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- obverse part:
From a simple comparison of images of seals (and also coins?) from the so-called "princely
epoch" it seems to prove unequivocally that the figure on the obverse of the "princely" seal at
the letter of 1316 corresponds even literally to the seals that we know from the territory of
Rus from at least the end of the 11th century as a valid model(?).
However, if we base the analysis on the details that can be read (leaving aside for the moment
the existence of the symbol of the "sickle of the moon" and "cross" on it and the
characteristics of the armament possessed by the presented figure of the "anonymous knight"
or "holy warrior") The type of a SHIELD held by the figure depicted on the seal draws
particular attention.
For unlike the known seals of the Princes of Rus where the figure in question is ALWAYS
holding a shield described as a shield of the "almond" or "tear" type - the one from the
analyzed image is holding a shield described in Polish literature as "Mazovian type" (in
German also as "Prussian shield" or - in Lithuanian as "Lithuanian shield" ) - in the generally
accepted name as a shield " transom".
This shield - as shown in his research by Andrzej Nadolski1/ of Prussian origin arrived in
Ruthenia through Lithuanian intermediation, which allows us to determine the earliest
possibility of its a p p e a r a n c e there to the year of the second half of the 14th century (?)/
Referring to the seal of Siemowit II2 / (fig.94 b) - as a probable model of this 'prince's' seal. -
this seal could not have been created earlier than the possible (from the earliest to be
accepted) date of creation of this seal - described in the content of the legend - a s t h e
s e a l of the Duke of Rawskie and Wiski, i.e. after the year 1313 (!). 3

1 /1 A. Nadolski, Some Balto-Slavic Elements in the Armament and Art of War of the Teutonic Knights,
"Pomorania Antiqua" 5 (1974), pp. 165-173. ("The peacock, or rather Prussian shield (Latin: scutum
pruthenicum 18, German: prusche schilde 19), has a rectangular shape with rounded corners and a characteristic
ridge running through its center along the vertical axis of symmetry. It can be found on the two horse seals of
Bolesław I and the horse seal of Siemowit I from this group, as well as on the twin seals of Siemowit II and
Wacław I and the seal of their brother Trojden. Its provenance was at one time the subject of heated discussions.
At the end of the 19th century, Kazimierz Stronczynski noticed this shield on the seals of Siemowit II and
Waclaw and called it a "Masovian shield" /20. Research on this type of armament returned in the 1970s, when
Andrzej Nadolski drew attention to its presence in the Teutonic military and put forward the thesis of its Baltic
origin /21. Anatoli Kirpičnikov was of a different opinion, attempting to prove that the shield had a North
Russian origin /22, which was later debated by Andrzej Nowakowski, /23 citing Andrzej Nadolski's research
already mentioned. These two Polish scholars jointly confirmed and proved the Baltic origin of the transom,
citing evidence in the form of iconographic and written sources, which the other arms scholars mostly agreed
with. This shield, due to its practical shape, was eagerly adopted by most armies waging war against Prussia,
which included not only Mazovians, but also Lithuanians and Teutonic Knights." - op cited by DANIEL GOSK:"
PROTECTIVE ARMORING ON THE PIECES OF THE MAZOWIECKI PIASTS AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE
MEASUREMENTS OF THE
INFLUENCES OF EAST AND WEST" (Doctoral dissertation : John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin]
2 / https://twojahistoria.pl/encyklopedia/siemowit-ii-ksiaze-warszawski-1310-1313-wiski-i-rawski-1313-1345/
3 /according to K.Stronczyński this seal as a double-sided seal of Ziemowit the Prince of Wiski (with
contrasigillum) is known attached to a document from the year 1317-th ( K.Stronczyński: "Supplements to the
review of the seals of the Piasts of Poland", Warsaw 1882r., p.6-7. ; At Piekosiński as "seal of the Prince of
Mazovia and Wiski" (item 397 , p.227 fig..266) under the date of creation 1343r. (8.7cm). In fact, from this pp.
Therefore, if the seal does not depict a figure of a "holy warrior" (which seems to be clearly
indicated by the lack of a halo around the figure's head), but a secular figure, we can with a
high degree of probability (taking into account the fact of also close family ties with the court
of the Mazovian princes ruling in the Duchy of Halytsko-Volyn 4/). UNLESS, however, it
could not have belonged (contrary to O. Odnorozhenko's claim) to Lev Danilovich, who died
in 1301. Nor could it have belonged to Yuri Lvovich, if we assume that he died in 1308 and
not, as other historians claim, only in 1316.
Thus, this seal - in its obverse part - can be dated to the time when Yuri Lvovich's sons took
over the reign or later if M.Gumowski is right according to whom the shield such as we see on
the seals of the Mazovian princes was not from Prussia but from Mazovia (only) adopted by
Livia /:5
Dating evidence : shield type and seal of Siemowit II (Wiski) of Mazovia (1313?-1343?) 6/7/.

