Solution Manual for Introduction to Finance, 17th

Edition, Ronald W. Melicher

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Solution Manual for Introduction to Finance, 17th Edition, Ronald W. Melicher

Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

Chapter 9
Time Value of Money

CHAPTER PREVIEW

Money can increase or grow over time if we can save or invest it and we are paid a “return” on
the use of our money by others. We begin the chapter with a review of the six principles of
finance that were presented in Chapter 1. We discuss basic time value of money concepts and
provide examples of simple interest being earned on a savings amount or investment. We then
turn our attention to compounding. Most individuals have experienced compounding by
watching a savings account grow or increase over time when interest is reinvested. Then, we
follow with a discussion of discounting which can be viewed as being the opposite of
compounding. When saving or investing involves equal periodic payments (e.g., quarterly) we
call this an “annuity.” Both the future and present values of annuities are covered in the chapter.
In some instances, it is important to be able to find or solve for the “interest rate” being earned
on an investment. Likewise, you might find it important to know how long it will take to
accumulate enough savings to pay for a vacation trip. These topics are also covered in the
chapter.
Other topics covered include how to handle more frequent than annual compounding or
discounting intervals and the comparison of the annual percentage rate (APR) and the effective
annual rate (EAR). “Annuity due” problems are covered in Learning Extension 9. Solutions to
problems are presented through equations and tables that the student should be able to grasp
easily.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

LO 9.1 Explain what is meant by the “time value of money” and the concept of simple interest.
LO 9.2 Describe the process of compounding to determine future values.
LO 9.3 Describe the process of discounting to determine present values.
LO 9.4 Explain how to find interest rates and time requirements for problems involving
compounding or discounting.
LO 9.5 Define an annuity and describe how to find the future value of an ordinary annuity.
LO 9.6 Explain how to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity.
LO 9.7 Describe how to find interest rates and time requirements for problems involving
ordinary annuities.
LO 9.8 Explain how to determine periodic ordinary annuity payments.
LO 9.9 Explain how to calculate future and present values when time intervals are less than one
year and describe how to estimate the cost of consumer credit.

Learning Extension:
LO 9.10 Understand and calculate annuity due problems involving future and present values.

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 Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

CHAPTER OUTLINE

I. (9.1) BASIC TIME VALUE CONCEPTS

II. (9.2) COMPOUNDING TO DETERMINE FUTURE VALUES

A. Inflation or Purchasing Power Implications

III. (9.3) DISCOUNTING TO DETERMINE PRESENT VALUES

A. Equating Present Values and Future Values

IV. (9.4) FINDING INTEREST RATES AND TIME REQUIREMENTS

A. Solving for Interest Rates
B. Solving for Time Periods
C. Rule of 72
V. (9.5) FUTURE VALUE OF AN ANNUITY
VI. (9.6) PRESENT VALUE OF AN ANNUITY
VII. (9.7) INTEREST RATES AND TIME REQUIREMENTS FOR ANNUITIES
A. Solving for Interest Rates
B. Solving for Time Periods
VIII. (9.8) DETERMINING PERIODIC ANNUITY PAYMENTS
A. Examples Involving Annual Payments
B. Real Estate Mortgage Loans with Monthly Payments

IX. (9.9) MORE FREQUENT TIME INTERVALS AND THE COST OF CONSUMER
CREDIT
A. More Frequent than Annual Compounding or Discounting
B. Cost of Consumer Credit
1. Unethical Lenders
2. Annual Percentage Rate Versus Effective Annual Rate

X. SUMMARY

LEARNING EXTENSION 9: ANNUITY DUE APPLICATIONS

I. (9.10) ANNUITY DUE PROBLEMS

A. Future Value of an Annuity Due
B. Present value of an Annuity Due
C. Interest Rates and Time Requirements for Annuity Due Problems

LECTURE NOTES

I. (9.1) BASIC TIME VALUE CONCEPTS

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 Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

The pricing and valuation of financial securities including bonds, stocks, and real asset
investments are best understood in the context of the finance principles. The six
principles of finance are:
1. Money has a time value.
2. Higher returns are expected for taking on more risk.
3. Diversification of investments can reduce risk.
4. Financial markets are efficient in pricing securities.
5. Manager and stockholder objectives may differ.
6. Reputation matters.

Securities are priced or valued on the basis of the timing of associated cash flows, as
well as the riskiness of those cash flows. Investors may reduce the variability of return
risk by diversifying their investments. Financial markets are generally considered to be
efficient in that security prices in the market reflect all public information relating to
those securities. Manager objectives sometimes need to be aligned through incentives
with stockholder objectives. The reputations of business officers, investors, and other
individuals matter in how securities are valued.

It is important to understand the time value of money (i.e., the mathematics of finance
whereby interest is earned over time by saving or investing money) concept before trying
to understand the pricing and valuation of bonds, stocks, and real asset investments. Simple
interest is interest earned only on the principal of the initial investment.
(Use Review Questions 1 through 3 here.)

