=2 (x + 5)(x + 6)(x + 4)
The expression is not defined for the numbers 1 and 2. x2 − x − 30
=
(x + 5)(x + 6)(x + 4)
2. In Exercise 1 we found that the replacements for which
x2 − 16 (x + 5)(x − 6)
is not defined are 1 and 2. Then the domain =
x2 − 3x + 2 (x + 5)(x + 6)(x + 4)

of f (x) = 2
x2 − 16
is (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞).
✦ )(x − 6)
(x+5
x − 3x + 2
=
✦ )(x + 6)(x + 4)
(x+5
12x2 + 11x + 2 (4x + 1)(3x + 2) x−6
3. = =
4x2 − 7x − 2 (4x + 1)(x − 2) (x + 6)(x + 4)
✏
(4x+1)(3x+2) 8. y 2 − 16 y − 4
÷
y 2 − 16 y + 3
·
✏
= =
(4x+1)(x − 2) 2y + 6 y+3 2y + 6 y − 4
3x + 2 (y 2 − 16)(y + 3)
= =
x−2 (2y + 6)(y − 4)
p3 + 1 (p + 1)(p2 − p + 1) (y + 4)(y − 4)(y + 3)
4. = =
p2 − p − 2 (p + 1)(p − 2) 2(y + 3)(y − 4)
✦ )(p2 − p + 1)
(p+1 ✦ )(y+3
(y + 4)(y−4 ✦)
=
✦ )(p − 2)
(p+1
=
✦ )(y−4
2(y+3 ✦)
y+4
p2 − p + 1 =
= 2
p−2
x2
y 2
x 2
y2 −1
5. x2 + x − 6 = (x + 3)(x − 2) 9. + = + ·
x−y y−x x − y y − x −1
2
x + 8x + 15 = (x + 3)(x + 5)
x2 −y 2
LCM = (x + 3)(x − 2)(x + 5) = +
x−y x−y
2x2 + 20x + 50 x + 2 x2 − y 2
6. · =
x−y
x2 − 4 x+5
(2x2 + 20x + 50)(x + 2) (x + y)(x − y)
= =
(x2 − 4)(x + 5) (x − y)
2(x2 + 10x + 25)(x + 2) ✦)
(x + y)(x−y
=
(x + 2)(x − 2)(x + 5)
=
✦)·1
(x−y
2(x + 5)(x + 5)(x + 2) = x+y
=
(x + 2)(x − 2)(x + 5) 10.
1
−
x+2
+
3
✦ )(x + 5)(x+2
2(x+5 ✦) x + 1 x2 − 1 x − 1
=
✦ )(x − 2)(x+5
(x+2 ✦) =
1
−
x+2
+
3
LCM is (x + 1)(x−1)
2(x + 5) x + 1 (x + 1)(x−1) x−1
=
x−2 1 x−1 x+2 3 x+1
= · − + ·
x + 1 x − 1 (x + 1)(x − 1) x − 1 x + 1
x − 1 − (x + 2) + 3x + 3
=
(x + 1)(x − 1)
x − 1 − x − 2 + 3x + 3
=
(x + 1)(x − 1)
3x
=
(x + 1)(x − 1)

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 5 Test 173

a b 2 1
11. + − 3 1−
a − b a2 + ab + b2 a − b3 x 2
17.
a b 2 1
= + − 1−
a − b a2 + ab + b2 (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) x
LCM is (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) The LCM of the denominators is x2 . We multiply by 1
using x2 /x2 .
a a2 + ab + b2 b a−b
= · 2 + 2 · − 1 1
a − b a + ab + b2 a + ab + b2 a − b 1− 2 1 − 2 x2
x = x ·
2 1 1 x2
1− 1−
(a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) x x
 
