Microchemical Journal 185 (2023) 108301

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Microchemical Journal
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/microc

Electrochemical deposition of Prussian blue on Nb2CTx MXene modified

carbon cloth for the non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of
hydrogen peroxide
Ajith Mohan Arjun a, Neermunda Shabana b, Menon Ankitha b, P. Abdul Rasheed a, b, *
a
Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 557, India
b
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 557, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) holds significance in the food industry. In this work, carbon cloth
Electrochemical deposition (CC) was modified with a novel composite of Nb2CTx MXene and Prussian blue (PB) for the electrochemical
Prussian blue detection of H2O2. Nb2CTx was drop casted on CC followed by the electrochemical deposition of PB using
Nb2CTx MXene
chronoamperometry at 0.7 V. It was found that uniform coverage of PB occurred on the underlying Nb2CTx
Electrochemical detection
Hydrogen peroxide
surface. The electrochemical deposition time was optimized by varying the deposition times (240 s, 360 s, 480 s,
and 600 s) and the material obtained after deposition for 480 s was found to produce better sensing charac­
teristics towards the detection of H2O2. The Nb2CTx /PB480 modified CC was able to detect H2O2 linearly from 1
µM to 10 µM and from 10 µM to 100 µM with a limit of detection of 200 nM. The sensor was also able to showcase
good selectivity to H2O2 even in the presence of interfering molecules like dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, and
sodium chloride. In addition, the material exhibited good storage stability, which was observed by the retention
of 97 % of activity even after a storage time of 1 week. This material can be applied towards the sensing of H2O2
in milk since pH of the buffer used in the work matches the pH of the milk sample that was used.

1. Introduction
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important molecule in the food in­
dustry, where it is added as an additive in milk for elongation of shelf life
[1]. The addition of peroxide in large quantities can lead to the changes
in the chemical composition of milk thus leading to harmful effects on
consumers [2]. The use of H2O2 in regulated quantities activates the
lactoperoxidase enzyme present in milk and improves the shelf life.
However, H2O2 is directly added to milk in large quantities as an
adulterant and this could lead to harmful effects on the human body like
lipid peroxidation in cells, irritation of gastrointestinal tract leading to
hematemesis and in extreme cases has the ability to cause brain in­
farctions [3,4]. Hence, it is highly important to develop technologies for
the sensitive and selective detection of H2O2. A multitude of techniques
have been developed for the detection of H2O2 like colorimetric detec­
tion [5], surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) [6], fluorescence
[7], photoluminescence [8], mass spectrometry [9], and electro­
chemical detection techniques [10]. Out of these methods, electro­
chemical detection offers enhanced applicability and cost effectiveness
due to its simplicity, facile preparation method, and sensitivity [11].
The use of nanomaterials as sensing elements in electrochemical
sensing offers multiple advantages like high surface area to volume
ratio, carrier mobility, thermal conductivity, and excellent mechanical
strength [12]. Among these nanomaterials, 2 dimensional (2D) nano­
materials possess high anisotropy and offer great flexibility for chemical
functionalization [13]. In addition to this, 2D nanomaterials offer a
higher surface area to volume ratio, great mechanical flexibility, optical
transparency, and large lateral size, which make them favorable for
surface active applications [14]. The discovery of carbide, nitrides, and
carbonitrides of transition metals called MXenes in 2011 has added to
the extensive collection of 2D materials [15]. MXene possess many
favorable characteristics like high electrical conductivity, easy func­
tionalization, good hydrophilicity, which ensures good contact with
electrolytes, high negative zeta potential, enabling stable colloidal so­
lutions, and superior mechanical properties [16]. However, these ma­
terials are not stable in open and aqueous solutions and hence
composites of MXenes with other materials need to be synthesized for
enhancing their stability [17]. A variety of MXene based composites

* Corresponding author at: Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 557, India.