- REVERSE PART:
A separate problem is to determine the possible date of creation of the design of the alleged
"lion" on the reverse part of the above seal .
Leaving aside the problem of whether we are dealing here with an image of a "climbing lion"
or a "walking lion" (fig.41 a-b), it is obvious that the ALONE CONNECTION of the image of
a human figure on the obverse and the figure of a "wild animal" on the reverse makes this seal
a one-of-a-kind one - having no EXAMPLE in any of the previously known princely seals in
medieval Rus', but also in neighboring European countries and i n Europe as a whole. If it
was modeled on the seal of Siemowit II it should be a one-sided seal or have a contrasigllum
and not a full reverse.

copied: seal of Waclaw Boleslawowicz, Duke of Mazovia and Plock, dated 1326, size 10.3 cm :vide
Piekosinski....poz.339,p.199-200,fig.223.
4 / cf. Grabowski Janusz - Dynasty of Mazovian Piasts".,ed.Avalon,Krakow.2013r.
5/ GUMOWSKI M.: "Uzbrojenie i ubiór rycerski w czasach piastowskich" in: "BROŃ I BARWA" ; BIULETYN
STOWARZYIÓŁ MUZEUM WOJSKA; ROK III. MARCH 1936. no. 3. ,p.64
6 / unlike the peacoat, which has Baltic origins, the armor shown on this seal probably came to Mazovia through
contacts with Russia. Weapons science distinguishes two types of plate armor - scaly and lamellar. The latter
(lamellar) was particularly favored by the Mongols, who gave it to the Rus in the course of their conquests.[
after: A.N. Kirpičnikov, Drevnerusskoe oružie. III. Dospech, kompleks boevyh sredstv XI-XII vv., in
Archeologija SSSR. Svod archeologičeskich istočnikov, Leningrad 1971, pp. 15-21.]
7 / The helmet on the prince's head, on the other hand, is a helmet of the conical type - a form "characteristic of
Ruthenian helmets designated by Kirpičnikov with the number IIB. This was a subcategory of helmets called
spheroconical helmets, used in Rus continuously from the eighth until the seventeenth century, whose name
refers to a geometric figure built from a semi-spherical base extended at the top by a cone with an angle at the
top greater than 90 degrees. But Zenon Piech puts forward a different theory, pointing out the wide hood, which
was not present in the construction of conical helmets. According to this researcher, this headgear could have
been a Ruthenian princely cap, having its analogy on the majestic seal of Wladyslaw Opolczyk, among others.
[Z. Piech, Iconography of the Piast seals, Cracow 1993, p. 68.]
characteristic of a typical double-sided seal of European design. However, the lack of an outer
legend makes it a seal closer to the Russian tradition in this appearance, proving that as a
double-sided seal it must have been created later as a result of the gluing together (already in
the Königsberg archives) of the two single-sided seals into a single double-barrel seal.8
Thus, if one would look for some similarity of the image of the "lion" 9 / on the seal at the
letter of 1316 (given that we do not know the REAL appearance of the head of this animal -
Fig.30 a-b) then the most similar image ( in terms of the whole silhouette visible on the
preserved fragment of the reverse part of the "princely" seal. ) seems to be the figure of the
"leopard?" from the "Pskov" seal, when the head (vide O.Odnorozhenko) directly seems to
reproduce the appearance of the animal's head from the shield of the coat of arms of the
Princes of Vladimir-Suszdal (?) (Fig.27 a-b) (Fig.35b)

Fig.104 Images of the silhouette of the ascended lion : a) on the shield of St. George 10/.,b) in contemporary
style
"Russian lion" 11/ .,c) lion in "European" style : Messenger Badge - ca 1300 year_ The Metropolitan
Museum of Art

In this situation, only two possibilities remain: a) the image of the alleged "lion" is a
completely INDIVIDUAL creation and its dating may therefore be consistent with the dating
of the creation of the figure on the obverse of this seal and that it is modeled on images of the