a3 + a2 b + ab2 + ab − b2 − 2 1
= 1 − 2 · x2
(a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) x
=  
1
1− · x2
12. (20r2 s3 + 15r2 s2 − 10r3 s3 ) ÷ (5r2 s) x
1
20r2 s3 + 15r2 s2 − 10r3 s3 1 · x2 − 2 · x2
= = x
5r2 s 1
1 · x2 − · x2
20r2 s3 15r2 s2 10r3 s3 x
= + − x2 − 1
5r2 s 5r2 s 5r2 s = 2
x −x
= 4s + 3s − 2rs
2 2
(x + 1)(x − 1)
13. y 2 − 5y + 25 =
x(x − 1)
y 3 + 0y 2
y+5
y 3 + 5y 2
+ 0y + 125
✦)
(x + 1)(x−1
− 5y 2 + 0y
=
✦)
x(x−1
− 5y 2 − 25y =
x+1
25y + 125 x
25y + 125 1 1
0 3
+ 3
18. a b
The answer is y 2 − 5y + 25. 1 1
+
a b
14. 4x2 + 3x − 4 The LCM of the denominators is a3 b3 . We multiply by 1
2
x +1 4x4 + 3x3 + 0x2 − 5x − 2 using (a3 b3 )/(a3 b3 ).
4x4 + 4x2
1 1 1 1
3x3 − 4x2 + 3 + 3 a3 b3
3x3 + 3x a3 b = a3 b ·
1 1 1 1 a3 b3
− 4x2 − 8x + +
a b a b
− 4x2 −4  
− 1 1
8x + 2 + 3 · a3 b3
a3 b
The answer is 4x2 + 3x − 4, R (−8x + 2), or =  
−8x + 2 1 1
4x2 + 3x − 4 + 2 . + · a3 b3
x +1 a b
1 1
15. (x3 + 3x2 + 2x − 6) ÷ (x − 3) · a3 b3 + 3 · a3 b3
 = a
3 b
3 1 3 2 −6 1 3 3 1 3 3
·a b + ·a b
3 18 60 a b
1 6 20 54 b3 + a3
54 = 2 3
The answer is x2 + 6x + 20, R 54, or x2 + 6x + 20 + . a b + a3 b2
x−3 (b + a)(b2 − ba + a2 )
=
16. (3x3 +22x2−160)÷(x+4) = (3x3 +22x2 +0x−160)÷[x−(−4)] a2 b2 (b + a)

−4  3 22 0 −160 ✦ )(b2 − ba + a2 )
(b+a
−12 −40 160 =
✦)
a2 b2 (b+a
3 10 −40 0
b2 − ba + a2
The answer is 3x2 + 10x − 40. =
a2 b2

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

174 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

2 2 2x + 7 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
19. + = 1 LCM is (x−1)(x+2)
x−1 x+2
  2x = −7 or x=5
2 2
(x−1)(x+2) + = (x − 1)(x + 2) · 1 7
x = − or x=5
x−1 x+2 2
2(x + 2) + 2(x − 1) = x2 + x − 2 7
Both values check. The solutions are − and 5.
2x + 4 + 2x − 2 = x2 + x − 2 2
4x + 2 = x2 + x − 2 1 1 3
23. − =
0 = x − 3x − 4
2 3x − 6 x2 − 4 x+2
0 = (x − 4)(x + 1) 1 1 3
− =
3(x − 2) (x + 2)(x − 2) x+2
x − 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 4 or x = −1 LCM is 3(x − 2)(x + 2)
 
1 1
Both values check. The values of x for which f (x) = 1 are 3(x−2)(x+2) − =
4 and −1. 3(x−2) (x+2)(x−2)
3
3(x − 2)(x +2) ·
2 3 x+2
20. = LCM is (x − 1)(x + 3)
x−1 x+3 x + 2 − 3 = 9(x − 2)
2 3 x − 1 = 9x − 18
(x − 1)(x + 3) · = (x − 1)(x + 3) ·
x−1 x+3
−8x = −17
2(x + 3) = 3(x − 1)
17
2x + 6 = 3x − 3 x=
8
9=x 17
This value checks. The solution is .
This value checks. The solution is 9. 8
24. Familiarize. Let s = the number of hours it takes Jessie
7x 21 126 to complete the puzzle working alone. Then s + 4 =
21. + = 2
x+3 x−3 x −9 Rachel’s time.
7x 21 126
+ = Translate. We use the work principle.
x+3 x−3 (x + 3)(x − 3) t t
LCM is (x + 3)(x − 3) + =1
a b
 
