Solutions Manual To Accompany Calculus With Applications 10th Edition 0321749006

Solutions Manual to accompany Calculus with
Applications 10th edition 0321749006
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Solutions Manual to accompany Calculus with Applications 10th edition 0321749006
Chapter 7
INTEGRATION
7.1 Antiderivatives
Your Turn 4
x3 - 2 æ x3 2 ÷÷ö
Your Turn 1 çç
ò x
dx =
ò çç
è x
- ÷
x ÷÷ø
Find an antiderivative for the function f ( x) = 8 x7 .
x3 2
Since the derivative of x n is nx n-1, the derivative of x8
7 8 7
=
òx 1/2
dx -
òx 1/2
dx
is 8x . Thus x is an antiderivative of 8x . The
general antiderivative is x8 + C. =
òx 5/ 2
ò
dx - 2 x -1/2
dx
2 æ2 ö
Your Turn 2 = x7/2 - 2 çç x1/2 ÷÷÷ + C
7 çè 1 ø
1 2
Find òt 4
dt. =
7
x7/2 - 4 x1/2 + C
Use the power rule with n = -4.

Your Turn 5
1
ò t4
dt =
ò t -4dt
ò
æ3 ö
çç + e-3x ÷÷ dx =
çè x ÷ø
3
ò x dx + ò e dx
-3 x
t -4 + 1
= +C 1
-4 + 1 =3
ò x dx + ò e-3xdx
t -3 1
= +C = 3ln | x | - e-3x + C
-3 3
1
=- 3 +C
3t Your Turn 6
Suppose an object is thrown down from the top of the
Your Turn 3 2717-ft tall Burj Khalifa with an initial velocity of -20
ft/sec. Find when it hits the ground and how fast it is
Find
ò (6x2 + 8x - 9) dx. traveling when it hits the ground.
Use the sum or difference rule and the constant multiple In Example 11 (b) we derived the formulas
rule. v (t ) = -32t - 20
s (t ) = -16t 2 - 20t + 1100
ò (6 x 2 + 8 x - 9) dx =
ò6 x 2 dx +
ò ò
8 x dx - 9 dx
for the velocity v and distance above the ground s for
ò
= 6 x 2
ò ò
dx + 8 x dx - 9 dx an object thrown down from the Willis Tower. The only
change required for the new problem is to change 1100 to
the height of the Burj Khalifa, 2717, so we have
Now use the power rule on each term.
s(t ) = -16t 2 - 20t + 2717.
6
ò x2 dx + 8ò x dx - 9ò dx To find when the object hits the ground we solve
æ x 3 ö÷ æ x 2 ö÷ s(t ) = -16t 2 - 20t + 2717 = 0.
ç ç
= 6çç ÷÷÷ + 8çç ÷÷÷ - 9 x + C
çè 3 ø÷ èç 2 ø÷
= 2x3 + 4x2 - 9 x + C
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley. 463
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464 Chapter 7 INTEGRATION
Use the quadratic formula.
20 202 - 4(-16)(2717)
6.
ò 9 dy = 9ò 1 dy = 9ò y dy 0
t = 9 0 +1
2(-16) = y +C
1
t » -13.62 or t » 12.42 = 9y + C
Only the positive root is relevant. To find the speed on
impact, substitute t = 12.42 into the formula for v.
v(12.42) = -32(12.42) - 20
7.
ò (2z + 3) dz
» -417 ò ò
= 2 z dz + 3 z dz 0
The object hits the ground after 12.42 sec, traveling 1 1+1 1
downward at 417 ft/sec. = 2⋅ z + 3⋅ z 0 +1 + C
1+1 0 +1
Your Turn 7 = z 2 + 3z + C
f ¢( x) = 3x1/2 + 4
8.
ò (3x - 5) dx
ò f ¢( x) dx
f ( x) =
ò ò
= 3 x dx - 5 x dx 0
=
ò (3x1/2 + 4) dx = 3⋅
1 2 1
x -5⋅ x + C
2 1
ò ò
= 3 x1/2 dx + 4 dx
=
3x 2
- 5x + C
æ2 ö 2
= 3çç x 3/2 ÷÷÷ + 4 x + C
çè 3 ø
= 2 x 3/2 + 4 x + C 9.
ò (6t 2
- 8t + 7) dt
Since the graph of f is to go through the point (1, -2),

f (1) = -2.
= 6
ò t dt - 8ò t dt + 7t ò t dt
2 0
6t 3 8t 2
2(1)3/2 + 4(1) + C = -2 = - + 7t + C
3 2
2 + 4 + C = -2
= 2t 3 - 4t 2 + 7t + C
C = -8
Thus,
3/2
10.
ò (5x 2
- 6 x + 3) dx
f ( x) = 2 x + 4 x - 8.
= 5
ò x dx - 6ò x dx + 3ò x dx
2 0
7.1 Exercises 5 x3 6 x2
= - + 3x + C
1. If F ( x) and G( x) are both antiderivatives of f ( x), 3 2
then there is a constant C such that 5x3
= - 3x 2 + 3x + C
F ( x ) - G ( x) = C . 3
The two functions can differ only by a constant.
11.
ò (4z 3
+ 3z 2 + 2 z - 6) dz
5.
ò 6 dk = 6ò 1 dk
= 4
ò z dz + 3ò z dz + 2ò z dz
3 2
=6
ò k dk0
ò
-6 z dz 0
1
= 6 ⋅ k 0+1 + C
1 4z 4 3z 3 2z 2
= + + - 6z + C
= 6k + C 4 3 2
= z 4 + z3 + z 2 - 6z + C
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 7.1 465
12.
ò (16 y + 9 y - 6 y + 3) dy
3 2
17.
ò (4 v - 3v 3/2 ) dv
ò ò
= 16 y dy + 9 y dy 3 2
= 4
òv 1/2
dv - 3
òv 3/2
dv
4v 3/2 3v 5/2
ò ò
- 6 y dy + 3 dy = 3
- 5
+C
2 2
16 y 4 9 y3 6 y2 3/2 5/2
= + - + 3y + C 8v 6v
4 3 2 = - +C
3 5
= 4 y 4 + 3 y3 - 3 y 2 + 3 y + C
18.
ò (15x x + 2 x ) dx
13.
ò (5 z + 2) dz = 5
ò z1/2dz + 2
ò dz
=
5z 3/2
+ 2z + C
= 15
ò x(x ) dx + 2ò x dx
1/2 1/2
æ2ö
2
ò ò3/2
= 15 x dx + 2 x dx 1/2
= 5çç ÷÷÷ z 3/2 + 2z + C 15x5/2 2 x3/2

çè 3 ø
= 5
+ 3
+C
3/2
10 z 2 2
= + 2z + C
3 æ2ö æ2ö
= 15 çç ÷÷ x5/2 + 2 çç ÷÷ x3/2 + C
çè 5 ÷ø èç 3 ÷ø
t1/4 +1 4 x3/2
14.
ò (t1/4 +  1/4 ) dt = 1 +1
4
+  1/4t + C = 6 x5/2 +
3
+C
t 5/4
= +  1/4t + C
5
4
5/4
19.
ò (10u3/2 - 14u5/2 ) du
4t
= +  1/4t + C
5
= 10
ò u3/2du - 14ò u5/2 du
10u 5/2 14u 7/2
15.
ò 5 x( x 2
- 8) dx =
ò (5x 3
- 40 x) dx = 5
- 7
+C
2 2
5x 4 40 x 2 æ2ö æ2ö
= - +C
4 2 = 10 çç ÷÷ u 5/2 - 14 çç ÷÷ u 7/2 + C
çè 5 ÷ø çè 7 ÷ø
5x 4
= - 20 x 2 + C = 4u 5/2 - 4u 7/2 + C
4
16.
ò x 2 ( x 4 + 4 x + 3) dx 20.
ò (56t5/2 + 18t 7/2 ) dt
=
ò (x 6
+ 4 x3 + 3x 2 ) dx ò ò
= 56 t 5/2dt + 18 t 7/2dt
x7 4x4 3 x3 56t 7/2 18t 9/2