8 / THE FACT THAT THE AWERS IS A TYPE OF RUSSIAN SEAL AND THE REWERS IS A TYPE OF
EUROPEAN MODE L S E A L IMMEDIATELY CONFIRMS THAT THEY ARE TWO DIFFERENT
SEALS although there are none.
of the otolith legend on both of its reflections makes it impossible to tell whether they were made by the same or
by two different engravers....
9 /"... The dominant heraldry of the leopard image is the fact that the lion on the shield of St. George in the
sculpture of St. George's Cathedral has a similar appearance It is likely that the images of the lion and leopard
were combined here ... "And also added to them: .... the figure of a wolf, which has a clearly defined wolf's
(dog's) head, leopard's body and paws, characteristic of f e l i n e rows, as well as a fantastic patterned tail .And
a leopard with a dog's head was created ...." [ http://forum.soldatiki.ru/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=2469&start=30
10/"Thus, on the wall of St. George's Cathedral in Yuriev-Polsky, on the shield of St. George, is depicted a
predator from the cat family - a lion without a mane, or rather, a tiger - the "wild beast" from
Monomakh's "Instruction" ", apparently, which became the state emblem of the Vladimir-Suzdal
principality." https://historicaldis.ru/blog/43278188142/Oruzhie-Drevney-Rusi
11 /http://forum.soldatiki.ru/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=2469&start=30
lions from European seals or : b) this seal (assuming that obverse and reverse were created
simultaneously) dates from the second half of the 14th century at the earliest or as early as the
15th century and thus could not (in this form) have actually been attached to the letter of 1316
(!). /12
Nevertheless, there is no doubt that BOTH of these seals - destroyed under unknown
circumstances - were glued together in the course of restoration work in the Königsberg
archives, and in this form (as a coin seal) - which has no equivalent (!) in Russian sphragistics
- underwent renewed restoration after 1945 - and i n this form remains presented to this day.

II.6.4.THE ACTUAL SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE SEAL

Another problem that needs to be clarified is the actual shape and size of the seal directly
resulting from the existence of different variants of joining together the two fragments of the
seal that are still preserved .

Fig.105 a-c reading of the obverse appearance according to: a) von Siegel, b) Lapo-Danielewski ,c) according
to the reconstruction in the
"Illustrated History ..." Hrushevsky in the 1916 edition in : Гавриленко В.О. "Українська сфрагістика:
питання предмета та історіографії", Київ, 1977.

12 / This, however, would have to mean that not only this seal is a forgery, but also that the letter of princes
Andrey and Leo is also a fake, which would have to be written in the Teutonic chancellery in Marienburg based
on the contents of a letter from Boleslav-Jerzy from 1327, for which, however, there is no proof. The period of
rule of Andrey Yurevich (Halic-Volyn principality) and Lev Yurevich (Lutsk principality) falls in the years
1308- 1320 (1323?), which is fully consistent with the dating of the seal's obverse with the figure of a knight
leaning on a shield identical to its appearance fixed on the seal of Ziemowit II and with the image of a reclining
lion on the reverse being, pp. not so much the coat of arms of Lev Yurevich but the coat of arms of the Duchy of
Lutsk itself or (?) its capital : Lutsk.
Fig.106 .Summary of the elements of the preserved seal on its hypothetical (original shape) circular outline :
according to different authors: 1a ) according to von Siegel, 2a) according to Hrushevsky [illustr. Hist...1916.
, 3a) according to Lappo-Danielewicz + part of von Sieegel's print , 4a) Danielewicz himself -photo ,
1b ) according to von Sieegel 2b) according to Lappo-Danielewicz's photo
Fig.107 Determination of the actual size of the seal according to the existing state of gluing and
according to.
the boundaries of the marked on the existing parts of the dotted perimeter line

In fact, from the prints of it presented, it seems that, focused mainly on matching the existing
edges of the two fragments, the authors of these "reconstructions" completely ignored the
clearly marked edge of its periphery preserved on both prints in the form of a "dotted"(pearl)
line running along the edge of the seal completely devoid of traces of the existence of any
legend.
As a result of the "fusion method" thus adopted (by closely connecting the two fragments to
each other), the fragments define two interlocking circles along the perimeter line
"plotted" with a preserved trace of the "chain of dots".
Moving the two fragments to conform to the edge of the dot line preserved on them
(Fig.108) completely changes the previous picture of it anew punishing the question of the
actual l o c a t i o n o f the two fragments in the thus (newly) defined size of the seal field. At
the same time, this leads to the obvious conclusion that presented both on the reconstruction
(according to?) von Siegel and the "reconstruction" in M. Hrushevsky's 1916 publication do
not represent its original appearance, but depict :
a) In von Siegl's reconstruction - the state of preservation of the seal that von Siegl viewed
around 1888 (or a few years earlier?)13/
b) In the illustration published by M. Hrushevsky in 1916 : a hypothetical reconstruction
according to the idea of an author unknown to us by name, which ( in order to be realized in
reality) would require REPEATED separation of the individual fragments of the seal and their
re-gluing (!).