II. (9.2) COMPOUNDING TO DETERMINE FUTURE VALUES

Compounding and discounting are often referred to as the mathematics of finance.
Compounding is the process whereby interest is earned each period on the principal
amount plus the interest previously earned. Compounding is, thus, related to the
accumulation of future values.
The time value of money concepts are best taught by actually working out problems.
The instructor can usually generate student interest in the compounding process by referring
to the personal financial planning box titled “So You Want to Be a Millionaire!” Getting
students involved by having them work with various interest rates and/or investment
amounts seems to work well.
The instructor needs to decide at the beginning of this section whether students will be
allowed to use financial calculators and, if so, the level of calculator sophistication. We
try to offer the instructor maximum flexibility in this respect. First we describe the
calculation procedures in detail to enhance understanding of the logic involved in the time
value of money concepts. This is the process of working the problems the “long way.”
Financial calculators or computer software programs can also be used. We encourage
students to make use of all three computational approaches.
(Use Figure 9.1, Table 9.1, and Review Questions 4 and 5 here.)

III. (9.3) DISCOUNTING TO DETERMINE PRESENT VALUES

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Most financial management decisions involve present rather than future values. Present
values are associated with the process of discounting, which conceptually is the opposite
of compounding.
More specifically, discounting is an arithmetic process whereby a future value
decreases at a compound interest rate over time to reach a present value.
The equations for calculating present values and future values are two ways of looking
at the same process involving compound interest rates.

(Use Figure 9.2, Table 9.2, and Review Questions 6 and 7 here.)

IV. (9.4) FINDING INTEREST RATES AND TIME REQUIREMENTS

Interest rates can be found if we first have information on the future value and present
value amounts and the number of periods. The time periods necessary to produce a certain
compound interest rate between a present value amount and a future value amount also
can be determined. The Rule of 72 provides a shortcut method for approximating the time
required for an investment to double in value.
(Use Review Questions 8 through 10 here.)

V. (9.5) FUTURE VALUE OF AN ANNUITY

The term annuity refers to a cash flow stream that is constant or level in each time period.
An ordinary annuity exists when the level cash flow amount per period begins at the end
of the first period. In contrast, an annuity due exists when the level cash flow amount per
period starts at the beginning of the first period. The process for determining the future
value of an annuity is described in the chapter.

The instructor will find it useful to cover the process of determining annual (or other
periods such as monthly) payments for annuities, since this concept will be useful for
understanding the amortization of bank term loans and home mortgage loans.

(Use Table 9.3 and Review Question 11 here.)

VI. (9.6) PRESENT VALUE OF AN ANNUITY

An annuity is a series of equal payments (receipts) that occur over a number of time
periods. The process for determining the present value of an annuity is described in the
chapter.

(Use Table 9.4 and Review Question 12 here.)

VII. (9.7) INTEREST RATES AND TIME REQUIREMENTS FOR ANNUITIES

We can solve for the compound interest rate that makes the future value (or present value)
equal to the stream of annuity payments if we know the future value (or present value),
the annuity payment, and the time period for the annuity. The calculation process is
illustrated in the chapter.

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We can solve for the time it will take for the future value (or present value) to equal
the stream of annuity payments if we know the future value (or present value), the annuity
payment, and the compound interest rate for the annuity. The calculation process is
illustrated in the chapter.
(Use Review Question 13 here.)

VIII. (9.8) DETERMINING PERIODIC ANNUITY PAYMENTS

There are many instances for which we would want to determine the periodic equal
payment required for an annuity. For example, we might want to find the equal payment
necessary to pay off, or amortize, a loan or real estate mortgage. An amortized loan is
repaid in equal payments over a specified time period.
(Use Review Question 14 here.)

IX. (9.9) MORE FREQUENT COMPOUNDING OR DISCOUNTING INTERVALS

An understanding of the process of compounding or discounting more frequently rather
than annually, is useful because many savings investments offer intrayear compounding.
The annual percentage rate (APR) is determined by multiplying the interest rate
charged per period by the number of periods in a year. Banks, finance companies, and
other lenders are required by law to disclose their borrowing interest rates (i.e., APRs) to
their customers. However, the APR misstates the true interest rate. The effective annual
rate (EAR) is the true opportunity cost measure of the interest rate because it considers the
effects of period compounding.
(Use Review Questions 14 through 17 here.)

REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. (LO 9.1) Identify the six principles of finance.

The six principles of finance are:
1. Money has a time value.
2. Higher returns are expected for taking on more risk.
3. Diversification of investments can reduce risk.
4. Financial markets are efficient in pricing securities.
5. Manager and stockholder objectives may differ.
6. Reputation matters.

2. (LO 9.1) Briefly describe what is meant by the time value of money.

The time value of money refers to the mathematics of finance. Money has a time value as
long as interest can be earned by saving or investing money. An understanding of the time
value of money is necessary in order to understand the pricing and valuation of bonds,
stocks, and real asset investments.

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3. (LO 9.1) Explain the meaning of simple interest.

Simple interest is interest earned only on the principal of the initial investment.

4. (LO 9.2) Describe the process of compounding and the meaning of compound interest.
Compounding is an arithmetic process whereby an initial value increases or grows at a
compound interest rate over time. Compound interest occurs when interest is earned on
interest as well as principal. For example, if $100 is invested for one year at 10 percent,
$110 is received at the end of one year. For a second year, 10 percent interest would be
earned on the $110 (original $100 principal plus $10 in interest) for an amount at the end of
two years of $121 ($110 × 1.10).