= + + +C = 7
+ 9
+C
7 4 3 2 2
x7 = 16t 7/2
+ 4t 9/2
+C
= + x 4 + x3 + C
7

æ 7 ÷ö
21.
ò çççè z ÷ dz =
2 ÷ø ò 7z
-2
dz 25.
ò (-9t-2.5 - 2t-1) dt
ò
=7 z -2
dz ò ò
= -9 t -2.5dt - 2 t -1dt
æ z-2 + 1 ö÷ -9t -1.5 dt

ç
= 7 çç ÷÷ + C
çè -2 + 1 ø÷÷
=
-1.5
-2
ò t
= 6t -1.5 - 2 ln | t | + C
7 z -1
= +C
-1
=-
7
+C
26.
ò (10x-3.5 + 4x-1) dx
z
ò ò
= 10 x-3.5dx + 4 x-1 dx
æ 4 ÷ö
22.
ò çç ÷ dx =
çè x3 ÷ø ò 4x -3
dx
=
10 x-2.5
-2.5
+ 4 ln | x | + C
ò
= 4 x -3
dx = -4 x-2.5 + 4 ln | x | + C
4 x- 2
= +C 1 1
-2 27.
ò 3x2 dx = ò 3x-2dx
= -2 x-2 + C
1
3ò
-2 = x-2dx
= +C
x2
1 æç x-1 ö÷÷
= çç ÷+C
3 çè -1 ø÷÷
æ3  ö÷÷
ç
23.
ò ççç 3 -
èy
÷ dy
y ø÷÷
1
= - x-1 + C
3
1
=
ò  3 y-3dy - ò  y-1/2dy =-
3x
+C
ò
=  3 y-3dy - 
ò y-1/2dy 2 2
æ y-2 ÷ö
ç
æ -1/2 ÷ö
÷÷ -  ççç y ÷÷ + C
28.
ò 3x4 dx = ò 3 x-4dx
=  3 çç
çè -2 ÷÷ø çç 1 ÷÷ 2
3ò
è 2 ø = x-4 dx
3
=- -2 y +C 2 æç x-3 ö÷÷
2 y2 = çç ÷+C
3 çè -3 ø÷÷
2
æ 1 ö = - x-3 + C
24.
ò ççç u + 2 ÷÷÷ du =
è u ø òu 1/2
du +
òu -2
du 9
2
u 3/2 u -1 =- +C
= + +C 9 x3
3 -1
2
3/2
=
2u
3
-
1
u
+C 29.
ò 3e-0.2xdx = 3ò e-0.2xdx
æ 1 ÷ö -0.2 x
= 3çç +C
çè -0.2 ÷÷ø
e
3(e-0.2 x )
= +C
-0.2
= -15e-0.2 x + C

Section 7.1 467
e2u 4u 2
30.
ò -4e 0.2v
dv = -4
òe 0.2v
dv 35.
ò (e 2u + 4u) du =
2
+
2
+C
1 0.2v
= (-4) e +C e 2u
0.2 = + 2u 2 + C
2
= -20e0.2v + C
æ 3 ö 36.
ò (v 2
- e3v ) dv =
ò v dv - ò e vdv
2 3
31.
ò ççç - + 4e
è x
-0.4 x
+ e0.1 ÷÷÷ dx
ø
v3 e3v
dx = - +C
= -3
ò x
+4
ò e- 0.4 x
dx + e0.1
ò dx 3 3
v3 - e3v
4e -0.4 x = +C
= -3 ln | x | + + e0.1x + C 3
-0.4
= -3 ln | x | - 10e-0.4 x + e0.1x + C
37.
ò (x + 1) dx = ò (x2 2
+ 2 x + 1) dx
æ9 ö x3 2x2
32.
ò çç - 3e-0.4 x ÷÷ dx
çè x ÷ø =
3
+
2
+x+C
9 x3
=
ò x dx - 3ò e- 0.4 x
dx =
3
+ x2 + x + C
æ 1 ö÷ -0.4 x
= 9 ln | x | - 3çç - +C
çè 0.4 ø÷÷
e
15e -0.4 x
38.
ò (2 y - 1) dy = ò (4 y2 2
- 4 y + 1) dy
= 9 ln | x | + +C 4 y3 4 y2
2 = - + y+C
3 2
æ 1 + 2t 3 ö÷ æ1 4 y3
çç çç t 2 ö÷÷ = - 2 y2 + y + C
33.
ò è
÷
çç 4t ÷÷ dt =
÷ø ò è
çç 4t + 2 ÷÷ dt
ø÷
3
1 1 1 æ x 1 ö÷÷
=
4 ò t dt + 2 ò t dt 2
39.
ò
x +1
3
x
dx =
ò çç
çç 3
è x
+ 3 ÷÷
xø
dx
1 1 æç t 3 ö÷
= ln | t | + çç ÷÷÷ + C
4 2 çè 3 ø÷ =
ò ( x - + x- ) dx
(1/2 1/3) 1/3
t3
=
1
4
ln | t | +
6
+C =
ò x dx + ò x- dx
1/6 1/3
x7/6 x 2/3
= 7
+ 2
+C
æ 2 y1/2 - 3 y 2 ö÷
çç 6 3
34.
ò çç
è 6y
÷÷ dy
÷÷
ø =
6 x 7/6
+
3x 2/3
+C
7 2
2 y1/2 3y2
=
ò 6y
dy -
ò 6y
dy
1 - 23 z æ 1 23 z ÷÷ö
çç
=
1
3ò
y- 1/2
dy -
1
2 ò y dy 40.
ò 3
z
dz =
ò çç 3 + 3 ÷÷÷ dz
è z z ø
1 æçç y1/2 ÷÷ö y2
= çç 1 ÷÷ -
3 çè 2 ÷ø 4
+C =
ò (z -1/3
- 2) dz
z 2/3
2 y1/2 y2 = 2
- 2z + C
= - +C 3
3 4
2/3
3z
= - 2z + C
2

10 x
41.
ò 10 x dx =
ln 10
+C
45. C ¢( x) = 4 x - 5; fixed cost is $8.
32 x
C ( x) =
ò (4x - 5) dx
42.
ò 2x
3 dx =
2(ln 3)
+C
=
4x2
- 5x + k
2
= 2 x2 - 5x + k
43. Find f ( x) such that f ¢( x) = x 2/3 , and 1, ( 53 ) is
on the curve. C (0) = 2(0) 2 - 5(0) + k = k
x5/3 Since C (0) = 8, k = 8.

ò x 2/3dx = 5
3
+C
Thus,
3x 5/3 C ( x) = 2 x 2 - 5x + 8.
f ( x) = +C
5
Since 1, ( 53 ) is on the curve, 46. C ¢( x) = 0.2 x 2 + 5x; fixed cost is $10.
f (1) =
3
5
. C ( x) =
ò (0.2x 2
+ 5x) dx
3(1)5/3 3 0.2 x3 5x 2
f (1) = +C = = + +k
5 5 3 2
3 3 0.2(0)3 5(0)2
+C = C (0) = + +k = k
5 5 3 2
C = 0. Since C (0) = 10, k = 10.
Thus, Thus,
5/3
f ( x) =
3x
. 0.2 x3 5x 2
C ( x) = + + 10.
5 3 2
44. Find f ( x) such that f ¢( x ) = 6 x 2 - 4 x + 3, and 47. C ¢( x) = 0.03e0.01x ; fixed cost $8.
(0,1) is on the curve.
C ( x) =
ò 0.03e 0.01x
dx
f ( x) =
ò (6x 2
- 4 x + 3) dx
6x 4x 3 2 ò
= 0.03 e 0.01x
dx
= - + 3x + C æ 1 0.01x ö÷
3 2 = 0.03çç e ÷+k
çè 0.01 ø÷
= 2 x 3 - 2 x 2 + 3x + C
Since (0,1) is on the curve, then f (0) = 1. = 3e0.01x + k
C (0) = 3e0.01(0) + k = 3(1) + k
f (0) = 2(0)3 - 2(0)2 + 3(0) + C = 1
= 3+k
C =1
Since C (0) = 8, 3 + k = 8, and k = 5.
Thus,
Thus,
f ( x) = 2 x3 - 2 x 2 + 3x + 1.
C ( x) = 3e0.01x + 5.

