Solution Manual For Precalculus With Modeling Visualization 5 e 5th Edition Gary K Rockswold

Solution Manual for Precalculus with Modeling &
Visualization, 5/E 5th Edition Gary K. Rockswold
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Solution Manual for Precalculus with Modeling & Visualization, 5/E 5th Edition Gary K.
Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations
7.1: Fundamental Identities

1 1
1. cot u = = 1 = 2
tan u 2
1 1 6
2. csc u = = 5 = -
sin u -6 5
1 1 7
3. sec u = = 2 =
cos u 7
2
1 1 7
4. tan u = = 3 = -
cot u -7 3
1 1 1
5. cos u = = = -
sec u -4 4
1 1
6. sin u = =
csc u 7
sin u sin u
7. tan u = = Q undefined
cos u 0
1 1 1
8. csc u = = = Q undefined
sin u tan u cos u 0
tan u tan u sin2 u
9. = 1 = tan2 u =
cot u tan u
cos2 u
1
sec u cos u sin u
10. = 1
=
csc u sin u
cos u
2
1 cos u
2
cot u 2
tan u
2
sin u
11. = = = cos2 u
csc2 u 1
2
1
2
sin u sin u
sin2 u
tan2 u 2
cos u
12. = = sin2 u
sec2 u 1
2
cos u
1 1
13. + = sin u + cos u
csc u sec u
1 # 1 # sin u 1
14. csc u sec u tan u = =
sin u cos u cos u cos2 u
3
sin u 5 3 1 1 5
15. tan u = = 4 = - csc u = = 3 =
cos u -5 4 sin u 5
3
1 1 5 1 1 4
sec u = = 4 = - cot u = = 3 = -
cos u -5 4 tan u -4 3
a- b = -
5 12 12 1 1 13
16. sin u = cos u tan u = csc u = = 12 = -
13 5 13 sin u - 13 12
1 1 13 1 1 5
sec u = = 5 = cot u = = 12 = -
cos u 13
5 tan u -5 12
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508 CHAPTER 7 Trigonomic Indentities and Equations
a b = -
24 7 7 1 1 24
17. cos u = sin u cot u = - tan u = = 7 =
25 24 25 cot u 24
7
1 1 25 1 1 25
csc u = = 24 = - sec u = = 7
= -
sin u - 25 24 cos u - 25 7
12
sin u 13 12 1 1 13
18. tan u = = 5
= csc u = = 12 =
cos u 13
5 sin u 13
12
1 1 13 1 1 5
sec u = = 5 = cot u = = 12 =
cos u 13
5 tan u 5
12
sin u - 60
61 60 cos u
11
- 61 11
19. tan u = = 11 = cot u = = 60 =
cos u - 61 11 sin u - 61 60
1 1 61 1 1 61
csc u = = 60 = - sec u = = 11 = -
sin u - 61 60 cos u - 61 11
2 25
sin u 3 2 cos u - 3 15
20. tan u = = = - cot u = = 2 = -
cos u 25 15 sin u 3
2
- 3
1 1 3 1 1 3
csc u = = 2 = sec u = = = -
sin u 3
2 cos u 25 15
- 3
1 1 1 1
21. sin u = = cos u = = -
csc u 12 sec u 12
1 1
-
sin u 22 1 cos u 22 1
tan u = = 1
= - = -1 cot u = = 1
= - = -1
cos u - 1 sin u 1
22 22
1 1 12 1 1 5
22. sin u = = 13 = - cos u = = 13 = -
csc u - 12 13 sec u -5 13
sin u - 12
13 12 cos u - 135 5
tan u = = 5
= cot u = = 12 =
cos u - 13 5 sin u - 13 12
1 #
23. sec u cos u = cos u = 1
cos u
1
24. tan u cot u = tan u # = 1
tan u
1
25. sin u csc u = sin u # = 1
sin u
sin u #
26. tan u cos u = cos u = sin u
cos u
27. 1sin2 u + cos2 u23 = 13 = 1
28. 11 + tan2 u2 cos2 u = sec2 u cos2 u =

1 #
cos2 u = 1
cos2 u
29. 1 - sin2 u = 1 - 11 - cos2 u2 = cos2 u
30. 1 - cos2 1-u2 = 1 - cos2 u = 1 - 11 - sin2 u2 = sin2 u

Fundamental Identities SECTION 7.1 509
31. sec2 u - 1 = 11 + tan2 u2 - 1 = tan2 u

cos2 u
32. 1 + = 1 + cot 2 u = csc2 u
sin2 u
sin 1 -u2 -sin u
cos 1 -u2
33. = = - tan u
cos u
34. sin u 1csc u + sec u2 = sin u a b =

1 1 sin u sin u
+ + = 1 + tan u
sin u cos u sin u cos u
sin2 u + cos2 u 1
35. = = sec u
cos u cos u
1 + tan2 u sec2 u
36. = = 1
sec2 u sec2 u
sec2 1-u2 sec2 u sec u 2
1
2
1 # sin u 2 sin u 2
a b a b a b a b = tan2 u
cos u
37. = = = = =
csc2 u csc2 u csc u 1
sin u
cos u 1 cos u
1 - cos2 u sin2 u
38. 2 2
= = sin2 u
sin u + cos u 1
cos x
cot x sin x cos x # sin x
39. = 1
= = cos x
csc x sin x
sin x 1
sin x
tan x cos x sin x # cos x
40. = 1
= = sin x
sec x cos x
cos x 1
41. 1sin 2 x211 + cot 2 x2 = 1sin 2 x21csc 2 x2 = 1sin 2 x2a b = 1

1
sin 2 x
cos x cos x cos x
1sin x21cot x2
42. = sin x cos x
= = 1
1
#sin x
cos x
43. sec (- x) + csc (-x) = sec x + (-csc x) = sec x - csc x
1
44. -cos ( -x) sec (-x) = - cos (x) sec x = - cos x # = -1
cos x
45. Yes, since sec u cot u = a ba b =
1 cos u 1
= csc u. For numerical support, table the following in
cos u sin u sin u
degree mode: Y1 = 11>cos 1X2211>tan 1X22 and Y2 = 11>sin 1X22 starting at x = 0, incrementing by 50. See
Figure 45.
46. No, since 1sin u + cos u22 = sin2 u + 2 sin u cos u + cos2 u = 1 + 2 sin u cos u Z 1.
For numerical support, table the following in degree mode:
Y1 = 1sin 1X2 + 1cos 1X22^2 and Y2 = 1 starting at x = 0, incrementing by 50. See Figure 46.
Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48

47. No, since 1 + cot 2 u = csc2 u Q cot 2 u - csc2 u = - 1 Z 1. For numerical support, table the following in
degree mode: Y1 = 11>tan 1X22^2 - 11>sin 1X22^2 and Y2 = 1 starting at x = 0, incrementing by 50.
See Figure 47.
1
48. Yes, since 1 + tan2 u = sec2 u = . For numerical support, table the following in degree mode:
cos2 u
Y1 = 1 + 1tan 1X22^2 and Y2 = 1>1cos 1X22^2 starting at x = 0, incrementing by 50. See Figure 48.
49. If sin u 6 0 and cos u 7 0 then any point (x, y) on the terminal side of u must satisfy y 6 0 and x 7 0. Thus,
u is contained in Quadrant IV. To support this result numerically, table the following in degree mode:
Y1 = sin 1X2 and Y2 = cos 1X2 starting at x = 270, incrementing by 15. See Figure 49.
50. If tan u 7 0 and cos u 6 0 then any point (x, y) on the terminal side of u must satisfy the following conditions:
y
x 6 0 and 7 0 Q y 6 0. Thus, u is contained in quadrant III. For numerical support, table the following
x
in degree mode: Y1 = tan 1X2 and Y2 = cos 1X2 starting at x = 180, incrementing by 15. See Figure 50.
51. If sec u 6 0 and sin u 6 0 then any point (x, y) on the terminal side of u must satisfy the following conditions:
r
y 6 0 and 6 0 Q x 6 0. Thus, u is contained in quadrant III. For numerical support, table the following
x
in degree mode: Y1 = 1>cos 1X2 and Y2 = sin 1X2 starting at x = 180, incrementing by 15. See Figure 51.
52. If csc u 7 0 and tan u 7 0 then any point (x, y) on the terminal side of u must satisfy the following conditions:
r y
7 0 Q y 7 0 and 7 0 Q x 7 0. Thus, u is contained in quadrant I. For numerical support, table the
y x
following in degree mode: Y1 = 1>sin 1X2 and Y2 = tan 1X2 starting at x = 0, incrementing by 15.
See Figure 52.
53. If cot u 6 0 and sin u 7 0 then any point (x, y) on the terminal side of u must satisfy the following conditions:
x
y 7 0 and 6 0 Q x 6 0. Thus, u is contained in quadrant II. For numerical support, table the following
y
in degree mode: Y1 = 1>tan 1X2 and Y2 = sin 1X2 starting at x = 90, incrementing by 15. See Figure 53.

Figure 53 Figure 54
54. If cos u 7 0 and cot u 6 0 then any point (x, y) on the terminal side of u must satisfy the following conditions:
x
x 7 0 and 6 0 Q y 6 0. Thus, u is contained in quadrant IV. For numerical support, table the following
y
in degree mode: Y1 = cos 1X2 and Y2 = 1>tan 1X2 starting at x = 270, incrementing by 15. See Figure 54.
55. sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 Q sin u = ; 21 - cos2 u and since sin u 6 0 we know sin u = - 21 - cos2 u .
23
1 2 13
sin u = - 21 - cos u = - 1 - a b = - 1 -
1 3 sin u - 2
2
= - = - tan u = = 1 = - 13
B 2 B 4 B4 2 cos u 2
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
csc u = = = - sec u = = 1 = 2 cot u = = = -
sin u 23 13 cos u 2
tan u - 13 13
- 2
56. sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 Q cos u = ; 21 - sin2 u and since cos u 6 0 we know cos u = - 21 - sin2 u .
1 2 12
1 - a b = - 1 - = -
1 1 1 2
sin u = = cos u = - 21 - sin2 u = - = -
csc u 13 B 13 B 3 B3 13
1
sin u 23 1 1 1 13 1 1
tan u = = = - sec u = = = - cot u = = = - 12
cos u 22 12 cos u 22 12 tan u -
1
- - 22
23 23
57. 1 + cot 2 u = csc2 u Q csc u = ; 21 + cot 2 u and since csc u 6 0, csc u = - 21 + cot 2 u
1 1 60
cot u = = 11 = -
tan u - 60 11
60 2
1 + a– b = - 1 +
3600 3721 61
csc u = - 21 + cot 2 u = - = - = -
B 11 B 121 B 121 11
11
1 1 11 sin u - 61 60 1 1 61
sin u = = 61 = - cos u = = 11 = sec u = = 60 =
csc u - 11 61 tan u - 60 61 cos u 61
60
58. sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 Q sin u = ; 21 - cos2 u and since sin u 7 0, sin u = 21 - cos2 u
4 2
1 - a- b = 1 -
1 1 4 16 9 3
cos u = = 5 = - sin u = 21 - cos2 u = = =
sec u -4 5 B 5 B 25 B 25 5
3
sin u 5 3 1 1 5 1 1 4
tan u = = 4 = - csc u = = 3 = cot u = = 3 = -
cos u -5 4 sin u 5
3 tan u -4 3

59. sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 Q cos u = ; 21 - sin2 u and since cos u 7 0, cos u = 21 - sin2 u
7
7 2
cos u = 21 - sin u = 1 - a b = 1 -
2 49 576 24 sin u 25 7
= = tan u = = =
B 25 B 625 B 625 25 cos u 24
25
24
1 1 25 1 1 25 1 1 24
csc u = = 7 = sec u = = 24 = cot u = = 7 =
sin u 25
7 cos u 25
24 tan u 24
7
60. 1 + tan2 u = sec2 u Q sec u = ; 21 + tan2 u and since sec u 6 0, sec u = - 21 + tan2 u
5 2
1 + a b = - 1 +
1 1 5 25 169 13
tan u = = 12 = sec u = - 21 + tan2 u = - = - = -
cot u 5
12 B 12 B 144 B 144 12
sin u = cos u tan u = a - ba b = -

1 1 12 12 5 5
cos u = = 13 = -
sec u - 12 13 13 12 13
1 1 13
csc u = = 5
= -
sin u - 13 5
1 2
61. If sin u 6 0 and sec u 6 0, u lies in quadrant III, sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 Q a - b + cos2 u = 1 Q
3
1 8 18 212 212
cos2 u = 1 - = Q cos u = ; Q cos u = ; Q cos u = - in quadrant III.
9 9 3 3 3
2 22
sin u - 13 1 cos u - 3 1 1
tan u = = = cot u = = = 212 = 18 csc u = = 1 = -3
cos u 2 22 212 sin u - 13 sin u -3
- 3
1 1 3 3
csc u = = = - = -
cos u 2 22 212 18
- 3
1 2
62. If tan u 6 0 and sin u 7 0, u lies in quadrant II, tan2 u + 1 = sec2 u Q a - b + 1 = sec2 u Q
2
1 5 15 15
+ 1 = sec2 u Q sec2 u = Q sec u = ; Q - in quadrant II.
4 4 2 2
1 1 2
cos u = = = -
sec u 25 15
- 2
2 2
sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 Q sin2 u + a - b = 1 Q sin 2 u = 1 -
4 1 1
Q sin2 u = Q sin u =
15 5 5 15
2
-
1 1 cos u 25
csc u = = 1 = 15 cot u = = 1
= -2
sin u sin u
25 25
63. sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 Q sin u = ; 21 - cos2 u and since u is in quadrant IV, sin u = - 21 - cos2 u .
12 2
sin u = - 21 - cos2 u = - 1 - a b = -
1 12 35
cos u = =
sec u 37 B 37 37

35 12
sin u - 37 35 1 1 37 cos u 37 12
tan u = = 12 = - csc u = = 35 = - cot u = = 35 = -
cos u 37
12 sin u - 37 35 sin u - 37 35
64. 1 + tan2 u = sec2 u Q sec u = ; 21 + tan2 u and since u is in quadrant I, sec u = 21 + tan2 u
3 2
1 + a b = 1 +
9 25 5 1 1 4
sec u = 21 + tan2 u = = = cos u = = 5 =
B 4 B 16 B 16 4 sec u 4
5
a b =
4 3 3 1 1 5 1 1 4
sin u = cos u tan u = csc u = = 3 = cot u = = 3 =
5 4 5 sin u 5
3 tan u 4
3
65. sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 Q cos u = ; 21 - sin2 u and since u is in quadrant II, cos u = - 21 - sin2 u .
3 2 140
1 - a b = - 1 -
1 1 3 9 40
sin u = = 7 = cos u = - 21 - sin2 u = - = - = -
csc u 3
7 B 7 B 49 B 49 7
3
sin u 7 3 1 1 7 1 1 140
tan u = = = - sec u = = = - cot u = = = -
cos u 240 140 cos u 240 140 tan u -
3 3
- 7 - 7 240
66. sin u + cos u = 1 Q sin u = ; 21 - cos u and since u is in quadrant III, sin u = - 21 - cos2 u
2 2 2
3 2 - 45
1 - a- b = - 1 -
9 16 4 sin u 4
sin u = - 21 - cos2 u = - = - = - tan u = = 3 =
B 5 B 25 B 25 5 cos u -5 3
1 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 3
csc u = = 4 = - sec u = = 3 = - cot u = = 4 =
sin u -5 4 cos u -5 3 tan u 3
4
67. If csc x 7 0, sin x 7 0. Then sin2 x + cos2x = 1 Q sin2 x = 1 - cos2 x Q sin x = 21 - cos2 x, thus
sin x 21 - cos2 u
tan x = Q tan x = .
cos x cos x
68. If cos x 6 0, sec x 6 0. Then sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 Q cos2 x = 1 - sin2 x Q
1
cos x = - 21 - sin2 x, thus sec x = - .
21 - sin2 x
69. If cos x 6 0, sec x 6 0. Then sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x Q sec x = - 21 + tan2 x and
tan x tan x
sin x = Q sin x = - .
sec x 21 + tan2 x
70. If sin x 7 0, csc x 7 0. Then csc2 x = 1 + cot 2 x Q csc x = 21 + cot 2 x and
cot x cot x
cos x = = .
csc x 21 + cot 2 x
71. If cot x 6 0, cot 2 x = csc2 x - 1 Q cot x = - 2csc2 x - 1 and
cot x 2csc2 x - 1
cos x = Q cos x = - .
csc x csc x
tan x 2sec2 x - 1
72. If tan x 7 0, tan2 x = sec2 x - 1 Q tan x = 2sec2 x - 1 and sin x = Q sin x = .
sec x sec x
73. cos2 u + sin2 u = 1 Q cos u = ; 21 - sin2 u and since u is acute, cos u = 21 - sin2 u,
thus, cos u = 21 - x 2 = 21 - 0.51262 L 0.8586.

1 1 1 1
74. sec u = = , thus, sec u = = L 1.9508.
cos u x x 0.5126
1 1 1
75. 1 + cot 2 u = csc2 u Q = 1 + cot 2 u Q sin2 u = Q sin u = ;
2
sin u 2
1 + cot u B 1 + cot 2 u
1 1 1
Since u is in quadrant III, sin u = - , sin u = - = - L - 0.8899.
B 1 + cot u
2 B1 + x 2 B 1 + 0.51262
1 1
76. 1 + tan2 u = sec2 u Q tan2 u = - 1 Q tan u = ; - 1
cos2 u B cos2 u
1 1 1
Since u is in quadrant IV, tan u = - - 1, tan u = - - 1 = - - 1 L - 1.6750.
B cos u
2 Bx 2 B 0.51262
77. If u is acute, u lies in quadrant I, sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 Q cos2 u = 1 - sin2 u Q cos u = 21 - sin2 u ,
sin u x
tan u = . Since sin u = x Q tan u = .
21 - sin u 2
21 - x2
78. If u is acute, u lies in quadrant I, tan2 u = sec2 u - 1 Q tan u = 2sec2 u - 1 ,
tan u 2sec2 u - 1 2x2 - 1
sin u = Q sin u = . Since sec u = x Q sin u = .
sec u sec u x
79. Since sine is an odd function, sin 1 -13°2 = - sin 13°.
80. Since cosine is an even function, cos a - b = cos .

p p
7 7
81. Since tangent is an odd function, tan a - b = - tan .

p p
11 11
82. Since cotangent is an odd function, cot 1 -75°2 = - cot 75°.
83. Since secant is an even function, sec a - b = sec

2p 2p
.
5 5
84. Since cosecant is an odd function, csc 1-160°2 = - csc 160°.
85. (a) Graph Y1 = 1cos X2^2 in degree mode in 3 -90°, 90°, 45°4 by 3-1, 2, 14. See Figure 85.
I is at maximum when u = 0.
(b) I = k cos2 u = k 11 - sin2 u2
1
86. x = 40 # = 40 cot u
tan u
[–90°, 90°, 45°] by [–1, 2, 1] [0, 10-6, 10-7] by [–1, 4, 1]
Figure 85 Figure 87a Figure 87b

87. (a) Graph Y1 = 3 1cos 16000000X22^2, Y2 = 3 1sin 16000000X22^2 and Y3 = Y1 + Y2

in 30, 10 -6, 10 - 74 by 3-1, 4, 14. See Figure 87a. The total energy E (the sum of L and C) is always 3.
(b) Table Y1, Y2 and Y3 starting at x = 0, incrementing by 10-7. See Figure 87b.
(c) E1t2 = 3 cos2 16000000 t2 + 3 sin2 16000000 t2 = 3 1cos2 16000000 t2 + sin2 16000000 t22 =
3112 = 3
1
88. d = 93,000,000 # = 93,000,000 csc u
sin u
89. (a) In radian mode, the graph has y-axis symmetry. The monthly high temperatures x months before and x
months after July are equal. See Figure 89a.
(b) A table of Y1 is shown in Figure 89b. f is an even function since the sign of the input does not affect the
output.
(c) Symbolically this symmetry can be expressed as f1-x2 = f1x2.
[–6, 6, 1] by [0, 100, 10]
Figure 89a Figure 89b

90. (a) In radian mode, the graph has y-axis symmetry. The monthly high temperatures x months before and x
months after July are equal. See Figure 90a.
(b) A table of Y1 is shown in Figure 90b. f is an even function since the sign of the input does not affect the
output.
(c) Symbolically this symmetry can be expressed as f1-x2 = f1x2.
[–6, 6, 1] by [0, 100, 10] [0, 2, 0.5] by [– 1, 40, 8]
Figure 90a Figure 90b Figure 91
91. (a) P = ky2 = k14 cos 12pt222 = 16k cos2 12pt2

(b) Graph Y1 = 32 1cos 12pX22^2 in 30, 2, 0.54 by 3-1, 40, 84. See Figure 91. P has a maximum value of 32
when t = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and P has a minimum value of 0 when t = 0.25, 0.75, 1.25, 1.75. The spring is
either stretched or compressed the most when P is maximum.
(c) P = 16k cos2 12pt2 = 16k 11 - sin2 12pt22
92. (a) Graph Y1 = 2 1cos 14pX22^2, Y2 = 2 1sin 14pX22^2 and Y3 = Y1 + Y2 in 30, 0.5, 0.254 by 3 -1, 3, 14.
See Figure 90a. The total mechanical energy E is always 2. The spring has maximum potential energy

when it is fully stretched but not moving. The spring has maximum kinetic energy when it is not stretched
but is moving fastest.
(b) Table Y1, Y2 and Y3 starting at x = 0, incrementing by 0.05. See Figure 92b. The spring is most stretched
(has greatest potential energy) when t = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, etc. At these times the kinetic energy is 0.
(c) E1t2 = k cos2 14pt2 + k sin2 14pt2 = k 1cos2 14pt2 + sin2 14pt22 = k112 = k
[0, 0.5, 0.25] by [–1, 3, 1]
7.2: Verifying Identities