5. (LO 9.2) Briefly describe how inflation, or purchasing power, impacts stated or nominal
interest rates.

It is common to refer to stated or nominal interest rates. As long as the nominal interest rate
is higher that the inflation rate, there will be an increase in purchasing power over time.
However, if the nominal rate and the inflation rate are equal, no change in purchasing power
will take place. Purchasing power will decrease over time if the inflation rate exceeds the
nominal interest rate.

6. (LO 9.3) What is discounting? Give an illustration.

Discounting is the opposite of compounding. For example, assume you are offered $110
one year from now. How much is this worth to you now? The answer, of course, depends on
what rate of interest you could earn if you had money to invest now. Let’s assume an
interest (discount) rate of 10 percent. Dividing $110 by 1.10 gives a current or discounted
price of $100.

7. (LO 9.3) Briefly explain how present values and future values are related.

The process of finding present values and future values both involve using compound
interest rates. If we know the future value of an investment, we can find its present value
and vice versa.

8. (LO 9.4) Describe the process for solving for the interest rate in present value and future
value problems.

If we know the present value, future value, and the time period for an investment, we can
solve for the compound interest rate that would be earned on an investment. The calculation
process is shown in the chapter.

9. (LO 9.4) Describe the process for solving for the time period in present and future value
problems.

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If we know the present value, future value, and the compound interest rate, we can solve for
the time period that would be required to earn the compound interest rate on an investment.
The calculation process is shown in the chapter.

10. (LO 9.4) How can the Rule of 72 be used to determine how long it will take for an
investment to double in value?

The Rule of 72 method is applied by dividing the interest rate into the number 72 to
determine the number of years it will take for an investment to double in value. The reader
should be aware that at very low or very high interest rates, the Rule of 72 does not
approximate the compounding process as well and thus a larger estimation error occurs in
terms of the time required for an investment to double in value.

11. (LO 9.5) What is an ordinary annuity? What is an annuity due?

An annuity is a series of equal payments, or receipts, that occur over a number of time
periods. An ordinary annuity exists when the equal payments (or receipts) occur at the end
of each time period. An annuity due exists when the equal periodic payments (or receipts)
start at the end of time period zero, or in other words, at the beginning of each time period.

12. (LO 9.6) Describe how the present value of an annuity can be found.

Many present value problems also involve cash flow annuities. Usually these are ordinary
annuities. To calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity, we must sum the present
values of each of the cash flows (payments) over the life of the annuity. For example, the
present value of an ordinary annuity consisting of three annual payments would be the
present value of the first payment, the present value of the second payment, and the present
value of the third payment.

13. (LO 9.7) Briefly describe how to solve for the interest rate or the time period in annuity
problems.
If we know the future value (or present value), the annuity payment, and the time period for
the annuity, we can solve for the compound interest rate that makes the future value (or
present value) equal to the stream of annuity payments. The calculation process is illustrated
in the chapter.
In a similar fashion, if we know the future value (or present value), the annuity payment,
and the compound interest rate for the annuity, we can solve for the time it will take for the
future value (or present value) to equal the stream of annuity payments. The calculation
process is illustrated in the chapter.

14. (LO 9.8) Describe the process for determining the size of a constant periodic payment that
is necessary to fully amortize a loan such as a home mortgage.

The constant periodic payment that is necessary to fully amortize a loan is determined by
dividing the present value of an annuity by the appropriate present value interest factor for

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an annuity. For example, the annual payment necessary to fully amortize a $2,487 loan at 10
percent for 3 years would be $1,000 (i.e., $2,487/2.487), where the PVIFA at 10 percent for
3 years is 2.487 (see Table 9.4). A loan amortization schedule is shown in Table 9.5.

15. (LO 9.9) Describe compounding or discounting that is done more often than annually.

Compounding (or discounting) may occur more frequently than annually. For example, to
compound twice a year, the interest rate per period is reduced in half and the number of
periods over which the compounding takes place is doubled. More frequent compounding
causes the future value to increase more than if annual compounding had taken place. The
calculation process is illustrated in the chapter
.
16. (LO 9.9) What is usury, and how does it relate to the cost of consumer credit?
Usury is the act of lending money at an excessively high interest rate. Lenders deserve to
earn a fair rate of return to compensate them for their time and the risk that the borrower
will not repay the interest and/or principal on time or in full. However, because of the
existence of unethical lenders, various laws have made usury illegal.

17. (LO 9.9) Explain the difference between the annual percentage rate and the effective annual
rate.

The annual percentage rate (APR) is determined by multiplying the interest rate charged per
period by the number of periods in a year. The effective annual rate (EAR) measures the true
interest rate when compounding occurs more frequently than once a year. The process for
converting from the APR to the EAR (and vice versa) is illustrated in the chapter.

EXERCISES AND ANSWERS

1. Go to the Federal Reserve Web site, https://www.federalreserve.gov. Click on the Consumer

Information tab, and research consumer credit in the various hyperlinks. Find average
interest rates charged by commercial banks on new automobile loans, personal loans, and
credit card plans.
Note: The above links provide access to descriptive materials relating to consumer credit.
To access interest rates on various types of consumer credit, access the Fed Web site, click
on “Economic Research and Data,” and then click on “Consumer Credit.”
a. Compare the average level of interest rates among the three types of loans.
The instructor will need to access current interest rate data for consumer loans from the
Federal Reserve Web site.