Section 7.1 469
48. C ¢( x) = x1/2 , 16 units cost $45. x2 1

C ( x) = - +k
2 x
x3/2 2 3/2
C ( x) =
ò x1/2 dx = 3
2
+k =
3
x +k
C (2) =
(2)2 1
- +k
2 2
2 2 128
C (16) = (16)3/2 + k = (64) + k = +k = 2- +k
1
3 3 3 2
Since C (2) = 5.50,
Since C (16) = 45,
5.50 - 1.5 = k
128
+ k = 45 4 = k.
3
Thus,
7
k = .
3 x2 1
C ( x) = - + 4.
Thus, 2 x
2 7
C ( x) = x3/2 + .
3 3 1
51. C ¢( x ) = 5 x - ; 10 units cost $94.20, so
x
49. C ¢( x) = x 2/3 + 2; 8 units cost $58. C (10) = 94.20.
æ ö 2
C ( x) =
ò (x2/3 + 2)dx C ( x) =
ò çç 5x - 1 ÷÷ dx = 5 x - ln | x | +k
çè xø ÷ 2
5/3
3x 5(10)2
= + 2x + k C (10) = - ln (10) + k
5 2
3(8)5/3 = 250 - 2.30 + k.
C (8) = + 2(8) + k
5 Since C (10) = 94.20,
3(32)
= + 16 + k 94.20 = 247.70 + k
5
-153.50 = k.
Since C (8) = 58,
5x 2
96 Thus, C ( x) = - ln | x | - 153.50.
58 - 16 - = k 2
5
114
= k. 52. C ¢( x) = 1.2 x (ln1.2); 2 units cost $9.44
5
Thus, (Hint: Recall that a x = e x ln a .)
5/3
3x 114
C ( x) =
5
+ 2x +
5
. C ( x) =
ò 1.2 (ln 1.2) dx
x
50. C ¢( x ) = x + 1
x2
; 2 units cost $5.50, so ò
= ln 1.2 1.2 dx x
C (2) = 5.50.
æ ö
ò
= ln 1.2 e x ln 1.2
dx
çç x + 1 ÷÷ dx
C ( x) =
ò çè x 2 ÷ø
æ 1
= ln 1.2 ççç
çè ln 1.2 ÷ø
ö
e x ln 1.2 ÷÷÷ + k
=
ò (x + x -2
) dx
= e x ln 1.2 + k
x2 x-1 C (2) = e2 ln 1.2 + k = 1.44 + k
= + +k
2 -1 Since C (2) = 9.44,
144 + k = 9.44
k = 8.
Thus, C ( x ) = e x ln 1.2 + 8 = 1.2 x + 8.

53. R¢( x) = 175 - 0.02 x - 0.03x 2 56. R¢( x) = 600 - 5e0.0002 x
R =
ò (175 - 0.02x - 0.03x ) dx 2
R =
ò (600 - 25, 000e 0.0002 x
) dx
= 175x - 0.01x 2 - 0.01x3 + C. = 600 x - 25, 000e0.0002 x + C.

If x = 0, then R = 0 (no items sold means no
revenue), and
revenue), and
0 = 175(0) - 0.01(0)2 - 0.01(0)3 + C 0 = 600(0) - 25, 000e0.0002(0) + C
0 = C. 0 = -25, 000 + C
Thus, R = 175 x - 0.01x 2 - 0.01x3 gives the 0 = 25, 000.
revenue function. Now, recall that R = xp,
where p is the demand function. Then Thus, R = 600 x - 25,000e0.0002 x + 25, 000
175x - 0.01x 2 - 0.01x 3 = xp = 600 x - 25, 000(1 - e0.0002 x )
175 - 0.01x - 0.01x 2 = p, gives the revenue function. Now, recall that
the demand function. R = xp, where p is the demand function.
Then
54. R¢( x) = 50 - 5 x 2/3 600 x + 25,000(1 - e0.0002 x ) = xp
R =
ò (50 - 5x 2/3
) dx 600 +
25,000
x
(1 - e0.0002 x ) = p,
= 50 x - 3x5/3 + C Which gives the demand function.

revenue), and 57. f ¢(t ) = 7.50t - 16.8
0 = 50(0) - 3(0)5/3 + C
0=C
(a) f (t ) =
ò (7.50t - 16.8) dt
7.50 2
Thus, R = 50 x - 3x5/3 gives the revenue function. = t - 16.8t + C
2
Now, recall that R = xp, where p is demand
function. Then = 3.75t 2 + 16.8t + C
50 x - 3x5/3 = xp In 2005(t = 5), f (t ) = 9.8 and
50 - 3x 2/3 = p, 9.8 = 3.75(5)2 - 16.8(5) + C

which gives the demand function. 9.8 = 9.75 + C
0.05 = C
55. R¢( x) = 500 - 0.15 x Thus, f (t ) = 3.75t 2 - 16.8t + 0.05.
R=
ò (500 - 0.015 x ) dx (b) In 2009, t = 9 and
f (9) = 3.75(9)2 - 16.8(9) + 0.05 = 152.6

= 500 x - 0.1x3/2 + C.
The function derived in (a) predicts
If x = 0, R = 0 (no items sold means no 152.6 billion monthly text messages, quite
close to the actual value of 152.7 billion
revenue), and messages.
0 = 500(0) - 0.1(0)3/2 + C
58. P ¢ ( x) = x + 1; profit is -1 when 0
0 = C. 2
hamburgers are sold.
Thus, R = 500 x - 0.1x3/2 gives the revenue
function. Now, recall that R = xp, where p is the æ 1 ö÷
demand function. Then P( x ) =
ò çççè x + ÷ dx
2 ø÷
500 x - 0.1x3/2 = xp 2 x 3/2 x
= + +k
500 - 0.1 x = p, the demand function. 3 2

Section 7.1 471
2(0)3/2 g ( x) a - bx
P(0) =
3
0
+ +k
2
61.
ò x
dx =
ò x dx
æa ö
Since P(0) = -1, k = -1.
2 3/2 x
=
ò çççè x - b ÷÷÷ø dx
P ( x) = x + -1 dx
3 2 = a
ò x - bò dx
= a ln | x | - bx + C
59. (a) P¢( x) = 50 x3 + 30 x 2 ; profit is -40 when
Since x represents a positive quantity, the
no cheese is sold.
absolute value sign can be dropped.
P ( x) =
ò (50x 3
+ 30 x 2 ) dx
ò
g ( x)
x
dx = a ln x - bx + C
25x 4
= + 10 x3 + k
2
62. (a) c(t ) = (c0 - C )e-kAt /V + M
25(0)4
P(0) = + 10(0)3 + k æ -kA ÷ö -kAt /V
2 c¢(t ) = (c0 - C ) çç
çè V ÷÷ø
e
Since
-kA
P(0) = -40, = (c0 - C )e-kAt /V
V
-40 = k.
(b) According to (1) and (2),
Thus, kA é
c¢(t ) = C - (c0 - C )e-kAt / V + C úù
25x 4 V êë û
P ( x) = + 10 x3 - 40.
2 kA
= (C - c0 )e-kAt /V .
V
25(2) 4
(b) P(2) = + 10(2)3 - 40 = 240 This is also what we get for c¢(t ) by
2
differentiating Equation (2).
The profit from selling 200 lbs of Brie
cheese is $240.
63. N ¢(t ) = Aekt
-0.01t
60. (a) f ¢(t ) = 0.01e
A kt
(a) N (t ) = e +C
f (t ) =
ò 0.01e-0.01t dt k
0.01e-0.01t A = 50, N (t ) = 300 when t = 0.