7x 21 1.5 1.5
(x + 3)(x − 3) + = + =1
x+3 x−3 s s+4
126 Solve. We solve the equation.
(x + 3)(x − 3) ·
(x + 3)(x − 3) 1.5 1.5
+ = 1 LCM is s(s + 4)
7x(x − 3) + 21(x + 3) = 126 s s+4
 
7x2 − 21x + 21x + 63 = 126 1.5 1.5
s(s + 4) + = s(s + 4) · 1
7x2 + 63 = 126 s s+4
7x2 − 63 = 0 1.5(s + 4) + 1.5s = s2 + 4s
7(x2 − 9) = 0 1.5s + 6 + 1.5s = s2 + 4s
7(x + 3)(x − 3) = 0 3s + 6 = s2 + 4s
x+3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 0 = s2 + s − 6
x = −3 or x=3 0 = (s + 3)(s − 2)
We know that neither number can be a solution of the s+3 = 0 or s − 2 = 0
original equation because each one results in division by 0. s = −3 or s=2
Thus, the equation has no solution. Check. The time cannot be negative, so we check only 2.
1.5
2x 5 If s = 2, then s + 4 = 2 + 4 = 6. In 1.5 hr Jessie does ,
22. = LCM is (x + 7)(x + 1) 2
x+7 x+1 1.5
or 0.75, of the job and Rachel does , or 0.25, of the job.
2x 5 6
(x + 7)(x + 1) · = (x + 7)(x + 1) · Together they do 0.75 + 0.25, or 1 entire job. The answer
x+7 x+1
checks.
2x(x + 1) = 5(x + 7)
State. It would take Jessie 2 hr to complete the puzzle
2x2 + 2x = 5x + 35
working alone.
2x2 − 3x − 35 = 0
25. Familiarize. Let w = the speed of the wind. Then
(2x + 7)(x − 5) = 0
David’s speed against the wind is 12 − w, and the speed

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 5 Test 175

with the wind is 12 + w. We organize the information in a Since the cross products are the same, the answer checks.
table. 2
State. 14 gal of paint would be needed.
Distance Speed Time 17
Against 27. Solve for a:
8 12 − w t ab
wind T =
With a−b
14 12 + w t ab
wind (a − b)T = (a − b) ·
a−b
Translate. Using the formula Time = Distance/Rate in aT − bT = ab
each row of the table and the fact that the times are the
aT − ab = bT
same, we can write an equation.
8 14 a(T − b) = bT
=
12 − w 12 + w a=
bT
Solve. We solve the equation. T −b
8 14 Solve for b:
= ab
12 − w 12 + w T =
LCM is (12 − w)(12 + w) a−b
ab
8 14 (a − b)T = (a − b) ·
(12−w)(12 + w) · = (12−w)(12 + w) · a−b
12−w 12 + w
aT − bT = ab
8(12 + w) = 14(12 − w)
aT = ab + bT
96 + 8w = 168 − 14w
aT = b(a + T )
22w = 72
aT
36 3 =b
w= , or 3 a+T
11 11
2 t
3 28. Q= −
Check. David’s speed against a 3 mph wind is a b
11  
3 8 2 t
12 − 3 , or 8 mph. At this speed David travels 8 mi ab · Q = ab −
11 11 a b
in
  2 t
8÷ 8
8
, or
11
hr. The speed with the wind is abQ = ab · − ab ·
11 12 a b
3 3 abQ = 2b − at
12 + 3 , or 15 mph. At this speed David travels 14 mi
11 11 abQ + at = 2b
3 11
in 14 ÷ 15 , or hr. The times are the same, so the a(bQ + t) = 2b
11 12
answer checks. 2b
a=
3 bQ + t
State. The speed of the wind is 3 mph.
11 29. Q = kxy
26. Familiarize. Let p = the number of gallons of paint 25 = k · 2 · 5
needed to paint 6000 ft2 of clapboard. 25 = 10k
Translate. We translate to a proportion. 5
=k
Paint → 4 p ← Paint 2
—— = ——
Area → 1700 6000 ← Area 5
Q = xy Equation of variation
Solve. We solve the proportion. 2
4 p k
= 30. y=
1700 6000 x
4 · 6000 = 1700 · p Equating cross products 10 =
k
4 · 6000 25
=p 250 = k
1700
240 250
= p, or y= Equation of variation
17 x
2 31. We first find an equation of variation.
14 =p
17 I = kt
Check. We substitute into the proportion and check cross
550 = k · 40
products.
13.75 = k
4 240/17 240
= ; 4 · 6000 = 24, 000; 1700 · = 24, 000 I = 13.75t Equation of variation
1700 6000 17