E-mail address: abdulrasheed@iitpkd.ac.in (P. Abdul Rasheed).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.108301
Received 12 July 2022; Received in revised form 3 December 2022; Accepted 5 December 2022
Available online 6 December 2022
0026-265X/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A. Mohan Arjun et al.
have been reported for the non-enzymatic detection of H2O2 like iron
oxide [10], conducting polymers [18], precious metals [11,19], metal
organic frameworks [20], graphene oxide [21], graphene [22], transi­
tion metals [23,24], and Prussian blue (PB) [25,26]. Among these ma­
terials, PB possess an enzyme mimetic property, which is attributed to its
affinity for reactive oxygen species radicals [27,28]. Due to this enzyme
mimetic property, it is favorable and promising to envisage the appli­
cation of PB for the sensing of H2O2. A composite of MXene and PB
possesses great potential for being utilized as a sensitive and selective
detection element for the electrochemical sensing of H2O2.
Recently, Zhao et al. constructed a composite aerogel of PB doped
RGO/Ti3C2Tx MXene composite for the real time monitoring of H2O2
that is obtained from living cells. This composite was able to distinguish
cancer cell lines from normal cell lines and thus achieve the practical
applicability [29]. Zhu et al. employed an electrochemical deposition
strategy to modify Ti3C2Tx MXene with PB followed by drop casting of
chitosan film over the modified electrode for H2O2 sensing. A linear
detection in the range of 50 nM to 667 µM was obtained along with a
limit of detection (LOD) of 4 nM [30]. Dang et al. used a PB-Ti3C2Tx
MXene composite for the non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of
H2O2 generated from living cells. Linear detection ranges from 0.6 µM to
63.6 µM and from 63.6 µM to 254 µM were obtained with LOD of 0.20
µM [31]. Supawat et al. used a nanocomposite of Pt nanoparticles,
polyaniline, and Ti3C2Tx for the detection of H2O2. A LOD of 1 µM was
obtained using this composite along with achieving linearity in the
range 1 µM to 7 mM [18]. From the available literature, limited reports
exists on the use of Ti3C2Tx-PB composites for the detection of H2O2. In
addition, the existing electrode deals with the usage of rigid electrode
like glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and screen-printed electrodes (SPEs).
However, the application of carbon cloth (CC) will help to bring flexible
electrode with more surfaces, which can accommodate more composite
material and hence results in enhanced sensitivity. It was established
that Nb-based MXenes like Nb2CTx have been postulated to possess
improve conductivity in addition to its electrochemical stability than
Ti3C2Tx [32]. Hence, the use of a composite of Nb2CTx and PB for the
modification of CC can have great potential for the electrochemical
sensing of H2O2. Moreover, such a composite has not been reported so
far to the best of our knowledge and hence, the activity of Nb2CTx/PB for
the detection of H2O2 will provide interesting insight into the various
sensing applications of this composite.
In this work, CC was modified with Nb2CTx using a facile drop
casting approach. This was followed by the electrochemical deposition
of PB on CC/Nb2CTx for various deposition times i.e., 240 s, 360 s, 480 s,
and 600 s. It was observed that the PB that was deposited for 480 s (CC/
Nb2CTx/PB480) possessed the best sensing characteristic and could
detect H2O2 linearly in the range 500 nM to 100 µM with an LOD of 200
nM. The material was also able to exhibit good specificity to the
detection of H2O2 even in the presence of interferents like uric acid (UA),
ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and NaCl. In addition, good storage
stability was exhibited by the sensor, which showcased 97 % activity
retained even after 1 week storage at 4 ◦ C.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
MAX phase Nb2AlC was purchased from Nanochemazone® India.
Hydrofluoric acid (48 %) (HF), UA, AA, dopamine hydrochloride, ferric
chloride (FeCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), so­
dium dihydrogen phosphate, and disodium hydrogen phosphate were
purchased from Sigma Aldrich⋅H2O2, and potassium ferricyanide were
purchased from Merck India. Potassium chloride was purchased from
Qualigens, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) from Merck Life Science Pvt.
ltd. CC was purchased from Sainergy fuel cell India Pvt. ltd, India.
Deionized water (DI) was used in all the experiments.
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Microchemical Journal 185 (2023) 108301
2.2. Synthesis of delaminated Nb2CTx
HF (48 %) was added to Nb2AlC, and the Al layer of was etched by
continuously stirring under magnetic stirrer for 96 h [32,33]. The
product was washed with DI water by centrifuging at 5000 rpm for 10
min until the pH of the supernatant reaches 5. The multilayered (ML)-
Nb2CTx was obtained by freeze drying the product at − 50 ◦ C for 24 h.