=- +k
0.01 50 0
N (0) = e + C = 300
-0.01t k
= -e +k
(b) N ¢(5) = 250
f (0) = -e-0.01(0) + k = -e0 + k = Therefore,
-1 + k N ¢(5) = 50e5k = 250
Since f (0) = 0, e5 k = 5
0 = -1 + k 5k = ln 5
k = 1. ln 5
-0.01t
k = .
f (t ) = -e +1 5
50
f (10) = -e-0.01(10) + 1 N (0) = ln 5 + C = 300
= -e-0.1 + 1 5
250
= -0.905 + 1 + C = 300
ln 5
= 0.095
250
0.095 unit is excreted in 10 min. C = 300 - » 144.67
ln 5

50 (b) To project the number of bachelor’s degrees
N (t ) = ln 5 e(ln 5/5)t + 144.67 conferred in 2015 we set t equal to 45 and
5 evaluate B(45).
= 155.3337e0.321888t + 144.67
B(45) = 0.02016(45)3 - 0.6460(45) 2
» 155.3e0.3219 + 144.7 + 15.86(45) + 839.7
(b) N (12) = 155.3337e0.321888(12) + 144.67 » 2082
» 7537 The formula predicts that 2082 thousand or
about 2,082,000 bachelor’s degrees will be
There are 7537 cells present after 12 days.
conferred in 2015.
64. V ¢(t ) = -kP(t )

66. D¢(t ) = 29.25e0.03572t
-mt
P(t ) = P0e
V ¢(t ) = -kP0e-mt (a) D(t ) =
ò 29.25e 0.03572t
dt
k
P0e-mt + C
V (t ) = =
29.25 0.03572t
e +C
m 0.03572
k
V (0) = P0e0 + C = 818.9e0.03572t + C
m
k In 1980, when t = 0, D = 700, so
V0 - P0 = C
m 818.9e0.03572(0) + C = 700
Therefore, 818.9 + C = 700
k k C = -118.9
V (t ) = P0e-mt + V0 - P0
m m
Thus
kP0 -mt kP0
= e + V0 - .
m m D(t ) = 818.9e0.03572t - 118.9.
(b) To project the number of dentistry degrees

65. B¢(t ) = 0.06048t 2 - 1.292t + 15.86 conferred in 2015 we set t equal to 35 and
evaluate D(35).
(a) B(t ) =
ò (0.06048t 2
- 1.292t + 15.86) dt
D(35) = 818.9e0.03572(35) - 118.9
0.06048 3 1.292 2 » 2740
= t - t
3 2 The formula predicts that 2740 dentistry
+ 15.86t + C degrees will be conferred in 2015.
= 0.02016t 3 - 0.6460t 2
+ 15.86t + C 67. a (t ) = 5t 2 + 4
In 1970, when t = 0, 839,700 or about
839.7 thousand degrees were conferred, so
v (t ) =
ò (5t 2
+ 4) dt
B(0) = 839.7 and thus C = 839.7 and 5t 3

= + 4t + C
the formula for B is 3
5(0)3
v (0) = + 4(0) + C
B(t ) = 0.02016t 3 - 0.6460t 2 + 15.86t + 839.7. 3
Since v(0) = 6, C = 6.
5t 3
v(t ) = + 4t + 6
3

Section 7.1 473
68. v(t ) = 9t 2 - 3 t 70. a(t ) = 18t + 8
s =
ò v(t)dt
v(t ) =
ò (18t + 8) dt
= 9t 2 + 8t + C1
=
ò (9t - 3 2
t ) dt
v(1) = 9(1)2 + 8(1) + C1 = 17 + C1
3 3/2
= 3t - 2t +C Since v(1) = 15, C1 = -2.
3 3/2
s = 3t - 2t +C
v(t ) = 9t 2 + 8t - 2
Since s(1) = 8,
8 = 3(1)3 - 2(1)3/2 + C
s(t ) =
ò (9t 2
+ 8t - 2)dt
8 =1+C = 3t 3 + 4t 2 - 2t + C2
7 = C. s(1) = 3(1)3 + 4(1)2 - 2(1) + C2
Thus, = 5 + C2
3 3/2
s(t ) = 3t - 2t + 7. Since s(1) = 19, C2 = 14.
Thus,
69. a(t ) = -32
s(t ) = 3t 3 + 4t 2 - 2t + 14.
v(t ) =
ò -32 dt = -32t + C 1
v(0) = -32(0) + C1 15
71. a(t ) = t = 3e-t
2
Since v(0) = 0, C1 = 0.
æ 15 ö
v(t ) = -32t v(t ) =
ò çç
çè 2
t + 3e-t ÷÷÷ dt
ø
s(t ) =
ò -32t dt =
ò
æ 15 1/2
çç t + 3e-t ÷÷ dt
çè 2
ö
÷ø
-32t 2 æ ö
= + C2 15 çç t 3/2 ÷÷ æ 1 -t ö÷
2 = çç 3 ÷÷ + 3ççç e ÷÷ + C1
2 çè ÷ø è -1 ø
= -16t 2 + C2 2
At t = 0, the plane is at 6400 ft. = 5t 3/2 - 3e-t + C1
That is, s(0) = 6400. v(0) = 5(0)3/2 - 3e-0 + C1 = -3 + C1
s(0) = -16(0)2 + C2 Since v(0) = -3, C1 = 0.

6400 = 0 + C2
v(t ) = 5t 3/2 - 3e-t
C2 = 6400
ò (5t - 3e-t ) dt
3/2
s(t ) =
s(t ) = -16t 2 + 6400
When the object hits the ground, s(t ) = 0. æ 5/2 ÷ö æ 1 ö
çt
= 5çç 5 ÷÷÷ - 3çç - e-t ÷÷÷ + C2
çç ç
-16t 2 + 6400 = 0 è 2 ÷ø è 1 ø
-16t 2 = -6400 = 2t 5/2 + 3e-t + C2

t 2 = 400 s(0) = 2(0)5/2 + 3e-0 + C2 = 3 + C2
t = 20 Since s(0) = 4, C2 = 1.
Discard -20 since time must be positive. Thus,
The object hits the ground in 20 sec.
s(t ) = 2t 5/2 + 3e-t + 1.

72. The acceleration of gravity is a constant with h(t ) = -16t 2 + 160t + 12.
2
value -32 ft/sec ; that is,
Therefore, from the equation given in Exercise 72,
a(t ) = -32. the initial velocity v0 is 160 ft/sec and the initial
height of the rocket h0 is 12 ft.
First find v(t ) by integrating a(t):
74 . (a) First find v(t) by integrating a(t):
v(t ) =
ò (-32)dt = -32t + k.
When t = 0, v(t ) = v0:
v(t) =
ò (-32)dt = -32t + k.
When t = 0, v(t) = v0:
v0 = -32(0) + k
v0 = k v0 = -32(0) + k
v0 = k
and
v(t ) = -32t + v0. and v(t) = -32t + v0.
Now integrate v(t) to find s(t).
Now integrate v(t) to find h(t).
h(t ) =
ò (-32t + v )dt = -16t
0
2
+ v0t + C
s(t ) =
ò (-32t + v0 )dt
= -16t 2 + v0t + C
Since h(t ) = h0 when t = 0, we can substitute
these values into the equation for h(t ) to get Since s(t ) = 0 when t = 0, we can substitute
C = h0 and these values into the equation for s(t) to get
C = 0 and
h(t ) = -16t 2 + υ0t + h0. s(t ) = -16t 2 + v0t.
Recall that g is a constant with value
(b) When t = 14, s(t ) = 0, so
-32 ft/sec2 , so 12 g has value -16 ft/sec2 , and
0 = -16(14)2 + v0 (14)
1
h(t ) = gt 2 + v0t + h0. v0 = 224
2
The velocity was 224 feet per second at time
73. First find v(t ) by integrating a(t): t = 0.
(c) v0t = 224(14) = 3136
v(t) =
ò (-32)dt = -32t + k. The distance the rocket would travel
horizontally would be 3136 feet.
When t = 5, v(t) = 0:
0 = -32(5) + k
160 = k
and
v(t) = -32t + 160.
7.2 Substitution
Now integrate v(t) to find h(t).
Your Turn 1
h(t ) =
ò (-32t + 160)dt = -16t 2
+ 160t + C
Find
ò 8x(4x2 + 8)6 dx.
Let u = 4 x 2 + 8.
Then du = 8x dx.
Since h(t ) = 412 when t = 5, we can substitute
these values into the equation for h(t ) to get Now substitute.
C = 12 and

Section 7.2 475
Your Turn 3
ò 8x(4x 2
+ 8)6 dx =
ò (4x + 8) 2 6
(8x dx)
x +1
=
ò u du 6
Find
ò (4x 2
+ 8 x )3
dx.
1 7 Let u = 4 x 2 + 8 x.
= u +C
7 Then du = (8 x + 8 ) dx = 8( x + 1) dx
Now replace u with 4 x 2 + 8. Multiply the integral by 8 to introduce the factor of