Interest rate data for 2006, 2012, 2015, and 2018 are provided for comparative purposes.

2006 2012 2015 2018

48-month new car loan 7.72% 4.91% 4.19% 5.03%

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24-month personal loan 12.41% 10.71% 9.75% 10.32%

Credit card plans (with 13.21% 12.96% 13.66% 16.04%
assessed interest)

b. Click on the Economic Research & Data tab, click on the “Statistics: Releases and
Historical Data” hyperlink and then “Consumer Credit,” and compare trends in the
cost of consumer credit provided by commercial banks over the past three years.

The instructor will need to access current interest rate data for consumer loans from the
Federal Reserve Web site. Interest rate data for 2016, 2017, and 2018 are provided for
comparative purposes.

2016 2017 2018

48-month new car loan 4.30% 4.61% 5.03%
24-month personal loan 9.69% 10.13% 10.32%
Credit card plans (with 13.56% 14.44% 16.04%
assessed interest)

2. Go to the Federal Reserve Web site, https://www.federalreserve.gov. Go to “Economic

Research and Data,” and access “Recent Statistical Releases” and then “Consumer
Credit.” Determine current interest rates charged by auto finance companies on new
automobile loans. Also compare the trend in the cost of loans from auto finance
companies over the past three years.

Note: The above links provide access to descriptive materials relating to consumer credit.
To access interest rates on various types of consumer credit, access the Fed Web site, click
on “Economic Research and Data,” and then click on “Consumer Credit.”

The instructor will need to access current interest rate data for new car loans from the
Federal Reserve Web site. Interest rate data for 2006, and for 2016 and 2017, and 2018
are provided for comparative purposes.
2006 2016 2017 2018
New car loans 5.0% 5.0% 5.4% 6.1%

3. Assume that your partner and you are in the consumer lending business. A customer, talking
with your partner, is discussing the possibility of obtaining a $10,000 loan for three months.
The potential borrower seems distressed and says he needs the loan by tomorrow or several
of his relatively new appliances will be repossessed by the manufacturers. You overhear
your partner saying that that in order to process the loan within one day there will be a
$1,000 processing fee so that $11,000 in principal will have to be repaid in order to have
$10,000 to spend now. Furthermore, because the money is needed now and is for only three
months the interest charge will be 6 percent per month. What would you do?
Usury is the act of lending money at an excessively high interest rate. Good ethical
behavior is consistent with treating borrowers honestly and fairly. As a lender, you are
entitled to earn a fair rate of return on the money you lend. That is, you deserve to earn a

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 Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

rate of return that will compensate you for your time and the risk that the borrower may not
repay the interest and/or principal on time or in full. However, a $1,000 processing fee on a
$10,000 loan and an interest charge of 6 percent per month seems exorbitant.

PROBLEMS AND ANSWERS

1. Find the future value one year from now of a $7,000 investment at a 3 percent annual compound
interest rate. Also calculate the future value if the investment is made for two years.

FV one year = $7,000(1.03) = $7,210

FV two years = $7,210(1.03) = $7,426.20
Or, = $7,000[(1.03)(1.03)] = $7,000(1.0609) = $7,426.30

2. Find the future value of $10,000 invested now after five years if the annual interest rate is 8
percent.

a. What would be the future value if the interest rate is a simple interest rate?

$10,000(.08) = $800 interest per year

$800 x 5 = $4,000 total interest
FV = $10,000 + $4,000 = $14,000

b. What would be the future value if the interest rate is a compound interest rate?

FV = $10,000(1.08)5
FV = $10,000(1.469) = $14,690

3. Determine the future values if $5,000 is invested in each of the following situations:
a. 5 percent for ten years
$5,000(1.629) = $8,145
b. 7 percent for seven years
$5,000(1.606) = $8,030
c. 9 percent for four years
$5,000(1.412) = $7,060

4. You are planning to invest $2,500 today for three years at a nominal interest rate of 9
percent with annual compounding.

a. What would be the future value of your investment?

$2,500(1.295) = $3,237.50

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b. Now assume that inflation is expected to be 3 percent per year over the same three-year
period. What would be the investment’s FV in terms of purchasing power?

9% - 3% = 6% purchasing power rate

$2,500(1.191) = $2,977.50

c. What would be the investment’s future value in terms of purchasing power if inflation
occurs at a 9 percent annual rate?

9% - 9% = 0% purchasing power rate

$2,500(1.000) = $2,500

5. Find the present value of $7,000 to be received one year from now assuming a 3 percent
annual discount interest rate. Also calculate the present vale if the $7,000 is received after
two years.

PV received one year from now = $7,000/(1.03) = $6,796.12

PV received two years from now = $6,796.12/(1.03) = $6,598.17
Or, $7,000/[(1.03)(1.03)] = $7,000/1.0609 = $6,598.17

6. Determine the present values if $5,000 is received in the future (i.e., at the end of each
indicated time period) in each of the following situations:

a. 5 percent for ten years

$5,000(.614) = $3,070

b. 7 percent for seven years

$5,000(.623) = $3,115

c. 9 percent for four years

$5,000(.708) = $3,540

7. Determine the present value if $15,000 is to be received at the end of eight years and the
discount rate is 9 percent. How would your answer change if you had to wait six years to
receive the $15,000?
$15,000 received at end of 8 years:
$15,000(.502) = $7,530
$15,000 received at end of 6 years:
$15,000(.596) = $8,940
8. Determine the future value at the end of two years of an investment of $3,000 made now and
an additional $3,000 made one year from now if the compound annual interest rate is 4
percent.

