CHAPTER 04: Network Programming

By: Muleta Taye T. E-mail: muleta.taye@aastu.edu.et

May 3, 2023
CH03: Topics to be covered

4.1 Overview of Sockets

4.2 Establishing Connections
4.3 TCP Clients and Servers
4.4 UDP Clients and Servers
4.5 Secure Sockets Layer

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ What is Network ?

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ What is Network ?
ˆ an Interconnection between computing machine.
ˆ Modern-day applications 7→ Internet based or Web-Based!
↓ java handles via
• Network Programming!
ˆ java.net package provides
ˆ stream-based communications: Enable applications to view networking as
streams of data
ˆ packet-based communications: for transmitting individual packets of information
ˆ Java provides two mechanisms for distributed computing
ˆ Socket-based communication
• Enable applications to view networking as if it were file I/O
↓ achieved via

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ What is Network ?
ˆ an Interconnection between computing machine.
ˆ Modern-day applications 7→ Internet based or Web-Based!
↓ java handles via
• Network Programming!
ˆ java.net package provides
ˆ stream-based communications: Enable applications to view networking as
streams of data
ˆ packet-based communications: for transmitting individual packets of information
ˆ Java provides two mechanisms for distributed computing
ˆ Socket-based communication
• Enable applications to view networking as if it were file I/O
↓ achieved via
Socket Programming!

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ What is Network ?
ˆ an Interconnection between computing machine.
ˆ Modern-day applications 7→ Internet based or Web-Based!
↓ java handles via
• Network Programming!
ˆ java.net package provides
ˆ stream-based communications: Enable applications to view networking as
streams of data
ˆ packet-based communications: for transmitting individual packets of information
ˆ Java provides two mechanisms for distributed computing
ˆ Socket-based communication
• Enable applications to view networking as if it were file I/O
↓ achieved via
Socket Programming!
ˆ Remote method invocation (RMI)
• N’Z scope of the chapter ....

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ What are Sockets ?

ˆ are a communication endpoint that serves as a link between two machines
on a network.
ˆ defined by:
ˆ IP address : to uniquely identify devices
ˆ Port Number : TCP/IP layer can use to identify the application that receives the
data
ˆ There are two kinds of sockets:
ˆ Client socket 7→ can be used to send and receive data.
ˆ Server socket 7→ waits for requests from clients
ˆ So Socket programming,
ˆ is a means of communicating data between two computers across a network.
ˆ Connection required! 7→ How ?

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ What are Sockets ?

ˆ are a communication endpoint that serves as a link between two machines
on a network.
ˆ defined by:
ˆ IP address : to uniquely identify devices
ˆ Port Number : TCP/IP layer can use to identify the application that receives the
data
ˆ There are two kinds of sockets:
ˆ Client socket 7→ can be used to send and receive data.
ˆ Server socket 7→ waits for requests from clients
ˆ So Socket programming,
ˆ is a means of communicating data between two computers across a network.
ˆ Connection required! 7→ How ?
• connection-oriented protocol 7→ TCP
• connectionless protocol 7→ UDP.
ˆ Port number is necessary to distinguish different server applications running on
the same host

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Java provides provides Collection of classes and interfaces.

↓ contained
java.net package
impport java.net.*;
// input and output streams to write to and read from while communicating
import java.io.*;

ˆ java.net has two classes :

ˆ Socket:
ˆ java.net.Socket 7→ represents a socket
ˆ ServerSocket:
ˆ java.net.ServerSocket
↘
provides a mechanism for the server program to listen for clients and establish
connections with them

ˆ How TCP connection between two computers using sockets ?

↓
following steps occur when establishing

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Steps in establishing connection:

1. The server instantiates a ServerSocket object.
denoting which port number communication is to occur on.

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Steps in establishing connection:

1. The server instantiates a ServerSocket object.
denoting which port number communication is to occur on.

2. The server invokes the accept method of the ServerSocket class

This method waits until a client connects to the server on the given port.

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Steps in establishing connection:

1. The server instantiates a ServerSocket object.
denoting which port number communication is to occur on.

2. The server invokes the accept method of the ServerSocket class

This method waits until a client connects to the server on the given port.