8
1 7 8 needed for du, and then substitute.
ò 8x(4 x 2 + 8)6 dx =
7
u +C
x +1 1 8( x + 1)
1
= (4 x 2 + 8)7 + C ò (4x 2
+ 8x) 3
dx =
ò (4x + 8x)
8 2 3
dx
7
1 1
8ò u
= du 3
Your Turn 2
1
8ò
-3
= u du
Find
òx 3 4
3x + 10 dx.
1 æç 1 -2 ö
= çç- u + C ÷÷÷
Let u = 3x 4 + 10. 8è 2 ø
1
Then du = 12 x3 dx. =- +C
16u 2
Multiply the integral by 12 to introduce the factor of
12 Now replace u with 4 x 2 + 8 x.
12 needed for du, and then substitute.
x +1 1
1 ò (4x dx = - +C
ò ò
2
x 3 4
3x + 10 dx = 12 x3 3x 4 + 10 dx + 8 x) 3 16u 2
12
1
1 =-
=
12 ò 3x 4 + 10 (12 x3 dx) 16(4 x + 8x)2
2
1 Your Turn 4
=
12 ò u1/2du
x+3
=
1 æç 2 3/2
çç u
ö
+ C ÷÷÷
Find
ò x2 + 6x dx.
12 è 3 ø
1 3/2 Let u = x 2 + 6 x.
= u +C
18 Then du = 2 x + 6 dx = 2( x + 3) dx
(Note that (1/12) C is just a different constant, which Multiply the integral by 22 to introduce the factor of
4
we can also call C.) Now replace u with 3x + 10. 2 needed for du, and then substitute.
1 3/2
òx 3
3x 4 + 10 dx =
18
u +C
ò 2
x + 6x
x+3
dx =
1
2
2( x + 3)
ò
x2 + 6x
dx
1
= (3x 4 + 10)3/2 + C 1 1
18 =
2 uò du
1
= (ln | u | + C )
2
1
= ln | u | + C
2
Now replace u with x 2 + 6 x.

x+3 1
òx 2
+ 6x
dx =
2
ln | u | +C
1
= | x2 + 6x | + C
2

Your Turn 5 7.2 Exercises
ò x ex ò (3x
4 2
Find 3
dx. 2. (a) - 5)4 2 x dx
Let u = x 4. Let u = 3x 2 - 5; then du = 6 x dx.

Then du = 4 x3 dx.
4
(b)
ò 1 - x dx
Multiply the integral by 4
to introduce the factor of
Let u = 1 - x; then du = -dx.
4 needed for du, and then substitute.
x2
òxe 3 x4
dx =
1
4 ò 4x e dx 3 x4 (c)
ò 2x3 + 1 dx
1 Let u = 2 x3 + 1; then du = 6 x2dx.
=
4 ò e (4x dx)
x4 3
ò
4
1 (d) 4 x 3e x dx
=
4 ò e du u
1 u Let u = x 4 ; then du = 4 x3 dx.

= e +C
4
Now replace u with x 4.

3.
ò 4(2x + 3)4 dx = 2ò 2(2x + 3)4 dx
1 u 1 4 Let u = 2 x + 3, so that du = 2 dx.
ò x ex
4
3
dx = e + C = ex + C
4 4
Your Turn 6
= 2
ò u 4du
2 ⋅ u5
= +C
Find
òx 3 + x dx. 5
2(2 x + 3)5
Let u = 3 + x. = +C
5
Then du = dx and x = u - 3.
1
Now substitute. 4.
ò (-4t + 1)3dt = - 4 ò -4(-4t + 1)3 dt
Let u = -4t + 1, so that du = -4dt.
òx 3 + x dx =
ò (u - 3) u du 1
=
ò u u du - 3ò u du
=-
4 ò u3 du
1 u4
=- ⋅ +C
ò u du - 3ò u du
3/ 2 1/2
= 4 4
2 5/2 æ2 ö -u 4
= u - 3çç u 3/2 ÷÷÷ + C = +C
5 çè 3 ø 16
2 -(-4t + 1)4
= u 5/2 - 2u 3/2 + C = +C
5 16
2 dm
Now replace u with 3 + x.
2 5/2
5.
ò (2m + 1)3 = ò 2(2m + 1)-3 dm
òx 3 + x dx =
5
u - 2u 3/2 + C
Let u = 2m + 1, so that du = 2 dm.
2
= (3 + x)5/2 - 2(3 + x)3/2 + C
5
=
ò u-3du
u-2 -(2m + 1)-2
= +C = +C
-2 2

Section 7.2 477
3 du
6.
ò 3u - 5
=
ò 3(3u - 5) -1/2
du 9.
òz 4 z 2 - 5dz =
ò z(4z - 5) dz 2 1/2
1
8ò
Let w = 3u - 5, so that dw = 3 du. = 8 z (4 z - 5) dz 2 1/2
=
òw -1/2
dw Let u = 4 z 2 - 5, so that du = 8 z dz.
w1/2 1
= 1
2
+C =
8 òu 1/2
du
= 2w 1/2
+C 1 u 3/2
= ⋅ 3 +C
8
= 2(3u - 5)1/2 + C 2
1 æ2ö
= ⋅ çç ÷÷÷ u 3/2 + C
8 çè 3 ø
2x + 2
7.
ò (x 2
+ 2 x - 4)4
dx
=
(4 z 2 - 5)3/2
+C
12
=
ò (2x + 2)( x 2
+ 2 x - 4)-4 dx
Let w = x 2 + 2 x - 4, so that 10.

òr 5r 2 + 2 dr =
ò r(5r + 2) dr 2 1/2
dw = ( 2 x + 2 ) dx.
1
10 ò
2 1/2
= 10r (5r + 2) dr
=
òw -4
dw
Let u = 5r 2 + 2, so that du = 10r dr.
w-3
= +C 1
-3
2
( x + 2 x - 4) -3
=
10 òu 1/2
du
=- +C 1 u 3/2
3 = ⋅ 3 +C
1 10
2
=- 2 3
+C
3( x + 2 x - 4)
u 3/2
= +C
15
6 x 2 dx
8.
ò (2x 3
+ 7)3/2 =
(5r 2 + 2)3/2
+C
15
=
ò 6x (2x 2 3
+ 7)-3/2dx
1
ò ò
3 3
11. 3x 2e2 x dx = 2 ⋅ 3x 2e2 x dx
2
Let u = 2 x3 + 7, so that du = 6 x 2 dx.
Let u = 2 x3 , so that du = 6 x 2 dx.
=
òu -3/2
du 1
u-1/2
=
2 ò
eu du
= +C 1
- 12 = eu + C
2
= -2u-1/2 + C e2 x
3
-2 = +C
= +C 2
u1/2
-2
= +C
(2 x + 7)1/2
3

1/ 2
ò
2 y
12. re-r dr e ey
16.
ò 2 y
dy =
ò 2y 1/2
dy
Let u = -r 2 , so that du = -2r dr. 1 -1/2 y1/2

1
=
ò 2y e dy
ò re- r2
dr = -
2 ò -2re- r2
dr
Let u = y1/2 , so that du = 12 y-1/2dy.
1
=-
ò e du u
2
-e u
-e -r 2
=
ò e du = e u u
+C
= +C = +C = ey
1/ 2
+C =e
y
+C
2 2
t
ò (1 - t)e t - t dt ò t 2 + 2 dt
2
2 17.
13.
1
ò
2
= 2(1 - t )e t - t dt 2 Let t 2 + 2 = u, so that 2t dt = du.
2
1 du
Let u = 2t - t 2 , so that du = (2 - 2t )dt. =
2 u ò
1 1
=
2 ò eudu = ln | u | + C
2
ln (t 2 + 2)
2
eu e 2t - t = +C
= +C = +C 2
2 2
-4 x
ò (x ò x2 + 3 dx
3
14. 2
- 1)e x - 3x dx 18.
Let u = x3 - 3x, so that Let u = x 2 + 3, so that du = 2 x dx.
du = (3x 2 - 3) dx = 3( x 2 - 1) dx. -4 x 2 x dx du
ò 2
x +3
dx = -2
ò
x +3 2
= -2
ò u
ò
3
( x 2 - 1)e x - 3 x dx = -2 ln | u | +C
1 = -2 ln ( x 2 + 3) + C
=
3 ò 3( x 2
- 1)e x3 - 3 x
dx
eu x3 + 2 x
=
1
3 ò eu du =
3
+C 19.
ò x4 + 4x2 + 7 dx
3
e x -3 x Let u = x 4 + 4 x 2 + 7.
= +C
3 Then du = (4 x3 + 8x)dx = 4( x3 + 2 x)dx.
e1/z x3 + 2 x 1 (4 x 3 + 2 x)
15.
ò z2
dz = -
òe 1/z
⋅
-1
z2
dz ò x4 + 4 x2 + 7 dx =
4 ò
x4 + 4x2 + 7
dx
1 1 1
Let u = 1 , so that
z
du = -21 dx.
z
=
4 u òdu = ln | u | +C
4
1/z 1
e = ln ( x 4 + 4 x 2 + 7 ) + C
ò z2
dz = -
ò eudu 4
= -eu + C Since x 4 + 4 x 2 + 7  0 for all x, we can write