This problem also applies to the way it was glued together after the restoration performed
after 1945 (Fig.1). This is because it can be clearly seen that despite the "correction" in the
location of the part containing the fragment of the lion's tail in relation to the casting made by
von Siegel, the two perimeter borders marked with a line of dots are still not consistent with
each other, with the result that - in order to be connected with each other - they form not the
shape of a circle, but an unshaped outline of an oval. (Fig.108 )
The above inconsistency (?) led, in effect, to another "attempt" to reconstruct the appearance
of its reverse part as presented by Franciszek Piekosinski in his 1934
version.(Fig.110)(Fig.111 a-c)
After all, as can be seen, in order for such an appearance of this seal (and in this hypothetical
variant) to be obtained it would have to be assumed that it was reconstructed (already in the
Königsberg archives and again in the Berlin archives) from parts of two essentially different
seals that were completely destroyed : from four loose fragments glued together to the
appearance known to us both from von Segel's print and from the preserved state of the seal
(in the original 2022)(Fig.1).

II.6.5.ONE OR TWO SEALS ?

The fact that the seal of the "prince" - as it is found in the Berlin archives and we can see it
today - DIFFERES from the image of HER presented to us in his print by von Siegl only
CONFIRMS the fact that this seal (after its cleaning and conservation) was again, on a newly
made backing of wax paste, C O N F I R M E D as a double-sided coin seal. (Fig.113 a-c)
According to contemporary standards on this issue, it should therefore be assumed that the
person who performed these conservation activities in the Berlin archive (?) , performed them

13/ assuming that the two fragments were not in the Königsberg archives in bulk (as they had already been seen
by Lappo-Danilewski in 1903 !) and that von Siegl made their connection (which he presented in the drawing)
according to his own idea (!).
with the conviction that its current image fully corresponds to its original appearance and its
fragments , which have survived to this day, are located exactly where (if the seal had been
reconstructed in its entirety) they should have been from the very beginning. (Fig.1)

Fig.108 Two interpenetrating circles delineated by the trace of the dotted line visible on the edge of
the two surviving fragments (A and B) on the obverse side of the seal (as o f 2022)
Fig.109 Final adjustment of retained fractions from (their) position on a circle of size 6.9 cm to a
circle of size = 7.3 cm

Fig.110 a-b. Piekosinski:..... p.184. (pp. appearance of seal reconstruction according to Piekosinski in
1899 publication and b) from 1936......str...... [move to the beginning of the text?....] [with
simultaneous change in seal shape (but with correct reading of the tang and position of the tail....!]
Fig.111a-c Second reconstruction of the ducal seal according to Piekosinski: a) appearance of the obverse
and reverse
, b) the differences of the gluing visible after the two parts are applied on top of each other , c) the preserved
fragments visible after the removal of the primer layer 14/

14 / Piekosiński Franciszek (Dr.): "Pieczęcie polskie wieków średnich".,(UZUPEŁNIENIE).,Kraków

1936r.(print) from: "Wiadomości numizmatyczno-archeologiczne"., vol. XVI, 1934r.,pp.71-86 and vol.
XVII,1935r.,pp.55-78) [p.21 fig.466 and 467 / oval shape ? both sides of p.książeca].
Fig.112 a-b Comparison of the "reconstruction" of Fr, Piekosinski with the original seal as of 2022.
(by superimposition): a) appearance of obverse side ,b) appearance of reverse side