3. A client instantiates a Socket object

Specifying the server name and port number to connect to.

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Steps in establishing connection:

1. The server instantiates a ServerSocket object.
denoting which port number communication is to occur on.

2. The server invokes the accept method of the ServerSocket class

This method waits until a client connects to the server on the given port.

3. A client instantiates a Socket object

Specifying the server name and port number to connect to.

4. The constructor of the Socket class attempts to connect the client to the
specified server and port number

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Steps in establishing connection:

1. The server instantiates a ServerSocket object.
denoting which port number communication is to occur on.

2. The server invokes the accept method of the ServerSocket class

This method waits until a client connects to the server on the given port.

3. A client instantiates a Socket object

Specifying the server name and port number to connect to.

4. The constructor of the Socket class attempts to connect the client to the
specified server and port number
5. On the server side, the accept method returns a reference to a new socket
on the server that is connected to the client’s socket
↓
if (connection is successful)
communication can occur using I/O streams

ˆ socket has both an OutputStream and an InputStream

ˆ The client’s OutputStream 7→ connected to the server’s InputStream.
ˆ The client’s InputStream 7→ connected to the server’s OutputStream

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CH04: Network Programming

Figure 1: Socket API

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ CLIENT SIDE ˆ SERVER SIDE

import java.io.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.net.*;
public class ServerSideCommunication {
public class ClientSideCommunication {
public ClientSideCommunication(String address, int port)
private Socket socket = null;
// client connection
try{
// starts server and waits for a connection
// Client socket
try{
Socket socket = new Socket(address, port);
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(port);
// takes input from terminal
System.out.println("Server Service started");
DataInputStream input = new DataInputStream(System.in);
System.out.println("Waiting for a client ...");
socket = server.accept();
// sends output to the socket
System.out.println("Client accepted");
DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(
socket.getOutputStream());
// takes input from the client socket
}
DataInputStream recv = new DataInputStream(
catch (UnknownHostException u) {
new BufferedInputStream(socket.getInputStream()));
System.out.println(u);
return;
String readFromClent = "";
}
while (!readFromClent.equals("eol")) {
String addressandIp = "";
try {
while (!addressandIp.equals("eol")) {
readFromClent = recv.readUTF();
try {
addressandIp = input.readLine();
}
out.writeUTF(addressandIp);
catch(IOException exception) {
}
System.out.println(exception);
catch(IOException exception) {
}
System.out.println(exception);
}
}
}

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CH04: Network Programming

// close the connection

System.out.println("Closing connection");
try {
// close connection
input.close();
socket.close();
out.close();
recv.close();
socket.close();
}
}
catch(IOException ex)
catch (IOException ex) {
{
System.out.println(ex);
System.out.println(ex);
}
}
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
public static void main(String args[]) {
ServerSideCommunication server =
ClientSideCommunication client =
new ServerSideCommunication(6060);
new ClientSideCommunication("192.168.12.2", 6060);
}
}
}
}

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ The ServerSocket class can be used to create a server socket

ˆ has constructor:
No Methods Description
1 public ServerSocket(int port) throws IOException Attempts to create a server socket bound to the
specified port. An exception occurs if the port is
already bound by another application.

2 public ServerSocket(int port, int backlog) throws IOException the backlog parameter specifies how many incoming
clients to store in a wait queue

3 public ServerSocket(int port, int backlog, InetAddress InetAddress parameter specifies the local IP address
address) throws IOException to bind to.

4 public ServerSocket throws IOException Creates an unbound server socket. When using this
constructor, use the bind method when you are ready
to bind the server socket

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ The ServerSocket class can be used to create a server socket

ˆ has constructor:
No Methods Description
1 public ServerSocket(int port) throws IOException Attempts to create a server socket bound to the
specified port. An exception occurs if the port is
already bound by another application.

2 public ServerSocket(int port, int backlog) throws IOException the backlog parameter specifies how many incoming
clients to store in a wait queue

3 public ServerSocket(int port, int backlog, InetAddress InetAddress parameter specifies the local IP address
address) throws IOException to bind to.