1. (a) 11 + x211 - x2 = 1 - x2
(b) 11 + sin u211 - sin u2 = 1 - sin2 u = cos2 u
2. (a) 1x - 121x + 12 = x2 - 1
(b) 1csc u - 121csc u + 12 = csc2 u - 1 = cot 2 u
3. (a) x1x - 12 = x2 - x
(b) sec u 1sec u - 12 = sec2 u - sec u
4. (a) 1x + 1212 x - 12 = 2x2 + x - 1
(b) 1tan u + 1212 tan u - 12 = 2 tan2 u + tan u - 1
x#y y
5. = = y
1 x 1
cos u # sin u
6. cos u # tan u = = sin u
1 cos u
7. (a) x + 2x + 1 = 1x + 121x + 12
2
(b) cos2 u + 2 cos u + 1 = 1cos u + 121cos u + 12

8. (a) 2x2 - 3x + 1 = 12 x - 121x - 12
(b) 2 sin2 t - 3 sin t + 1 = 12 sin t - 121sin t - 12
9. (a) x 2 - 2x = x1x - 22
(b) sec2 t - 2 sec t = sec t 1sec t - 22
10. (a) 3x - 9x2 = 3x11 - 3x2
(b) 3 tan u - 9 tan2 u = 3 tan u 11 - 3 tan u2

Verifying Identities SECTION 7.2 517
11. (a) x + x3 = x A 1 + x2 B
(b) tan u + tan3u = tan u A 1 + tan2 u B = tan u sec2
12. (a) x2 + x2y2 = x2 A 1 + y2 B
(b) sin2u + sin2 u tan2 u = sin2 u A 1 + tan2 u B = sin2 u # sec2 u =

sin2 u
= tan2 u
cos2 u
1 1 1 + x 1 - x 1 + x + 1 - x 2
11 - x211 + x2 11 - x211 + x2 11 - x211 + x2
13. (a) + = + = =
1 - x 1 + x 1 - x2
1 1 1 + cos u 1 - cos u
11 - cos u211 + cos u2 11 - cos u211 + cos u2
(b) + = + =
1 - cos u 1 + cos u
1 + cos u + 1 - cos u 2 2
= 2 csc2 u
11 - cos u211 + cos u2
= 2
=
1 - cos u sin2 u
1 x2 1 x2 + 1
14. (a) x + = + =
x x x x
1 tan2 t 1 tan2 t + 1 sec2 t
(b) tan t + = + = =
tan t tan t tan t tan t tan t
x y x2 y2 x2 + y2
15. (a) + = + =
y x xy xy xy
cos t sin t cos2 t sin2 t cos2 t + sin2 t 1
(b) + = + = = = sec t csc t
sin t cos t cos t sin t cos t sin t cos t sin t cos t sin t
1 x2 1 - x2
16. (a) - =
y y y
1 cos2 u 1 - cos2 u sin2 u
(b) - = = = sin u
sin u sin u sin u sin u
1 1
17. (a) 1
+ 1
= y2 + x2
2 2
y x
1 1
(b) 2
+ = sin2 t + cos2 t = 1
csc t sec2 t
2
1 2
18. (a) a + xb = a b + 2a # xb + x 2 = 2 + 2 + x2
1 1 1
x x x x
(b) 1cot u + tan u22 = cot 2 u + 2 + tan2 u = 11 + cot 2 u2 + 11 + tan2 u2 = csc2 u + sec2 u
x
y x#y
19. (a) 1
= = x
y
y 1
cos u
cot u sin u cos u # sin u
(b) = 1
= = cos u
csc u sin u
sin u 1
1 - x2 11 + x211 - x2
20. (a) = = 1 - x
1 + x 1 + x
1 - cos2 u 11 + cos u211 - cos u2
(b) = = 1 - cos u
1 + cos u 1 + cos u

sin u
21. cos u tan u = cos u # = sin u
cos u
1
22. sin2 u csc u = sin2 u # = sin u
sin u
23. tan u 1cos u - csc u2 = acos u - b = sin u -

sin u 1 1
= sin u - sec u
cos u sin u cos u
24. 1sin u - cos u22 = sin2 u - 2 sin u cos u + cos2 u = 1 - 2 sin u cos u
25. 11 + tan t22 = 1 + 2 tan t + tan2 t = 2 tan t + 11 + tan2 t2 = 2 tan t + sec2 t
26. 1sin t - 121sin t + 12 = sin2 t - 1 = - cos2 t
csc2 u - 1 csc2 u 1
27. 2
= 2
- = 1 - sin2 u = cos2 u
csc u csc u csc2 u
28. sin2 t 11 + cot 2 t2 = sin2 t csc2 t = sin2 t # 2 = 1
1
sin t
29. 1 - tan2 u = 11 - tan u211 + tan u2
30. sin2 t - cos2 t = 1sin t - cos t21sin t + cos t2
31. sec2 t - sec t - 6 = 1sec t - 321sec t + 22
32. cos u sin2 u + cos3 u = cos u 1sin2 u + cos2 u2 = cos u 112 = cos u
33. tan4 u + 3 tan2 u + 2 = 1tan2 u + 121tan2 u + 22 = sec2 u 1tan2 u + 22
34. sin4 t - cos4 t = 1sin2 t - cos2 t21sin2 t + cos2 t2 = 1sin2 t - cos2 t2112 = sin2 t - cos2 t
35. csc2 u - cot 2 u = 11 + cot 2 u2 - cot 2 u = 1
tan2 u + 1 sec2 u
36. = = sec u
sec u sec u
37. 11 - sin t22 = 11 - sin t211 - sin t2 = 1 - sin t - sin t + sin2 t = 1 - 2 sin t + sin2 t
sin2 t 1 - cos2 t 1 cos2 t
38. = = - = sec t - cos t
cos t cos t cos t cos t
sin t + cos t sin t cos t
39. = + = 1 + cot t
sin t sin t sin t
40. sec4 u - sec2 u = sec2 u 1sec2 u - 12 = 11 + tan2 u2 tan2 u = tan2 u + tan4 u = tan4 u + tan2 u
41. sec2 u - 1 = 11 + tan2 u2 - 1 = tan2 u
1
csc2 u 2
sin u 1 # sin u 1
42. = cos u
= 2
= = csc u sec u
cot u sin u
sin u cos u sin u cos u
tan2 t 2
sec t - 1 sec2 t 1
43. = = - = sec t - cos t
sec t sec t sec t sec t
sec2 u - 1 sec2 u 1
44. 2
= 2
- = 1 - cos2 u = sin2 u
sec u sec u sec2 u
cos x sin x 1
45. cot x + 1 = + = (cos x + sin x) = csc x (cos x + sin x)
sin x sin x sin x
1 + sin x 1 + sin x # 1 - sin x 1 - sin2 x cos2 x cos x
46. = = = =
cos x cos x 1 - sin x cos x (1 - sin x) cos (1 - sin x) 1 - sin x

sec t sec t # cos t 1

47. = =
1 + sec t 1 + sec t cos t cos t + 1
1 1 cos2 t + sin2 t 1
48. sec2 t + csc2 t = 2
+ 2
= 2 2
= = sec2 t csc2 t
cos t sin t cos t sin t cos t sin2 t
2
49. 1sec t - 121sec t + 12 = sec2 t - 1 = tan2 t

50. csc4 u - cot 4 u = 1csc2 u + cot 2 u21csc2 u - cot 2 u2 = 1csc2 u + cot 2 u2111 + cot 2 u2 - cot 2 u2 =
csc2 u + cot 2 u
1 - sin2 u cos2 u
51. = = cos u
cos u cos u
tan2 t - 1 1sec2 t - 12 - 1 sec2 t - 2 sec2 t 2
52. 2
= 2
= 2
= - = 1 - 2 cos2 t
1 + tan t sec t sec t sec2 t sec2 t
sec t tan t sec2 t - tan2 t 11 + tan2 t2 - tan2 t 1
53. - = = = = cos t cot t
tan t sec t sec t tan t sec t tan t sec t tan t
sin4 t - cos4 t 1sin2 t - cos2 t21sin2 t + cos2 t2
54. = = sin2 t + cos2 t = 1
sin2 t - cos2 t sin2 t - cos2 t
cot 2 t csc2 t - 1 1csc t - 121csc t + 12
55. = = = csc t - 1
csc t + 1 csc t + 1 csc t + 1
1 cos2 u 1 - cos2 u sin2 u sin u #
56. sec u - cos u = - = = = sin u = tan u sin u
cos u cos u cos u cos u cos u
cot t cot t # tan t cot t tan t 1
57. = = =
cot t + 1 cot t + 1 tan t cot t tan t + tan t 1 + tan t
58. cos4 t - sin4 t = 1cos2 t - sin2 t21cos2 t + sin2 t2 = cos2 t - sin2 t = cos2 t - 11 - cos2 t2 = 2 cos2 t - 1
1 1 11 + sin t2 + 11 - sin t2 2 2
= 2 sec2 t
11 - sin t211 + sin t2
59. + = = =
1 - sin t 1 + sin t 1 - sin2 t cos2 t
cos u sin u cos2 u + sin2 u 1
60. cot u + tan u = + = = = csc u sec u
sin u cos u sin u cos u sin u cos u
1csc t + cot t22 1csc t + cot t22
= 1csc t + cot t22
csc t + cot t csc t + cot t # csc t + cot t
csc2 t - 1csc2 t - 12
61. = = =
csc t - cot t csc t - cot t csc + cot t csc2 t - cot 2 t
csc t csc t csc t 11 - csc t2 - csc t 11 + csc t2 csc t - csc2 t - csc t - csc2 t
11 + csc t211 - csc t2
62. - = = =
1 + csc t 1 - csc t 1 - csc2 t
-2 csc2 t # 1 # sin2 t
= 2 = 2 sec2 t
-cot 2 t sin2 t cos2 t
cos2 t 1 - sin2 t 11 + sin t211 - sin t2
63. = = = 1 + sin t
1 - sin t 1 - sin t 1 - sin t
1
+ a b =
sec t 1 cos t 1 1 # cos t 1 1 2
64. csc t + = + sin t
= + =
tan t sin t cos t
sin t cos t sin t sin t sin t sin t
65.
1
=
1 # 1 - sin u = 1 - sin2 u = 1 - sin2
u
1 + sin u 1 + sin u 1 - sin u 1 - sin u cos u
2
2 sin t + 3 sin t - 2 12 sin t - 121sin t + 22
66. = = 2 sin t - 1
sin t + 2 sin t + 2
67. 21 - sin2 u = 2cos2 u = ; cos u = cos u, since u is acute.

68. 2sec2 u - 1 = 2tan2 u = ; tan u = tan u, since u is acute.

1 + 2 sin x + sin2 x 11 + sin x22 11 + sin x211 + sin x2 1 + sin x
11 - sin x211 + sin x2
69. 2
= 2
= =
cos x 1 - sin x 1 - sin x
sin t cos t
tan t - cot t tan t cot t cos t sin t 1 1
70. = - = - = - = sec2 t - csc2 t
sin t cos t sin t cos t sin t cos t sin t cos t sin t cos t cos2 t sin2 t
71. 11 - cos2 x211 + cos2 x2 = sin2 x 11 + 11 - sin2 x22 = sin2 x 12 - sin2 x2 = 2 sin2 x - sin4 x
72. sin4 x - cos4 x = 1sin2 x - cos2 x21sin2 x + cos2 x2 = 1sin2 x - cos2 x2112 = 1sin2 x - 11 - sin2 x22 =
2 sin2 x - 1
cos u #
73. cot u sin u = sin u = cos u
sin u
Graph Y1 = 1cos 1X2>sin 1X22 sin 1X2 and Y2 = cos 1X2 in 3- 2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 4, 4, 14.
Table Y1 and Y2 together in degree mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by 50.
Graph Y1 is shown in Figure 73a. Graph Y2 is shown in Figure 73b. The table is shown in Figure 73c.
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
Figure 73a Figure 73b Figure 73c
sin u #
74. tan u cos u = cos u = sin u
cos u
Graph Y1 = tan 1X2 cos 1X2 and Y2 = sin 1X2 in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 4, 4, 14.
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
sin2 u
75. 11 - cos2 u211 + tan2 u2 = sin2 u sec2 u = sin2 u #
1
= = tan2 u
cos2 u cos2 u
Graph Y1 = 11 - 1cos 1X22^2211 + 1tan 1X22^22 and Y2 = 1tan 1X22^2 in 3 -2p, 2p, p>24 by 3-4, 4, 14.

[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
cos2 u
76. cos2 u 11 + cot 2 u2 = cos2 u csc2 u = cos2 u #
1
2
= = cot 2 u
sin u sin2 u
Graph Y1 = 1cos 1X22^2 11 + 11/ tan 1X22^22 and Y2 = 11>tan 1X22^2 in 3 -2p, 2p, p>24 by 3 -4, 4, 14.
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
77. cos t 1tan t - sec t2 = cos t a b = sin t - 1

sin t 1
-
cos t cos t
Graph Y1 = cos 1X21tan 1X2 - 1>cos 1X22 and Y2 = sin 1X2 - 1 in 3 -2p, 2p, p>24 by 3-4, 4, 14.
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
cos u cos u # 1 + sin u cos u 11 + sin u2 cos u 11 + sin u2 1 + sin u

78. = = 2
= 2
= = sec u + tan u
1 - sin u 1 - sin u 1 + sin u 1 - sin u cos u cos u
Graph Y1 = cos 1X2>11 - sin 1X22 and Y2 = 1>cos 1X2 + tan 1X2 in 3- 2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 4, 4, 14.

[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
tan 1 -u2 -tan u

sin u
cos u sin u # 1 1
sin 1 -u2
79. = = sin u
= = = sec u
-sin u 1
cos u sin u cos u
Graph Y1 = tan 1 -X2>sin 1 - X2 and Y2 = 1>cos 1X2 in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 4, 4, 14.
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
sin2 t
- sin2 t = a - 1b sin2 t = 1sec2 t - 12 sin2 t = tan2 t sin2 t
1
80. tan2 t - sin2 t = 2
cos t cos2 t
Graph Y1 = 1tan 1X22^2 - 1sin 1X22^2 and Y2 = 1tan 1X22^2 1sin 1X22^2 in 3- 2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 4, 4, 14.
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [0, 1/15, 1/60] by [–30, 30, 10]
Figure 80a Figure 80b Figure 80c Figure 81
81. (a) W1t2 = 5 cos2 1120pt2 = 511 - sin2 1120pt22

V = 25 sin 1120pt2 is maximum when sin 1120pt2 = 1 and is minimum when sin 1120pt2 = - 1.
Thus, W = 511 - 1;1222 = 0.
(b) Graph Y1 = 5 1cos 1120pX22^2 and Y2 = 25 sin 1120pX2 in 30, 1>15, 1>604 by 3 -30, 30, 104.
See Figure 81. The wattage Y1 = 0 whenever the voltage Y2 = ; 25.
82. Graph Y1 = 5 1cos 14pX22^2 and Y2 = 5 (sin 14pX2)^2 in 30, 0.5, 0.254 by 3-1, 5, 14.
See Figure 82. The kinetic energy reaches a maximum when potential energy is at a minimum and vice versa.

[0, 0.5, 0.25] by [– 1, 5, 1]
Figure 82
Checking Basic Concepts for Sections 7.1 and 7.2

1. If cot u 7 0 and sin u 6 0 then any point 1x, y2 on the terminal side of u must satisfy the following:
x
y 6 0 and 7 0 Q x 6 0. Thus, u is contained in Quadrant III.
y
5
sin u 13 5 1 1 13
2. (a) tan u = = 12 = - csc u = = 5 =
cos u - 13 12 sin u 13
5
1 1 13 1 1 12
sec u = = 12 = - cot u = = = -
cos u - 13 12 tan u - 125 5
(b) sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 Q sin u = ; 21 - cos2 u. Since sin u 6 0 we know sin u = ; 21 - cos2 u.
4 2
1 - a b = - 1 -
1 1 4 16 9 3
cos u = = 5 = sin u = - 21 - cos2 u = - = - = -
sec u 4
5 B 5 B 25 B 25 5
sin u - 53 3 1 1 5 1 1 4
tan u = = 4 = - csc u = = 3 = - cot u = = 3 = -
cos u 5
4 sin u -5 3 tan u -4 3
a- b = -
2 1 1 1 1
(c) sin u = cos u tan u = csc u = = = - 15
15 2 15 sin u -
1
25
1 1 15 1 1
sec u = = 2 = cot u = = 1 = -2
cos u 2 tan u -2
25
3. (a) 11 - sin u211 + sin u2 = 1 - sin2 u = cos2 u
(b) tan2 t csc2 t - 1 = tan2 t 11 + cot 2 t2 - 1 = tan2 t + 1 - 1 = tan2 t
4. (a) tan2 t - 1 = 1tan t - 121tan t + 12
(b) 3 sin2 t + sin t - 2 = 13 sin t - 221sin t + 12

cos2 u
5. (a) 11 - sin2 u211 + cot 2 u2 = cos2 u csc2 u = = cot 2 u
sin2 u
cot 2 t csc2 t - 1 csc2 t 1
(b) = = - = csc t - sin t
csc t csc t csc t csc t

7.3: Trigonometric Equations

1. u = 120° is in quadrant II, uR = 180° - 120° = 60°.
2. u = 230° is in quadrant III, uR = 230° - 180° = 50°.
3. u = 85° is in quadrant I, uR = 85°.
4. u = - 130° is coterminal with 230° in quadrant III, uR = 230° - 180° = 50°.
5. u = - 65° is coterminal with 295° in quadrant IV, uR = 360° - 295° = 65°.
6. u = 340° is in quadrant IV, uR = 360° - 340° = 20°.

5p 5p p
7. u = is in quadrant II, uR = p - = .
6 6 6
7p 7p p
8. u = is in quadrant IV, uR = 2p - = .
4 4 4
2p 4p 4p p
9. u = - is coterminal with in quadrant III, uR = - p = .
3 3 3 3
4p 2p 2p p
10. u = - is coterminal with in quadrant II, uR = p - = .
3 3 3 3
5p 5p p
11. u = is in quadrant III, uR = - p = .
4 3 4
7p 7p p
12. u = is in quadrant III, uR = - p = .
6 6 6
p
13. (a) Start by solving sin uR = 1: uR = sin-1 1 = 90°. This angle is quadrantal, thus u = 90° or u = .
2
3p
(b) Start by solving sin uR = 1: uR = sin-1 1 = 90°. This angle is quadrantal, thus u = 270° or u = .
2
1 1
14. (a) Start by solving cos uR = : uR = cos -1 = 60°. The cosine function is positive in quadrants I and IV.
2 2
p 5p
Angles in these quadrants with a 60° reference angle are 60° and 300° or and .
3 3
1 1
(b) Start by solving cos uR = : uR = cos -1 = 60°. The cosine function is negative in quadrants II and III.
2 2
2p 4p
3 3
15. (a) Start by solving tan uR = 13 : uR = tan-1 13 = 60°. The tangent function is positive in quadrants I and III.
p 4p
3 3
(b) Start by solving tan uR = 13 : uR = tan-1 13 = 60°. The tangent function is negative in quadrants II and IV.
2p 5p
3 3
16. First note that cot u = 1 when tan u = 1 and cot u = - 1 when tan u = - 1.
(a) Start by solving tan uR = 1: uR = tan-1 1 = 45°. The cotangent function is positive in quadrants I and III.
p 5p
4 4

Trigonometric Equations SECTION 7.3 525
(b) Start by solving tan uR = 1: uR = tan-1 1 = 45°. The cosine function is negative in quadrants II and IV.
3p 7p
4 4
1 1
17. First note that sec u = 2 when cos u = and sec u = - 2 when cos u = - .
2 2
1 1
(a) Start by solving cos uR = : uR = cos -1 = 60°. The secant function is positive in quadrants I and IV.
2 2
p 5p
3 3
1 1
(b) Start by solving cos uR = : uR = cos - 1 = 60°. The secant function is negative in quadrants II and III.
2 2
2p 4p
3 3
1 1
18. First note that csc u = 12 when sin u = and csc u = - 12 when sin u = - .
12 12
1 1
(a) Start by solving sin uR = : uR = sin-1 = 45°. The cosecant function is positive in quadrants I and II.
12 12
p 3p
4 4
1 1
(b) Start by solving sin uR = : uR = sin-1 = 45°. The cosecant function is negative in quadrants III and IV.
12 12
5p 7p
4 4
19. (a) No solution since sin u Z 3 for any u.
(b) No solution since sin u Z - 3 for any u.
13 13
20. (a) Start by solving cos uR = : uR = cos -1 = 30°. The cosine function is positive in quadrants I and IV.
2 2
p 11p
6 6
13 13
(b) Start by solving cos uR = : uR = cos -1 = 30°. The cosine function is negative in quadrants II and III.
2 2
5p 7p
6 6
21. (a) Since tR = sin-1 a b = and sine is positive in quadrants I and II, t =
1 p p 5p
+ 2pn and + 2pn.
2 6 6 6
(b) Since tR = sin-1 a b = and sine is negative in quadrants III and IV, t =
1 p 7p 11p
+ 2pn and + 2pn.
2 6 6 6
22. (a) Since tR = cos -1 (1) = 0 and tR is coterminal with 2p, 4p, 8p, Á , then t = 2pn.
(b) Since tR = cos -1 (-1) = p and tR is coterminal with 3p, 5p, 7p, Á , then t = p + 2pn.
p p
23. (a) Since tR = tan-1 (1) = and tangent is positive in quadrants I and III, t = + pn.
4 4
p 3p
(b) Since tR = tan-1 (1) = and tangent is negative in quadrants II and IV, t = + pn.
4 4