From this it follows that, according to Berlin conservators, the large (far exceeding the size of
the seals that were in use in Rus until the end of the 15th century and even in the 16th century)
wax seal, which is said to have originated (according to Ukrainian historians and sphragists)
from the second half of the 13th century, is the only example of the existence in Rus of two-
sided wax seals already at that time, despite the fact that those on which the Rus engraver (?)
could follow were one-sided seals (!)15 / and the additional use of contrasigllum as a means of
securing the seal imprint of such seals was not known in Rus at all. They omit this detail as
well - another evidence of the original existence of two (and not one double-sided) seals is
their complete dissimilarity in the style of the images made on them . For while the obverse
side of the seal with a standing figure can be compared to other seals whose time of origin
dates back to the 12th century (Fig.20b), its reverse side seems to be an imprint made
according to the pattern of a coat of arms-type seal, which type began to spread, both in
European princely and knightly sfragistics, only with the end of the 14th century /.16

15 / cf: Przemysław Mrozowski : "Patronat artystyczny książąt mazowieckich"., in: "Dziedzictwo książąt
mazowieckich Stan badań i postulaty badawcze"., (Scientific ed.: Janusz Grabowski, Rafał Mroczek,
Przemysław Mrozowski)published by: the Royal Castle in Warsaw - museum Archiwum główne akt dawnych
Naczelna Dyrekcja archiwów państwowych., Warsaw 2017r, (Royal Castle in Warsaw - museum Studia i
materiały VII),pp.159-170.

16 /BEATA MARCISZ-CZAPLA : " RESEARCH ASPECTS OF PIECE DOLLARS FROM SECULARIZED

Silesian CLASSICLES IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WE
WROCŁAWIU.", in Silesian Historical Quarterly Sobótka Yearbook LXXIII (2018) .,p.5-29
Fig.113a comparison of the appearance of the obverse and reverse sides of the seal according to the
state o f 2022 with the version of the appearance of the seal according to von Siegel's engraving in the
alignment of the image of the human figure and the silhouette of the lion to the vertical axis : reveals
inconsistency of the connection of the smaller part with the larger one (either the obverse side is not
correctly aligned or the reverse side is not correctly aligned, which means that a separation of the two
layers was made to glue them together AGAIN during the restoration after 1945 (?).
Fig.113 b) Comparison of the current state of the seals after t h e restoration with their presumed late
19th century landing based on von Siegel's drawing: with the appearance of the reverse (lion
vertically) consistent with von Siegel's, on the obverse the "knight" off-axis of the figure (matching the
fractions of the smaller part to the "yellow" line [the figure of the knight does not coincide vertically
with the silhouette of the lion !!!/as].
Fig.113. c. Comparison of the current state of t h e seals after restoration with their presumed late 19th
century landing based on von Siegel's drawing : with matching red line : lion tilted from vertical axis
to left..... [figure of knight slightly shifted in axis to left/as].
Fig.114 a-b Determination of the shape and area for the original image of the seal according to the
preserved fragments of the dotted line of the original perimeter ( bead chain): a) on the obverse side
of the seal according to the state of preservation in 2022 ; b) on the reverse side of the seal according
to the state of preservation of the seal in 2022 (compare with Fig.109)
Fig.115 allegedly double-sided ducal seal in an arbitrary axis of rotation between the obverse and
reverse parts on the circumference of the circle according to the preserved traces of the edges (in the
image according to the state of preservation in 2022 )
II.7. THE SEAL OF ANDRZEJ AND THE SEAL OF LION JUREWICZ-
RECONSTRUCTION

a) b)

a 1) b 1)
Fig.116 a-b : a )seal of Andrew Yurevich (1316r) ,b )seal of Lev Yurevich (1316r) (size about 7 cm)17
/.

Fig.117 a-b .The appearance of the two seals in the image of the pistons from which they were
imprinted and, as a result of progressive destruction, glued together and reattached to the document of
1316 already as one double-sided coin seal

/fig. 117 a1-b1 : WITH THE POSITION OF THE "X" mark as the cross of St. Andrew the Apostle) [WITH
17

BOTH CONNECTED FRAGMENTS IN THE CORRECTION OF THEIR POSITION ON THE NEWLY

DEFINED CIRCUMSTANCES FROM A SIZE OF 6.9 cm TO A SIZE = OK.7.2 to 7.3 cm ].
Fig.118 a-b .shield shape : a) Печать Кейстута _ок. 1297 - 1382., b) appearance of the reconstructed seal of
Andrew Lvovich with a shield of Lithuanian pattern (?)