4 public ServerSocket throws IOException Creates an unbound server socket. When using this
constructor, use the bind method when you are ready
to bind the server socket

ˆ has Methods
ˆ public int getLocalPort()
ˆ Returns the port that the server socket is listening on.
ˆ public Socket accept() throws IOException
ˆ Waits for an incoming client
ˆ blocks until either a client connects to the server on the specified port or the
socket times out

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Has Methods ...

ˆ public void setSoTimeout(int timeout)
ˆ Sets the time-out value for how long the server socket waits for a client during
the accept.
ˆ public void bind(Socket Addresshost, int backlog)
ˆ Binds the socket to the specified server and port in the SocketAddress object.

▶ Java InetAddress class

ˆ represents an IP address
ˆ provides methods to get the IP of any host name
1. static InetAddress getByAddress(byte[] addr)
ˆ Returns an InetAddress object given the raw IP address .
2. static InetAddress getByName(String host)
ˆ Determines the IP address of a host, given the host’s name.
3. String getHostAddress()
ˆ Returns the IP address string in textual presentation.
4. String getHostName()
ˆ Gets the host name for this IP address.

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CH04: Network Programming

import java.io.*;
import java.io.*; import java.net.*;
import java.net.*; public class IntAddressTestDemo{
public class IntAddressTestDemo{ public static void main(String [] agrs){
public static void main(String [] agrs){ byte address[]={142,250,201,142};
try{ try{
InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("www.aastu.edu.et"); InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByAddress(address);
System.out.println("Host Name: "+ip.getHostName()); System.out.println("IP Address: "+ip.getHostAddress());
System.out.println("IP Address: "+ip.getHostAddress()); System.out.println("Host Name: "+ip.getHostName());
}
catch(Exception e){ }
System.out.println(e); catch(Exception e){
} System.out.println(e);
} }
} }
Output: }
Host Name: www.aastu.edu.et Output:
IP Address: 197.156.73.161 IP Address: 142.250.201.142
Host Name: www.google.com

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ What is UDP ?
ˆ stands for User datagram protocol.
ˆ Connectionless Transport layer protocol
ˆ primarily used to establish low-latency and loss-tolerating connections between
applications on the internet.
ˆ beneficial in time-sensitive communications.
ˆ VoIP, DNS, multimedia data
ˆ
ˆ How Java Implements UDP then?
ˆ Two main classes
• DatagramPacket : is a data container
• DatagramSocket : is a mechanism to send and receive DatagramPackets.
↓
data transferred is encapsulated in a unit 7→ DATAGRAM
↙
independent, self-contained message sent over the network whose
arrival, arrival time, and content are not guaranteed

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ DatagramPacket object is created using :

ˆ DatagramPacket(byte[ ] buf, int length)
ˆ the data must be in the form of an array of bytes
ˆ is used to create a DatagramPacket to be received.
ˆ DatagramPacket(byte[ ] data, int length, InetAddress address, int port)
ˆ creates a DatagramPacket to be sent.
ˆ the address and port number of the destination host
ˆ DatagramSocket
ˆ is used to send and receive DatagramPackets.
ˆ DatagramSocket represents a UDP connection between two Parties in a
network.
ˆ is a class for both client and the server.
ˆ to establish, send and receive:
ˆ DatagramSocket(): used to create a client that binds to an arbitrary port
number.
ˆ DatagramSocket(int port)
• is used to create a server that binds to the specific port number, so the clients
know how to connect to.
ˆ DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress addr, int port)
• the third constructor binds the server to the specified IP address

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Any Methods ?
ˆ send(DatagramPacket p): sends a datagram packet.
ˆ receive(DatagramPacket p): receives a datagram packet.
ˆ setSoTimeout(int timeout):
↓
sets timeout in milliseconds, limiting the waiting time when receiving data.
↓
• If the timeout expires, a SocketTimeoutException is raised.
ˆ close(): closes the socket.
ˆ Exceptions raised:
ˆ IOException, PortUnreachableException, SocketTimeoutException

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ DatagramPacket has six methods: 7→ The get Families

No Methods Description
1 public InetAddress getAddress( ) returns an InetAddress object containing the address
of the remote host

2 public int getPort() returns an integer specifying the remote port.