1
= -e1/z + C this answer as ln( x 4 + 4 x 2 + 7) + C.
4

Section 7.2 479
t2 + 2
ò (u - 1)u du
5
20.
òt 3
+ 6t + 3
dt =
Let u = t 3 + 6t + 3, so that du = (3t 2 + 6)dt. =

ò (u - u )du
6 5
u7 u6
2
t +2 1 2
(3t + 6)dt = - +C
òt 3
+ 6t + 3
dt =
3 ò t 3 + 6t + 3
7 6
( p + 1)7 ( p + 1)6
1 du = - +C
=
3 ò u
7 6
1
= ln | u | + C
3 24.
ò 4r 8 - r dr
1
= ln | t 3 + 6t + 3| + C
3 =
ò 4r(8 - r) 12
dr
Let u = 8 - r , so that du = -dr; also,

2x + 1
21.
ò (x 2
+ x) 3
dx r = 8 - u.
=
ò (2 x + 1)( x 2 + x)-3 dx = -4
ò -r(8 - r) dr 1/2
Let u = x 2 + x, so that du = (2 x + 1) dx. ò

= -4 (8 - u)u du 1/2
=
ò u-3du =
u- 2
-2
+C ò
= -4 (8 u - u )du 1/2 3/2
æ 3/2 ö
-1 -1 ç 8u u 5/2 ÷
= +C = +C = -4 çç 3 - 5 ÷÷÷ + C
çç ÷
2u 2 2( x 2 + x)2 è 2 2 ø
8(8 - r )5/2 64(8 - r )3/2

= - +C
y2 + y 5 3
22.
ò (2 y 3
+ 3 y 2 + 1)2/3
dy
u
=
ò (y 2
+ y) (2 y 3 + 3 y 2 + 1)-2/3 dy 25.
ò u -1
du
Let u = 2 y 3 + 3 y 2 + 1, so that
2
=
ò u(u - 1) -1/ 2
du
du = (6 y + 6 y) dy. Let w = u - 1, so that dw = du and
1 u = w + 1.
=
6 ò 6( y 2
+ y)(2 y 3 + 3 y 2 + 1)-2/3 dy
1
=
ò (w + 1)w- 1/2
dw
=
6 òu -2/3
du
1 u1/3
= ⋅ 1 +C
=
ò (w + w- 12 1/2
) dw
6 3 w3/2 w1/2
= 3
+ 1
+C
1/3
u 2 2
= +C 3/2
2 2(u - 1)
3 2 1/3 = + 2(u - 1)1/2 + C
(2 y + 3 y + 1) 3
= +C
2
2x
26.
ò ( x + 5) dx 6
23.
ò p( p + 1)5dp
Let u = p + 1, so that du = dp; also,

=
ò 2x(x + 5)- dx = 2ò x(x + 5)- dx
6 6
p = u - 1. Let u = x + 5, so that

du = dx; also, u - 5 = x. 1 3(1 + 3 ln x)2
=
3 ò x
dx
= 2
ò (u - 5)u-6 du = 2
ò (u-5 - 5u-6 )du 1
æ -4 ö æ -5 ö
=
3 ò u 2du
ç u ÷÷ ç u ÷÷
= 2 çç ÷÷ - 10 çç ÷+C 1 u3
çè -4 ÷ø çè -5 ÷÷ø = ⋅ +C
3 3
u -4 (1 + 3 ln x)3
=- + 2u-5 + C = +C
2 9
-1 2
= 4
+ +C
2( x + 5) ( x + 5)5 2 + In x
30.
ò x
dx
æ ö
27.
ò ççè x 2 + 12 x ÷÷÷ ( x + 6) dx
ø Let u = 2 + ln x, so that du =
1
x
dx.
=
ò (x 2
+ 12 x )1/2 ( x + 6) dx
2 + ln x
2
ò x
dx =
ò u du
Let x + 12 x = u, so that
(2 x + 12) dx = du
=
ò u1/2 du
2( x + 6) dx = du. u 3/2
= +C
1 1æ 2ö 3/2
=
2 ò u1 2 du = çç ÷÷÷ u 3/2 + C
2 çè 3 ø 2
= u 3/2 + C
3
( x 2 + 12 x)3/2
= +C 2
3 = (2 + ln x)3/2 + C
3
æ ö
28.
ò ççè x 2 - 6 x ÷÷÷ ( x - 3) dx
ø 31.
ò e2
e2 x
x
+5
dx
=
ò (x 2
- 6 x)1/2 ( x - 3) dx
Let u = e2 x + 5, so that du = 2e2 x dx.
Let u = x 2 - 6 x, so that 1 du
du = (2 x - 6) dx = 2( x - 3) dx.
=
2 uò
1
1 = ln | u | + C
=
2 ò (x 2
- 6 x)1/2 2( x - 3) dx 2
1
æ ö = ln | e 2 x + 5| + C
1 1 ç u 3/2 ÷ 2
=
2 ò u1/2du = çç 3 ÷÷÷ + C
2 ççè
2 ø
÷ 1
= ln (e2 x + 5) + C
2
u 3/2 ( x 2 - 6 x)3/2
= +C = +C
1
3 3 32.
ò x(ln x) dx
3(1 + 3 ln x)2 Let u = ln x, so that
29.
ò x
dx
1
3
du = dx.
Let u = 1 + 3 ln x, so that du = x
dx. x
1 1
ò x(ln x) dx = ò u du
= ln| u | + C
= ln |ln x | + C

Section 7.2 481
log x
33.
ò x
dx
=
2
5 ò
5 ⋅ 105 x + 2
2 x
dx
Let u = log x, so that du = 1 dx. 2

(ln 10) x =
5 ò 10 du
u
log x log x
ò x
dx = (ln 10)
ò (ln 10) x dx = (ln 10)ò u du =
2 10u
⋅
5 ln10
+C =
2 ⋅ 105 x + 2
5ln10
+C
æ u 2 ö÷
ç
= (ln 10) çç ÷÷÷ + C 39. (a) R¢( x) = 4 x( x 2 + 27, 000)-2/3
çè 2 ø÷
=
(ln 10) (log x) 2
+C
R ( x) =
ò 4x(x + 27, 000)
2 -2/3
dx
2
[log 2 (5x + 1)] 2