Appendix:
RIVER "GALICIAN LION" climbing a presumed rock - comparison :

Fig.119 comparisons of the shield imprint with the "lion" on the seal of 'Yuri in the imprint of 1335
and on the seal of Guy de Dampierre, Count of Flanders of 1305r-avers (in O.Odnorozhenko's version
the lion's hind paw interpreted as a "curled tail")
Fig.120 position of the hind paw of the lion18 on: a) on the shield of Grand Master Landgraf Konrad von
Thüringen, circa 1240 19/; b) the coat of arms of Scotland on the statue of Robert Bruce Stirling c) the ?
"Gaelic lion" on the coat of arms cartouche(?) from the "princely" seal " according to opr.A.Szymski

SUMMARY
The double-sided wax seal (such as the one presented today in the Berlin archive) with an
unprecedented (exceptional) size of about 7 cm in circumference, dating from the first half of
the 14th century, is in itself an exceptional example in Russian sfragistics. Its uniqueness is
further underscored by the fact that it exists only in this ONE copy attached to also the only
existing letter which survived in the Teutonic archives in Ko "nigsberg ever written by
Andrey and Lev Yurevich.
Its second feature, also not found anywhere in 14th-century Rus, is that it combines an image
of a human figure (obverse) with a full-size animal figure (on the reverse). Although there are
double-sided seals (as well as coins) of Rus' princes with images of animals they mainly seem
to occur, under the generally accepted name of
"beasts", on lead territorial seals as signs of specific cities ( city government officials) or
principalities. Found on the signets of Russian boyars (ryc.....) and imprinted in wax, after all,
they always give the image of a SINGLE SEAL (!)20 /.

18 / interpreted by O.Odnorozhenko as the tip of the end of a lion's tail curled under its belly
19 / http://www.hubert-herald.nl/DeutscherOrden2.htm

20 / according to A.Lakier's statement: "In rare (only) cases, the seal of specific princes was two-sided: mostly
it consisted of a single image, around which there was an indication: the seal of such and such a prince, by
name."( В редких случаях печать удельных князей бывала двусторонняяяя: по большей же части она
состояла из одного изображения, вокруг которого означалось: печать такого-то князя, по имени и по
отчеству.);op.cit Л а к и е р А.Б: "Русская геральдика", СПб .,1855., [ Русская геральдика (1855) /
Лакиер А.Б. : [§ 44] Печати удельных князей. (geraldika.ru) ]
From the general characteristics of the appearance of the obverse, it seems clear that it was
based on the GENERALLY accepted and in force in the territory of Rus at least since the end
of the 11th century image of a human figure (mainly one of the saints recognized in the
Orthodox Church) . After all, with one ( and here also constituting another special case?)
difference which boils down to the manner in which the figure presented on the seal is held
"battle gutter". Indeed, in only two cases on the surviving seals from the 11th-12th centuries
does the human figure appear to be holding a spear and shield inversely to the other hundreds
of seals known to us today. For this reason, we can conclude that
:
a) Or both sides of this seal were reflected from a piston giving an abnormal reflection
"mirror" or
b) The prints were made by applying the "original" seal - which would mean that we are
actually dealing not with the original, but with a fake seal.21 /
The same is true of the appearance of the 'animal' commonly identified as the 'lion' on the
reverse, which, a c c o r d i n g to current heraldry, should be facing right and not - as in the
original casting - left.
Another peculiarity - not encountered anywhere else on Russian seals - is the depiction on its
obverse side of images of a "crescent" and a "cross" and the absence of any lettering (both
on the obverse and reverse) that would enable its unambiguous (in the systematics of Russian
seals) identification.
After all, these signs (defined as astral signs) with perhaps a similar connotation appear on the
seals of Roman and Byzantine emperors as well as on medieval seals of, among others,
Hungarian kings, with the only difference that the sign of the cross is replaced on them by the
sign of a "solar circle" or a large "flaming star."
It is interesting that these two symbolic signs (cross and crescent) do not reappear i n
Russian symbolism until the 17th century and only on Cossack banners (!).