1 1
24. First note that sin t = 4 when csc t = and sin t = - 4 when csc t = - .
4 4
(a) Since t is undefined for sin t = 4, then there are no solutions for t.
(b) Since t is undefined for sin t = - 4, then there are no solutions for t.
1 1
25. First note that cos t = when sec t = 2 and cos t = - when sec t = - 2.
2 2
(a) Since tR = cos -1 a b = and the secant function is positive in quadrants I and IV,
1 p
2 3
p 5p
t = + 2pn and + 2pn.
3 3
(b) Since tR = cos -1 a b = and the secant function is negative in quadrants II and III,
1 p
2 3
2p 4p
t = + 2pn and + 2pn.
3 3
1 1
26. First note that tan t = when cot t = 13 and tan t = - when cot t = - 13 .
13 13
(a) Since tR = tan-1 a b = and tangent is positive in quadrants I and III, t =

1 p p
+ pn.
13 6 6
(b) Since tR = tan-1 a b = and tangent is negative in quadrants II and IV, t =

1 p 5p
+ pn.
13 6 6
p 5p p 5p
27. At the intersection points t = and t = therefore, sin t = cos t for t = , .
4 4 4 4
sin t p 5p
Symbolically: sin t = cos t Q = 1 Q tan t = 1 Q t = , .
cos t 4 4
p 5p p 5p
28. At the intersection points t = and t = therefore, csc t = sec t for t = , .
4 4 4 4
1
csc t sin t cos t p 5p
Symbolically: csc t = sec t Q = 1 Q 1
= 1 Q = 1 Q cot t = 1 Q t = , .
sec t cos t
sin t 4 4
p 5p p 5p
29. At the intersection points t = and t = therefore, 3 cot t = 2 sin t for t = , .
3 3 3 3
cos t
Symbolically: 3 cot t = 2 sin t Q 3 = 2 sin t Q 3 cos t = 2 sin2 t Q 3 cos t = 2(1 - cos2 t) Q
sin t
1
2 cos2 t + 3 cos t - 2 = 0 Q (2 cos t - 1)(cos t + 2) = 0 Q cos t = or cos t = - 2.
2
1 p 5p
If cos t = , then t = , . If cos t = - 2, then t is undefined.
2 3 3
p 5p p 5p
30. At the intersection points t = , t = p and t = therefore, 2 cos2 t = 1 - cos t for t = , p, .
3 3 3 3
Symbolically: 2 cos2 t = 1 - cos t Q 2 cos2 t + cos t - 1 = 0 Q (2 cos t - 1)(cos t + 1) = 0 Q
1
2 cos t - 1 = 0 or cos t + 1 = 0 Q cos t = or cos t = - 1
2
1 1 p p 5p
If cos t = , t = cos -1 = and t = , . If cos t = - 1, tR = cos -1 (-1) = p and t = p.
2 R 2 3 3 3

1
31. (a) 2x - 1 = 0 Q 2x = 1 Q x =
2
1
(b) 2 sin u - 1 = 0 Q 2 sin u = 1 Q sin u =
2
1
Since uR = sin-1 = 30° and sine is positive in quadrants I and II, u = 30°, 150°.
2
32. (a) x - 1 = 0 Q x = 1
(b) cot u - 1 = 0 Q cot u = 1
Since uR = cot -1 1 = tan-1 1 = 45° and cotangent is positive in quadrants I and III, u = 45°, 225°.
33. (a) x2 = x Q x2 - x = 0 Q x1x - 12 = 0 Q x = 0, 1
(b) sin2 u = sin u Q sin2 u - sin u = 0 Q sin u 1sin u - 12 = 0 Q sin u = 0, 1
Since uR = sin-1 0 = 0° or uR = sin-1 1 = 90° and sine is positive in quadrants I and II, u = 0°, 90°, 180°.
34. (a) x2 - x = 0 Q x1x - 12 = 0 Q x = 0, 1
(b) cos2 u - cos u = 0 Q cos u 1cos u - 12 = 0 Q cos u = 0, 1
Since uR = cos -1 0 = 90° or uR = cos -1 1 = 0° and cosine is positive in quadrants I & IV,
u = 0°, 90°, 270°.
35. (a) x2 + 1 = 2 Q x2 = 1 Q x = ; 1
(b) tan2 t + 1 = 2 Q tan2 t = 1 Q tan t = ; 1
p p 3p 5p 7p
Since tR = tan-1 1 = and tangent is positive or negative in all quadrants, t = , , , .
4 4 4 4 4
36. (a) 1x - 121x + 12 = 0 Q x = ; 1
(b) 1sin t - 121sin t + 12 = 0 Q sin t = ; 1
p p 3p
Since tR = sin-1 1 = and sine is positive or negative in all quadrants, t = , .
2 2 2
37. (a) x2 + x = 2 Q x2 + x - 2 = 0 Q 1x + 221x - 12 = 0 Q x = - 2, 1
(b) cos2 t + cos t = 2 Q cos2 t + cos t - 2 = 0 Q 1cos t + 221cos t - 12 = 0 Q cos t = - 2, 1
Since tR = cos-1 1 = 0 1cos t = - 2 is not possible2 and cosine is positive in quadrants I and IV, t = 0.
38. (a) 2x2 + 3x = - 1 Q 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 Q 12x + 121x + 12 = 0 Q x = - , -1

1
2
(b) 2 sin2 t + 3 sin t = - 1 Q 2 sin2 t + 3 sin t + 1 = 0 Q 12 sin t + 121sin t + 12 = 0 Q
1 1 p
sin t = - , -1. Since tR = sin-1 1 = 0 or tR = sin-1 = and sine is negative in quads. III & IV,
2 2 6
7p 3p 11p
t = , ,
6 2 6
39. tan2 t - 3 = 0 Q tan2 t = 3 Q tan t = ; 13
p p 2 p 4 p 5p
3 3 3 3 3
13
40. 2 sin t = 13 Q sin t =
2
13 p p 2p
Since tR = sin-1 = and sine is positive in quadrants I and II, t = , .
2 3 3 3

4
41. 3 cos t + 4 = 0 Q 3 cos t = - 4 Q cos t = -
3
4
cos t = - is not possible. No solution.
3
42. cos2 t + cos t - 6 = 0 Q 1cos t + 321cos t - 22 = 0 Q cos t = - 3, 2
cos t = - 3 and cos t = 2 are both not possible. No solution.
43. sin t cos t = cos t Q sin t cos t - cos t = 0 Q cos t 1sin t - 12 = 0 Q cos t = 0 or sin t = 1
p p p 3p
Since tR = cos -1 0 = or tR = sin-1 1 = and the angle is quadrantal, t = , .
2 2 2 2
sin2 t
44. cos2 t - sin2 t = 0 Q cos2 t = sin2 t Q = 1 Q tan2 t = 1 Q tan t = ; 1
cos2 t
p 3p 5p 7p
Since tR = tan-1 1 and tangent is positive or negative in all quadrants, t = , , , .
4 4 4 4
45. csc2 t = 2 cot t Q 1 + cot 2 t = 2 cot t Q cot 2 t - 2 cot t + 1 = 0 Q 1cot t - 122 = 0 Q cot t = 1
p
Since tR = cot -1 1 = tan-1 1 = and tangent is positive in quadrants I and III,
4
p 5p p
t = , . t = + pn for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
4 4 4
46. 2 sin2 t - 3 cos t = 3 Q 211 - cos2 t2 - 3 cos t = 3 Q 2 cos2 t + 3 cos t + 1 = 0 Q
12 cos t + 121cos t + 12 = 0 Q cos t = - , -1

1
2
1 2p 4p
Since tR = cos -1 or tR = cos -1 1 and cosine is negative in quadrants II and III, t = , p, .
2 3 3
1 1
47. sin2 t = Q sin t = ;
4 2
1 p p 5p 7p 11p
Since tR = sin-1 = and sine is positive or negative in all quadrants, t = , , , .
2 6 6 6 6 6
1 1
48. cos2 t = - Q cos t = - is not possible. No solution.
2 B 2
p p 3p
49. sin t cos t = 0 Q sin t = 0 or cos t = 0. Since tR = sin-1 0 = 0 or tR = cos -1 0 = , t = 0, , p, .
2 2 2
sin t
tan t sin2 t
cos t
50. tan t - cot t = 0 Q tan t = cot t Q = cos t Q = 1 Q tan2 t = 1 Q tan t = ; 1.
cot t cos2 t
sin t
p p 3p 5p 7p
4 4 4 4 4
51. 2 sec t = tan2 t + 1 Q 2 sec t = sec2 t Q sec2 t - 2 sec t = 0 Q sec t(sec t - 2) = 0 Q
p 5p
sec t = 0, sec t - 2 = 0. For sec t = 0, t is undefined. For sec t - 2 = 0 Q sec t = 2 Q t = , .
3 3
1 1
52. cos2 t = 3 sin2 t Q 1 - sin2 t = 3 sin2 t Q 1 = 4 sin2 t Q sin2 t = Q sin2 t = ; Q
4 2
p 5p 7p 11p
t = , , , .
6 6 6 6
53. tan t + sec t = 1 Q tan t = 1 - sec t Q tan2 t = (1 - sec t)2 Q sec2 t - 1 = 1 - 2 sec t + sec2 t Q
-2 = - 2 sec t Q sec t = 1 Q t = 0.

54. cos t - sin t = 1 Q cos t = 1 + sin t Q cos2 t = 1 + 2 sin t + sin2 t Q

1 - sin2 t = 1 + 2 sin t + sin2 t Q 2 sin t + 2 sin2 t = 0 Q 2 sin t(1 + sin t) = 0 Q sin t = 0,
3p
1 + sin t = 0. sin t = 0 Q t = 0. 1 + sin t = 0 Q sin t = - 1 Q t = .
2
p
55. 2 tan t - 1 = 1 Q 2 tan t = 2 Q tan t = 1 Q t = and tangent is positive in quadrants I and III,
4
p 5p 9p p
t = , , ,Á. t = + pn for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
4 4 4 4
1 p
56. 13 cot t - 1 = 0 Q 13 cot t = 1 Q cot t = Q t = and cotangent is positive in quadrants I and
13 3
p 4p 7p p
III, t = , , ,Á. t = + pn for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ; 3, Á .
3 3 3 3
1 p 5p p
57. 2 sin t + 2 = 3 Q 2 sin t = 1 Q sin t = Q t = , Q t = + 2pn,
2 6 6 6
5p
t = + 2pn for n = 0, ; 1, ; 2, ;3, Á .
6
1 p 5p p
58. 2 cos t - 1 = 0 Q 2 cos t = 1 Q cos t = Q t = , Q t = + 2pn,
2 3 3 3
5p
t = + 2pn for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
3
59. 2 sin2 t - 3 sin t = - 1 Q 2 sin2 t - 3 sin t + 1 = 0 Q (2 sin t - 1)(sin t - 1) = 0 Q
1 p 5p
(2 sin t - 1) = 0, (sin t - 1) = 0. 2 sin t - 1 = 0 Q sin t =
Q t = , .
2 6 6
p p 5p p
sin t - 1 = 0 Q sin t = 1 Q t = . t = + 2pn, + 2pn, + 2pn for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
2 6 6 2
60. 2 cos2 t + 3 cos t + 1 = 0 Q (2 cos t + 1)(cos t + 1) = 0 Q (2 cos t + 1) = 0, (cos t + 1) = 0.
1 2p 4p
2 cos t + 1 = 0 Q cos t = - Q t = , . cos t + 1 = 0 Q cos t = - 1 Q t = p.
2 3 3
2p 4p
t = + 2pn, + 2pn, p + 2pn for n = 0, ; 1, ; 2, ; 3, Á .
3 3
61. sec2 t + 3 sec t + 2 = 0 Q (sec t + 2)(sec t + 1) = 0 Q sec t + 2 = 0, (sec t + 1) = 0.
2p 4p
sec t + 2 = 0 Q sec t = - 2 Q t = , . sec t + 1 = 0 Q sec t = - 1 Q t = p.
3 3
2p 4p
t = + 2pn, + 2pn, p + 2pn for n = 0, ; 1, ; 2, ; 3, Á .
3 3
p
62. csc2 t - 3 = - 1 Q csc2 t = 2 Q csc t = ; 12 Q t = . Since cosecant is positive and negative in all
4
p p
four quadrants, t = + n for n = 0, ;1, ; 2, ;3, Á .
4 2
63. tan2 t - 1 = 0 Q tan2 t = 1 Q tan t = ; 1
p p 3p 5p
Since tR = tan-1 1 = and tangent is positive or negative in all quadrants, t = ; , ; , ; , Á .
4 4 4 4
p p
t = + n for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
4 2

1
64. 2 cos t = - 1 Q cos t = -
2
1 p 2p 4p 8p 10p
Since tR = cos -1= and cosine is negative in quadrants II and III, t = ; ,; ,; ,; ,Á .
2 3 3 3 3 3
2p 4p
t = + 2pn, + 2p n for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
3 3
65. sin2 t + sin t - 20 = 0 Q 1sin t + 521sin t - 42 = 0 Q sin t = - 5, 4
sin t = - 5 and sin t = 4 are both not possible. No solution.
5
66. 3 cos t - 5 = 0 Q 3 cos t = 5 Q cos t =
3
5
cos t = is not possible. No solution.
3
67. cos t sin t = sin t Q cos t sin t - sin t = 0 Q sin t 1cos t - 12 = 0 Q sin t = 0 or cos t = 1
Since tR = sin-1 0 = 0 or tR = cos -1 1 = 0 and the angle is quadrantal, t = 0, ;p, ; 2p, Á .
t = pn for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
1 1
68. 2 cos2 t - 1 = 0 Q 2 cos2 t = 1 Q cos2 t = Q cos t = ;
2 12
1 p p 3p 5p
Since tR = cos -1 = and cosine is positive or negative in all quadrants, t = ; , ; , ; , Á .
12 4 4 4 4
p p
t = + n for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
4 2
69. sec t = 2 tan t Q 1 + tan2 t = 2 tan t Q tan2 t - 2 tan t + 1 = 0 Q 1tan t - 122 = 0 Q tan t = 1
2
p 5p
Since tR = tan-1 1 and tangent is positive in quadrants I and III, t = , .
4 4
p
t = + pn for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
4
70. cos2 t - 2 sin t - 1 = 0 Q 11 - sin2 t2 - 2 sin t - 1 = 0 Q sin2 t + 2 sin t = 0 Q
sin t 1sin t + 22 = 0 Q sin t = - 2, 0
Since tR = sin-1 0 = 0 1sin t = - 2 is not possible2 and the angle is quadrantal, t = 0, ; p, ;2 p, Á .
t = pn for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
71. sin2 t cos2 t = 0 Q sin2 t = 0 or cos2 t = 0 Q sin t = 0 or cos t = 0
p p 3p
Since tR = sin-1 0 = 0 or tR = cos -1 0 = and the angle is quadrantal, t = 0, ; , ; p, ; , Á .
2 2 2
p
t = n for n = 0, ;1, ; 2, ;3, Á .
2
72. 2 cot 2 t sin t - cot 2 t = 0 Q cot 2 t 12 sin t - 12 = 0 Q cot t = 0 or sin t =
1
2
-1 p -1 1 p
Since tR = cot 0 = and the angle is quadrantal or tR = sin = .
2 2 6
7p p p p 5p
and sine is positive in quadrants I and II, t = Á , - , - , , , ,Á.
6 2 6 2 6
p p 5p
t = + pn, + 2pn, + 2p n for n = 0, ;1, ;2, Á .
2 6 6

73. sin t + cos t = 1 Q sin2 t + 2 sin t cos t + cos2 t = 1 Q 2 sin t cos t = 0 Q sin t = 0 or cos t = 0
p 3p p
Since tR = sin-1 0 = 0 or tR = cos -1 0 = and the angle is quadrantal, t = Á , - , 0, , 2p, Á .
2 2 2
p
t = 2pn, + 2pn for n = 0, ; 1, ; 2, ;3, Á .
2
74. sin t - cos t = 1 Q sin2 t - 2 sin t cos t + cos2 t = 1 Q 2 sin t cos t = 0 Q sin t = 0 or cos t = 0
p 3p p
Since tR = sin-1 0 = 0 or tR = cos -1 0 = and the angle is quadrantal, t = Á , - , - p, , p , Á .
2 2 2
p
t = p + 2pn, + 2p n for n = 0, ;1, ;2, ;3, Á .
2
1 1
75. sin 3t = , let u = 3t so then the equation becomes sin u = and in radian measure these solutions are
2 2
p 5p p 5p
u = and . For all real number solutions u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn. Because u = 3t, we can
6 6 6 6
p 5p p 2p
determine t by substituting 3t for u Q 3t = + 2pn or 3t = + 2pn. Therefore t = + n or
6 6 18 3
5p 2p
t = + n.
18 3
1 1
76. cos 2t = - , let u = 2t so then the equation becomes cos u = - and in radian measure these solutions are
2 2
2p 4p 2p 4p
3 3 3 3
2p 4p 2p
determine t by substituting 2t for u Q 2t = + 2pn or 2t = + 2pn. Therefore t = + pn or
3 3 6
4p p 2p
t = + pn. That is t = + pn or t = + pn.
6 3 3
13 13
77. cos 4t = - , let u = 4t so then the equation becomes cos u = - and in radian measure these solutions
2 2
5p 7p 5p 7p
are u = and . For all real number solutions u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn. Because u = 4t, we can
6 6 6 6
5p 7p 5p p
6 6 24 2
7p p
t = + n.
24 2
1 1
12 12
p 3p p 3p
4 4 4 4
p 3p p p
4 4 16 2
3p p
t = + n.
16 2
79. tan 5t = 1, let u = 5t so then the equation becomes tan u = 1 and in radian measure these solutions are
p 5p p 5p
u = and . For all real number solutions u = + pn or u = + pn. Since these representations are
4 4 4 4

p
equivalent, we use u = + pn. Because u = 5t, we can determine t by substituting
4
p p p
5t for u Q 5t = + pn. Therefore t = + n.
4 20 5
1
80. cot 3t = - 13, let u = 3t so then the equation becomes cot u = - 13 or tan u = - and in radian measure
13
5p 5p
this solution is u = . For all real number solutions u = + pn. Because u = 3t, we can determine t by
6 6
5p 5p p
substituting 3t for u Q 3t = + pn. Therefore t = + n.
6 18 3
1 1
81. 2 sin 4t = - 1 Q sin 4t = - , let u = 4t so then the equation becomes sin u = - and in radian measure
2 2
7p 11p 7p 11p
these solutions are u = and . For all real number solutions u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn.
6 6 6 6
7p 11p
Because u = 4t, we can determine t by substituting 4t for u Q 4t = + 2pn or 4t = + 2pn.
6 6
7p p 11p p
Therefore t = + n or t = + n.
24 2 24 2
1 1
82. 5 cos 6t = 2.5 Q cos 6t = , let u = 6t so then the equation becomes cos u = and in radian measure these
2 2
p 5p p 5p
solutions are u = and . For all real number solutions u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn. Because u = 6t,
3 3 3 3
p 5p p p
we can determine t by substituting 6t for u Q 6t = + 2pn or 6t = + 2pn. Therefore t = + n or
3 3 18 3
5p p
t = + n.
18 3
1
83. -sec 4t = 12 Q sec 4t = - 12 , let u = 4t so then the equation becomes sec u = - 12 or cos u = -
12
3p 5p 3p
and in radian measure these solutions are u = and . For all real number solutions u = + 2pn or
4 4 4
5p 3p
u = + 2pn. Because u = 4t, we can determine t by substituting 4t for u Q 4t = + 2pn or
4 4
5p 3p p 5p p
4t = + 2pn. Therefore t = + n or t = + n.
4 16 2 16 2
2 2
84. 13 csc 3t = - 2 Q csc 3t = - , let u = 3t so then the equation becomes csc u = - or
13 13
13 4p 5p
sin u = - and in radian measure these solutions are u = and . For all real number solutions
2 3 3
4p 5p
u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn. Because u = 3t, we can determine t by substituting 3t for u Q
3 3
4p 5p 4p 2p 5p 2p
3t = + 2pn or 3t = + 2pn. Therefore t = + n or t = + n.
3 3 9 3 9 3

85. 2 sin 8t - 3 = - 1 Q 2 sin 8t = 2 Q sin 8t = 1, let u = 8t so then the equation becomes sin u = 1 and in
p p
radian measure this solution is u = . For all real number solutions u = + 2pn. Because u = 8t, we can
2 2
p p p
determine t by substituting 8t for u Q 8t = + 2pn. Therefore t = + n.
2 16 4
86. 3 cos 8t - 4 = - 4 Q 3 cos 8t = 0 Q cos 8t = 0, let u = 8t so then the equation becomes cos u = 0 and in
p 3p p 3p
radian measure this solution is u = or . For all real number solutions u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn.
2 2 2 2
p
These two answers are equivalent to u = + pn. Because u = 8t, we can determine t by substituting
2
p p p
8t for u Q 8t = + pn. Therefore t = + n.
2 16 8
87. cot 4t + 5 = 6 Q cot 4t = 1, let u = 4t so then the equation becomes cot u = 1 or tan u = 1 and in radian
p p
measure this solution is u = . For all real number solutions u = + pn. Because u = 4t, we can determine
4 4
p p p
t by substituting 4t for u Q 4t = + pn. Therefore t = + n.
4 16 4
1
88. 13 tan 2t + 2 = 3 Q 13 tan 2t = 1 Q tan 2t = , let u = 2t so then the equation becomes
13
1 p p
tan u = and in radian measure this solution is u = . For all real number solutions u = + pn. Because
13 6 6
p p p
u = 2t, we can determine t by substituting 2t for u Q 2t = + pn. Therefore t = + n.
6 12 2
1 1
89. 5 cos 3t = 1 Q cos 3t = , let u = 3t so then the equation becomes cos u = and in radian measure these
5 5
solutions are u L 1.369 and 4.914. For all real number solutions u L 1.369 + 2pn or u L 4.914 + 2pn.
Because u = 3t we can determine t by substituting 3t for u Q 3t L 1.369 + 2pn or 3t L 4.914 + 2pn.
2 2
Therefore t L 0.456 + pn or t L 1.638 + pn.
3 3
2 2
90. 7 cos 5t = - 2 Q cos 5t = - , let u = 5t so then the equation becomes cos u = - and in radian measure
7 7
these solutions are u L 1.861 and 4.423. For all real number solutions u L 1.861 + 2pn or u L 4.423 + 2pn.
2p 2p
Therefore t L 0.372 + n or t L 0.885 + n.
5 5
1 1
3 3
u L 0.340 and 2.802. For all real number solutions u L 0.340 + 2pn or u L 2.802 + 2pn. Because
u = 2t we can determine t by substituting 2t for u Q 2t L 0.340 + 2pn or 2t L 2.802 + 2pn. Therefore
t L 0.170 + pn or t L 1.401 + pn.
1 1 7 7
92. sin 7t = Q sin 7t = , let u = 7t so then the equation becomes sin u = and in radian measure these
7 20 20 20
solutions are u L 0.358 and 2.784. For all real number solutions u L 0.358 + 2pn or u L 2.784 + 2pn.


