World History Revision sheet

What is reformation?

The act or process of changing a religious, political, or societal institution for the better is
called a reformation. When capitalized, the Reformation refers specifically to the Protestant
Reformation in Europe, which was a religious change instigated in 1517 by Protestants
who wished to reform the Catholic Church.

Reasons for reformation

The desire of rulers such as Henry VIII of England to break free from the pope and the
Roman Catholic Church,

Martin Luther

Martin Luther, German theologian and religious reformer who was the catalyst of the
16th-century Protestant Reformation. Through his words and actions, Luther precipitated
a movement that reformulated certain basic tenets of Christian belief and resulted in the
division of Western Christendom between Roman Catholicism and the new Protestant
traditions.

The Council of Trent and its decisions

Trent (1545-1563) was a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III (served
1534-1549) in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Reform was a top priority. The council put an end to indulgence sellers and reduced some
of the worst excesses in relation to the issue that had triggered the Reformation—the sale of
indulgences. The council also established a number of laws to combat official corruption.
Political war as a result of the reformation

It led to Thirty Years' War. One result of the Thirty Years' War was complete toleration of
Protestants, including Calvinists.

Social Effects of Reformation

The Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three
major branches of Christianity. The Reformation led to the reformulation of certain basic
tenets of Christian belief and resulted in the division of Western Christendom between
Roman Catholicism and the new Protestant traditions.

Reasons for the English civil war

● Charles I's unshakeable belief in the divine right of kings to rule.

● Parliament's desire to curb the powers of the king.
● Charles I's need for money to fund his court and wars.
● Religious differences between the monarch, Parliament, Scottish Covenanters, and
Irish Catholics.

Results of this war

The outcome was threefold: the trial of and execution of Charles I (1649); the exile of his
son, Charles II (1651); and the replacement of English monarchy with the Commonwealth
of England, which from 1653 (as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland)
unified the British Isles under the personal rule of ...
Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as
one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the
1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, first as a senior commander in the
Parliamentarian army and then as a politician.

Restoration

The Restoration refers to the restoration of the monarchy when Charles II was restored to
the throne of England following an eleven-year Commonwealth period during which the
country was governed by Parliament under the direction of the Puritan General Oliver
Cromwell.

Glorious Revolution

In 1685, Charles II died, and James II became king. James soon offended his subjects by
displaying his Catholicism. Violating English law, he appointed several Catholics to high
office. When Parliament protested, James dissolved it. In 1688, James’s second wife gave
birth to a son. English Protestants became terrified at the prospect of a line of Catholic
kings. James had an older daughter, Mary, who was Protestant. She was also the wife of
William of Orange, a prince of the Netherlands. Seven members of Parliament invited
William and Mary to overthrow James for the sake of Protestantism. When William led his
army to London in 1688b ,James fled to France.