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FV = $3,000[(1.04)(1.04)] + $3,000(1.04) = $3,000(1.0816) + $3,000(1.04) = $3,244.80 +

$3,120 = $6,364.80
9. Assume you are planning to invest $5,000 each year for six years and will earn 10 percent
per year. Determine the future value of this annuity if your first $5,000 is invested at the
end of the first year.
First investment at end of 1 year (ordinary annuity problem):
$5,000(7.716) = $38,580
10. Determine the present value now of an investment of $3,000 made one year from now and
an additional $3,000 made two years from now if the annual discount rate is 4 percent.

PV = $3,000/(1.04) + $3,000/[(1.04)(1.04)] = $3,000/1.04 + $3,000/1.0816 = $2,884.62 +

$2,773.67 = $5,658.29

11. What is the present value of a loan that calls for the payment of $500 per year for six years
if the discount rate is 10 percent and the first payment will be made one year from now?
How would your answer change if the $500 per year occurred for ten years?

10% for 6 years:

$500(4.355) = $2,177.50
10% for 10 years:
$500(6.145) = $3,072.50
12. Determine the annual payment on a $500,000, 12 percent, business loan from a commercial
bank that is to be amortized over a five-year period.

The PVIFA factor at 12 percent for five years is 3.605 [See Appendix, Table 4].
$500,000/3.605 = $138,696 (rounded to whole dollars)
13. Determine the annual payment on a $15,000 loan that is to be amortized over a four-year
period and carries a 10 percent interest rate. Also prepare a loan amortization schedule for
this loan.

$15,000/3.170 = $4,732 (rounded to whole dollars)

Annual Interest Principal Loan
Year Payment Payment Repayment Balance
0 — — — $15,000
1 $4,732 $1,500 $3,232 11,768
2 4,732 1,177 3,555 8,213
3 4,732 821 3,911 4,302
4 4,732 430 4,302 –0–

14. You are considering borrowing $150,000 to purchase a new home.

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a. Calculate the monthly payment needed to amortize an 8 percent fixed-rate 30-year

mortgage loan.

Total payments = 30 x 12 = 360

Monthly interest rate = .08/12 = .06667 or .6667 percent per month

Using a financial calculator: enter .6667 = %i, 360 = N, -150000 = PV. Then compute
(CPT) payment (PMT) = $1,100.69 [Or, $1,100.65 if the monthly rate is not rounded.]

Note: make sure FV = 0 before calculating the payment amount.

b. Calculate the monthly amortization payment if the loan in (a) was for 15 years.

Total payments = 15 x 12 = 180

Monthly interest rate = .08/12 = .0667 or .6667 percent per month

Using a financial calculator: enter .6667 = %i, 180 = N, -150000 = PV. Then compute
(CPT) payment (PMT) = $1,433.51 [Or, $1,433.48 if the monthly rate is not rounded.]

Note: make sure FV = 0 before calculating the payment amount.

15. Assume a bank loan requires an interest payment of $85 per year and a principal payment
of $1,000 at the end of the loan’s eight-year life.

a. How much could this loan be sold for to another bank if loans of similar quality carried
an 8.5 percent interest rate? That is, what would be the present value of this loan?

8.5% for 8 years:

Note: This loan would have a present value of $1,000 (the same as the $1,000 current
principal) since the interest rate on the loan of 8.5% ($85/$1,000) is the same as the
8.5% interest rate required on similar quality loans. This could be proven using a
financial calculator that can handle fractional interest rates (our tables cannot handle
interest rates expressed to one half of a percent). Using a financial calculator, we would
enter 1000 and press FV, enter 85 and press PMT, enter 8.5 and press %i, and enter 8
and press N. Then, press CPT and PV to find a present value of 1000.

b. Now, if interest rates on other similar quality loans were 10 percent, what would be the
present value of this loan?
10% for 8 years:
$85 × 5.335 = $453
$1,000 × .467 = 467
$920
c. What would be the present value of the loan if the interest rate is 8 percent on similar
quality loans?