2 2
Therefore t L 0.051 + pn or t L 0.398 + pn.
7 7
Q cos -1 a b = t Q t L 1.085.
4.5 2.1 2.1
93. 2.1 sec t - 4.5 = 0 Q 2.1 sec t = 4.5 Q sec t = Q cos t =
2.1 4.5 4.5
The cosine function is positive in quadrants I and IV. For t in [0, 2p), the two solutions are t L 1.085 and
2p - cos -1 a b L 5.198.
2.1
4.5
Q sin-1 a b = t Q t L 0.323.
6.3 2 2
94. 2 csc t + 2 = 8.3 Q 2 csc t = 6.3 Q csc t = Q sin t =
2 6.3 6.3
The sine function is positive in quadrants I and II. For t in [0, 2p), the two solutions are t L 0.323 and
p - sin-1 a b L 2.819.
2
6.3
Q sin-1 a b = t Q t L 0.737.
3.9 3.9
95. 5.8 sin t - 3.7 = 0.2 Q 5.8 sin t = 3.9 Q sin t =
5.8 5.8
The sine function is positive in quadrants I and II. For t in [0, 2p), the two solutions are t L 0.737 and
p - sin-1 a b L 2.404.
3.9
5.8
Q cos -1 a - b = t Q t L 1.911. The reference number

1 1
96. 6 cos t + 2 = 0 Q 6 cos t = - 2 Q cos t = -
3 3
tR = cos -1 a b = 1.231. The cosine function is negative in quadrants II and III. For t in [0, 2p), the two
1
3
solutions are t L 1.911 and p + cos -1 a b L 4.373.

1
3
Q tan-1 a ; b = t. The reference

3 3 3
97. 5 tan2 t - 3 = 0 Q 5 tan2 t = 3 Q tan2 t = Q tan t = ;
5 A5 A5
number tR = tan-1 a b L 0.659. The tangent function is both positive and negative in all four quadrants.
3
A5
For t in [0, 2p), the solutions are t L 0.659, p - tan-1 a b L 2.483, p + tan-1 a b L 3.801 and
3 3
A5 A5
2p - tan-1 a b L 5.624.
3
A5
4.8 7 7
98. 7 cot 2 t + 1.2 = 6 Q 7 cot 2 t = 4.8 Q cot 2 t = Q tan2 t = Q tan t = ; Q
7 4.8 A 4.8
tan-1 a ; b = t. The reference number tR = tan-1 a b L 0.879. The tangent function is both
7 7
A 4.8 A 4.8
positive and negative in all four quadrants. For t in [0, 2p), the solutions are t L 0.879,
p - tan-1 a b L 2.262, p + tan-1 a b L 4.021 and 2p - tan-1 a b L 5.404.

7 7 7
A 4.8 A 4.8 A 4.8

99. Graph Y1 = tan 1X2 and Y2 = X in dot mode in 3 -p>6, 2p, p>24 by 3 -2, 6, 14.
The intersections of the two graphs are shown in Figure 97a and Figure 97b.
Table Y1 = tan 1X2 and Y2 = X starting at x = 0, incrementing by 0.9. See Figure 99c.
The solutions are x = 0, x L 4.49.
[ -p>6, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 6, 1] [ - p>6, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 6, 1]

100. Graph Y1 = X - cos 1X2 in 3-p>6, 2p, p>24 by 3- 3, 7, 14. The zero of the graph is shown in Figure 100a.
Table Y1 = X - cos 1X2 starting at x = 0.70, incrementing by 0.01. See Figure 100b.
The solution is x L 0.74.
[ -p>6, 2p, p>2] by [–3, 7, 1]
101. Graph Y1 = sin 1X2 and Y2 = 1X - 12^2 in 3 - p>6, 2p, p>24 by 3-3, 7, 14.
Table Y1 = sin 1X2 and Y2 = 1X - 12^2 starting at x = 0, incrementing by 0.4. See Figure 101c.
The solutions are x L 0.39, x L 1.96.
[ -p>6, 2p, p>2] by [–3, 7, 1] [ - p>6, 2p, p>2] by [–3, 7, 1]
102. Graph Y1 = 1sin 1X22^2 - ln 1X2 in 3-p>6, 2p, p>24 by 3-3, 7, 14. The zero of the graph is shown in
Figure 102a. Table Y1 = 1sin 1X22^2 - ln 1X2 starting at x = 2.0, incrementing by 0.1. See Figure 102b.
The solution is x L 2.10.

[ - p>6, 2p, p>2] by [–3, 7, 1] [ -p>6, 2p, p>2] by [–5, 5, 1]
Figure 102a Figure 102b Figure 103a Figure 103b
103. Graph Y1 = 2X cos 1X + 12 and Y2 = sin 1cos 1X22 in 3- p>6, 2p, p>24 by 3-5, 5, 14.
The intersection of the two graphs is shown in Figure 103a.
Table Y1 = 2X cos 1X + 12 and Y2 = sin 1cos 1X22 starting at x = 3.0, incrementing by 0.1.
See Figure 103b. The solution is x L 3.60.
104. Graph Y1 = e^1-0.1X2 cos 1X2 and Y2 = X sin 1X2 in 3- p>6, 2p, p>24 by 3-5, 5, 14.
Table Y1 = e^1-0.1X2 cos 1X2 and Y2 = X sin 1X2 starting at x = 0.8, incrementing by 0.01.
See Figure 104c. The solutions are x L 0.83, x L 3.35.
[ -p>6, 2p, p/2] by [–5, 5, 1] [ - p>6, 2p, p>2] by [–5, 5, 1]
105. Y1 = 0 for x = 30°, 210°
We can write all solutions to this equation as 30° + 180°n, where n = 0, ;1, ;2, Á .
106. Y1 = 0 for x = 0°, 180°
We can write all solutions to this equation as 180°n, where n = 0, ;1, ;2, Á .
Q sin 1sin-1 x2 = sin

p p
107. sin-1 x = Q x = 1
2 2
Q sin 1sin-1 2x2 = sin a - b Q 2x = -

p p 1 1
108. sin-1 2x = - Q x = - L - 0.35
4 4 12 212
13
Q cos 1cos -1 x2 = cos
5p 5p 5p
109. 2 cos -1 x = Q cos -1 x = Q x = - L - 0.866
3 6 6 2
110. cos -1 x = 0 Q cos 1cos -1 x2 = cos 0 Q x = 1
Q tan 1tan-1 x2 = tan a - b Q x = - 1

3p p p
111. p + tan-1 x = Q tan-1 x = -
4 4 4
Q tan 1tan-1 x2 = tan a - b Q x = - 13 L - 1.73

p p
112. tan-1 x = -
3 3
113. tan-1 13x + 12 = Q tan 1tan-1 13x + 122 = tan a b Q 3x + 1 = 1 Q 3x = 0 Q x = 0

p p
4 4

+ sin-1 1x + 12 = Q sin-1 1x + 12 = Q sin 1sin-1 1x + 122 = sin

p p p p 1
114. Q x + 1 = Q
4 2 4 4 12
1
x = - 1 L - 0.29
12
Q cos 1cos -1 x2 = cos

p p
115. cos -1 x + 3 cos -1 x = p Q 4 cos -1 x = p Q cos -1 x = Q
4 4
1
x = L 0.707
12
Q sin 1sin-1 4 x2 = sin
p p p p 1 1
116. + sin-1 4x = Q sin-1 4x = Q 4x = Q x = = 0.125
6 3 6 6 2 8
1
117. 0.25 = (1 - cos u) Q 0.5 = 1 - cos u Q cos u = 0.5. uR = cos -1(0.5) = 60°. The cosine function is
2
positive in quadrants I and IV. Angles in these quadrants with uR = 60° are 60° and 300°. Since the cosine
function has period 360°, all solutions can be written as 60° + 360° # n or 300° + 360° # n where n is an integer.
1
118. 1 - (1 - cos u) Q 2 = 1 - cos u Q cos u = - 1 Q u = 180°. Since the cosine function has period
2
360°, the solution can be written as 180° + 360° # n where n is an integer.
442
442 442 442 200 - 4.5
119. 200 = Q 4.5 + 32.2 tan u = Q 32.2 tan u = - 4.5 Q tan u = Q
4.5 + 32.2 tan u 200 200 32.2
tan u L 0.1609. u = tan-1 (0.1609) L 9.1°. The superelevation should be about 9.1°.
662 662 662
120. 800 = Q 4.5 + 32.2 tan u = Q 32.2 tan u = - 4.5 Q
4.5 + 32.2 tan u 800 800
662 662
a b L 1.68°
800 - 4.5 -1 800 - 4.5
tan u = Q u = tan
32.2 32.2
121. Graph Y1 = 6.5 sin 1p>6 1X - 3.6522 + 12.4 and Y2 = 9 in 30, 13, 14 by 30, 24, 24.
Table Y1 = 6.5 sin 1p>6 1X - 3.6522 + 12.4 starting at x = 2.6, incrementing by 1.35. See Figure 119c.
The solutions are x L 2.6 and x L 10.7; near February 17 and October 22.
[0, 13, 1] by [0, 24, 2] [0, 13, 1] by [0, 24, 2]
122. Graph Y1 = 20.3 sin 10.53X - 2.182 + 83.8 and Y2 = 93 in 30, 13, 14 by 30, 110, 104.
Table Y1 = 20.3 sin 10.53X - 2.1822 + 83.8 starting at x = 4.17, incrementing by 0.83. See Figure 122c.
The solutions are x L 5.0 and x L 9.2; near May 1 and September 6.

[0, 13, 1] by [0, 110, 10] [0, 13, 1] by [0, 110, 10]
123. 6.5 sin a 1x - 3.652b + 12.4 = 9 Q 6.5 sin a 1x - 3.652b = - 3.4 Q

p p
6 6
sin a 1x - 3.652b = - 0.5231

p
6
1x - 3.652 = sin-1 1-0.52312

p
Q
6
1x - 3.652 L 3.6920
p
1x - 3.652 L - 0.5505
p or
Q 6
6
Q x - 3.65 L - 1.0513 or x - 3.65 L 7.0513
Q x L 2.6 or x L 10.7
124. 20.3 sin 10.53x - 2.182 + 83.8 = 93 Q 20.3 sin 10.53x - 2.182 = 9.2 Q sin 10.53x - 2.182 = 0.4532
Q 0.53x - 2.18 = sin-1 10.45322
Q 0.53x - 2.18 L 0.4704 or 0.53x - 2.18 L 2.6712
Q 0.53x L 2.6504 or 0.53x L 4.8512
Q x L 5.0 or x L 9.2
125. (a) Using the sine regression function on the calculator we get f(x) L 122.3 sin (0.524x - 1.7) + 367.
Answers may vary.
(b) Graph Y1 = 122.3 sin 10.524X - 1.72 + 367 and Y2 = 350 together in 30, 13, 14 by 3200, 600, 504.
We see that f1x2 Ú 350 for k1 … x … k 2 where k1 L 2.98 and k 2 L 9.51. At 50° N latitude the
maximum monthly hours of sunshine is greater than or equal to 350 hours from roughly March through
September.
[0, 13, 1] by [200, 600, 50] [0, 13, 1] by [200, 600, 50] [0, 0.5, 0.1] by [– 0.2, 0.2, 0.1]
126. (a) The peaks occur at the values 0.005, 0.025, 0.045.
(b) At these times, the pressure on an eardrum is maximum.

127. Use the intercept method to solve the equation.

Graph Y1 = X - 0.26 - 0.017 sin 1X2 in 30, 0.5, 0.14 by 3- 0.2, 0.2, 0.14. See Figure 127a.
Table Y1 = X - 0.26 - 0.017 sin 1X2 starting at x = 0.20, incrementing by 0.01. See Figure 127b.
The solution is approximately 0.26.
128. Use the intercept method to solve the equation.
Graph Y1 = X - 0.18 - 0.249 sin 1X2 in 30, 0.5, 0.14 by 3- 0.2, 0.2, 0.14. See Figure 128a.
Table Y1 = X - 0.18 - 0.249 sin 1X2 starting at x = 0.20, incrementing by 0.01. See Figure 128b.
The solution is approximately 0.24.
[0, 0.5, 0.1] by [– 0.2, 0.2, 0.1]

129. (a) Let Y1 = 0.003 sin 1880pX - 0.72, Y2 = 0.002 sin 1880pX + 0.62.
Graph Y1, Y2 and Y3 = Y1 + Y2 seperately in 30, 0.01, 0.0054 by 3- 0.005, 0.005, 0.0014.
Graph Y1 is shown in Figure 129a. Graph Y2 is shown in Figure 129b. Graph Y3 is shown in Figure 129c.
(b) The maximum pressure is P L 0.004. This can be found at any peak on the graph in Figure 129c.
(c) No. The maximum of P1 is 0.003 and the maximum of P2 is 0.002.
[0, 0.01, 0.005] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001] [0, 0.01, 0.005] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001] [0, 0.01, 0.005] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001]
130. (a) A = 2(0.003 cos (-0.7) + 0.002 cos (0.6))2 + (0.003 sin (- 0.7) + 0.002 sin (0.6))2 L 0.004.
0.003 sin 1 -0.72 + 0.002 sin 10.62
u = tan-1 a b L - 0.2
0.003 cos 1 -0.72 + 0.002 cos 10.62
(b) Let Y1 = 0.004 sin 12p*440X + 1 -0.222 and
Y2 = 0.003 sin 12 p*440X + 1-0.722 + 0.002 sin 12 p*440X + 0.62.
Graph Y1 and Y2 seperately in 30, 0.01, 0.0054 by 3– 0.005, 0.005, 0.0014.
Graph Y1 is shown in Figure 130a. Graph Y2 is shown in Figure 130b. The graphs are identical.
[0, 0.01, 0.005] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001] [0, 0.01, 0.005] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001]

7.4: Sum and Difference Identities

12 13 12
sin 15° = sin 145° - 30°2 = sin 45° cos 30° - cos 45° sin 30° = a ba b - a ba b =
1
1.
2 2 2 2
16 - 12
4
12 12 13
sin 105° = sin 145° + 60°2 = sin 45° cos 60° + cos 45° sin 60° = a ba b + a ba b =
1
2.
2 2 2 2
12 + 16
4
13 - 1 13 - 1 # 13 - 1
tan 15° = tan 160° - 45°2 =
tan 60° - tan 45°
3. = = =
1 + tan 60° tan 45° 1 + 13 13 + 1 13 - 1
3 - 213 + 1
= 2 - 13
3 - 1
12 13 12
sin 75° = sin 145° + 30°2 = sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30° = a ba b + a ba b =
1
4.
2 2 2 2
16 + 12
4
12 12 13
cos 75° = cos 1135° - 60°2 = cos 135° cos 60° + sin 135° sin 60° = a - ba b + a ba b =
1
5.
2 2 2 2
- 12 + 16 16 - 12
=
4 4
12 13 12
cos 105° = cos 160° + 45°2 = cos 60° cos 45° - sin 60° sin 45° = a b a b - a ba b =
1
6.
2 2 2 2
12 - 16
4
13 12 12 16 - 12
= sin a - b = sin cos = a ba b - a ba b =
p p p p p p p 1
7. sin - cos sin
12 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 4
12 13 12
= cos a - b = cos = a- ba b + a ba b =
5p 2p p 2p p 2p p 1
8. cos cos + sin sin
12 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2
16 - 12
4
13 12 12
= sin a - b = sin = a ba b - a- ba b =
5p 2p p 2p p 2p p 1
9. sin cos - cos sin
12 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2
16 + 12
4
tan p3 - tan p4 13 - 1 13 - 1 # 13 - 1
= tan a - b =
p p p 3 - 213 + 1
10. tan p p = = = = 2 - 13
12 3 4 1 + tan 3 tan 4 1 + 13 13 + 1 13 - 1 3 - 1
11. (a) Graphical: Graph Y1 = sin 1X + p>22 and Y2 = cos 1X2 seperately in 3- 2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 4, 4, 14.
Graph Y1 is shown in Figure 11a. Graph Y2 is shown in Figure 11b. The graphs are the same.
(b) sin at + b = sin t cos + cos t sin = sin t 102 + cos t 112 = cos t
p p p
2 2 2

Sum and Difference Identities SECTION 7.4 541
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
12. (a) Graphical: Graph Y1 = sin 1X + 3p>22 and Y2 = - cos 1X2 seperately in 3 - 2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 4, 4, 14.
(b) sin at + b = sin t cos = sin t 102 + cos t 1-12 = - cos t

3p 3p 3p
+ cos t sin
2 2 2
13. (a) Graphical: Graph Y1 = cos 1X + p2 and Y2 = – cos 1X2 seperately in 3 -2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 4, 4, 14.
(b) cos 1t + p2 = cos t cos p - sin t sin p = cos t 1- 12 - sin t 102 = - cos t
14. (a) Graphical: Graph Y1 = cos 1X + 3p>22 and Y2 = sin 1X2 seperately in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3 -4, 4, 14.
(b) cos at + b = cos t cos = cos t 102 - sin t 1 -12 = sin t

3p 3p 3p
- sin t sin
2 2 2
15. (a) Graphical: Graph Y1 = 1>cos 1X - p>22 and Y2 = 1>sin 1X2 seperately in 3 -2p, 2p, p>24 by 3-4, 4, 14.
(b) sec at - b =
p 1 1 1 1
cos 1t - 2 2 cos t 102 + sin t 112
p = p p = = = csc t
2 cos t cos 2 + sin t sin 2 sin t
16. (a) Graphical:

Graph Y1 = tan 1X + p>22 and Y2 = – cos 1X2>sin 1X2 seperately in 3 - 2p, 2p, p>24 by 3 -4, 4, 14.
sin 1t + p2 2 sin t cos p2 + cos t sin p2 cos t 102 + cos t 112
(b) tan at + b =
p cos t
cos 1t + 2 2 cos t 102 - sin t 112
p = p p = = - = - cot t
2 cos t cos 2 - sin t sin 2 sin t

17. sin a - tb = sin cos t - cos sin t = 112 cos t - 102 sin t = cos t
p p p
2 2 2
sin 1p2 - t2 sin p2 cos t - cos p2 sin t 112 cos t - 102 sin t
18. tan a
p cos t
cos 1 2 - t2 102 cos t + 112 sin t
- tb = p = p p = = = cot t
2 cos 2 cos t + sin 2 sin t sin t
19. sec a
p 1 1 1 1
cos 1 2 - t2 102 cos t + 112 sin t
- tb = p = p p = = = csc t
2 cos 2 cos t + sin 2 sin t sin t
20. csc a
p 1 1 1 1
sin 1p2 - t2 112 cos t - 102 sin t
- tb = = = = = sec t
2 sin p2 cos t - cos p2 sin t cos t
4 12
21. First sketch possible angles for a and b. See Figures 21a & 21b. Note: cos a = and cos b = .
5 13
(a) sin 1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b = a b a b + a b a b =

3 12 4 5 36 20 56
+ =
5 13 5 13 65 65 65
(b) cos 1a + b2 = cos a cos b - sin a sin b = a b a b - a b a b =

4 12 3 5 48 15 33
- =
5 13 5 13 65 65 65
sin 1a + b2 56
(c) tan 1a + b2 =
65 56 # 65 56
cos 1a + b2
= 33
= =
65
65 33 33
(d) Since both sin 1a + b2 and cos 1a + b2 are positive, a + b is in quadrant I.
5 13
3 5
α β
4 12
5 12
22. First sketch possible angles for a and b. See Figures 22a & 22b. Note: sin a = and sin b = .
13 13
(a) sin 1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b = a ba- b + a- ba b = -

5 5 12 12 25 144
- =
13 13 13 13 169 169
169
- = -1
169
(b) cos 1a + b2 = cos a cos b - sin a sin b = a - ba- b - a ba b =

12 5 5 12 60 60
- = 0
13 13 13 13 169 169
sin 1a + b2
(c) tan 1a + b2 =
-1
cos 1a + b2
= Q undefined
0
(d) The angle a + b is quadrantal. The terminal side of a + b lies on the negative y-axis.