***
Based on the previous descriptions of the appearance of the "ducal" seal22 / made o n t h e
basis of inspection of an impression made by von Siegel (1898) and by W. Kriczewski (1911)
and two photographs taken in 1903 of two only preserved fragments of it by Lappo-
Danilewski with each other after all not correlated (!) we can unequivocally state that :

21 / Robert FORYSIAK-WÓJCIŃSKI: "The seal piston of Henry IV Probus - history and analysis of the
find".in: WROCŁAWSKIE ZAPISKI NUMIZMATYCZNE Nr 1-2/2012 (43-44) NUMBER SPECIAL .,pp.50-
71
22 / Lapo-Danieleiwcz (1906) as well as BARWIŃSKI in 1906 and 1907, as well as Polish sfragists -
Stronczynski and Prof. Fr. Piekosiński, also hypotheses of Hrushevsky (1901), Odnorozheniki (2009) and
Dashkevich (1999).
 A) The obverse part depicts a silhouette of an alleged knight (or any of the saints of the Orthodox
Church) in a standing posture. This presumed knight is holding in his RIGHT hand a shield
described in the science of medieval armor as a shield of the "transom" type and in his left
hand a spear or spade with a spar line, the place of the hand grip and the form of the tip (blade
or prop?) that cannot be clearly determined.
From the way this silhouette is depicted and the details preserved, it can be assumed with high
probability that the figure presented on the seal is clad in armor characteristic of the territory
of Rus in the probable date of its (the seal's) creation, which (taking into account the above-
mentioned research and hypotheses)is between the second half of the 13th century and the first
half of the 14th century.

After all, the key to definitively determining the date of the creation of this seal remains the
IMAGE of the shield read on (its) obverse. The fact of its existence and the TYPE read (of it)
has not been questioned so far, which allows at least to EXCLUDE one of the hypotheses
regarding its alleged owner in the person of Prince Lev Danilovich. For there is no doubt
today (both among European and Russian historians) that this type of (horse - small pavese)
appeared in Eastern Europe NO LATER than in the first half of the 14th century when the foot
pavese in its SECOND HALF (!) what is undisputedly confirmed by the seals of the Mazovian
princes and the Lithuanian seal of Prince Kiejstut.

B) A special feature (NEVER ANALOGIZED TO THE COMPARATIVE SIGNS OF THE

RUSSIAN PRINCIPALS AND PRINCIPALS OR KINGS IN WESTERN EUROPE) are the
symbols.
"crescent" and "Greek cross"(?) placed on both sides of the figure . The only identified
similarity remains the seals of the kings of Hungary on which (on the obverse) in a place
analogous to the symbols placed on the seal of the prince were depicted typical astral symbols:
"crescent" and "sun"... After all, it is impossible to find in the sphragistic literature an
explanation from which one could infer a special (other than purely decorative?) significance
of them for the reading of other than votive (?) meaning of them....
C) Complementing the decorative elements of the background remain, in addition to the above,
the numerous stars - depicted on its surface -...
D) The reverse part shows ( filling the entire space of the seal) the image of some animal
identified by all the above-mentioned researchers as a "lion". After all, the lack of a preserved
(legible) image of the head leaves this identification at the level of the meaning of a
hypothetical image of a "beast" - which term is generally accepted to describe the silhouettes
appearing on the seals of Rus' associated with a lion, leopard, lynx or griffin....
E) From a comparison of the layout of the two fractions of the seal (from the image of the
obverse in the reading given in point" A), it seems to be clear that this animal (walking or in
an ascended position) depicted on a homogeneous background (without any additional signs or
decorative elements) in the rear part has a raised tail - clearly pointing upwards, slightly
twisted towards the torso but without a clearly visible tip.
F) The second (apart from the aforementioned symbols of the moon and cross) SPECIAL feature
of the ducal seal is the LACK OF ANY BOTTOM INSIGNATURE ON IT, nor any traces on
the basis of which one could assume that such an inscription (full or only abbreviated) could
have been present on the seal earlier (i.e. at the presumed date of its origin). Considering that
on all (known to us) seals of the Rus' princes such inscriptions always appear in the S E A L
BOX, and on the "city" seals of that time ALWAYS
 appear on the reverse sides, raises the question of the type of its purpose: a personal seal of a
prince, a territorial seal, a commercial seal? Or even a pure=universal (?) IDEAL composition
WHOSE PURPOSE IS ONLY TO PRESENT THE GENERAL SYMBOL OF THE
COUNTRY (NATION..STATE?) or
idealized symbol of the LION as synonymous with the LORD (BIZANTHIAN PIECE
CANON?).
G) The last peculiarity is the "reversal" of the images depicted both on the obverse and reverse,
indicating either an erroneous execution of the matrix from which the seal was made or -
which would require additional logical justification - a deliberate violation of the basic rules of
heraldry and the idea of the way knights use weapons (the lion should be facing RIGHT, the
knight should hold the spar of the spear in the RIGHT hand and the shield in the LEFT.
Another way to explain this peculiarity is to make it
"directly from the reflection on wax" of another ORIGINAL seal with a correct image which,
when reflected, gives it a mirror image. Accepting this solution, however, would mean that the
princely seal in question is in fact a forgery.23/
H) In the SPhere of hypothesis must also remain the reason for the obvious DIFFERENCE of this
seal from all seals known to us whose dating time does not exceed the 14th century so in the
numerous already today ( and in many in the world collected artifacts) that could serve as a
DIRECT reference.