The dispersion of delaminated (DL)-Nb2CTx was obtained by probe
sonicating the ML-Nb2CTx for 30 min (ULTRA-PS500 LCD 20, Ultra­
autosonic India).
2.3. Synthesis of CC/Nb2CTx@PB electrode
The CC/Nb2CTx@PB electrode was synthesized by electrodeposition
method by adding 5 mM of K3[Fe(CN)6] solution to the mixture con­
taining 5 mM of FeCl3 and 100 mM of KCl. Before the electrodeposition
of PB, the CC was modified by Nb2CTx by drop casting the Nb2CTx
dispersion (1 mg/mL) followed by drying. After complete drying, the
electrodeposition of PB was done by chronoamperometry at a potential
of 0.7 V for 480 s using the above mixture and the obtained electrode is
denoted as CC/Nb2CTx@PB480. Similarly, CC/Nb2CTx@PB240, CC/
Nb2CTx@PB360, and CC/Nb2CTx@PB600 was also synthesized by varying
the deposition time 240 s, 360 s, 600 s, respectively.
2.4. Electrochemical characterization
Electrochemical experiments were performed using a CHI6038
workstation with saturated calomel electrode (SCE), Pt wire, and CC as
the reference, counter, and working electrode, respectively. Cyclic vol­
tammograms (CV) were measured in the solution of 0.1 M phosphate
buffer saline (PBS) using the modified electrode in comparison with CC
and CC/Nb2CTx MXene. Similarly, CV was measured in the solution of
0.1 M KCl with 10 mM K3[Fe(CN)6]3− /4− at a scan rate of 100 mVs− 1 by
using CC/Nb2CTx@PB480, CC/Nb2CTx@PB240, CC/Nb2CTx@PB360, and
CC/Nb2CTx@PB600. The electrochemical activity of the modified elec­
trode CC/Nb2CTx@PB was evaluated by CV in 0.1 M PBS containing
H2O2. The PBS solution was prepared by mixing sodium dihydrogen
phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate and KCl. The quantitative
detection of H2O2 was performed by chronoamperometry at a potential
of − 0.1 V. The selectivity analysis was performed by adding different
interfering molecules such as AA, UA, NaCl, and DA with same con­
centration of H2O2. The storage stability of the CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 was
analyzed by keeping the electrode for 7 days in refrigerator. The real
sample analysis was carried out by spiking milk samples with H2O2, then
diluting the spiked samples to specific concentration and chro­
noamperometry was used to detect H2O2.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characterization of CC/Nb2CTx@PB480
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) images of Nb2CTx was capture by Gemini 300 SEM
(Carl Zeiss) and JEOL 3010 TEM respectively (Fig. S1). The 2D sheet-like
morphology and layered structure of Nb2CTx was confirmed from the
images. In addition, the high resolution TEM image shows a layered
morphology with a d-spacing of approximately 1.02 nm, which corre­
sponds to Nb2CTx [34]. The SEM images of CC and CC/Nb2CTx@PB480
were captured and are shown in Fig. 1(a–b). The SEM image of CC/
Nb2CTx, showed sheet like structure confirming the modification of CC
by Nb2CTx (Fig. S2(a)). The SEM images of CC and CC/Nb2CTx@PB480
showed a strand of CC and a thick coverage of PB over the CC, respec­
tively thus confirming the deposition of PB over CC/Nb2CTx. The
elemental mapping of CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 is given in Fig. 1(c), which
shows the presence of Nb, C, Fe, and N confirms the successful modifi­
cation of CC with Nb2CTx and PB. In addition, the energy dispersive X-
A. Mohan Arjun et al.
Fig. 1. SEM images showing (a) bare CC, (b) CC/Nb2CTx modified with thick structures of PB after electrodeposition of PB (CC/Nb2CTx@PB480), and (c) the
elemental mapping of CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 showing the presence of Nb, Fe, and N confirms the successful modification of CC with Nb2CTx and PB.
ray spectroscopy (EDS) spectra of the CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 show the
presence of Nb, C, Fe, and N as shown in Fig. S2(b).