α 13
13 12 β
5
–12 –5

15 60
23. First sketch possible angles for a and b. See Figures 23a & 23b. Note: cos a = -
and sin b = .
17 61
(a) sin 1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b = a - b a b + a - b a b = -
8 11 15 60 88 900
- =
17 61 17 61 1037 1037
988
-
1037
(b) cos 1a + b2 = cos a cos b - sin a sin b = a - b a b - a - b a b = -
15 11 8 60 165 480 315
+ =
17 61 17 61 1037 1037 1037
sin 1a + b2 988
(c) tan 1a + b2 =
- 1037 988 # 1037 988
cos 1a + b2
= 315
= - = -
1037
1037 315 315
(d) Since sin 1a + b2 is negative and cos 1a + b2 is positive, a + b is in quadrant IV.
α 61 25 α 5
60 4
7
–15 β β
11 –24 3
–8
17

7 3
24. First sketch possible angles for a and b. See Figures 24a & 24b. Note: sin a =
and cos b = .
25 5
(a) sin 1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b = a b a b + a - b a b =
7 3 24 4 21 96 75 3
- = - = -
25 5 25 5 125 125 125 5
(b) cos 1a + b2 = cos a cos b - sin a sin b = a - ba b - a ba b = -

24 3 7 4 72 28
- =
25 5 25 5 125 125
100 4
- = -
125 5
sin 1a + b2 - 53
(c) tan 1a + b2 = a- b =
3# 5 3
cos 1a + b2
= 4
= -
- 5
5 4 4
(d) Since both sin 1a + b2 and cos 1a + b2 are negative, a + b is in quadrant III.
4 5
25. First sketch possible angles for a and b. See Figures 25a & 25b. Note: sin a = -
and sin b = - .
5 13
(a) sin 1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b = a - b a b + a - b a - b = -
4 12 3 5 48 15 33
+ = -
5 13 5 13 65 65 65
(b) cos 1a + b2 = cos a cos b - sin a sin b = a - b a b - a - b a - b = -

3 12 4 5 36 20 56
- = -
5 13 5 13 65 65 65
sin 1a + b2 33
(c) tan 1a + b2 = a- b =
- 65 33 # 65 33
cos 1a + b2
= = -
- 56
65
65 56 56

α β α β
–3 12 –3 –4
–5 –3
13 5
–4 5 –4 5
26. First sketch possible angles for a and b. See Figures 26a & 26b.
3 4 3
Note: sin a = , cos a = and sin b = - .
5 5 5
(a) sin 1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b = a b a - b + a b a - b = -

3 4 4 3 12 12 24
- = -
5 5 5 5 25 25 25
(b) cos 1a + b2 = cos a cos b - sin a sin b = a b a - b - a b a - b = -

4 4 3 3 16 9 7
+ = -
5 5 5 5 25 25 25
sin 1a + b2 - 24
(c) tan 1a + b2 = a- b =
25 24 # 25 24
cos 1a + b2
= 7
= -
- 25
25 7 7
27. First sketch possible angles for a and b . See Figures 27a & 27b.
5 12 60 11
Note: sin a = , cos a = - , sin b = , cos b = -
13 13 61 60
(a) sin 1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b = a ba- b + a- ba b =

5 11 12 60
13 61 13 61
a- b + a- b = -
55 720 775
793 793 793
(b) cos 1a + b2 = cos a cos b - sin a sin b = a - ba- b - a ba b =

12 11 5 60 132 300 168
- = -
13 61 13 61 793 793 793
sin 1a + b2 - 775
(c) tan 1a + b2 = a- b =
793 775 # 793 775
cos 1a + b2
= 168
= -
- 793 793 168 168
α 61 25
13 60 β 5
5 4 24
α β
–12 –11 3 7
28. First sketch possible angles for a and b . See Figures 28a & 28b.
4 3 24 7
Note: sin a = , cos a = , sin b = , cos b =
5 5 25 25


4 7 3 24 28 72 100 4
+ = =
5 25 5 25 125 125 125 5

3 7 4 24 121 196 75 3
- = - = -
5 25 5 61 125 125 125 5
sin 1a + b2 4
(c) tan 1a + b2 = a- b = -
5 4# 5 4
cos 1a + b2
= 3
=
- 5
5 3 3
(d) Since sin 1a + b2 is positive and cos 1a + b2 is negative, a + b is in quadrant II.

12 12 12
29. cos a t - b = cos t cos = cos t a b + sin t a b = 1cos t + sin t2
p p p
+ sin t sin
4 4 4 2 2 2
12 12 12
30. sin at + b = sin t cos = sin t a b + cos t a b = 1cos t + sin t2
p p p
+ cos t sin
4 4 4 2 2 2
tan t + tan p4
31. tan at + b =
p tan t + 1 1 + tan t
1 - tan t 112
= =
4 1 - tan t tan p4 1 - tan t
112 - tan u
32. tan 145° - u2 =
tan 45° - tan u 1 - tan u
1 + 112 tan u
= =
1 + tan 45° tan u 1 + tan u
cos 1x - y2 cos x cos y + sin x sin y cos x cos y + sin x sin y # sec x sec y 1 + tan x tan y
cos 1x + y2
33. = = =
cos x cos y - sin x sin y cos x cos y - sin x sin y sec x sec y 1 - tan x tan y
sin 1x - y2 sin x cos y - cos x sin y sin x cos y - cos x sin y # sec x sec y tan x - tan y
sin 1x + y2
34. = = =
sin x cos y + cos x sin y sin x cos y + cos x sin y sec x sec y tan x + tan y
cos 1a - b2 cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos a cos b sin a sin b
35. = = + = cot b + tan a = tan a + cot b
cos a sin b cos a sin b cos a sin b cos a sin b
36. cos 1u + u2 = cos u cos u - sin u sin u = cos2 u - sin2 u = 11 - sin2 u2 - sin2 u = 1 - 2 sin2 u
37. sin 2t = sin 1t + t2 = sin t cos t + cos t sin t = 2 sin t cos t
38. cos 2t = cos 1t + t2 = cos t cos t - sin t sin t = cos2 t - sin2 t
39. sin 1a + b2 + sin 1a - b2 = 1sin a cos b + cos a sin b2 + 1sin a cos b - cos a sin b2 = 2 sin a cos b
40. cos 1a + b2 + cos 1a - b2 = 1cos a cos b - sin a sin b2 + 1cos a cos b + sin a sin b2 =
2 cos a cos b
41. tan 1p - u2 =
tan p - tan u 0 - tan u
1 + 102 tan u
= = - tan u
1 + tan p tan u
42. tan 1u + p2 =
tan u + tan p tan u + 0
1 - tan u 102
= = tan u
1 - tan u tan p
43. tan 1x - y2 - tan 1y - x2 =

tan x - tan y tan y - tan x tan x - tan y - tan y + tan x
- = =
1 + tan x tan y 1 + tan y tan x 1 + tan x tan y
2 tan x - 2 tan y 2 1tan x - tan y2
=
1 + tan x tan y 1 + tan x tan y
sin 1x - y2 cos 1x - y2 sin x cos y - cos x sin y cos x cos y + sin x sin y
44. + = + =
sin y cos y sin y cos y

sin x a b - cos x a b + cos x a b + sin x a b =

cos y sin y cos y sin y
sin y sin y cos y cos y
sin x a b - cos x + cos x + sin x a b = sin x a b + sin x a b =

cos y sin y cos y sin y
sin y cos y sin y cos y
cos2 y + sin2 y
sin x a b = sin x a b =
cos y sin y sin x
+
sin y cos y sin y cos y sin y cos y
sin 1x + y2 sin x cos y + cos x sin y sin x cos y cos x sin y sin x sin y
45. = = + = + = tan x + tan y
cos x cos y cos x cos y cos x cos y cos x cos y cos x cos y
46. Let a = 1x + y2 and b = y, then = tan 1a - b2 implies that

tan a - tan b
1 + tan a tan b
tan 1x + y2 - tan y
= tan 11x + y2 - y2 = tan x
1 + tan 1x + y2 tan y
1672 - 175 2 1 1
47. tan g = tan 1a - b2 =
tan a - tan b 7 7 1 49 7
= #
1 + 172172
= 6 5
= 30
= 79
=
1 + tan a tan b 1 + 49 49
7 79 79
11382 - 113
11 2
143 - 104 39
48. tan g = tan 1a - b2 =
tan a - tan b 88 88 39 # 88 39
1 + 1 8 21112
= 13 13
= = = =
1 + tan a tan b 1 + 169
88
257
88
88 257 257
49. tan u = tan 1b - a2 =

tan b - tan a m2 - m1 m2 - m1
= =
1 + tan b tan a 1 + m2 m1 1 + m1m2
50. Yes. When we derived the formula we did not assume that b was acute.
3 3
51. For y = 2x - 3, m 2 = 2 and for y = x + 1, m1 = .
5 5
2 - 53 7
5 7 5 7 7
tan u = = 11 = # Q u = tan-1 L 32.5°
1 + 2152
3
=
5
5 11 11 11
1 1
52. For y = x + 1, m1 = and for y = 3 - x, m2 = - 1 .
2 2
1 -12 - 21 - 23
tan u = = 1 = - 3 Q u = tan-1 1-32 L - 71.6° Q u = 180° - 71.6° L 108.4°
1 + 1-12121 2 2
p
53. (a) F = 2.89W cos u Q F = 2.8912002 cos L 409 lbs
4
Q u = cos -1 a b L 0.81 or about 46.2°.

400 2
(b) 2.8912002 cos u = 400 Q cos u =
2.8912002 2.89
54. (a) Graph Y1 = 0.4>X cos 1pX - 1000*12 in 30, 20, 24 by 3-1, 1, 0.54. See Figure 54.
As the radius increases, the pressure diminishes.
(b) P1r2 = cos 1pr - 1000t2 = 3cos pr cos 1000t + sin pr sin 1000t4 =
a a
r r
3112 cos 1000t + 102 sin 1000t4 for r an even integer = cos 1000t
a a
r r
55. (a) Graph Y1 = 4 cos 1220pX2 + 3 sin 1220pX2 in 30, 0.02, 0.0014 by 3- 6, 6, 14. See Figure 55.
p
(b) A maximum occurs at approximately (0.00093114, 5). Thus a = 5. Since sin u is maximum when u = ,
2
p p
we let 220p10.000931142 + k = . Thus k = - 220p10.000931142 L 0.9272.
2 2
(c) a sin 1220pt + k2 L 5 sin 1220pt + 0.92722 =

5 3sin 1220pt2 cos 0.9272 + cos 1220pt2 sin 0.92724 L

5 3sin 1220pt210.62 + cos 1220pt210.824 = 3 sin 1220pt2 + 4 cos 1220pt2
[0, 20, 2] by [–1, 1, 0.5] [0, 0.02, 0.001] by [– 6, 6, 1]
Figure 54 Figure 55
56. (a) Graph Y1 = 50 sin 1120pX2 + 120 cos 1120pX2 in 30, 0.05, 0.014 by 3-160, 160, 404. See Figure 56.
(b) A maximum occurs at approximately (0.00104884, 130). Thus a = 130. Since sin u is maximum when
p p p
u = , we let 120p10.001048842 + k = . Thus k = - 120p10.001048842 L 1.1754.
2 2 2
(c) a sin 1120pt + k2 L 130 sin 1120pt + 1.17542 =
130 3sin 1120pt2 cos 1.1754 + cos 1120pt2 sin 1.17544 L
130 3sin 1120pt210.38522 + cos 1120pt210.922824 L 50 sin 1120pt2 + 120 cos 1120pt2
[0, 0.05, 0.01] by [–160, 160, 40]
Figure 56
Extended and Discovery Exercises for Section 7.4

1. (a) Graph Y1 = 0.006 sin 1880pX2 + 0.004 sin 1886pX2 as shown in Figure 1a. There are 3 beats per second.
(b) Graph Y1 = 0.006 sin 1440pX2 + 0.004 sin 1448pX2 as shown in Figure 1b. There are 4 beats per second.
(c) When the frequencies are F1 and F2, the rate of beats per second is given by | F2 - F1 |.
[0.15, 1.15, 0.05] by [–0.01, 0.01, 0.001] [0.15, 1.15, 0.05] by [–0.01, 0.01, 0.001] [0.2, 1.2, 0.05] by [–0.01, 0.01, 0.001] [0.2, 1.2, 0.05] by [–0.01, 0.01, 0.001]
Figure 1a Figure 1b Figure 2 Figure 3
2. Graph Y1 = 0.007 sin 1450pX2 + 0.005 sin 1454pX2 as shown in Figure 2. There are 2 beats per second.
3. Graph Y1 = 0.004 cos 1830pX2 + 0.005 sin 1836pX2 as shown in Figure 3. There are 3 beats per second.

Checking Basic Concepts for Sections 7.3 and 7.4

1. (a) 225° is in quadrant III, uR = 225° - 180° = 45°
5p 5p p
(b) is in quadrant II, uR = p - =
6 6 6
1 -1 1
2. (a) cos u = Q uR = cos = 60°; The cosine function is positive in quadrants I and IV. The angles in
2 2
these quadrants with a 60° reference angle are 60° and 300°.
Graph Y1 = cos 1X2 and Y2 = 0.5 in degree mode in 30°, 360°, 60°4 by 3- 2, 2, 14.
Table Y1 = cos 1X2 and Y2 = 0.5 in degree mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by 60. See Figure 2c.
We see that the tables match when x = 60° and when x = 300°.
[0°, 360°, 60°] by [–2, 2, 1] [0°, 360°, 60°] by [–2, 2, 1]
13 13
(b) sin u = - Q uR = sin–1 a b = 60°; The sine function is negative in quadrants III and IV. The
2 2
angles in these quadrants with a 60° reference angle are 240° and 300°.
Graph Y1 = sin 1X2 and Y2 = - 132>2 in degree mode in 30°, 360°, 60°4 by 3-2, 2, 14.
The intersections of the two graphs are shown in Figure 2d and Figure 2e.
Table Y1 = sin 1X2 and Y2 = - 132>2 in degree mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by 60. See Figure 2f.
We see that the tables match when x = 240° and when x = 300°.
[0°, 360°, 60°] by [–2, 2, 1] [0°, 360°, 60°] by [–2, 2, 1]
Figure 2d Figure 2e Figure 2f
= - 1 Q tan t = - 1 Q t = tan-1 1-12 =

sin t 3p
3. (a) sin t = - cos t Q + pn
cos t 4
(b) 2 sin2 t = 1 - cos t Q 211 - cos2 t2 = 1 - cos t Q 2 - 2 cos2 t = 1 - cos t Q
2 cos2 t - cos t - 1 = 0 Q 12 cos t + 121cos t - 12 = 0
1
Q cos t = - or cos t = 1
2
Q t = cos -1 a - b
1
or t = cos–1 1
2
2p 4p
Q t = + 2pn, + 2pn, 2pn
3 3

Multiple-Angle Identities SECTION 7.5 549
12 13 12 12 + 16
= cos a - b = cos cos = a ba b + a ba b =
p p p p p p p 1
4. cos + sin sin
12 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 4
5. sin 1t - p2 = sin t cos p - cos t sin p = sin t 1-12 - cos t 102 = - sin t
Graph Y1 = sin 1X - p2 and Y2 = - sin 1X2 in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 2, 2, 14.
Table Y1 = sin 1X - p2 and Y2 = - sin 1X2 starting at x = 0, incrementing by

p
. See Figure 5c.
3
The tables are the same.
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1]
7.5: Multiple-Angle Identities

1 - cos (2(10t)) 1 - cos (20t)
1. sin2 10t Q u = 10t Q sin2 10t = =
2 2
1 + cos (2(8x)) 1 + cos (16x)
2. cos2 8x Q u = 8x Q cos2 8x = =
2 2
1 - cos (2(5t)) 1 - cos (10t)
3. tan2 5t Q u = 5t Q tan2 5t = =
1 + cos (2(5t)) 1 + cos (10t)
t 2 tan (2t )
4. tan t Q u = . tan t =
2 1 - tan2 (2t )
5. sin 20x Q u = 10x Q sin 20x = 2 sin 10x cos 10x
6. cos 16t Q u = 8t Q cos 16t = cos2 (8t) - sin2 (8t)
u 1 - cos (10x)
7. tan 5x Q u = 10x Q tan =
2 sin (10x)
sin (8t)
8. tan 4t Q u = 8t Q tan 4t =
1 + cos (8t)
1 1
9. (a) sin 30° + sin 30° = + = 1
2 2
13
(b) sin 60° =
2
The results are not the same.
12 12 212
10. (a) sin 45° + sin 45° = + = = 12
2 2 2
(b) sin 90° = 1

1 1
11. (a) cos 60° + cos 60° = + = 1
2 2
1
(b) cos 120° = -
2
12. (a) cos 90° + cos 90° = 0 + 0 = 0
(b) cos 180° = - 1
13. (a) tan 45° + tan 45° = 1 + 1 = 2
(b) tan 90° is undefined

1 1 2
14. (a) tan 30° + tan 30° = + =
13 13 13
(b) tan 60° = 13
15. Graphical: Graph Y1 = tan 12X2 and Y2 = 2 tan 1X2 in dot mode in 3 -2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 4, 4, 14.
Graph Y1 is shown in Figure 15a. Graph Y2 is shown in Figure 15b. Note that the graphs are different.
2 tan u
Symbolic: tan 2u = Z 2 tan u, unless tan u = 0
1 - tan2 u
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
16. Graphical: Graph Y1 = cos 13X2 and Y2 = 3 cos 1X2 in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 4, 4, 14.
Graph Y1 is shown in Figure 16a. Graph Y2 is shown in Figure 16b. Note that the graphs are different.
Symbolic: cos 3u = 4 cos3 u - 3 cos u Z 3 cos u, unless cos u = 0
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]

17. (a) sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2a b a b =

3 4 24
5 5 25
4 2 3 2
cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u = a b - a b =
16 - 9 7
=
5 5 25 25
24
sin 2u 25 24 # 25 24
tan 2u = = 7
= =
cos 2u 25
25 7 7
4
(b) Since u is in quadrant I, u = cos -1 . Numerical support is shown in Figures 17a & 17b.
5
ba b =
12 5 120
18. (a) sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2a
13 13 169
5 2 12 2
25 - 144 119
= -
13 13 169 169
120
a- b = -
sin 2u 169 120 # 169 120
tan 2u = = 119 =
cos 2u - 169 169 119 119
5
(b) Since u is in quadrant I, u = cos -1 . Numerical support is shown in Figures 18a & 18b.
13
19. Since sin u is negative and cos u is positive, u is in quadrant IV. One possibility is shown in Figure 19a.
7
We see that cos u = .
25
ba b = -
24 7 336
(a) sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2a -
25 25 625
7 2 24 2
cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u = a b - a- b =
49 - 576 527
= -
25 25 625 625
336
a- b =
sin 2u - 625 336 # 625 336
tan 2u = = 527 = -
cos 2u - 625 625 527 527
(b) Since u is in quadrant IV, u = sin-1 a - b. Numerical support is shown in Figures 19b & 19c.
24
25
7
θ
–24
25

20. Since cos u is negative and tan u is positive, u is in quadrant III. One possibility is shown in Figure 20a.
24
We see that sin u = - .
25
(a) sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2 a - ba- b =

24 7 336
25 25 625
7 2 24 2
cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u = a - b - a- b =
49 - 576 527
= -
25 25 625 625
336
a- b = -
sin 2u 625 336 # 625 336
tan 2u = = 527 =
cos 2u - 625 625 527 527
(b) Since u is in quadrant III, u = 360° - cos -1 a - b. Numerical support is shown in Figures 20b & 20c.
7
25
–7
θ
–24
25
21. Since sin u is negative and sec u is positive, u is in quadrant IV. One possibility is shown in Figure 21a.
60
We see that cos u = .
61
ba b = -
11 60 1320
61 61 3721
60 2 11 2
3600 - 121 3479
=
61 61 3721 3721
sin 2u - 1320
3721 1320 # 3721 1320
tan 2u = = 3479 = - = -
cos 2u 3721
3721 3479 3479
(b) Since u is in quadrant IV, u = sin-1 a - b . Numerical support is shown in Figures 21b & 21c.
11
61
60
θ
–11
61