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

176 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

Now we use the equation to find the pay for working 72 hr. We get an equation that is true for all values of x. Thus,
I = 13.75t all real numbers except those that result in division by 0
in the original equation are solutions. We see that division
I = 13.75(72)
by 0 results when x = 0 or x = 15, so all real numbers
I = $990 except 0 and 15 are solutions.
Kaylee is paid $990 for working 72 hr.
36. To find the x-intercept we set f (x) equal to 0 and solve for
32. We first find an equation of variation. x.
k 5 3
t= −
r x+4 x−2 = 0
k 2 1
+
5=
60 x−3 x+4
300 = k 5 3
− = 0 Multiplying by
300 x+4 x−2
t= Equation of variation 2 1
r +
  x−3 x+4
Now we use the equation to find how long it would take to 5 3
drive the same distance at 40 km/h. (x+4)(x−2) − = (x+4)(x−2) · 0
x+4 x−2
300 5(x − 2) − 3(x + 4) = 0
t=
r
5x − 10 − 3x − 12 = 0
300
t=
40 2x − 22 = 0
15 1 2x = 22
t= , or 7
2 2 x = 11
1
It would take 7 hr at a speed of 40 km/h. The x-intercept is (11, 0).
2
To find the y-intercept we find f (0).
33. First we find an equation of variation.
5 3 5 3
A = kr2 − +
0+4 0−2 = 4 2
314 = k · 52 2 1 2 1
+ − +
314 = 25k 0−3 0+4 3 4
12.56 = k 5 6
+
A = 12.56r2 Equation of variation = 4 4
8 3
Now we use the equation to find the area when the radius − +
12 12
is 7 cm. 11
A = 12.56r2
= 4
A = 12.56 · 72 −
5
12
A = 12.56(49)  
11 12
A = 615.44 = · −
4 5
The area is 615.44 cm2 .
11 · 12
=−
34. 6x2 = 2 · 3 · x · x 4·5
3x2 − 3y 2 = 3(x2 − y 2 ) = 3(x + y)(x − y) 11 · 3 · 4
=−
x2 − 2xy − 3y 2 = (x − 3y)(x + y) 4·5
11 · 3 · 4
/
LCM = 2 · 3 · x · x(x + y)(x − y)(x − 3y) =−
/·5
4
= 6x2 (x + y)(x − y)(x − 3y) 33
=−
Answer D is correct. 5
 
6 6 90 33
35. − = 2 The y-intercept is 0, − .
x − 15 x x − 15x 5
6 6 90
− = LCM is x(x − 15)
x − 15 x x(x − 15)
  Cumulative Review Chapters 1 - 5
6 6 90
x(x − 15) − = x(x − 15) ·
x − 15 x x(x − 15)
6x − 6(x − 15) = 90 1. Graph y = −5x + 4.
6x − 6x + 90 = 90 We find three ordered pairs that are solutions, plot these
points, and draw the line through them.
90 = 90