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of Nb2CTx and Nb2CTx/PB480
was obtained using Rigaku Smart Lab instrument after coating the ma­
terial on copper foil (CF) and the spectra are given in Fig. 2(a). In the
diffractograms of Nb2CTx, peaks at 8.5◦ , 25.2◦ , 33◦ , 34.80◦ , 37.4◦ , 40.4◦
and 58.8◦ correspond to the (0 0 2), (0 0 8), (0012), (1 0 3), (1 0 5), (1 0 6),
and (1013) phases of Nb2CTx, respectively [35–37]. The diffractograms
of Nb2CTx/PB480 showed peaks corresponding to 25.7◦ , 28.6◦ , 35.1◦ ,
39.7◦ , and 47.5◦ , which can be attributed to the (2 2 0), (2 2 2), (4 0 0),
(4 2 0), and (6 0 0) of PB, respectively. In addition, the peaks corre­
sponding to Nb2CTx are also present in the Nb2CTx/PB480 [38–43]. The
appearance of the peaks corresponding to PB after the deposition pro­
cess confirms the successful deposition of PB over Nb2CTx. The Raman
spectra of Nb2CTx and Nb2CTx@PB480 were captured by Horiba Labram
HR Evol and it is shown in Fig. 2(b). The peaks at 250.6 cm− 1 and 676.6
cm− 1 correspond to Nb-O and Nb-C vibration in Nb2CTx. The Nb-O is
attributed to the partial surface oxidation while the Nb-C corresponds to
the Nb-C interactions in the Nb2CTx layer [35]. In addition to these,
peaks at 1352.4 cm− 1 and 1589.2 cm− 1 can be assigned to the D and G
bands of the Nb2CTx [36]. The D bands correspond to disordered
graphite from defects in carbon-based materials and G band is attributed
to the vibration of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms in a 2D hexagonal lattice
[36]. The ID/IG ratio of 1.01 is in resonance with other values in liter­
ature, thus indicating the presence of Nb2CTx [35,36,44]. After the
electrodeposition of PB, these peaks were found to disappear and new
peaks at ca. 275 cm− 1, 501 cm− 1, and 938 cm− 1 corresponding to the Fe-
CN-Fe, Fe-C stretch, and C– – N are indicative of the presence of PB on
–
Nb2CTx thus confirming the formation of Nb2CTx/PB480 [45–47].
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Microchemical Journal 185 (2023) 108301
To further confirm the deposition of PB on Nb2CTx, Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed by IR Tracer 100
instrument in the range of 400–4000 cm− 1. It can be seen from Fig. 2(c)
that the peaks at 1027 cm− 1, 1123 cm− 1, 1330 cm− 1, 1632 cm− 1, 1726
cm− 1, and 2981 cm− 1 correspond to C–O, C-F. –OH stretch, C– – C, C–
– O,
and symmetric and asymmetric C–H stretch,respectively, which are the
characteristic peaks of Nb2CTx [48,49]. Due to the coverage of PB over
Nb2CTx during electrodeposition, the peaks at 2118 cm− 1, 1587 cm− 1,
1504 cm− 1, 1379.7 cm− 1, 1203 cm− 1, 1088 cm− 1, and 693 cm− 1 are
observed, which correspond to the C–N stretch, N–H stretch, C–N
stretch, CH3 rocking vibration, C–O–C asymmetric stretch, and Fe(II)–
CN-Fe(III) interactions, respectively [50–52]. The emergence of these
peaks in addition to the retention of some characteristics of MXenes
corroborated with the observation from SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy
that the surface of Nb2CTx is covered by PB after electrochemical
deposition.