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8% for 8 years:
$85 × 5.747 = $488
$1,000 × .540 = 540
$1,028
16. Use a financial calculator or computer software program to answer the following questions:
a. What would be the future value of $15,555 invested now if it earns interest at 14.5
percent for seven years?
Using a financial calculator, enter 15555 and press PV, enter 14.5 and press %i, and
enter 7 and press N. Then, press CPT and FV which gives an answer of 40133.63 or
$40,133.63.
b. What would be the future value of $19,378 invested now if the money remains deposited
for eight years and the annual interest rate is 18 percent?
Using a financial calculator, enter 19378 and press PV, enter 18 and press %i, and enter
8 and press N. Then, press CPT and FV which gives an answer of 72839.17 or
$72,839.17.
17. Use a financial calculator or computer software program to answer the following
questions:
a. What is the present value of $359,000 that is to be received at the end of 23 years if the
discount rate is 11 percent?
Using a financial calculator, enter 359000 and press FV, enter 11 and press %i, and
enter 23 and press N. Then, press CPT and PV which gives an answer of 32558.62 or
$32,558.62.
b. How would your answer change in Part (a) if the $359,000 is to be received at the end
of 20 years?
Follow the procedure in (a), but substitute the number 20 before pressing N. The
answer is 44528.17 or $44,528.17.
18. Use a financial calculator or computer software program to answer the following questions:
a. What would be the future value of $7,455 invested annually for nine years beginning
one year from now if the annual interest rate is 19 percent?
Using a financial calculator, enter 7455 and press PMT, enter 19 and press %i, and enter
9 and press N. Then, press CPT and FV which gives an answer of 148529.05 or
$148,529.05.
b. What would be the present value of a $9,532 annuity for which the first payment will be
made beginning one year from now, payments will last for 27 years, and the annual
interest rate is 13 percent?
Using a financial calculator, enter 9532 and press PMT, enter 13 and press %i, and enter
27 and press N. Then, press CPT and PV which gives an answer of 70618.35 or
$70,618.35.
19. Use a financial calculator or computer software program to answer the following questions.

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 Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

a. What would be the future value of $19,378 invested now if the money remains deposited
for eight years, the annual interest rate is 18 percent, and interest on the investment is
compounded semiannually?

Using a financial calculator, enter 19378 and press PV, enter 9.00 (18/2) and press %i,
and enter 16 (8 × 2) and press N. Then, press CPT and FV which gives an answer of
76936.59 or $76,936.59.

b. How would your answer for (a) change if quarterly compounding were used?

Using a financial calculator, enter 19378 and press PV, enter 4.50 (18/4) and press %i,
and enter 32 (8 × 4) and press N. Then, press CPT and FV which gives an answer of
79255.65 or $79,255.65.

20. Use a financial calculator or computer software program to answer the following questions.

a. What is the present value of $359,000 that is to be received at the end of 23 years, the
discount rate is 11 percent, and semiannual discounting occurs?

Using a financial calculator, enter 359000 and press FV, enter 5.50 (11/2) and press
%i, and enter 46 (23 x 2) and press N. Then, press CPT and PV which gives an
answer of 30583.09 or $30,583.09.

b. How would your answer for (a) change if monthly discounting were used?

Using a financial calculator, enter 359000 and press FV, enter .9167 (11/12) and press
%i, and enter 276 (23 x 12) and press N. Then, press CPT and PV which gives an
answer of 28926.46 or $28,926.46.

21. What would be the present value of a $9,532 annuity for which the first payment will be
made beginning one year from now, payments will last for 27 years, the annual interest rate
is 13 percent, quarterly discounting occurs, and $2,383 is invested at the end of each
quarter?

Using a financial calculator, enter 2383 (9532/4) and press PMT, enter 3.25 (13/4) and press
%i, and enter 108 (27 × 4) and press N. Then, press CPT and PV which gives an answer of
71005.07 or $71,005.07.

22. Answer the following questions.

a. What is the annual percentage rate (APR) on a loan that charges interest of .75
percent per month?

APR = .75% x 12 = 9.00%

b. What is the effective annual rate (EAR) on the loan described in (a)?

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 Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

EAR = (1 + .0075)12 – 1 = 1.0938 – 1 = 0.0938 or 9.38%

23. You have recently seen a credit card advertisement that states that the annual percentage
rate is 12 percent. If the credit card requires monthly payments, what is the effective
annual rate of interest on the loan?

Periodic interest rate: 12%/12 months = 1%

EAR = (1 + .01)12 – 1 = 1.1268 –1 = 0.1268 or 12.68%

24. A credit card advertisement states that the annual percentage rate is 21 percent. If the
credit card requires quarterly payments, what is the effective annual rate of interest on the
loan?

Periodic interest rate: 21%/4 = 5.25%

EAR = (1 + .0525)4 – 1 = 1.2271 –1 = 0.2271 or 22.71%

25. Challenge Problem (A computer spreadsheet software program or a financial calculator

that can handle uneven cash flow streams will be needed to solve the following problems.)
The following cash flow streams are expected to result from three investment
opportunities.

Investment Investment Investment

Year Stable Declining Growing
1 $20,000 $35,000 $10,000
2 20,000 30,000 15,000
3 20,000 20,000 20,000
4 20,000 5,000 30,000
5 20,000 0 50,000

a. Find the present values at the end of time period zero for each of these three
investments if the discount rate is 15 percent. Also, find the present values for each
investment using 10 percent and 20 percent discount rates.

Stable Declining Growing

PV: 10% $75,815.74 $75,052.93 $88,050.37
PV: 15% $67,043.10 $69,128.18 $75,199.57
PV: 20% $59,812.24 $63,985.34 $64,885.55

b. Find the future values of these three investments at the end of year five if the compound
interest rate is 12.5 percent. Also, find the future values for each investment using 2.5
percent and 22.5 percent compound rates.

Stable Declining Growing

FV: 2.5% $105,126.57 $97,077.67 $128,953.99
FV: 12.5% $128,325.20 $129,715.58 $146,437.99

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 Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

FV: 22.5% $156,315.32 $170,101.11 $166,855.24

c. Find the present values of the three investments using a 15 percent annual discount rate
but with quarterly discounting. Also, find the present values for semi-annual and
monthly discounting for a 15 percent stated annual rate.