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cumulative Review Chapters 1 - 5 177

y y
x y (x, y)
5 3
0 4 (0, 4) y 
5x  4
(⫺,
2 ⫺2)
1 −1 (1, −1)
2 −6 (2, −6) x x

2. Graph 3x − 18 = 0. To find the coordinates of the vertex, we solve the system

3x − 18 = 0 of equations
x + y = 4,
3x = 18
x − y = 1.
x=6  
This is the equation of a vertical line with x-intercept 5 3
The coordinates are , .
(6, 0). 2 2
y 5. g(x) = |x − 4| + 5
3x
18  0
g(−2) = | − 2 − 4| + 5 = | − 6| + 5 = 6 + 5 = 11
x−2
6. f (x) =
x2 − 25
x We set the denominator equal to zero and solve.
x2 − 25 = 0
(x + 5)(x − 5) = 0
x+5 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
3. Graph x + 3y < 4. x = −5 or x=5
First we graph the equation x + 3y = 4. We use a dashed The domain {x|x is a real number and x = −5 and
line because the inequality symbol is <. Next we test a x = 5}, or (−∞, −5) ∪ (−5, 5) ∪ (5, ∞).
point not on the line. We will use (0, 0).
x + 3y < 4 7. From the graph we see that the inputs extend from −5 to
5, not including −5 and 5. The domain is (−5, 5). From
0 + 3 · 0 ? 4 the graph we see that the outputs extend from −2 to 4,
 including −2 and 4. The range is [−2, 4].
0  TRUE
Since 0 < 4 is true, we shade the half-plane that contains 8. (6m − n)2 = (6m)2 − 2 · 6m · n + n2 = 36m2 − 12mn + n2
(0, 0).
9. (3a − 4b)(5a + 2b) = 15a2 + 6ab − 20ab − 8b2 =
y
15a2 − 14ab − 8b2

✦ )(y−2)(y+11) =
y 2 −4 y+11 (y 2 − 4)(y + 11) (y+2 ✏
·
✏
10. =
3y+33 y+2 (3y+33)(y + 2)
=
✦)
3(y+11)(y+2
y−2
x
3
x  3y ⬍ 4
9x2 − 25 3x + 5 9x2 − 25 x − 4
11. ÷ = 2 ·
x2 − 16 x−4 x − 16 3x + 5
4. x + y ≥ 4, ✏ ✦)
(3x+5)(3x − 5)(x−4
x−y >1
=
(x + 4)(x−4✏
✦ )(3x+5)
3x − 5
First we graph x + y = 4 using a solid line because the =
x+4
inequality symbol in the first inequality is ≥. Then we
graph x − y = 1 using a dashed line because the inequality
symbol in the second inequality is >. We indicate the
region for each inequality and shade the region where they
overlap.

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

178 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

2x + 1 x−2
12. − 17. 9y − (5y − 3) = 33
4x − 12 5x − 15
9y − 5y + 3 = 33
2x + 1 x−2
= − 4y + 3 = 33
4(x − 3) 5(x − 3)
LCM is 4 · 5 · (x − 3), or 20(x − 3) 4y = 30
2x + 1 5 x−2 4 30 15
= · − · y= =
4(x − 3) 5 5(x − 3) 4 4 2
5(2x + 1) − 4(x − 2) 15
= The solution is .
20(x − 3) 2
10x + 5 − 4x + 8 18. −3 < −2x − 6 < 0
=
20(x − 3) 3 < −2x < 6
6x + 13 3
= − > x > −3
20(x − 3) 2
    