3.2. Electrochemical analysis
The CVs of different modified CC was carried out in 0.1 M PBS and
10 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] solution containing 0.1 M KCl as supporting elec­
trolyte separately. It is observed that peak current value of CC/
Nb2CTx@PB480 is high compared to CC, CC/Nb2CTx, and CC/PB480 in
both 0.1 M PBS and K3[Fe(CN)6] solutions as shown in Fig. 3(a) and (b),
respectively. This could be attributed to the coverage of optimum con­
centration of PB on Nb2CTx surface, which enhances the electron
transfer between analytes and modified electrodes, which results in
enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity [31]. As an optimization
step, the CVs of CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 and CC/PB480@Nb2CTx were carried
A. Mohan Arjun et al.
Fig. 2. (a) XRD diffractograms of Nb2CTx and Nb2CTx/PB480 showing the characteristic (0 0 2) peak of MXene, (b) Raman spectra of CC/Nb2CTx and CC/Nb2CTx/
PB480, and (c) FTIR spectra of (i) CC/Nb2CTx and (ii) CC/Nb2CTx/PB480.
Fig. 3. CVs of CC, CC/Nb2CTx, CC/PB480, and CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 in (a) 0.1 M PBS and (b) 10 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] containing 0.1 M KCl as the supporting electrolyte.
out in 0.1 M PBS and 10 mM K3[Fe(CN)6]3− /4− containing 0.1 M KCl,
respectively (Fig. S3). It can be seen that in both these cases the currents
produced by the former are higher than the currents produced by the
latter. This could be attributed to the superior conductivity of Nb2CTx,
which acts as a support for the PB480.
As shown in Fig. 4(a)), the CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 was found to be the
optimum deposition time, which possess high peak current in the
reduction potential region of H2O2 and hence CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 was
chosen as best electrode for further studies. The quasi reversible CV of
H2O2 at CC/Nb2CTx@PB360 can be attributed to the Prussian Blue/
Prussian White redox couple that is obtained during the reduction of
H2O2 [53–55]The electrochemical redox peaks for the reduction of H2O2
using CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 has been evaluated by performing CV at a
potential range of − 0.6 V to 0.6 V with different concentrations of H2O2
from 100 nM to 100 µM in 0.1 M PBS (Fig. 4(b)). An increase in the
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Microchemical Journal 185 (2023) 108301
cathodic current density was observed with the increase in concentra­
tion of H2O2. This shows that the electrochemical activity of CC/
Nb2CTx@PB480 towards the reduction reaction of H2O2 is enhanced so
that it can be used for the sensitive detection of H2O2.
3.2.1. Effect of potential scan rate
To investigate the effect of scan rate, CVs were performed in 0.1 M
PBS containing 10 µM H2O2 in the potential window from − 0.6 V to 0.6
V using CC/Nb2CTx@PB480. It is observed that the reduction current
increases with increasing the scan rate from 20 to 100 mV.s− 1 as shown
in Fig. S4(a). The current value at − 0.1 V was used to plot the calibration
plot between the peak current and scan rate (Cottrell plot) and it is given
in Fig. S4(b). As shown in the figure, a linear relationship was observed
between the reduction current and the scan rate with R2 value of 0.99.
The linear relationship between the square root of scan rate and the
A. Mohan Arjun et al.
Fig. 4. (a) CVs of CC/Nb2CTx@PB480, CC/Nb2CTx@PB240, CC/Nb2CTx@PB360, and CC/Nb2CTx@PB600 in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7) containing 10 µM of H2O2 and (b) CV
plots of CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7) with different concentrations of H2O2.
reduction current indicates that the reduction of H2O2 on CC/
Nb2CTx@PB480 is a typical diffusion-controlled electron transfer process
[56].
3.2.2. Quantitative detection of H2O2
For the quantitative detection of H2O2,chronoamperometry was
carried out at a potential of − 0.1 V with varying concentration of H2O2
from 0 to 100 µM. It is observed that increasing the concentration of
H2O2 from 100 nM to 100 μM resulted in an increase in current values as
shown in Fig. 5(a). The calibration plot was plotted between current
(modulus value) vs logarithmic concentration of H2O2 as shown in Fig. 5
(b). The linear range of the sensor is found to be from 1 µM to 10 µM with
a R2 value of 0.98 and from 10 µM to 100 µM with a R2 value of 0.95. The
LOD of the CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 sensor was calculated from the slope of
the calibration plot using 3 sigma method. The LOD was found to be 200
nM, thus proving its potential for practical application.