22. Since csc u is negative and sec u is positive, u is in quadrant IV. One possibility is shown in Figure 22a.
1 13
We see that sin u = - and cos u = .
2 2
13 13
(a) sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2a - b a b = -
1
L - 0.8660
2 2 2
13 2 1 2
3 - 1 1
=
2 2 4 2
23
sin 2u - 2 13 # 2
tan 2u = = 1 = - = - 13 L - 1.7321
cos 2u 2
2 1
(b) Since u is in quadrant IV, u = sin - 1 a - b . Numerical support is shown in Figures 22b & 22c.
1
2
3
θ
–1
2
23. Since tan u is positive and cos u is negative, u is in quadrant III. One possibility is shown in Figure 23a.
7 24
We see that sin u = - and cos u = - .
25 25
ba- b =
7 24 336
25 25 625
24 2 7 2
cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u = a - b - a- b =
576 - 49 527
=
25 25 625 625
336
sin 2u 625 336 # 625 336
tan 2u = = 527
= =
cos 2u 625
625 527 527
(b) Since u is in quadrant III, u = 360° - cos - 1 a - b . Numerical support is shown in Figures 23b & 23c.
24
25
–24
θ
–7
25

24. Since cot u is positive and sin u is positive, u is in quadrant I. One possibility is shown in Figure 24a.
12 5
We see that sin u = and cos u = .
13 13
ba b =
12 5 120
(a) sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2a
13 13 169
5 2 12 2
25 - 144 119
= -
13 13 169 169
120
a- b = -
sin 2u 169 120 # 169 120
tan 2u = = 119 =
cos 2u - 169 169 119 119
(b) Since u is in quadrant I, u = cos -1 a b. Numerical support is shown in Figures 24b & 24c.
5
13
13 5
12 4
θ β
5 3
25. Let u = cos -1 1. It follows that cos u = 1 and sin u = 0 (since u = 0°).
sin 12 cos -1 12 = sin 12u2 = 2 sin u cos u = 2102112 = 0
1 1
26. Let u = sin-1 . It follows that sin u = .
2 2
1 2
cos a2 sin-1 b = cos 12u2 = 1 - 2 sin2 u = 1 - 2 a b = 1 - =
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
7 7
27. Let u = sin-1 . It follows that sin u = .
25 25
7 2
cos a 2 sin-1 b = cos 12u2 = 1 - 2 sin2 u = 1 - 2 a b = 1 -
7 98 527
=
25 25 625 625
3 3 4
28. Let u = tan-1 . It follows that sin u = and cos u = . See Figure 28.
4 5 5
sin a2 tan-1 b = sin 12u2 = 2 sin u cos u = 2a b a b =

3 3 4 24
4 5 5 25
5 13
3 5
θ θ
4 12
Figure 28 Figure 29
5 5 12
29. Let u = sin-1 . It follows that sin u = and cos u = . See Figure 29.
13 13 13
12 3
cos a 3 sin-1 b = cos 13u2 = 4 cos3 u - 3 cos u = 4a b - 3 a b =
5 12 828
13 13 13 2197

1 1
30. Let u = tan-1 . It follows that tan u = .
2 2
2121 2
tan a2 tan-1 b = tan 12u2 =
1 2 tan u 1 4
1 - 122
2
= 1 2
= 3 =
2 1 - tan u 4
3
x 1
31. Let u = tan-1 x, where x 6 0. It follows that sin u = and cos u = . See Figure 31.
2x + 1
2
2x + 1
2
sin 12 tan-1 x2 = sin 12u2 = 2 sin u cos u = 2a ba b = 2

x 1 2x
2x + 12
2x + 1
2 x + 1
1
θ
2x 2
x
1
Figure 31
32. Let u = sin-1 x, where x 7 0. It follows that sin u = x.

cos 12 sin-1 x2 = cos 12u2 = 1 - 2 sin2 u = 1 - 21x22 = 1 - 2x2
3 3 4
33. Let a = sin-1 . It follows that sin a = and cos a = . See Figure 33a.
5 5 5
4 4 3
Let b = sin-1 . It follows that sin b = and cos b = . See Figure 33b.
5 5 5
cos asin-1 - sin-1 b = cos 1a - b2 = cos a cos b + sin a sin b = a b a b + a b a b =

3 4 4 3 3 4 24
5 5 5 5 5 5 25
5 13 12
5 4 13
3 α 5
α β β
4 3 5 12
12 12 5
34. Let a = tan-1 . It follows that sin a = and cos a = . See Figure 34a.
5 13 13
12 5 12
Let b = cos -1 . It follows that sin b = and cos b = . See Figure 34b.
13 13 13
sin atan-1 + cos -1 b = sin 1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b = a b a b + a b a b = 1

12 12 12 12 5 5
5 13 13 13 13 13
35. 2 cos u sin u = 2 sin u cos u = sin 2u
36. 2 sin 2u cos 2u = sin 4u 1let t = 2u, then 2 sin t cos t = sin 2t2
37. sin u cos u = 12 sin u cos u2 = sin 2u

1 1
2 2
38. 1sin u - cos u21sin u + cos u2 = sin2 u - cos2 u = - 1 1cos2 u - sin2 u2 = - cos 2u
39. 2 cos2 2u - 1 = cos 4u 1let t = 2u, then 2 cos2 t - 1 = cos 2t2
40. 1 - 2 sin2 3u = cos 6u 1let t = 3u, then 1 - 2 sin2 t = cos 2t2

41. sin2 3u + cos2 3u = 1 1let t = 3u, then sin2 t + cos2 t = 12

42. 1 + tan2 2u = sec2 2u 1let t = 2u, then 1 + tan2 t = sec2 t2
43. csc2 5x - 1 = cot 2 5x 1let t = 5x, then csc2 t - 1 = cot 2 t2
44. sin2 8x + cos2 8x = 1 1let t = 8x, then sin2 t + cos2 t = 12
1 + cos 12 # 22.5°2
22 2 + 22
1 + 2 + 12
45. cos2 122.5°2 =
1 + cos 45° 2 2
= = = =
2 2 2 2 4
Numerical support is shown in Figure 45.
1 - cos 12 # 15°2
23 2 - 23
1 - 2 - 13
46. sin2 115°2 =
1 - cos 30° 2 2
= = = =
2 2 2 2 4
Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47
1 - cos 12 # 75°2 1 - A - 23
2 B
2 + 23
2 + 13
47. tan 175°2 =
2 1 - cos 150° 2
1 + cos 12 75°2
= = = =
A - 23
2 B
# 1 + cos 150° 2 - 23 2 - 13
1 + 2

1 1 2 2 2 4
48. csc2 (105°) = = = = = = =
A - 23
2 B
2
sin (105°) 1 - cos (2 # 105°) 1 - cos 210° 2 + 13
2 2 + 23
1 - 2
4(2 - 13). Numerical support is shown in Figure 48.
Figure 48 Figure 49a Figure 49b
49. (a) Since the angle is in quadrant I, we use the positive value of the half-angle formula.
23 2 + 23
1 + cos 30° 1 + 2 2 2 + 13 22 + 13
cos 15° = = = = =
B 2 F 2 F 2 B 4 2
(b) Since the angle is in quadrant IV, we use the negative value of the half-angle formula.
23 2 - 23
1 -
1 - cos ( - 30°) 2 2 2 - 13
tan ( -15°) = - = - 23
= - + 23
= - or
B 1 + cos ( -30°) H1 + H2 B 2 + 13
2 2
1
- or 13 - 2. Numerical support is shown in Figure 49a & 49b.
2 + 13

1 - A- 2 B
22 2 + 22
1 - cos 135° 2 2 + 12 22 + 12
sin 67.5° = = = = =
A 2 F 2 F 2 B 4 2
(b) Since the angle is in quadrant IV, we use the positive value of the half-angle formula.
1 + cos ( -135°) 1 + A - 22
2 B
2 - 22
2 2 - 12 22 - 12
cos ( -67.5°) = = = = =
B 2 F 2 F 2 B 4 2
Numerical support is shown in Figure 50a & 50b.
22 2 - 22
1 -
1 - cos p4 2 - 12 12
tan a b =
p 2 2
= = = or or 12 - 1
8 B 1 + cos p4 H1 + 22 H2 + 22 B 2 + 12 2 + 12
2 2
(b) Since the angle is in quadrant IV, we use the negative value of the half-angle formula.
1 - A B
22 2 - 22
1 - cos ( - p4 ) 2 - 12 22 - 12
sin a - b = -
p 2 2
= - = - = - = -
8 D 2 F 2 F 2 B 4 2
1 + cos A 5p
6 B 1 + A- 2 B
23 2 - 23
2 - 13 22 - 13
cos a b =
5p 2
= = = =
12 D 2 F 2 F 2 B 4 2
(b) Since the angle is in quadrant IV, we use the positive value of the half-angle formula.
1 + cos A - 5p
6 B 1 + A- B
23 2 - 23
2 - 13 22 - 13
cos a - b =
5p 2 2
= = = =
12 D 2 F 2 F 2 B 4 2
Figure 52a Figure 52b Figure 53 Figure 54
= sin a b = sin 30°. Numerical support is shown in Figure 53.

1 - cos 60° 60°
53.
B 2 2
= cos a b = cos 30°. Numerical support is shown in Figure 54.

1 + cos 60° 60°
54.
B 2 2

= cos a b = cos 25°. Numerical support is shown in Figure 55.

1 + cos 50° 50°
55.
B 2 2
= sin a b = sin 25°. Numerical support is shown in Figure 56.

1 - cos 50° 50°
56.
B 2 2
= tan a b = tan 20°. Numerical support is shown in Figure 57.

1 - cos 40° 40°
57.
B 1 + cos 40° 2
1 + cos 26° 1 1 1 1
58. = = = = = cot 13°.
B 1 - cos 26° B 11 - cos 26°
+ cos 26°
1 - cos 26°
31 + cos 26° tan 26°
2
tan 13°

u u
59. Since 0° 6 6 45°, we know that is in quadrant I.
2 2
4 5 - 4
u 1 - cos u 1 - 5 5 1 1
sin = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 10 110
4 5 + 4
u 1 + cos u 1 + 5 5 9 3
cos = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 10 110
4 5 - 4 1
u 1 - cos u 1 - 5 5 5 1 1
tan = = = = = =
2 B 1 + cos u D 1 + 4
5
D 5 +5 4 D 95 B 9 3
u u
2 2
1 3 - 1
u 1 - cos u 1 - 3 3 2 1 1
sin = = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B6 B3 13
1 3 + 1
u 1 + cos u 1 + 3 3 4 2
cos = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B6 16
1 3 - 1 2
u 1 - cos u 1 - 3 3 3 2 1 1
tan = = = = = = =
2 B 1 + cos u D1 + 1
3
D 3 +3 1 D 43 B4 B2 12
u u
61. Since -45° 6 6 0°, we know that is in quadrant IV.
2 2
12
By sketching an appropriate triangle in quadrant IV, we see that cos u = .
13

12 13 - 12
u 1 - cos u 1 - 13 13 1 1
sin = - = - = - = - = -
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 26 126
12 13 + 12
u 1 + cos u 1 + 13 13 25 5
cos = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 26 126
12 13 - 12 1
u 1 - cos u 1 - 13 13 13 1 1
tan = - = - = - 13 + 12 = - 25 = - = -
2 B 1 + cos u D1 + 12
13
D 13 D 13 B 25 5
u u 1
62. Since 45° 6 6 90°, we know that is in quadrant I. Since sec u = - 2, we know that cos u = - .
2 2 2
u 1 - cos u 1 - (- 21 ) 2 +
2
1
3 13
sin = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B4 2
u 1 + cos u 1 + (- 21 ) 2 -
2
1
1 1
cos = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B4 2
u 1 - cos u 1 - (- 21 ) 2 + 1
2 2
3
tan = = = = = 13
2 B 1 + cos u D 1 + ( - 21 ) D2 - 1
2
D 21
u u
2 2
7
By sketching an appropriate triangle in quadrant II, we see that cos u = - .
25
7 25 + 7
u 1 - cos u 1 - (- 25 ) 25 32 16 4
sin = = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 50 B 25 5
7 25 - 7
u 1 + cos u 1 + (- 25 ) 25 18 9 3
cos = = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 50 B 25 5
7 25 + 7 32
u 1 - cos u 1 - (- 25 ) 25 25 32 16 4
tan = = = = = = =
2 B 1 + cos u D 7
1 + ( - 25) D 25 -
25
7 D 25
18
B 18 B 9 3
u u
2 2
3
By sketching an appropriate triangle in quadrant I, we see that cos u = .
5
3 5 - 3
u 1 - cos u 1 - 5 5 2 1 1
sin = = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 10 B 5 15
3 5 + 3
u 1 + cos u 1 + 5 5 8 4 2
cos = = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 10 B 5 15
3 5 - 3 2
u 1 - cos u 1 - 5 5 5 2 1 1
tan = = = = = = =
2 B 1 + cos u D1 + 3
5
D 5 +5 3 D 58 B8 B4 2

65. 4 sin 2x = 4 12 sin x cos x2 = 8 sin x cos x
Graph Y1 = 4 sin 12X2 and Y2 = 8 sin 1X2 cos 1X2 in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3-6, 6, 14.
Table Y1 = 4 sin 12X2 and Y2 = 8 sin 1X2 cos 1X2 starting at x = 0, incrementing by
p
. See Figure 65c.
6
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 6, 6, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 6, 6, 1]
66. cos 4u = 1 - 2 sin2 2u 1let t = 2u, then cos 2t = 1 - sin2 t2
Graph Y1 = cos 14X2 and Y2 = 1 - 21sin 12X22^2 in 3 -2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 2, 2, 14.
Table Y1 = cos 14X2 and Y2 = 1 - 21sin 12X22^2 starting at x = 0, incrementing by . See Figure 66c.
p
6
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1]
2 - sec2 x 2 sec2 x
67. 2
= 2
- = 2 cos2 x - 1 = cos 2x
sec x sec x sec2 x
Graph Y1 = 12 - 1>1cos 1X22^22>11>1cos 1X22^22 and Y2 = cos 12X2 in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 2, 2, 14.
Table Y1 = 12 - 1>1cos 1X22^22>11>1cos 1X22^22 and Y2 = cos 12X2 starting at x = 0, incrementing by

p
.
6
See Figure 67c. The tables are the same.
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1]

68. 1sin x + cos x22 = sin2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos2 x = 2 sin x cos x + sin2 x + cos2 x = sin 2x + 1
Graph Y1 = 1sin 1X2 + cos 1X22^2 and Y2 = sin 12X2 + 1 in 3 - 2p, 2p, p>24 by 3 -4, 4, 14.
Table Y1 = 1sin 1X2 + cos 1X22^2 and Y2 = sin 12X2 + 1 starting at x = 0, incrementing by
p
.
6
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
1 1
69. sec 2 x = =
cos 2x 1 - 2 sin2 x
Graph Y1 = 1>cos 12X2 and Y2 = 1>11 - 2 1sin 1X22^22 in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3-4, 4, 14.
Table Y1 = 1>cos 12X2 and Y2 = 1>11 - 2 1sin 1X22^22 starting at x = 0, incrementing by

p
.
6
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
2 2 1
70. 2 csc 2t = = = = csc t sec t
sin 2t 2 sin t cos t sin t cos t
Graph Y1 = 2>sin 12X2 and Y2 = 11>sin 1X2211>cos 1X22 in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 6, 6, 14.
Table Y1 = 2>sin 12X2 and Y2 = 11>sin 1X2211>cos 1X22 starting at x = 0, incrementing by

p
.
6
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 6, 6, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 6, 6, 1]

71. sin 3u = sin 12u + u2 = sin 2u cos u + cos 2u sin u = 12 sin u cos u2 cos u + 11 - 2 sin2 u2 sin u =
2 sin u cos2 u + sin u - 2 sin3 u = 2 sin u 11 - sin2 u2 + sin u - 2 sin3 u =
2 sin u - 2 sin3 u + sin u - 2 sin3 u = 3 sin u - 4 sin3 u
Graph Y1 = sin 13X2 and Y2 = 3 sin 1X2 - 4 1sin 1X22^3 in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 2, 2, 14.
Table Y1 = sin 13X2 and Y2 = 3 sin 1X2 - 4 1sin 1X22^3 starting at x = 0, incrementing by
p
.
6
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1]
cos2 x
ba b = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x
2 tan x 2 tan x sin x
72. 2
= 2
= 2a
1 + tan x sec x cos x 1
Graph Y1 = 2 tan 1X2>11 + 1tan 1X22^22 and Y2 = sin 12X2 in 3- 2p, 2p, p>24 by 3-2, 2, 14.
Table Y1 = 2 tan 1X2>11 + 1tan 1X22^22 and Y2 = sin 12X2 starting at x = 0, incrementing by
p
.
6
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1]
73. sin 4u = sin 12 # 2u2 = 2 sin 2u cos 2u = 212 sin u cos u2 cos 2u = 4 sin u cos u cos 2u
Graph Y1 = sin 14X2 and Y2 = 4 sin 1X2 cos 1X2 cos 12X2 in 3-2p, 2p, p>24 by 3-2, 2, 14.
Table Y1 = sin 14X2 and Y2 = 4 sin 1X2 cos 1X2 cos 12X2 starting at x = 0, incrementing by
p
.
6
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1]

74. cos 4t = 2 cos2 2t - 1 = 2 1cos 2t22 - 1 = 2 12 cos2 t - 122 - 1 = 2 14 cos4 t - 4 cos2 t + 12 - 1 =
8 cos4 t - 8 cos2 t + 1
Graph Y1 = cos 14X2 and Y2 = 8 1cos 1X22^4 - 8 1cos 1X22^2 + 1 in 3 - 2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 2, 2, 14.
Table Y1 = cos 14X2 and Y2 = 8 1cos 1X22^4 - 8 1cos 1X22^2 + 1 starting at x = 0, incrementing by
p
.
6
[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [–2, 2, 1]
sin 2u 2 sin u cos u

75. = = 2 cos u
sin u sin u
76. 2 sin2 4u = 1 - 11 - 2 sin2 4u2 = 1 - cos 8u
b = 1 + cos u
u 1 + cos u
77. 2 cos2 = 2a
2 2
sin2 2u 12 sin u cos u22 4 sin2 u cos2 u
= 2 sin2 u
1 + 12 cos2 u - 12
78. = =
1 + cos 2u 2 cos2 u
79. cos4 u - sin4 u = 1cos2 u - sin2 u21cos2 u + sin2 u2 = 1cos 2u2112 = cos 2u
1 - tan2 x 1 - tan2 x 1 tan2 x
80. = = - = cos2 x - sin2 x = cos 2x
1 + tan2 x sec2 x sec2 x sec2 x
1 1 csc t
81. csc 2t = = =
sin 2t 2 sin t cos t 2 cos t
sin u cos u sin2 u + cos2 u 1 2 2
82. tan u + cot u = + = = = =
cos u sin u sin u cos u sin u cos u 2 sin u cos u sin 2u
x sin x2 2 sin x2 2 sin x2 cos x2 sin x sin x
1 + 12 cos 2 - 12
83. tan = = = = =
2 cos x2 2 cos x2 2 cos 22x 2x 1 + cos x
x sin x2 2 sin x2 2 sin2 x2 1 - 11 - 2 sin2 x2 2 1 - cos x

84. tan = = = = =
2 cos x2 2 cos x2 2 sin x2 cos x2 sin x sin x
1sin 150° + 20°2 - sin 150° - 20°22 = 1sin 70° - sin 30°2
1 1
85. (a) cos 50° sin 20° =
2 2
(b) cos 2x cos x = 1cos 12x + x2 + cos 12x - x22 = 1cos (3x) + cos (x)2
1 1
2 2
86. (a) 2 sin 74° sin 24° = 2 # 1cos 174° - 24°2 - cos 174° + 24°22 = 1cos 50° - cos 98°2
1
2
(b) 8 sin 18x cos 13x = 8 # 1sin 118x + 13x2 + sin 118x - 13x22 = 41sin (31x) + cos (5x)2
1
2

1sin 17u + 3u2 + sin 17u - 3u22 = 1sin 10u + sin 4u2
1 1
87. (a) sin 7u cos 3u =
2 2
sin 8x sin 4 x = 1cos 18x - 4x2 - cos 18x + 4x22 = 1cos 4x - cos 12x2
1 1
(b)
2 2
2 cos 5x cos 7x = 2 # 1cos 15x + 7x2 + cos 15x - 7x22 = cos 12x + cos 1 - 2x2 = cos 12x + cos 2x
1
88. (a)
2
4 cos 9u sin 2u = 4 # 1sin 19u + 2u2 - sin 19u - 2u22 = 2 1sin 11u - sin 7u2
1
(b)
2
sin 40° + sin 30° = 2 sin a b cos a b = 2 sin 35° cos 5°

40° + 30° 40° - 30°
89. (a)
2 2
(b) cos 45° + cos 35° = 2 cos a b cos a b = 2 cos 40° cos 5°
45° + 35° 45° - 35°
2 2
90. (a) cos 104° - cos 24° = - 2 sin a b sin a b = - 2 sin 64° sin 40°
104° + 24° 104° - 24°
2 2
(b) sin 32° - sin 64° = 2 cos a b sin a b = 2 cos 48° sin 1 - 16°2 = - 2 cos 48° sin 16°
32° + 64° 32° - 64°
2 2
91. (a) cos 6u + cos 4u = 2 cos a b cos a b = 2 cos 5u cos u

6u + 4u 6u - 4u
2 2
(b) sin 7x + sin 4x = 2 sin a b cos a b = 2 sin

7x + 4x 7x - 4x 11x 3x
cos
2 2 2 2
92. (a) sin 3x - sin 5x = 2 cos a b sin a b = 2 cos 4x sin 1- x2 = - 2 cos 4x sin x
3x + 5x 3x - 5x
2 2
(b) cos 3u - cos u = - 2 sin a b sin a b = - 2 sin 2u sin u

3u + u 3u - u
2 2
93. (a) Symbolic: cos 2u = 1 Q 2u = cos -1 1 Q 2u = 0°, 360° Q u = 0°, 180°
(b) Graphical: Graph Y1 = cos 12X2 and Y2 = 1 in degree mode in 30°, 360°, 30°4 by 3-2, 2, 14.
In [0°, 360°), the x-coordinates of the intersection points are x = 0°, 180°. See Figure 93b.
(c) Numerical: Table Y1 = cos 12X2 and Y2 = 1 in degree mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by 60 .
In the interval [0°, 360°), the tables match when x = 0°, 180°. See Figure 93c.
[0°, 360°, 30°] by [–2, 2, 1] [0°, 360°, 30°] by [–2, 2, 1]
Figure 93b Figure 93c Figure 94b Figure 94c
1 1
94. (a) Symbolic: sin 2u = Q 2u = sin-1 Q 2u = 30°, 150°, 390°, 510° Q u = 15°, 75°, 195°, 255°
2 2
(b) Graphical: Graph Y1 = sin 12X2 and Y2 = 0.5 in degree mode in 30°, 360°, 30°4 by 3-2, 2, 14.
In [0°, 360°), the x-coordinates of the intersection points are x = 15°, 75°, 195°, 255°. See Figure 94b.
(c) Numerical: Table Y1 = sin 12X2 and Y2 = 0.5 in degree mode starting at x = 15, incrementing by 60 .
In the interval [0°, 360°), the tables match when x = 15°, 75°, 195°, 255°. See Figure 94c.