 3 3
2 2 The solution set is x − 3 < x < − , or − 3, − .
1− 1− 2 2
13. y2 y2 y3
= · 3x 6 24
1 1 y3 19. −
1− 3 1− x−2 x+2
= 2
x −4
y y3
2 3x 6 24
1 · y3 − 2 · y3 − =
y x−2 x+2 (x + 2)(x − 2)
=
1 LCM is (x + 2)(x − 2)
1 · y3 − 3 · y3  
y 3x 6 24
y 3 − 2y (x+2)(x−2) − = (x+2)(x−2)·
= 3 x−2 x+2 (x+2)(x−2)
y −1 3x(x + 2) − 6(x − 2) = 24
y(y 2 − 2) 3x2 + 6x − 6x + 12 = 24
=
(y − 1)(y 2 + y + 1) 3x2 + 12 = 24
14. (6p − 2p + 5) − (−10p + 6p + 5) =
2 2
3x2 − 12 = 0
6p − 2p + 5 + 10p − 6p − 5 = 16p − 8p
2 2 2
3(x2 − 4) = 0
2 3 x+1 3(x + 2)(x − 2) = 0
15. + − 2
x+2 x−2 x −4 x+2 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
2 3 x+1 x = −2 or x=2
= + −
x + 2 x − 2 (x + 2)(x − 2)
Both possible solutions make a denominator 0. The equa-
LCM is (x + 2)(x − 2) tion has no solution.
2 x−2 3 x+2 x+1
= · + · − 3a
x + 2 x − 2 x − 2 x + 2 (x + 2)(x − 2) 20. P =
a+b
2(x − 2) + 3(x + 2) − (x + 1) P (a + b) = 3a
=
(x + 2)(x − 2)
P a + P b = 3a
2x − 4 + 3x + 6 − x − 1
= P b = 3a − P a
(x + 2)(x − 2)
4x + 1 P b = a(3 − P )
= Pb
(x + 2)(x − 2) =a
3−P
16. (2x3−7x2 +x−3)÷(x+2) = (2x3−7x2 +x−3)÷[x−(−2)]
 9
−2  2 −7 1 −3 21. F =
5
C + 32
−4 22 −46
9
2 −11 23 −49 F − 32 = C
5
The answer is 2x2 − 11x + 23, R −49, or
−49 5
2x2 − 11x + 23 + . (F − 32) = C
x+2 9
22. |x| ≥ 2.1
x ≤ −2.1 or x ≥ 2.1
The solution set is {x|x ≤ −2.1 or x ≥ 2.1}, or
(−∞, −2.1] ∪ [2.1, ∞).

Copyright c 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cumulative Review Chapters 1 - 5 179

6 2
23. = 28. x + 2y − 2z = 9, (1)
x−5 2x
  2x − 3y + 4z = −4 (2)
6 1 2 2·1 2 1 1
= = = · = 5x − 4y + 2z = 5 (3)
x−5 x 2x 2·x 2 x x
First add Equations (1) and (3) to eliminate z.
LCM is x(x − 5)
6 1 x + 2y − 2z = 9
x(x − 5) · = x(x − 5) · 5x − 4y + 2z = 5
x−5 x
6x = x − 5 6x − 2y = 14 (4)
5x = −5 Now multiply Equation (1) by 2 and then add it and Equa-
x = −1 tion (2).
The solution is −1. 2x + 4y − 4z = 18