3.2.3. Selectivity and stability
The selectivity of CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 sensor was evaluated by
comparing the sensor response towards the major interfering molecules
such as AA, DA, UA, and NaCl. The electrochemical response of the
sensor towards 1 mM of interfering molecules at − 0.1 V are not signif­
icant in comparison with the H2O2 response (at 100 µM) as shown in
Fig. 6(a). This data showed that the developed sensor is selective to­
wards the detection of H2O2. In addition, this, the selectivity test was
also carried out by mixing all the interferents together and recording the
current value obtained. It can be seen that current value recorded with
H2O2 separately was 0.928 mA and the value obtained when all the
interferents were mixed along with peroxide was approximately 0.87
mA, which implies the selectivity of CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 to the presence
of peroxide. The storage stability of the CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 was
Fig. 5. (a). The chronoamperometry response of CC/Nb2CTx@PB480 at a potential of − 0.1 V in 0.1 M PBS with varying the concentration of H2O2 and (b) the plot
between current change vs logarithmic concentration of H2O2.
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Microchemical Journal 185 (2023) 108301
evaluated after storing the composite at 4 ◦ C for 7 days. The chro­
noamperometric response of the stored electrode to 0.1 M PBS con­
taining 10 µM H2O2 was evaluated after 7 days. As shown in the Fig. S5,
the electrode produced approximately 97 % of initial value after storage
of 7 days thus showing the storage stability of the developed sensor.
3.3. Spiked real sample analysis
To evaluate the practical application of the developed sensor, we
have detected H2O2 from milk samples. The milk samples were pur­
chased from local market, spiked with H2O2 and diluted to 20 times with
0.1 M PBS (pH 7). The chronoamperometry analysis was performed, and
the results are shown in Fig. 6(b). It is observed that the developed
sensor can be used to detect H2O2 from milk sample and it is comparable
(6.8–9.2 % difference) with the sensor response in PBS (Fig. S6). The
statistics of the real sample experiment is given in Table S1 and it shows
the sensor response in real samples showing response with RSD values of
6.7–7.5 % and it matches with the PBS experiments with a difference of
6.8–9.2 %. This shows the practical application of the developed sensor
for real sample analysis as well.
4. Conclusions
A sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for H2O2 was
fabricated employing a Nb2CTx/PB composite, which was used to
modify CC. The CC modified with Nb2CTx was electrodeposited with PB,
which was the catalyst for the reduction of H2O2. It was found that
electrodeposition of Nb2CTx modified CC with PB resulted in uniform
coverage of PB on the electrode. The electrodeposition time was varied
to get optimum coating and found that PB deposition for 480 s was
shown to be the best electrode material towards electrochemical
A. Mohan Arjun et al.
Fig. 6. (a) The selectivity plot of the sensor in the presence of interfering molecules such as AA, DA, UA, NaCl, and also when the interferents were mixed together
with H2O2. (b) Spiked real sample analysis: detection of H2O2 from milk samples after spiking the H2O2 in milk samples followed by diluting in PBS.
detection of H2O2. The developed sensor was able to detect H2O2 line­
arly from 1 µM to 10 µM and from 10 µM to 100 µM with an LOD of 200
nM. The electrode was also able to exhibit good selectivity towards the
sensing of H2O2 even in the presence of interferents like UA, AA, DA, and
NaCl in addition to possessing good storage stability. This CC based
electrode can be used for the stable and flexible platform for the
detection of H2O2 from physiological relevant biomolecules in an effi­
cient manner.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Ajith Mohan Arjun: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investiga­
tion, Methodology, Validation, Data curation, Writing – original draft.
Neermunda Shabana: Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – orig­
inal draft. Menon Ankitha: Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing –
original draft. P. Abdul Rasheed: Conceptualization, Methodology,
Supervision, Project administration, Validation, Funding acquisition,
Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Acknowledgements
PAR acknowledges the Ramalingaswami fellowship (BT/RLF/Re-
entry/75/2020) for the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Govern­
ment of India. The authors acknowledge the central instrumentation
facility (CIF), Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad for material
characterizations.
Data availability
The raw/processed date to produce these finding can be shared with
anyone upon request.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.108301.
6
Microchemical Journal 185 (2023) 108301
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