ò 2
= 2 2 x( x + 27, 000) -2/3
dx
34.
ò 5x + 1
dx
Let u = x 2 + 27, 000, so that du = 2 x dx.
Let u = log 2 (5x + 1), so that
du =
5
dx.
R = 2
òu -2/3
du
(ln 2) (5x + 1)
= 2 ⋅ 3u1/3 + C
2
ln 2 5[log (5x + 1)]
=
5 ò (ln 2)2 (5x + 1) dx = 6( x 2 + 27, 000)1/3 + C
R(125) = 6(1252 + 27, 000)1/3 + C
ln 2
=
5 ò u2du Since R(125) = 29.591,
ln 2 æç u 3 ö÷÷
= ç ÷+C 6(1252 + 27, 000)1/3 + C = 29.591
5 ççè 3 ø÷÷
C = -180
(ln 2)[log2 (5x + 1)]3
= +C Thus,
15
R( x) = 6( x 2 + 27, 000)1/3 - 180.
ò x83x
2
+1
35. dx 1/3
(b) R( x) = 6( x2 + 27,000) - 180 ³ 40
2
Let u = 3x + 1, so that du = 6 x dx. 6( x + 27,000)1/3 ³ 220
2
1/3
1 ( x 2 + 27,000) ³ 36.6667
ò
2
+1
= 6 x ⋅ 83x dx
6 2
x + 27,000 ³ 49,296.43
1
=
6 ò 8u du x 2 ³ 22, 296.43
x ³ 149.4
1 æç 8u ö÷÷
= çç ÷+C For a revenue of at least $40,000, 150 players
6 çè ln 8 ø÷÷
must be sold.
2
83x +1
= +C
6 ln 8 40. (a) D¢(t ) = 90(t + 6) t 2 + 12t
= 90(t + 6)(t 2 + 12t )1/2
5 x +2
10
36.
ò x
dx D(t ) =
ò 90(t + 6)(t + 12t) dt 2 1/2
5
Let u = 5 x + 2, so that du =
2 x
dx.
ò
= 45 (2t + 12)(t + 12t ) dt 2 1/2
Let u = t 2 + 12t , so that du = (2t + 12) dt.

Since C (0) = 10, C = 4.
D = 45
òu 1/2
du
Therefore,
2u 3/2
= 45 ⋅ +C C ( x) = 6 ln |5x 2 + e | + 4
3
= 30u 3/2 + C = 6 ln(5x 2 + e) + 4.
D(t ) = 30(t 2 + 12t )3/2 + C (b) C (5) = 6 ln(5 ⋅ 52 + e) + 4 » 33.099

Since this represents $33,099 dollars which
Since D(4) = 16, 260,
is greater than $20,000, a new source of
investment income should be sought.
30(42 + 12 ⋅ 4)3/2 + C = 16, 260
15,360 + C = 16, 260 2
42. (a) P¢( x) = xe-x
C = 900
Let -x 2 = u, so that -2 x dx = du, or
Thus,
x dx = - 12 du.
2 3/2
D(t ) = 30(t + 12t ) + 900.
2
(b) D(t ) = 30(t + 12t ) 3/2
+ 900 = 40, 000
P( x) =
ò xe -x 2
dx
30(t 2 + 12t )3/2 = 39,100 1 eu
(t 2 + 12t )3/2 = 1303.333

=-
2 ò eu du = -
2
+C
2
2 e-x
t + 12t = 119.317 =- +C
2
2
t + 12t - 119.317 = 0
e-9
P(3) = - +C
2
-12  122 - 4(1)(-119.317)
x= Since 10,000 = 0.01 million and P(3) = 0.01,
2(1)
-12  24.93
x » e-9
2(1) - + C = 0.01
2
x » 6.465 or x » -18.464
e-9
C = 0.01 +
7 years must pass. 2
= 0.01006 » 0.01.
2
60 x -e-x
41. C ¢( x ) = P( x) = + 0.01
5x 2 + e 2
(a) Let u = 5 x 2 + e, so that du = 10 x dx. æ -x 2

ç -e
ö÷
(b) lim ( x) = lim çç + 0.01 ÷÷÷
x ¥ çç ÷
x ¥
è 2 ø÷
C( x) =
ò C¢( x) dx æ 1 ö÷
60 x = lim ççç - + 0.01 ÷÷ = 0.01
=
ò 5x + e dx2 x ¥ çè 2e x
2
ø÷÷
du Since profit is expressed in millions of
= 6
ò u = 6 ln |u | + C dollars, the profit approaches 0.01(1, 000,000)
= 6 ln (5x 2 + e ) + C = $10, 000.

Section 7.3 483
43. f ¢(t ) = 4.0674 ⋅ 10-4 t (t - 1970)0.4

(a) Let u = t - 1970. To get the t outside the parentheses in terms of u, solve u = t - 1970 for t to get
t = u + 1970. Then dt = du and we can substitute as follows.
f (t ) =
ò ò 4.0674 ⋅ 10 t(t - 1970) dt
f ¢(t )dt = -4 0.4
=
ò 4.0674 ⋅ 10 (u + 1970)(u) du
-4 0.4
= 4.0674 ⋅ 10
ò (u + 1970)(u) du
-4 0.4
= 4.0674 ⋅ 10
ò (u + 1970u )du
-4 1.4 0.4
æ u 2.4 1970u1.4 ö÷÷

ç
= 4.0674 ⋅ 10-4 çç + ÷+C
çè 2.4 1.4 ø÷÷
é (t - 1970)2.4 1970(t - 1970)1.4 ùú
= 4.0674 ⋅ 10-4 êê + ú+C
êë 2.4 1.4 úû
Since f (1970) = 61.298, C = 61.298.
é (t - 1970)2.4 1970(t - 1970)1.4 ùú

Therefore, f (t ) = 4.0674 ⋅ 10-4 êê + ú + 61.298.
êë 2.4 1.4 úû
é (2015 - 1970)2.4 1970(2015 - 1970)1.4 ùú

(b) f (2015) = 4.0674 ⋅ 10-4 êê + ú + 61.298 » 180.9.
êë 2.4 1.4 úû
In the year 2015, there will be about 181,000 local transit vehicles.
44. f ¢(t ) = 0.001483t (t - 1980)0.75
(a) Let u = t - 1980. To get the t outside the parentheses in terms of u, solve u = t - 1980 for t to get
t = u + 1980. Then dt = du and we can substitute as follows.
ò f ¢(t)dt = ò 0.001483t(t - 1980)

f (t ) = 0.75
dt
=
ò 0.001483(u + 1980)(u) du 0.75
ò
= 0.001483 (u + 1980)(u) du 0.75
ò + 1980u )du
= 0.001483 (u 1.75 0.75
æ u 2.75 1980u1.75 ö÷÷

ç
= 0.001483çç + ÷+C
çè 2.75 1.75 ÷÷ø
é (t - 1980) 2.75 1980(t - 1980)1.75 ù
= 0.001483 êê + ú+C
ú
2.75 1.75
ëê ûú

Since f (1980) = 262.951, C = 262.951.
Therefore,
é (t - 1980)2.75 1980(t - 1980)1.75 ù
f (t ) = 0.001483 êê + ú + 262.951.
ú
2.75 1.75
ëê ûú
é (2015 - 1980)2.75 1980(2015 - 1980)1.75 úù
(b) f (2015) = 0.001483 êê + ú + 262.951 » 1117.517
2.75 1.75
ëê ûú
In the year 2012, there will be about 1,118,000,000 outpatient visits.
7.3 Area and the Definite Integral
Your Turn 1
5
Approximate
ò 1
4x dx using four rectangles.
Find the area of the shaded region:
y
20 f(x) = 4x
15
10
0 2 4 6 x
Build a table giving the heights of the rectangles, which are the values of f ( x) = 4 x at the midpoint of each interval.
i xi f ( xi )
1 1.5 6.0
2 2.5 10.0
3 3.5 14.0
4 4.5 18.0
For each interval, x = 1. The sum of the areas of the rectangles is
4
å f (x ) x
i i = f (1.5)x + f (2.5)x + f (3.5)x + f (4.5) x
i =1
= 1(6) + 1(10) + 1(14) + 1(18)
= 48.
Thus our approximation to the integral is 48. In this case the approximation is exact.