24. 8x = 1 + 16x2 2x − 3y + 4z = −4

0 = 16x2 − 8x + 1 4x + y = 14 (5)
0 = (4x − 1)(4x − 1) Now solve the system of Equations (4) and (5). We mul-
tiply Equation (5) by 2 and then add.
4x − 1 = 0 or 4x − 1 = 0
6x − 2y = 14
4x = 1 or 4x = 1
8x + 2y = 28
1 1
x= or x= 14x = 42
4 4
1 x=3
The solution is .
4 Substitute 3 for x in Equation (5) and solve for y.
25. 14 + 3x = 2x2 4 · 3 + y = 14
0 = 2x2 − 3x − 14 12 + y = 14
0 = (2x − 7)(x + 2) y=2
2x − 7 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 Finally, substitute 3 for x and 2 for y in Equation (3) and
2x = 7 or x = −2 solve for z.
5 · 3 − 4 · 2 + 2z = 5
7
x= or x = −2 15 − 8 + 2z = 5
2
7 7 + 2z = 5
The solutions are and −2.
2 2z = −2
26. 4x − 2y = 6, (1) z = −1
6x − 3y = 9 (2) The solution is (3, 2, −1).
Multiply Equation (1) by 3 and Equation (2) by −2 and
then add. 29. x + 6y + 4z = −2, (1)
12x − 6y = 18 4x + 4y + z = 2, (2)
−12x + 6y = −18 3x + 2y − 4z = 5 (3)
0=0 First add Equations (1) and (3) to eliminate z.
We get an equation that is true for all values of x and y. x + 6y + 4z = −2
The system of equations has an infinite number of solu- 3x + 2y − 4z = 5
tions.
4x + 8y =3 (4)
27. 4x + 5y = −3, (1) Now multiply Equation (2) by 4 and then add it and Equa-
x = 1 − 3y (2) tion (3).
Substitute 1 − 3y for x in Equation (1) and solve for y. 16x + 16y + 4z = 8
4(1 − 3y) + 5y = −3 3x + 2y − 4z = 5
4 − 12y + 5y = −3 19x + 18y = 13 (5)
4 − 7y = −3 Now solve the system of Equations (4) and (5). Multiply
−7y = −7 Equation (4) by 19 and Equation (5) by −4 and then add.
76x + 152y = 57
y=1
−76x − 72y = −52
Substitute 1 for y in Equation (2) and find x.
x = 1 − 3 · 1 = 1 − 3 = −2 80y = 5
5 1
The solution is (−2, 1). y= =
80 16

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180 Chapter 5: Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions

1 39. 20x2 + 7x − 3
Substitute for y in Equation (4) and solve for x.
16
Using trial and error or the ac-method, we have
1
4x + 8 · =3 20x2 + 7x − 3 = (4x − 1)(5x + 3).
16
1 40. We will use the point-slope equation.
4x + = 3
2 y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
5 1
4x = y − (−2) = − (x − 2)
2 2
1 5 5
x= · = 1
y+2 = − x+1
4 2 8 2
5 1 1
Finally, substitute for x and for y in Equation (2) y = − x−1
8 16 2
and solve for z.
5 1 41. First we find the slope of the given line.
4· +4· +z = 2
8 16 2x + y = 5
5 1
+ +z = 2 y = −2x + 5
2 4
11 The slope is −2. The slope of a line perpendicular to this
+z = 2 1
4 line is the opposite of the reciprocal of −2, or . We use
2
3 the slope-intercept equation to find the equation of the
z=−
4 desired line.
 
5 1 3 y = mx + b
The solution is , ,− .
8 16 4 1
−1 = · 3 + b
30. 4x3 + 18x2 = 2x2 · 2x + 2x2 · 9 = 2x2 (2x + 9) 2
3
−1 = + b
31. 8a3 − 4a2 − 6a + 3 2
= 4a2 (2a − 1) − 3(2a − 1) 5
− =b
2
= (2a − 1)(4a2 − 3)
1 5
The equation is y = x − .
32. x2 + 8x − 84 2 2
We look for two numbers whose product is −84 and whose 42. Familiarize. Let x, y, and z represent the number of
sum is 8. The numbers we need are 14 and −6. wins, losses, and ties, respectively.
x2 + 8x − 84 = (x + 14)(x − 6) Translate. The team played 63 games, so we have

33. 6x2 + 11x − 10 x + y + z = 63.

Wins are 9 times ties less 1.
Using trial and error or the ac-method, we have
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
6x2 + 11x − 10 = (2x + 5)(3x − 2). x = 9 · z − 1
34. 16y 2 − 81 = (4y)2 − 92 = (4y + 9)(4y − 9) Losses are wins less 30.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
35. t − 16t + 64 = t − 2 · t · 8 + 8 = (t − 8)
2 2 2 2
y = x − 30
36. 64x3 + 8 = 8(8x3 + 1) = 8[(2x)3 + 13 ] = We have a system of equations.
8(2x + 1)(4x2 − 2x + 1) x + y + z = 63,
x = 9x − 1,
37. 0.027b3 − 0.008c3 = (0.3b)3 − (0.2c)3 =
y = x − 30
(0.3b − 0.2c)(0.09b2 + 0.06bc + 0.04c2 )
Solve. Solving the system of equations, we get (44, 14, 5).
38. x6 − x2 = x2 (x4 − 1)
Check. The number of games is 44 + 14 + 5, or 63. The
= x2 (x2 + 1)(x2 − 1) number of wins, 44, is 1 less than nine times the number of
= x2 (x2 + 1)(x + 1)(x − 1) ties, 5. That is, 44 = 9 · 5 − 1. Also, the number of losses,
14, is 30 less than 44, the number of wins. The answer
checks.
State. The team had 44 wins, 14 losses, and 5 ties.