95. (a) Symbolic: sin 2u + cos u = 0 Q 2sin u cos u + cos u = 0 Q cos u(2sin u + 1) = 0 Q cos u = 0,
1
2 sin u + 1 = 0. cos u = 0 Q u = 90°, 270°. 2 sin u + 1 = 0 Q sin u = - Q u = 210°, 330°.
2
(b) Graphical: Graph Y1 = sin 12X2 + cos 1X2 and Y2 = 0 in degree mode in 30°, 360°, 30°4 by 3-2, 2, 14.
In [0°, 360°), the x-coordinates of the intersection points are x = 90°, 210°, 270°, 330°. See Figure 95b.
(c) Numerical: Table Y1 = sin 12X2 + cos 1X2 and Y2 = 0 in degree mode starting at x = 30, incrementing
by 60. In the interval [0°, 360°), the tables match when x = 90°, 210°, 270°, 330°. See Figure 95c.
[0°, 360°, 30°] by [–2, 2, 1] [0°, 360°, 30°] by [–2, 2, 1]
13 13
= cos -1 a - b Q
u u u
96. (a) Symbolic: cos = - Q = 150° Q u = 300°
2 2 2 2 2
(b) Graphical: Graph Y1 = cos 1X>22 and Y2 = - 13>2 in degree mode in 30°, 360°, 30°4 by 3-2, 2, 14.
In [0°, 360°), the x-coordinate of the intersection point is x = 300°. See Figure 96b.
(c) Numerical: Table Y1 = cos 1X>22 and Y2 = - 13>2 in degree mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by 60 .
In the interval [0°, 360°), the tables match when x = 300°. See Figure 96c.
u u u
97. (a) Symbolic: sin = 1 Q = sin-1 1 Q = 90° Q u = p
2 2 2
(b) Graphical: Graph Y1 = sin 1X>22 and Y2 = 1 in radian mode in c0, 2p, b by 3-2, 2, 14.
p
6
In [0, 2p), the x-coordinate of the intersection point is x = 180°. See Figure 97b.
(c) Numerical: Table Y1 = sin 1X>22 and Y2 = 1 in degree mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by 60 .
In the interval [0°, 360°), the tables match when x = p. See Figure 97c.
[0, 2p, p/6] by [–2, 2, 1]
Figure 97b Figure 97c

98. (a) Symbolic: cos 2u + cos u = 0 Q 2 cos2 u - 1 + cos u = 0 Q 12 cos u - 121cos u + 12 = 0

Q 2 cos u - 1 = 0 or cos u + 1 = 0
1
Q cos u = or cos u = - 1
2
u = cos -1 1-12
1
Q u = cos -1 or
2
p 5p
Q u = , p, .
3 3
(b) Graphical: Graph Y1 = cos 12X2 + cos 1X2 and Y2 = 0 in radian mode in c0, 2p, b by 3-4, 4, 14.
p
6
p 5p
In [0, 2p), the x-coordinates of the intersection points are x = , p, . See Figure 98b.
3 3
(c) Numeric: Table Y1 = cos 12X2 + cos 1X2 and Y2 = 0 in radian mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by
p
.
3
p 5p
In the interval [0°, 360°), the tables match when x = , p, . See Figure 98c.
3 3
[0°, 2p, p/6) by [– 4, 4, 1] [0°, 2p, p/6) by [–2, 2, 1]
u u u 12 u 12
99. (a) Symbolic: 12 sin- 1 = 0 Q 12 sin = 1 Q sin = Q = sin-1 Q
2 2 2 2 2 2
u p 3p p 3p
= , Q u = ,
2 4 4 2 2
(b) Graphical: graph Y1 = 12 sin 1X>22 - 1 and Y2 = 0 in radian mode in c0, 2p, b by 3-2, 2, 14. In
p
6
30, 2p2, the x-coordinates of the intersection points are x =

p 3p
, . See Figure 99b.
2 2
(c) Numeric: table Y1 = 12 sin 1X>22 - 1 and Y2 = 0 in radian mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by
p
.
4
In the interval 30, 2p2, the tables match when x =

p 3p
, . See Figure 99c.
2 2
u u u 1 u 1 u
100. (a) Symbolic: 2 cos + 1 = 0 Q 2 cos = - 1 Q cos = - Q = cos -1 - Q = 120° Q
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4p
u =
3

(b) Graphical: graph Y1 = 2 cos 1X>22 + 1 and Y2 = 0 in radian mode in c0, 2p, b by 3-2, 2, 14. In
p
6
30, 2p2, the x-coordinate of the intersection point is x =

4p
. See Figure 100b.
3
(c) Numeric: table Y1 = 2 cos 1X>22 + 1 and Y2 = 0 in radian mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by
p
.
3
In the interval 30, 2p), the tables match when x =
4p
See Figure 100c.
3
[0, 2p, p/6) by [–2, 2, 1]
Figure 100b Figure 100c

13 13 p 11p
101. 2 cos 2t = 13 Q cos 2t = . cos 2t = Q 2t = + 2pn, + 2pn Q
2 2 6 6
p 11p
t = + pn, + pn.
12 12
1 1 7p 11p
102. 2 sin 2t = - 1 Q sin 2t = - . sin 2t = - Q 2t = + 2pn, + 2pn Q
2 2 6 6
7p 11p
t = + pn, + pn.
12 12
103. sin 2t + sin t = 0 Q 2 sin t cos t + sin t = 0 Q sin t 12 cos t + 12 = 0
Q sin t = 0 or 2 cos t + 1 = 0
1
Q sin t = 0 or cos t = -
2
t = cos -1 a - b
1
Q t = sin-1 0 or
2
2p 4p
Q t = pn, + 2pn, + 2pn
3 3
104. sin t - cos 2t = 0 Q sin t - 11 - 2 sin2 t2 = 0 Q 2 sin2 t + sin t - 1 = 0 Q
12 sin t - 121sin t + 12 = 0
Q 2 sin t - 1 = 0 or sin t + 1 = 0
1
Q sin t = or sin t = - 1
2
t = sin-1 1-12
1
Q t = sin-1 or
2
p 5p 3p
Q t = + 2pn, + 2pn, + 2pn
6 6 2
t t 1 t 1
105. 2 sin - 1 = 0 Q sin = Q = sin-1
2 2 2 2 2
t p 5p
Q = + 2pn, + 2pn
2 6 6
p 5p
Q t = + 4pn, + 4pn
3 3

106. sin 2t = 2 cos2 t Q 2 sin t cos t = 2 cos2 t Q sin t cos t - cos2 t = 0 Q cos t 1sin t - cos t2 = 0
Q cos t = 0 or sin t - cos t = 0
Q cos t = 0 or tan t = 1
-1
Q t = cos 0 or t = tan-1 1
p p
Q t = + pn, + pn
2 4
107. cos 2t = sin t Q 1 - 2 sin2 t = sin t Q 2 sin2 t + sin t - 1 = 0 Q 12 sin t - 121sin t + 12 = 0
Q 2 sin t - 1 = 0 or sin t + 1 = 0
1
Q sin t = or sin t = - 1
2
t = sin-1 1-12
1
Q t = sin-1 or
2
p 5p 3p
Q t = + 2pn, + 2pn, + 2pn
6 6 2
108. cos 2t - cos t = 0 Q 2 cos2 t - 1 - cos t = 0 Q 2 cos2 t - cos t - 1 = 0 Q
12 cos t + 121cos t - 12 = 0
Q 2 cos t + 1 = 0 or cos t - 1 = 0
1
Q cos t = - or cos t = 1
2
Q t = cos -1 a - b
1
or t = cos -1 1
2
2p 4p
Q t = + 2pn, + 2pn, 2pn
3 3
p 5p p 5p
109. tan 2t = 1 Q 2t = tan-1 1 Q 2t = + 2pn or 2t = + 2pn Q t = + pn or t = + pn
4 4 8 8
p pn
or equivalently, t = +
8 2
1 1 p 7p
110. cot 2t = 13 Q tan 2t = Q 2t = tan-1 Q 2t = + 2pn or 2t = + 2pn Q
13 13 6 6
p 7p p p
t = + pn or t = + pn, or equivalently + n.
12 12 12 2
t t 1 t 1 t p t 5p
111. 2 cos = 1 Q cos = Q = cos -1 Q = + 2pn or = + 2pn Q
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3
2p 10p
t = + 4pn or t = + 4pn
3 3
t t t p t 5p p 5p
112. tan = 1 Q = tan-1 1 Q = + 2pn or = + 2pn Q t = + 4pn or t = + 4pn
2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2
p
or equivalently, t = + 2pn
2
113. cos 2t = 2 sin t cos t, let 2 sin t cos t = sin 2t and let u = 2t. So then the equation becomes cos u = sin u,
cos u sin u p 5p
divide both sides by cos u Q = Q 1 = tan u Q u = and . For all real number
cos u cos u 4 4
p 5p
solutions u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn. Because u = 2t, we can determine t by substituting 2t for u Q
4 4
p 5p p 5p p pn
2t = + 2pn or 2t = + 2pn. Therefore t = + pn or t = + pn or equivalently, + .
4 4 8 8 8 2

114. 2 cos2 2t = 1 - cos 2t Q 2 cos2 2t + cos 2t - 1 = 0 Q 12 cos 2t - 121cos 2t + 12 = 0

Q 2 cos 2t - 1 = 0 or cos 2t + 1 = 0
1
Q cos 2t = or cos 2t = - 1
2
Let u = 2t, then
1
Q cos u = or cos u = - 1
2
Q u = cos -1 a b u = cos -1 1-12
1
or
2
p 5p
Q u = or or u = p
3 3
p 5p
For all real number solutions u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn or u = p + 2pn. Because u = 2t, we can
3 3
p 5p
determine t by substituting 2t for u Q 2t = + 2pn or 2t = + 2pn or 2t = p + 2pn.
3 3
p 5p p
Therefore t = + pn or t = + pn or t = + pn.
6 6 2
115. 2 sin 2 2t + sin 2t - 1 = 0 Q 12 sin 2t - 121sin 2t + 12 = 0
Q 2 sin 2t - 1 = 0 or sin 2t + 1 = 0
1
Q sin 2t = or sin 2t = - 1
2
Let u = 2t, then
1
Q sin u = or sin u = - 1
2
Q u = sin-1 a b u = sin-1 1-12

1
or
2
p 5p 3p
Q u = or or u =
6 6 2
p 5p 3p
For all real number solutions u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn. Because u = 2t, we can
6 6 2
p 5p 3p
determine t by substituting 2t for u Q 2t = + 2pn or 2t = + 2pn or 2t = + 2pn.
6 6 2
p 5p 3p
Therefore t = + pn or t = + pn or t = + pn.
12 12 4
= cos -1 a - b Q
t t t 1 t 1 t 2p
116. 2 cos + 1 = 0 Q 2 cos = - 1 Q cos = - Q = + 2pn or
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
t 4p 4p 8p
= + 2pn Q t = + 4pn or t = + 4pn
2 3 3 3
117. sin t + sin 2t = cos t. Graph Y1 = sin 1X2 + sin 12X2 and Y2 = cos 1X2 in radian mode in 30, 2p, p>24 by
3-3, 3, 14. See Figure 117. The x-coordinates of the intersection points are approximately 0.333 and 4.379.

[0 , 2p, p>2] by [– 3 , 3 , 1] [0, 2p, p>2] by [– 3 , 3 , 1] [0, 0.04, 0.01] by [–500, 2500, 500]
Figure 117 Figure 118 Figure 119
118. sin 3t + sin 2t = 2 cos t. Graph Y1 = sin 13X2 + sin 12X2 and Y2 = 2 cos 1X2 in radian mode in
30, 2p, p>24 by 3-3, 3, 14. See Figure 118. The x-coordinates of the intersection points are approximately
0.466, 0.986, 2.058, and 4.919.
119. (a) Graph Y1 = 1310 sin 1120pX2217 sin 1120pX22 in 30, 0.04, 0.014 by 3- 500, 2500, 5004.
See Figure 119.

1 - cos 1240px2
(b) W = 1310 sin 1120px2217 sin 1120px22 = 2170 sin2 1120px2 = 2170 # =
2
108511 - cos 1240px22 = 1085 - 1085 cos 1240px2 = - 1085 cos 1240px2 + 1085 Q
a = - 1085, k = 240, d = 1085
120. (a) Graph Y1 = 1163 sin 1120 p X22^2>15 in 30, 0.05, 0.014 by 3-500, 2000, 5004. See Figure 120a.
(b) The maximum wattage occurs at a peak of the graph. W is approximately 1771 watts. See Figure 120b.
1632 # 1 - cos 1240px2 1632

1632 sin2 1120px2 = 11 - cos 1240px22 =
1 #
(c) W = =
15 15 2 30
1632 1632 1632 1632
- cos 1240px2 = - cos 1240px2 +
30 30 30 30
[0, 0.05, 0.01] by [–500, 2000, 500] [0, 0.05, 0.01] by [–500, 2000, 500]
a β
2 r
Figure 120a Figure 120b Figure 123
121. We must solve the equation V1t2 = 160 for t : 320 sin 1120pt2 = 160 Q sin 1120pt2 =
1
.
2
1 p 5p
Let u = 120pt then sin u = Q u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn. Substituting 120pt for u yields
2 6 6
p 5p
Q 120pt = + 2pn or 120pt = + 2pn
6 6
1 n 5 n
Q t = + or t = + sec
720 60 720 60

13
122. We must solve the equation V1t2 = 160 13 for t : 320 sin 1120pt2 = 160 13 Q sin 1120pt2 = .
2
13 p 2p
Let u = 120pt then sin u = Q u = + 2pn or u = + 2pn. Substituting 120pt for u yields
2 3 3
p 2p
Q 120pt = + 2pn or 120pt = + 2pn
3 3
1 n 2 n
Q t = + or t = + sec
360 60 360 60
123. (a) d = 600 a 1 - cos b = 60011 - cos 40°2 L 140.4 ft

80°
2
(b) By bisecting b , we create a diagram as shown in Figure 123.
b a b
Here r = d + a and from right triangle trigonometry, cos = Q a = r cos .
2 r 2
Q d = r a1 - cos b
b b b
Thus, r = d + r cos Q d = r - r cos
2 2 2
b 1 + cos b 1
(c) No, cos = ; Z cos b
2 B 2 2
u T u
124. (a) Using right triangle CPQ we see that tan = . Thus, T = r tan .
2 r 2
80°
(b) T = 1500 tan = 1500 tan 40° L 1258.6 ft
2
125. Let f1t2 model the tone for number 3 and let g1t2 model the tone for number 4.
(a) f1t2 = cos 1216972pt2 + cos 12114772pt2 = cos 11394pt2 + cos 12954pt2
g1t2 = cos 1217702pt2 + cos 12112092pt2 = cos 11540pt2 + cos 12418pt2
(b) f1t2 = 2 cos a b cos a b = 2 cos 12174pt2 cos 1 -780pt2 =

1394pt + 2954pt 1394pt - 2954pt
2 2
2 cos 12174pt2 cos 1780pt2
g1t2 = 2 cos a b cos a b = 2 cos 11979pt2 cos 1 -439pt2 =

1540pt + 2418pt 1540pt - 2418pt
2 2
2 cos 11979pt2 cos 1439pt2
[0.2, 1.2, 0.2] by [– 0.08, 0.08, 0.01]
Figure 126a

126. (a) Graph Y1 = 0.04 cos 1110pX2 + 0.04 cos 1116pX2 in 30.2, 1.2, 0.24 by 3 - 0.08, 0.08, 0.014.
There are three beats. See Figure 126a.
(b) P1 + P2 = 0.04c2 cos a b cos a b d = 0.08 cos 1113pt2 cos 1 -3pt2 =

110pt + 116pt 110pt - 116pt
2 2
0.08 cos 1113pt2 cos 13pt2
Checking Basic Concepts for Section 7.5

ba- b = -
24 7 336
1. sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2a
25 25 625
7 2 24 2
cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u = a - b - a b = -
527
25 25 625
22
45° 1 - cos 45° 1 - 2 2 - 12 22 - 12
2. sin 22.5° = sin = = = =
2 B 2 F 2 B 4 2
4 3
3. When u is acute and sin u = , then cos u = .
5 5
3 5 - 3
u 1 - cos u 1 - 5 5 2 1 1
sin = = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 10 B 5 15
3 5 + 3
u 1 + cos u 1 + 5 5 8 4 2
cos = = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 10 B 5 15
cos 2u 2 cos2 u - 1 2 cos2 u 1
4. 2
= 2
= - = 2 - sec2 u
cos u cos u cos2 u cos2 u
5. sin 2u = 2 cos u Q 2 sin u cos u = 2 cos u Q 2 sin u cos u - 2 cos u = 0 Q 2 cos u (sin u - 1) = 0
Q cos u = 0 or sin u - 1 = 0
Q cos u = 0 or sin u = 1
Q u = cos -1 0 or u = sin-1 1
p 3p
Q u = ,
2 2
Chapter 7 Review Exercises

1. If sec u 6 0 and sin u 7 0 then any point (x, y) on the terminal side of u must satisfy
r
y 7 0 and 6 0 Q x 6 0. Thus, u is contained in quadrant II.
x

Review Exercises CHAPTER 7 573
2. If cot u 7 0 and cos u 6 0 then any point (x, y) on the terminal side of u must satisfy
x
x 6 0 and 7 0 Q y 6 0. Thus, u is contained in quadrant III.
y
3
sin u 5 3 1 1 5
3. tan u = = 4 = - csc u = = 3 =
cos u -5 4 sin u 5
3
1 1 5 1 1 4
sec u = = 4 = - cot u = = 3 = -
cos u -5 4 tan u -4 3
1 1 5 1 1 12
4. sin u = = 13 = - cos u = = 13 = -
csc u -5 13 sec u - 12 13
sin u - 135 5 1 1 12
tan u = = 12 = cot u = = 5 =
cos u - 13 12 tan u 12
5
a- b = -
24 7 7 1 1 25
5. sin u = cos u tan u = csc u = = 7
= -
25 24 25 sin u - 25 7
1 1 25 1 1 24
sec u = = 24 = cot u = = 7
= -
cos u 25
24 tan u - 24 7
6. 1 + cot 2 u = csc2 u Q csc u = ; 21 + cot 2 u and since sin u 7 0 then csc u 7 0; csc u = 21 + cot 2 u
1 2 15
1 + a- b = 1 +
1 1 1 5
tan u = = 1 = -2 csc u = 21 + cot 2 u = = =
cot u -2 B 2 B 4 B4 2
2
1 1 2 sin u 25 1 1 1
sin u = = = cos u = = = - sec u = = = - 15
csc u 25 15 tan u -2 15 cos u -
1
2 25
7. Since the sine function is an odd function sin 1 -13°2 = - sin 13°.
8. Since the cosine function is an even function cos 1 -106°2 = cos 106°.
Since the secant function is an even function sec a - b = sec

3p 3p
9. .
7 7
10. Since the tangent function is an odd function tan a - b = - tan

5p 5p
.
11 11
1 # cos u # sin u
11. sec u cot u sin u = = 1
cos u sin u 1
1
12. sin u csc u = sin u # = 1
sin u
13. 1sec2 t - 121csc2 t - 12 = 1tan2 t21cot 2 t2 = 1
sec u sin u sin u sin u
14. + = + = tan u + tan u = 2 tan u
csc u cos u cos u cos u
csc u sin u 1
15. = = cos u
sec u sec u
cos2 u 1 - sin2 u 11 - sin u211 + sin u2
16. = = = 1 + sin u
1 - sin u 1 - sin u 1 - sin u