3 public byte[ ] getData() returns a byte array containing the data from the
datagram

4 public int getLength() returns the number of bytes of data in the datagram

ˆ DatagramPacket has methods: 7→ The set Families 7→ Why?

↙
”for changing the data, remote address, and remote port after the
datagram has been created.”

No Methods Description
1 public InetAddress getAddress( ) changes the payload of the UDP datagram

2 public void setData(byte[] data, int offset, int length) provides an alternative approach to sending a large
quantity of data..

3 public void setAddress(InetAddress remote) changes the address a datagram packet is sent to

4 public void setAddress(SocketAddress remote) rchanges the address and port a datagram packet is
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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ UDP CLIENT SIDE

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class UDPClientSide {
//server port which we connect to
public final static int SERVICE_PORT = 4500;
public static void main(String args []) {
try {
// Instantiate client socket
DatagramSocket clientSocket = new DatagramSocket();
// what is z IP Address of the server
InetAddress IPAddress = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
// creating buffer for storing datagram
byte[] sendingDataBuffer = new byte[512];
byte[] receivingDataBuffer = new byte[512];
String dataFromClient = "Sending data from the client";
sendingDataBuffer = dataFromClient.getBytes();
// Creating a UDP packet
DatagramPacket sendingPacket = new DatagramPacket(
sendingDataBuffer,
sendingDataBuffer.length,
IPAddress,
SERVICE_PORT
);
// sending UDP packet to the server
clientSocket.send(sendingPacket);
ˆ UDPSERVER SIDE
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class UDPServerSide {
public final static int SERVICE_PORT = 4500;
public static void main(String args []) {
try {
//Instantiate a new DatagramSocket to receive responses
DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(
SERVICE_PORT
);
// creating temporary location
byte[] receivingDataBuffer = new byte[512];
byte[] sendingDataBuffer = new byte[512];
DatagramPacket inputPacket = new DatagramPacket(
receivingDataBuffer,
receivingDataBuffer.length);
System.out.println("Waiting for a client to connect...");
Receive data from the client and store in inputPacket
serverSocket.receive(inputPacket);
// perform an action based on the request
// Obtain client’s IP address and the port
InetAddress senderAddress = inputPacket.getAddress();
int senderPort = inputPacket.getPort();

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CH04: Network Programming

// Get the server response .i.e. capitalized sentence

DatagramPacket receivingPacket = new DatagramPacket(
receivingDataBuffer,
// Create new UDP packet with data to send to the client
receivingDataBuffer.length
DatagramPacket outputPacket = new DatagramPacket(
);
sendingDataBuffer,
sendingDataBuffer.length,
clientSocket.receive(receivingPacket);
senderAddress,senderPort
);
// Printing the received data
// Send the created packet to client
String receivedData = new String(receivingPacket.getData());
serverSocket.send(outputPacket);
System.out.println("Sent from the server: "+receivedData);
// Close the socket connection
serverSocket.close();
// Closing the socket connection with the server
}
clientSocket.close();
catch (SocketException e){
}
e.printStackTrace();
catch(SocketException e) {
}
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Confidential communication through an open channel requires Security.

ˆ Secured Socket Layer (SSL) enables a secured connection between two parties.
↙
How ?
↘
By providing a secure channel between two devices operating over a network
connection
ˆ SSL support the ff security principles
ˆ Authentication 7→ ensure the server we connect to is indeed the proper
server
ˆ Encryption 7→ protect data transmissions between parties
ˆ Data integrity 7→ guarantee that the requested data is what is effectively
delivered

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Java provides 3 API’s for secured communication.

ˆ Java Secured-Socket Extension (JSSE)
ˆ Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA)
ˆ Java Cryptographic Extension (JCE)
↓

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CH04: Network Programming

ˆ Java provides 3 API’s for secured communication.

ˆ Java Secured-Socket Extension (JSSE)
ˆ Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA)
ˆ Java Cryptographic Extension (JCE)
↓
First Assignment ....
ˆ Review and internalize all the API’s
ˆ Try to Answer when to use and How to use
ˆ Write a simple snippet for secure Payment transaction system.

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 Done!
Question!

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