***
There is no doubt that whoever was the author of this seal was clearly trying, by creating its
obverse part, to make a direct reference to the tradition of the Russian princely seals that came
into use in Rus after the adoption of Christianity, while at the same time breaking the
obligatory canon in creating its reverse part in a form completely unknown in Russian
sphragistics. / /2425

23/since one of the most popular ways of forging seals was in the Middle Ages to copy seals by means of casts,
taken off the original imprints, then from the "piston" created in this way, the new -from-it seal gave (as in the
case of the "prince's" seal ) a mirrored reflection....(vide FORYSIAK-WÓJCIŃSKI...... p.63)
24/ Heraldry in the territory of Rus appeared much later than it happened in Western European countries and was
a borrowed phenomenon. The first symbols of power can be considered the signs of bicuspids and tridents
preserved on the coins and seals of the princes of the Rurik dynasty of the 10th-11th centuries. With the advent
of Christianity, the great princes, in turn, began to copy Byzantine heraldic symbols, as well as to place
images of holy patrons on their seals strictly according to the accepted patterns. It was only in the second
half of the 17th century that the establishment of cultural ties between the Russian and Polish nobility led to
the appearance of the first "Ruthenian" coats of arms.... [http://poradu.pp.ua/nauka/51425-geraldika-ce-scho-
take- viznachennya-znachennya-nauki.html ]
25 /the appearance of Byzantine seals and closely modelled on them the seals of the princes from the territory of
Kievan Rus starting from the end of the 11th century (after the 15th century) was strictly chromalized.There is
(so far) no known case of combining the image of a human figure (in the obverse) with the image of a "beast"(on
the reverse side) in one seal. As it seems from the so far known seals "beasts"( Печати с изображением
"лютого зверя")appear on seals ONLY as land symbols (of cities or territories) OR ON SIGNS. ( Cf. among
others: В.Л. Янин, П.Г. Гайдуков "Актовые печати древней Руси Х-ХV в.в." М. 1970, 1996., Л.Г.
Климанов, Византийские отражения в сфрагистике, Санкт-Петербург, 1999 г.; Н.П. Лихачев, Материалы
для истории византийской и русской сфрагистики, вып. 1., ; http://forum.relicvia.ru/topic/150262-persten-
liutyi-zver/ ; https://rings.guru/catalog/pozdnee-
srednevekove/moskovskoe-gosudarstvo/zveri/zveri/. ;
It is obvious that the "Byzantine" features somehow confirm in advance that the owner of the
seal is some "nameless" Ruthenian prince. This is confirmed not only by its composition of
the figure on the obverse, but also by the absence of the typical European seal legend on its
perimeter.
Only indirectly - based on the assumption of the existence of a STRICT connection between
"the content that the image of the obverse contains" and "the reverse" we can suggest that this
is the seal of Lev Yurevich, which was already advocated by Lappo-Danielewski, but not
because of a simple association of the duke's name with the image of a "lion", but in another
supposition that on the reverse of this seal we have a sign of territory and this - as we know
from the preserved personal seal (cameo) of Duke Lubart - was the Duchy of Lutsk.

The inconsistency of the image of the seal according to. The inconsistency of
the image of the seal according to the state of its preservation in 2022 with
the only( possible to compare) engraving depicting its appearance from the
end of the 19th century, which is von Siegl's drawing preserved in the
original in the Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna, indicates
unequivocally that this seal was subject to at least TWICE the
reconstruction what (indirectly) may indicate that also what was presented
by von Siegl is only the result of an already performed reconstruction of i t s
appearance by gluing together single fragments of it from the two originally
existing seals which were completely destroyed as a result of the natural
aging process of the wax pulp and lack of protection and proper (in the
archive) conservation .
Nevertheless, the hypothesis that this is an authentic "princely" seal from the first half of the
14th century (regardless of to whom it would be literally attributed) and that it was created no
later than the date of the document (1316) must remain an open hypothesis and not a
certainty.

A.M. Szymski :26 -03- 2023 ( adamszymski@poczta.onet.pl )

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