Note: we are only presenting results for the “stable” investment. To calculate present
values using more frequent than annual discounting when uneven cash flows are
involved is quite time consuming. If assigned, we suggest that only semi-annual
discounting be emphasized.

Solution for Stable Investment:

Semiannual discounting ($10,000 cash flow; 10 periods; 7.50% rate): $68,640.81
Quarterly discounting ($5,000 cash flow; 20 periods; 3.75% rate): $69,481.02
Monthly discounting ($1,667 cash flow: 60 periods; 1.25% rate): $70,071.66

d. Find the future values of the three investments using a 12.5 percent annual compound
rate but with quarterly compounding. Also, find the future values for semi-annual and
monthly compounding for a 12.5 percent stated annual rate.

Note: we are only presenting results for the “stable” investment. To calculate future
values using more frequent than annual compounding when uneven cash flows are
involved is quite time consuming. If assigned, we suggest that only semi-annual
compounding be emphasized.

Solution for Stable Investment:

Semiannual compounding ($10,000 cash flow; 10 periods; 6.25% rate): $133,365.72
Quarterly discounting ($5,000 cash flow; 20 periods; 3.125% rate): $136,073.28
Monthly discounting ($1,667 cash flow: 60 periods; 1.0417% rate): $137,983.65

e. Assume that the present value for each of the three investments is $75,000. What is the
annual interest rate (%i) for each investment?

The cash flows would be:

Year Stable Declining Growing
0 $-75,000 $-75,000 $-75,000
1 $20,000 $35,000 $10,000
2 20,000 30,000 15,000
3 20,000 20,000 20,000
4 20,000 5,000 30,000
5 20,000 0 50,000

A trial and error process is used to find the discount rate that makes the present values of
the cash flows equal to $75,000 at the end of year 0. These rates are:

Stable: 10.42%

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 Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

Declining: 10.04%
Growing: 15.09%

f. Show how your answers would change in (e) if quarterly discounting takes place.

Because of more frequent than annual discounting and the complexities associated with
uneven cash flows, we show results only for the “Stable” investment. The investment is
$75,000, the period cash flow is $5000, and the number of periods is 20. This results in
a discount rate of 2.9115% quarterly, or 11.65% (2.9115% x 4) annually.

g. Assume that the future value for each of the three investments is $150,000. What is the
annual interest rate (%i) for each investment? [Note: (e) and (g) are independent of
each other.]

The cash flows would be:

Year Stable Declining Growing
1 $-20,000 $-35,000 $-10,000
2 -20,000 -30,000 -15,000
3 -20,000 -20,000 -20,000
4 -20,000 -5,000 -30,000
5 130,000 150,000 100,000

A trial and error process is used to find the compound rate that makes the future
values of the cash flows equal to $150,000 at the end of year 5. These rates are:

Stable: 20.40%
Declining: 17.78%
Growing: 14.36%

The cash flows would be:

Year Stable Declining Growing
1 $-20,000 $-35,000 $-10,000
2 -20,000 -30,000 -15,000
3 -20,000 -20,000 -20,000
4 -20,000 -5,000 -30,000
5 130,000 150,000 100,000

h. Show how your answers would change in (g) if quarterly compounding takes place.

Because of more frequent than annual compounding and the complexities

associated with uneven cash flows, we show results only for the “Stable”
investment. The future value of the investment is $150,000, the period cash flow
is $5000, and the number of periods is 20. This results in a compound rate of
4.0715% quarterly, or 16.29% (4.0715% x 4) annually.

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 Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

SUGGESTED QUIZ

1. Identify the six principles of finance.

2. Define or discuss briefly:
a. Simple interest e. Ordinary annuity

b. Compounding f. Annual percentage rate

c. Discounting g. Effective annual rate

d. Rule of 72

3. Briefly explain the difference between an ordinary annuity and an annuity due.

4. Briefly explain the difference between an annual percentage rate (APR) and the effective
annual rate (EAR).
5. A $9,000 loan will require interest payments of $4,000 per year for 3 years. Calculate the
compound interest rate on this loan.

Solution:
$9,000/$4,000 = 2.250 PVIFA for 3 years
This PVIFA falls approximately at a compound interest rate of 16% (2.246) as shown in
Table 4 in the Appendix.
Financial calculator solution:
Enter 9000 and press PV, enter 4000 and press PMT, and enter 3 and press N. Then, press
the PT and %i keys which gives an answer of 15.89 or 15.89%.
When the cash flows occur at the beginning of each time period, this is referred to as an
annuity due.

Learning Extension:
Annuity Due Applications

I. (9.10) ANNUITY DUE PROBLEMS

A. Future Value of an Annuity Due

B. Present value of an Annuity Due
C. Interest Rates and Time Requirements for Annuity Due Problems

LECTURE NOTES

A. FUTURE VALUE OF AN ANNUITY DUE

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 Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

An annuity is a cash flow steam that is constant or level in each time period. In contrast
with an ordinary annuity, an annuity due exists when the equal periodic payments occur
at the beginning of each period. The process of working future value of annuity due
problems is described in the Learning Extension addition to Chapter 9.