17. tan u = 1.2367 Q u = tan-1 1.2367 sin u = sin 1tan-1 1.23672 L 0.7776
cos u = cos 1tan-1 1.23672 L 0.6288

1
sin 1tan
csc u = -1
L 1.2860
1.23672
1 1
cos 1tan
sec u = -1
L 1.5904 cot u = L 0.8086
1.23672 tan u
18. sin u = - 0.3434 Q u = sin-1 1-0.34342 cos u = cos 1sin-1 1-0.343422 L 0.9392
tan u = tan 1sin-1 1-0.343422 L - 0.3656

1
csc u = L - 2.9121
sin u
1 1
sec u = L 1.0647 cot u = L - 2.7350
cos u tan u
19. cos u = - 0.4544 Q u = cos -1 1-0.45442
sin u = sin 1cos -1 1-0.454422 L 0.8908 tan u = tan 1cos -1 1-0.454422 L - 1.9604
1 1 1
csc u = L 1.1226 sec u = L - 2.2007 cot u = L - 0.5101
sin u cos u tan u
20. tan u = - 0.8595 Q u = tan-1 1-0.85952
sin u = sin 1tan-1 1-0.859522 L - 0.6518 cos u = cos 1tan-1 1-0.859522 L 0.7584
1 1 1
csc u = L - 1.5342 sec u = L 1.3186 cot u = L - 1.1635
sin u cos u tan u
21. sin2 u + 2 sin u + 1 = 1sin u + 121sin u + 12
22. 2 cos2 t - 3 cos t + 1 = 12 cos t - 121cos t - 12
23. tan2 u - 9 = 1tan u + 321tan u - 32
24. 2 sec2 u - 3 sec u - 5 = 12 sec u - 521sec u + 12
25. 1sec u - 121sec u + 12 = sec2 u - 1 = tan2 u
26. 1cos u + sin u22 + 1cos u - sin u22 = cos2 u + 2 sin u cos u + sin2 u + cos2 u - 2 sin u cos u + sin2 u =
2 1cos2 u + sin2 u2 = 2
27. 11 + tan t22 = 1 + 2 tan t + tan2 t = sec2 t + 2 tan t
28. 11 - cos2 t211 + tan2 t2 = 11 - cos2 t2 sec2 t = sec2 t - 1 = tan2 t
29. sin 1x - p2 = sin x cos p - cos x sin p = sin x 1-12 - cos x 102 = - sin x
30. cos 1p + x2 = cos p cos x - sin p sin x = 1 -12 cos x - 102 sin x = - cos x
31. sin 8x = sin 12 # 4x2 = 2 sin 4x cos 4x
32. cos4 x - sin4 x = 1cos2 x + sin2 x21cos2 x - sin2 x2 = 1121cos 2x2 = cos 2x
1 1
33. sec 2x = = 2
cos 2x 2 cos x - 1
1 + tan2 x sec2 x
34. = = sec2 x
sin2 x + cos2 x 1
35. cos4 x sin3 x = cos4 x 1sin2 x2 sin x = cos4 x 11 - cos2 x2 sin x = 1cos4 x - cos6 x2 sin x

36. It is best to start with the right side of this equations.
- cos 2x + cos 4x = - 11 - 2 sin2 x2 + 11 - 2 sin2 2x2 =

3 1 1 3 1 1
8 2 8 8 2 8
+ sin2 x + - sin2 2x = sin2 x - sin2 2x = sin2 x - 12 sin x cos x22 =

3 1 1 1 1 1
-
8 2 8 4 4 4
sin2 x - sin2 x cos2 x = sin2 x 11 - cos2 x2 = sin2 x # sin2 x = sin4 x
37. sec4 u - tan4 u = 1sec2 u - tan2 u21sec2 u + tan2 u2 = 112111 + tan2 u2 + tan2 u2 = 1 + 2 tan2 u
1 + cos u sin u 11 + cos u22 + sin2 u 1 + 2 cos u + cos2 u + sin2 u

sin u 11 + cos u2 sin u 11 + cos u2
38. + = = =
sin u 1 + cos u
2 11 + cos u2
sin u 11 + cos u2
= 2 csc u
39. u = 240° is in quadrant III, uR = 240° - 180° = 60°
40. u = 320° is in quadrant IV, uR = 360° - 320° = 40°

9p 9p 2p
41. u = is in quadrant III, uR = - p =
7 7 7
7p 5p 5p p
42. u = - is coterminal with in quadrant II, uR = p - =
6 6 6 6
p 3p
43. Estimate: u = ,
2 2
Symbolic: cos2 u - 2 cos u = 0 Q cos u 1cos u - 22 = 0
Q cos u = 0 or cos u - 2 = 0
Q cos u = 0 or cos u = 2 (not possible)
p 3p
Q u = cos -1 0 Q u = ,
2 2
p p 5p 3p
44. Estimate: t = , , ,
6 2 6 2
Symbolic: 2 sin t cos t - cos t = 0 Q cos t 12 sin t - 12 = 0
Q cos t = 0 or 2 sin t - 1 = 0
1
Q cos t = 0 or sin t =
2
1 p p 5p 3p
Q t = cos -1 0 or t = sin-1 Q t = , , ,
2 6 2 6 2
45. (a) tan u = 13 Q u = tan-1 13 = 60°, 240°
Q u = tan-1 a - b = 150°, 330°

1 1
(b) cot u = - 13 Q tan u = -
13 13
46. (a) sin u = 1 Q u = sin-1 1 = 90°
(b) cos u = - 1 Q u = cos -1 1-12 = 180°
1 1 p 5p
47. 2 cos u - 1 = 0 Q cos u = Q u = cos-1 = ,
2 2 6 6

48. cot2 u = 1 Q tan2 u = 1 Q tan u = ; 1 Q u = tan-1 1;12 =

p 3p 5p 7p
, , ,
4 4 4 4
49. 2 sin2 u + sin u - 3 = 0 Q 1sin u - 1212 sin u + 32
Q sin u - 1 = 0 or 2 sin u + 3 = 0
3
Q sin u = 1 or sin u = - (not possible)
2
p
Q u = sin-1 1 =
2
50. sin2 u + 2 cos u = 1 Q 11 - cos2 u2 + 2 cos u = 1 Q cos2 u - 2 cos u = 0 Q cos u 1cos u - 22 = 0
Q cos u = 0 or cos u - 2 = 0
Q cos u = 0 or cos u = 2 (not possible)
p 3p
Q u = cos-1 0 = ,
2 2
51. tan2 t - 2 tan t + 1 = 0 Q 1tan t - 121tan t - 12 = 0 Q tan t = 1 Q t = tan-1 1 Q t =

p 5p
,
4 4
13 13 p 2p
52. 2 sin t = 13 Q sin t = Q t = sin-1 = ,
2 2 3 3
Q t = tan-1 a ; b
1 1 1
53. 3 tan2 t - 1 = 0 Q tan2 t = Q tan t = ;
3 13 13
p p
t = + pn, - + pn or t = 30° + 180°n, -30° + 180°n
6 6
54. 2 sin2 t - sin t - 1 = 0 Q 12 sin t + 121sin t - 12 = 0
Q 2 sin t + 1 = 0 or sin t - 1 = 0
1
Q sin t = - or sin t = 1
2
Q t = sin-1 a - b
1
or t = sin-1 1
2
7p p p
t = + 2pn, - + 2pn, + 2pn or t = 210° + 360°n, -30° + 360°n, 90° + 360°n
6 6 2
55. sin 2t + 3 cos t = 0 Q 2 sin t cos t + 3 cos t = 0 Q cos t 12 sin t + 32 = 0
Q cos t = 0 or 2 sin t + 3 = 0
3
Q cos t = 0 or sin t = - (not possible)
2
-1
Q t = cos 0
p
t = + pn or t = 90° + 180°n
2
56. cos 2t = 1 Q 2t = cos -1 1 Q 2t = 0 + 2pn Q t = pn or t = 180°n
1 - A B
23 2 - 23
210° 1 + cos 210° 2 2 2 - 13
57. cos 105° = cos = - = - = - = - =
2 B 2 F 2 F 2 B 4
2 - 13
- . See Figure 57.
B 2

p 23
p 6 1 - cos p6 1 - 2 2 - 13 22 - 13
58. sin = sin = = = = . See Figure 58.
12 2 B 2 F 2 B 4 2
[ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 8, 8, 1] [ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]
59. Graph Y1 = tan 1X2 and Y2 = X + 1 using dot mode in 3 -2p, 2p, p>24 by 3- 8, 8, 14.
See Figure 59. The x-coordinates of the intersection points are approximately – 4.43, 1.13 and 4.53.
60. Graph Y1 = sin 1cos 1X22 and Y2 = tan 1X2 using dot mode in 3 -2p, 2p, p>24 by 3 -4, 4, 14.
See Figure 60. The x-coordinates of the intersection points are approximately –5.66, –3.77, 0.63 and 2.51.
3 4 12 5
61. If cos a = and a is in quadrant I, then sin a = . If cos b = and b is in quadrant I, then sin b = .
5 5 13 13

4 12 3 5 48 + 15 63
=
5 13 5 13 65 65

3 12 4 5 36 - 20 16
=
5 13 5 13 65 65
sin 1a + b2 63
(c) tan 1a + b2 =
65 63 # 65 63
cos 1a + b2
= 16
= =
65
65 16 16
(d) Since sin 1a + b2 and cos 1a + b2 are positive, a + b is in quadrant I.
12 5
62. If sin a = - and a is in quadrant IV, then cos a = .
13 13
4 4 3
If tan b = - and b is in quadrant IV, then sin b = - and cos b = .
3 5 5
(a) sin 1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b = a - ba b + a ba- b =

12 3 5 4 - 36 - 20 56
= -
13 5 13 5 65 65
(b) cos 1a + b2 = cos a cos b - sin a sin b = a ba b - a- ba- b =

5 3 12 4 15 - 48 33
= -
13 5 13 5 65 65
sin 1a + b2 - 56
(c) tan 1a + b2 = a- b =
65 56 # 65 56
cos 1a + b2
= 33
= -
- 65
65 33 33
(d) Since sin 1a + b2 and cos 1a + b2 are negative a + b is in quadrant III.

4
= 4 = # a- b = -
sin u sin u 5 4 3 3
63. Since tan u = , cos u =
cos u tan u -3 5 4 5
(a) sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2a b a - b = -

4 3 24
5 5 25

4 2
cos 2u = 1 - 2 sin2 u = 1 - 2a b = 1 -
32 7
= -
5 25 25
- 24
a- b =
sin 2u 25 24 # 25 24
tan 2u = = 7
= -
cos 2u - 25 25 7 7
(b) Since u is in quadrant II, u = cos -1 a - b . Numerical support is shown in Figures 63a & 63b.
3
5
ba- b =
12 5 120
64. (a) sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2a -
13 13 169
5 2
b - 1 =
50 119
cos 2u = 2 cos2 u - 1 = 2a - - 1 = -
13 169 169
120
a- b = -
sin 2u 169 120 # 169 120
tan 2u = = 119 =
cos 2u - 169 169 119 119
(b) Since u is in quadrant III, u = 2p - cos -1 a - b. Numerical support is shown in Figures 64a & 64b.
5
13
1 2 115
and u is in quadrant I, sin u = 21 - cos2 u = 1 - a b =
1 15
65. Since cos u = = .
4 B 4 B 16 4
1 4 - 1
u 1 - cos u 1 - 4 4 3
(a) sin = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B8
1 4 + 1
u 1 + cos u 1 + 4 4 5
cos = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B8
u sin 2u 383 3# 8 3
tan = = = =
2 cos 2u 5
38 B 8 B 5 B 5
1
(b) Since u is in quadrant I, u = cos -1 . Numerical support is shown in Figures 65a, 65b and 65c.
4

8 8 15
66. Since tan u = - and u is in quadrant IV, sin u = - and cos u = .
15 17 17
15 17 - 15
u 1 - cos u 1 - 17 17 2 1 1
(a) sin = - = - = - = - = - = -
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 34 B 17 117
15 17 + 15
u 1 + cos u 1 + 17 17 32 16 4
cos = = = = = =
2 B 2 D 2 D 2 B 34 B 17 117
15 17 - 15 2
a- b = - = -
u 1 - cos u 1 - 17 17 17 2 # 17 2 1
tan = = = = =
2 sin u - 178 - 178 - 178 17 8 8 4
(b) Since u is in quadrant IV, u = sin-1 a - b. Numerical support is shown in Figures 66a, 66b and 66c.
8
17
61
11
θ
60
Figure 66a Figure 66b Figure 66c Figure 67
11 11
67. Let u = tan-1 . It follows that sin u = . See Figure 67.
60 61
11 2
cos a2 tan-1 b = cos 12u2 = 1 - 2 sin2 u = 1 - 2a b = 1 -
11 242 3479
=
60 61 3721 3721
68. Let u = sin-1 x, where x 7 0. It follows that sin u = x and cos u = 21 - x2. See Figure 68.
sin 12 sin-1 x2 = sin 12u2 = 2 sin u cos u = 21x2(21 - x2) = 2x 21 - x2

69. Graph Y1 = 1.2 cos 1p>61X - 0.722 + 12.1 and Y2 = 11.5 in 30, 13, 14 by 310, 15, 14.
See Figures 69a and 69b. The x-coordinates of the intersection points are approximately 4.7 and 8.7. The num-
ber of daylight hours equals 11.5 on about April 21 and again on about August 22.
[0, 13, 1] by [10, 15, 1] [0, 13, 1] by [10, 15, 1] [0, 0.1, 0.01] by [– 0.008, 0.008, 0.001]
1 x
θ
2 1 x2
Figure 68 Figure 69a Figure 69b Figure 70
70. (a) Graph Y1 = 0.006 cos 150pX2 in 30, 0.1, 0.014 by 3 -0.008, 0.008, 0.0014. See Figure 70.
(b) The zeros are approximately 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09.
71. (a) Graph Y1 = 0.006 cos 1100pX2 + 0.008 sin 1100pX2 in 30, 0.06, 0.014 by 3-0.012, 0.012, 0.0024.
See Figure 71.

(b) The peaks of the graph are located at y = 0.01, thus a = 0.01. The x-value at the first peak is
p
x L 0.00295089. 100p10.002950892 + k = Q k L 0.6435.
2
(c) P = 0.01 sin 1100pt + 0.64352 = 0.013sin 1100pt2 cos 10.64352 + cos 1100pt2 sin 10.643524 L
0.013sin 1100pt210.82 + cos 1100pt210.624 L 0.008 sin 1100pt2 + 0.006 cos 1100pt2
[0, 0.06, 0.01] by [– 0.012, 0.012, 0.002] [0, 0.04, 0.01] by [– 40, 40, 10]
Figure 71 Figure 72
72. (a) Graph Y1 = 34 1sin 1120pX222 in 30, 0.04, 0.014 by 3-40, 40, 104. See Figure 72.
1 - cos 1240pt2
(b) W = 34 sin2 1120pt2 = 34 c d = 1711 - cos 1240pt22 = - 17 cos 1240pt2 + 17
2
73. W1t2 = 7 cos2 1240pt2 Q W1t2 = 7(1 - sin2 1240pt22 Q W1t2 = 7 - 7 sin2 1240pt2
When V is maximum or minimum, W = 0.
74. Let y = 60 Q 60 = 15 sin a 1x - 42b + 60 Q 15 sin a 1x - 42b = 0 Q

p p
6 6
sin a 1x - 42b = 0 Q 1x - 42 = sin-1 0 Q 1x - 42 = 0 or 1x - 42 = p.

p p p p
6 6 6 6
Therefore x = 4 or 10, where 4 corresponds to April and 10 corresponds to October.
or u = cos -1 a b Q u L 30.11° or 0.53 radians.

250 250
75. Let F = 250 Q 250 = 289 cos u Q cos u =
289 289
76. Let V1t2 = 40 Q 40 = 80 sin 1120pt2 Q sin 1120pt2 = Q 120pt = sin-1 a b Q

1 1
2 2
p 5p 1 5 1 n
120pt = or 120pt = Q t = or t = . Therefore where t is a real number, t = + or
6 6 720 720 720 60
5 n
t = + sec.
720 60
Extended and Discovery Exercises for Chapter 7

1. (a) The graphs of functions i, ii, iii, iv and v are shown in Figures 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d and 1e respectively.
(b) The graph approximates a saw-tooth shape.
(c) The maximum pressure of P is approximately 0.00317. See Figure 1f.
(d) The pure tone is modeled by a smooth graph whereas the piano tone is modeled by a saw-tooth shape.

[0, 0.01, 0.002] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001] [0, 0.01, 0.002] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001] [0, 0.01, 0.002] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001] [0, 0.01, 0.002] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001]
Figure 1a Figure 1b Figure 1c Figure 1d
[0, 0.01, 0.002] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001] [0, 0.01, 0.002] by [– 0.005, 0.005, 0.001] [0, 0.03, 0.01] by [–1.2, 1.2, 0.5] [0, 0.03, 0.01] by [–1.2, 1.2, 0.5]
Figure 1e Figure 1f Figure 2a Figure 2d
2. (a) The graph of P is shown in Figure 2a.

(b) P assumes a maximum of approximately 0.9829 when t L 0.0007576, 0.009850, 0.01894, 0.02803.
(c) The common difference between these values is approximately 0.00909 which is equal to one period. One
1
cycle in 0.00909 seconds results in L 110 cycles per second. The frequency is 110 Hz. A person
0.00909
will hear the low tone 110 Hz in addition to the higher harmonic tones.
(d) A large speaker can produce the low frequency 110 Hz directly. It will be clear and contain less noise. For
a larger speaker the 110 Hz tone will appear in the formula for P as follows:
P = sin 32p11102t4 + sin 32p12202t4 + sin 32p13302t4 + sin 32p14402t4

1 1 1
2 3 4
The graph of this equation for P is shown in Figure 2d. Notice that the maximums for the larger speaker
having 110 Hz capability are more distinct with less noise appearing between them.
3. (a) Graph Y3 = 0.1e^1-1.2X2 sin 12p *15X2 in 30, 1, 0.14 by 3- 0.15, 0.15, 0.054. See Figure 3a.
(b) Graph Y3 along with Y1 = - 0.1e^1 -1.2X2 and Y2 = 0.1e^1-1.2X2 in the same window. See Figure 3b.
These graphs relate to the amplitude of A.
(c) The initial amplitude of A is 0.1. Graph Y3 along with Y4 = 0.05 in the same window. See Figure 3c.
Using the trace feature of the calculator, we see that the amplitude is nearly 0.05 when t L 0.55 seconds.
[0, 1, 0.1] by [– 0.15, 0.15, 0.05] [0, 1, 0.1] by [– 0.15, 0.15, 0.05] [0, 1, 0.1] by [– 0.15, 0.15, 0.05]

Solution Manual for Precalculus with Modeling & Visualization, 5/E 5th Edition Gary K.
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Chapter 7: Trigonometric Identities and Equations

7.1: Fundamental Identities

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28. 11 + tan2 u2 cos2 u = sec2 u cos2 u =

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. sec2 u - 1 = 11 + tan2 u2 - 1 = tan2 u

34. sin u 1csc u + sec u2 = sin u a b =

41. 1sin 2 x211 + cot 2 x2 = 1sin 2 x21csc 2 x2 = 1sin 2 x2a b = 1

Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48

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Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52

See Figure 52.

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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

sin u = cos u tan u = a - ba b = -

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

thus, cos u = 21 - x 2 = 21 - 0.51262 L 0.8586.

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80. Since cosine is an even function, cos a - b = cos .

81. Since tangent is an odd function, tan a - b = - tan .

83. Since secant is an even function, sec a - b = sec

Figure 85 Figure 87a Figure 87b

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87. (a) Graph Y1 = 3 1cos 16000000X22^2, Y2 = 3 1sin 16000000X22^2 and Y3 = Y1 + Y2

Figure 89a Figure 89b

Figure 90a Figure 90b Figure 91

91. (a) P = ky2 = k14 cos 12pt222 = 16k cos2 12pt2

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Figure 92a Figure 92b

7.2: Verifying Identities

(b) cos2 u + 2 cos u + 1 = 1cos u + 121cos u + 12

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(b) tan u + tan3u = tan u A 1 + tan2 u B = tan u sec2

12. (a) x2 + x2y2 = x2 A 1 + y2 B

(b) sin2u + sin2 u tan2 u = sin2 u A 1 + tan2 u B = sin2 u # sec2 u =

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. tan u 1cos u - csc u2 = acos u - b = sin u -

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sec t sec t # cos t 1

49. 1sec t - 121sec t + 12 = sec2 t - 1 = tan2 t

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68. 2sec2 u - 1 = 2tan2 u = ; tan u = tan u, since u is acute.

Figure 73a Figure 73b Figure 73c

Table Y1 and Y2 together in degree mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by 50.

Figure 74a Figure 74b Figure 74c

Table Y1 and Y2 together in degree mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by 50.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]

Figure 75a Figure 75b Figure 75c

Table Y1 and Y2 together in degree mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by 50.

[ -2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1] [ - 2p, 2p, p>2] by [– 4, 4, 1]

Figure 76a Figure 76b Figure 76c

77. cos t 1tan t - sec t2 = cos t a b = sin t - 1

Table Y1 and Y2 together in degree mode starting at x = 0, incrementing by 50.