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Cumulative Review Chapters 1 - 5 181

43. Let W = the amount of waste generated, in pounds, and 47. We substitute for x and y, using the three given points.
c = the number of customers. First we find the variation 2 = a · 42 + b · 4 + c, 2 = 16a + 4b + c,
constant.
0 = a · 22 + b · 2 + c, or 0 = 4a + 2b + c,
W = kc
2 = a · 12 + b · 1 + c 2 = a+b+c
238 = k · 2000
Solving the system of equations, we get (1, −5, 6), so a = 1,
0.119 = k Variation constant
b = −5, and c = 6.
W = 0.119c Equation of variation
W = 0.119(1700) 48. 16x3 = x
W = 202.3 16x − x = 0
3

A fast-food restaurant that serves 1700 customers per day x(16x2 − 1) =

generates 202.3 lb of waste daily. x(4x + 1)(4x − 1) = 0
x 4 28 x = 0 or 4x + 1 = 0 or 4x − 1 = 0
44. − =
x − 4 x + 3 x2 − x − 12 x = 0 or 4x = −1 or 4x = 1
x 4 28
− = x = 0 or
1
x = − or x=
1
x − 4 x + 3 (x − 4)(x + 3) 4 4
LCM is (x − 4)(x + 3) 1 1
  The solutions are 0, − , and .
x 4 28 4 4
(x−4)(x+3) − = (x−4)(x+3)·
x−4 x+3 (x−4)(x+3)
18 10 28x
x(x + 3) − 4(x − 4) = 28 49. + =
x − 9 x + 5 x2 − 4x − 45
x2 + 3x − 4x + 16 = 28 18 10 28x
+ =
x2 − x + 16 = 28 x − 9 x + 5 (x − 9)(x + 5)
x2 − x − 12 = 0 LCM is (x − 9)(x + 5)
 
(x − 4)(x + 3) = 0 18 10 28x
(x−9)(x+5) + = (x−9)(x+5)·
x − 4 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 x−9 x+5 (x−9)(x+5)
x = 4 or x = −3 18(x + 5) + 10(x − 9) = 28x
Both numbers make a denominator 0, so the equation has 18x + 90 + 10x − 90 = 28x
no solution. Answer A is correct. 28x = 28x
45. x −x−6 = 6
2 0=0 Subtracting 28x
x − x − 12 = 0
2 We get an equation that is true for all values of x, so the
solutions of the equation are all real numbers that do not
(x − 4)(x + 3) = 0
make a denominator 0. Since x − 9 = 0 when x = 9 and
x − 4 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 x + 5 = 0 when x = −5, all real numbers except 9 and −5
x = 4 or x = −3 are solutions.
The solutions are 4 and −3. Answer C is correct.
46. Familiarize. Let t = the number of hours it would take
the ships to fill the tank, working together.
Translate. We use the work principle.
t t
+ =1
10 15
Solve. We begin by multiplying by the LCM of the de-
nominators, 30, on both sides of the equation.
 
t t
30 + = 30 · 1
10 15
3t + 2t = 30
5t = 30
t=6
Check. We verify the work principle.
6 6 18 12 30
+ = + = =1
10 15 30 30 30
The answer checks.
State. It would take the ships 6 hr to fill the tank, working
together. Answer B is correct.

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Solution Manual for Intermediate Algebra, 13th Edition, Marvin L. Bittinger

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