B. PRESENT VALUE OF AN ANNUITY DUE

Occasionally there are present value annuity due problems. For example, leasing
arrangements often require the person leasing equipment to make the first payment at
the time the equipment is delivered. The process of working present value of annuity
due problems is described in the Learning Extension addition to Chapter 9.

C. INTEREST RATES AND TIME REQUIREMENTS FOR ANNUITY DUE

PROBLEMS

Tables containing FVIFA and PVIFA factors are not readily available for annuity due
problems. Thus, we should use either a computer software program or a financial calculator
when solving for either the interest rate or the time periods involved in annuity due
problems. The process of finding interest rates (or time periods) for annuity due problems
is described in the Learning Extension to Chapter 9.

PROBLEMS AND ANSWERS

1. Assume you are planning to invest $100 each year for four years and will earn 10 percent per
year. Determine the future value of this annuity due problem if your first $100 is invested
now.

Note: Using Future Value of an Annuity Table

FVIFr,n = 4.641 [from Table 3 in the Appendix]
$100[(4.641)(1.10)] = $100(5.1051) = $510.51

Note: Using a Financial Calculator

Enter 100 and press the PMT key. Next enter 10 and press the %i key, and 4 and press the N
key. Then press the DUE key followed by the FV key. The solution will be 510.51 or
$510.51.

2. Assume you are planning to invest $5,000 each year for six years and will earn 10 percent per
year. Determine the future value of this annuity due problem if your first $5,000 is invested
now.

$5,000[(7.716)(1.10)] = $5,000(8.4876) = $42,438, or

Using a financial calculator: 5000 = PMT, 10 = %i, and 6 = N. Then, pressing the DUE key
and FV key produces 42435.86 or $42,435.86.
The answers differ slightly due to rounding of figures in the tables.

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 Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

3. What is the present value of a five-year lease arrangement with an interest rate of 9 percent
that requires annual payments of $10,000 per year with the first payment being due now?

Note: Using Present Value of an Annuity Table

PVIFr,n = 3.890 [from Table 4 in the Appendix]
$10,000[(3.890)(1.09)] = $10,000(4.2401) = $42,401.00

Note: Using a Financial Calculator

Enter 10000 and press the PMT key. Next enter 9 and press the %i key, and 5 and press the N
key. Then press the DUE key followed by the PV key. The solution will be 42397.20 or
$42,397.20.
The answers differ slightly due to rounding of figures in the tables.

4. Use a financial calculator to solve for the interest rate involved in the following future value of
an annuity due (FVAD) problem. The future value is $57,000, the annual payment is $7,500,
and the time period is 6 years.

Enter 57000 and press the FV key. Next enter -7500 and press the PMT key and enter 6 and
press the N key. Then, press the DUE key followed by the %i key. The solution will be 6.795
or 6.795 percent.

5. Challenge Problem (This problem requires access to a spreadsheet software package or a

financial calculator that can handle uneven cash flows.) The following are the cash flows for
three investments (originally presented in end-of-chapter problem 25) that actually occur at
the beginning of each year rather than at the end of each year.

Investment Investment Investment

Year Stable Declining Growing
1 $20,000 $35,000 $10,000
2 20,000 30,000 15,000
3 20,000 20,000 20,000
4 20,000 5,000 30,000
5 20,000 0 50,000

a. Find the present values at the end of time period zero for each of these three
investments if the discount rate is 15 percent.

Note: The PV of an annuity due can be solved directly, or by multiplying the PV of an

ordinary annuity by one plus the discount rate.
Stable: $77,099.57 [alternatively: $67,043.10 x 1.15]
Declining: $79,497.41 [alternatively: $69,128.18 x 1.15]
Growing: $86,479.51 [alternatively: $75,199.57 x 1.15]

b. Find the future values of these three investments at the end of year five if the compound
interest rate is 12.5 percent.

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Solution Manual for Introduction to Finance, 17th Edition, Ronald W. Melicher

Chapter Nine: Time Value of Money

Note: The FV of an annuity due can be solved directly, or by multiplying the FV of an

ordinary annuity by one plus the discount rate.
Stable: $144,365.85 [alternatively: $128,325.20 x 1.125]
Declining: $145,930.03 [alternatively: $129,715.58 x 1.125]
Growing: $164,742.74 [alternatively: $146,437.99 x 1.125]

c. Assume that the present value for each of the three investments is $75,000. What is the
annual interest rate (%i) for each investment?

The cash flows would be:

Year Stable Declining Growing
0 $-55,000 $-40,000 $-65,000
1 $20,000 $30,000 $15,000
2 20,000 20,000 20,000
3 20,000 5,000 30,000
4 20,000 0 50,000

Stable: 16.88%
Declining: 23.62%
Growing: 21.88%

d. Assume that the future value for each of the three investments is $150,000. What is the
annual interest rate (%i) for each investment? [Note: (c) and (d) are independent of
each other.]

The cash flows would be:

Year Stable Declining Growing
0 $-20,000 $-35,000 $-10,000
1 -20,000 -30,000 -15,000
2 -20,000 -20,000 -20,000
3 -20,000 -5,000 -30,000
4 -20,000 0 -50,000
5 150,000 150,000 150,000

Stable: 13.83%
Declining: 13.25%
Growing: 8.22%

SUGGESTED QUIZ
Define the term annuity due.

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