Section 7.3 485
Your Turn 2 The sum of these rectangles approximates
A driver has the following velocities at various times: 8
Time (hr) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

ò0 (2 x + 5) dx.
Velocity (mph) 0 50 56 40 48
4. f ( x) = 1 and x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 3,
x 2 2
Approximate the total distance traveled during the 1
x4 = 2, and Dx =
2-hour period. 2
Using left endpoints: 4
distance = 0(0.5) + 50(0.5) + 56(0.5) + 40(0.5)

(a) å f ( xi )D x = f (x1)D x + f ( x2 )D x
i =1
= 73 miles + f ( x3 )D x + f ( x4 )D x
Using right endpoints: æ1ö 1
f ( x1) = f çç ÷÷÷ = 1 = 2
distance = 50(0.5) + 56(0.5) + 40(0.5) + 48(0.5) çè 2 ø
2
= 97 miles 1
f ( x2 ) = f (1) = = 1
Averaging these two estimates: 1
æ 3 ö÷ 1 2
73 + 97 f ( x3 ) = f çç ÷÷ = 3 =
distance = = 85 miles çè 2 ø 3
2 2
1
f ( x4 ) = f (2) =
7.3 Exercises 2
4 n Thus,
2.
ò0 ( x 2 + 3)dx = lim
n ¥
å ( xi 2 + 3) Dx,
4
where Dx = 4-0 = 4
i =1
and xi is any value
å f ( xi )Dx
n n i =1
of x in the ith interval. æ1ö æ1ö æ2ö æ1ö æ1ö æ ö
= (2) çç ÷÷÷ + (1) çç ÷÷÷ + çç ÷÷÷ çç ÷÷÷ + çç ÷÷÷ çç 1 ÷÷
èç 2 ø çè 2 ø çè 3 ø çè 2 ø çè 2 ø çè 2 ø÷
3. f ( x) = 2 x + 5, x1 = 0, x2 = 2, x3 = 4, 1 1 1
=1+ + +
x4 = 6, and x = 2 2 3 4
4 12 + 6 + 4 + 3 25
= = .
(a) å f ( xi )Dx 12 12
i =1 (b)
= f ( x1)D x + f ( x2 )D x + f ( x3 )D x + f ( x4 )D x
= f (0) (2) + f (2) (2) + f (4) (2) + f (6) (2)
= [2(0) + 5](2) + [2(2) + 5](2)
+ [2(4) + 5](2) + [2(6) + 5](2)
= 10 + 9(2) + 13(2) + 17(2)
= 88
(b)
5/2
The sum approximates the integral
ò1/2 1
x
dx.
5. f ( x) = 2 x + 5 from x = 2 to x = 4
For n = 4 rectangles:
4-2
x = = 0.5
4

(a) Using the left endpoints: (b) Using the right endpoints:
i xi f (xi) i xi f (xi)
1 2 9 1 1.5 6.5
2 2.5 10 2 2 8
3 3 11 3 2.5 9.5
4 3.5 12 4 3 11
4 A = 6.5(0.5) + 8(0.5) + 9.5(0.5) + 11(0.5)
A= å f (xi )x = 17.5
1 14.5 + 17.5 32
= 9(0.5) + 10(0.5) + 11(0.5) + 12(0.5) (c) Average = = = 16
2 2
= 21 (d) Using the midpoints:
(b) Using the right endpoints:
i xi f (xi)
i xi f (xi) 1 1.25 5.75
1 2.5 10 2 1.75 7.25
2 3 11 3 2.25 8.75
3 3.5 12 4 2.75 10.25
4 4 13 4
A = 10(0.5) + 11(0.5) + 12(0.5) + 13(0.5) = 23 A= å f (x )x i
1
21 + 23 44
(c) Average = = = 22 = 5.75(0.5) + 7.25(0.5) + 8.75(0.5) + 10.25(0.5)
2 2
= 16
(d) Using the midpoints:
i xi f (xi) 7. f ( x) = -x 2 + 4 from x = -2 to x = 2
1 2.25 9.5 For n = 4 rectangles:
2 2.75 10.5
3 3.25 11.5 2 - (-2)
x = =1
4 3.75 12.5 4
4 (a) Using the left endpoints:
A= å f (x )x = 9.5(0.5) + 10.5(0.5)
i i xi f (xi)
1
1 -2 -(-2)2 + 4 = 0
+ 11.5(0.5) + 12.5(0.5) = 22
2 -1 -(-1) 2 + 4 = 3
6. f ( x) = 3x + 2 from x = 1 to x = 3
3 0 -(0)2 + 4 = 4
4 1 -(1)2 + 4 = 3
3 -1
x = = 0.5
4 4
(a) Using the left endpoints: A= å f (xi )x

i =1
i xi f (xi) = (0) (1) + (3) (1) + (4) (1) + (3) (1)
1 1 5 = 10
2 1.5 6.5
3 2 8 (b) Using the right endpoints:
4 2.5 9.5 i xi f (xi)
4 1 -1 3
A= å f ( x )x i 2
3
0
1
4
3
i =1
= 5(0.5) + 6.5(0.5) + 8(0.5) + 9.5(0.5) = 14.5 4 2 0
Area = 1(3) + 1(4) + 1(3) + 1(0) = 10
10 + 10
(c) Average = = 10
2

Section 7.3 487
(d) Using the midpoints: (d) Using the midpoints:
3 7 3 9
1 - 1
2 4 2 4
1 15 5 25
2 - 2
2 4 2 4
1 15 7 49
3 3
2 4 2 4
3 7 9 81
4 4
2 4 2 4
4 4
A= å f ( xi )x A= å f ( xi )x
i =1 i =1
7 15 15 7 9 25 49 81
= (1) + (1) + (1) + (1) = (1) + (1) + (1) + (1)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
= 11 = 41
8. f ( x) = x 2 from x = 1 to 5 9. f ( x) = e x + 1 from x = -2 to x = 2
For n = 4 rectangles: For n = 4 rectangles:
5 -1 2 - (-2)
x = =1 x = =1
4 4
(a) Using the left endpoints: (a) Using the left endpoints:
1 1 1
2 2 4
1 -2 e-2 + 1
3 3 9 2 -1 e-1 + 1
4 4 16 3 0 e0 + 1 = 2
4 4 1 e1 + 1
A= å f (xi )x 4 4 4
i =1
= 1(1) + 4(1) + 9(1) + 16(1) A= å f ( xi )x = å f ( xi )(1) = å f ( xi )
i =1 i =1 i =1
= 30
-2 -1 1
= (e + 1) + (e + 1) + 2 + e + 1
» 8.2215 » 8.22
i xi f (xi)
1 2 4
2 3 9 i xi f (xi)
3 4 16 1 -1 -1
e +1
4 5 25
2 0 2
A = 4(1) + 9(1) + 16(1) + 25(1) = 54 3 1 e +1
4 2 e2 + 1
30 + 54 84
(c) Average = = = 42
2 2 Area = 1(e-1 + 1) + 1(2) + 1(e + 1) + 1(e 2 + 1)
» 15.4752 » 15.48
8.2215 + 15.4752
(c) Average =
2
= 11.84835
» 11.85

(d) Using the midpoints: (d) Using the midpoints:
3 1
1 - e-3/2 + 1 1 0.649
2 2
1 3
2 - e-1/2 + 1 2 3.482
2 2
1 5
3 e1/2 + 1 3 11.182
2 2
3 7
4 e3/2 + 1 4 32.115
2 2
4 4
A= å f ( xi ) x A= å f (xi ) x
i =1 i =1
-3/2 = 0.649(1) + 3.482(1) + 11.182(1) + 32.115(1)
= (e + 1) (1) + (e-1/2 + 1) (1)
» 47.43
+ (e1/2 + 1) (1) + (e3/2 + 1) (1)
» 10.9601 » 10.96 2
11. f ( x) = from x = 1 to x = 9
x
10. f ( x) = e x - 1 from x = 0 to x = 4
For n = 4 rectangles: 9 -1
x = = 2
4-0 4
x = =1
4
(a) Using the left endpoints:
i xi f (xi)
i xi f (xi)
2
1 0 0 1 1 = 2
1
2 1 1.718
2
3 2 6.389 2 3
4 3 19.086 3
2
4 3 5 = 0.4
A= å f ( xi )x
5
2
i =1 4 7
7
= 0(1) + 1.718(1) + 6.389(1) + 19.086(1)
» 27.19 4

A= å f (xi ) x
i =1
i xi f (xi)
2 æ2ö
1 1 1.718 = (2)(2) + (2) + (0.4)(2) + çç ÷÷÷ (2)
3 èç 7 ø
2 2 6.389
3 3 19.086 » 6.7048 » 6.70
4 4 53.598 (b) Using the right endpoints:
A = 1.718(1) + 6.389(1) + 19.086(1) + 53.598(1) i xi f (xi)
» 80.79 2
1 3
27.19 + 80.79 3
(c) Average = = 53.99
2 2
2 5
5
2
3 7
7
2
4 9
9

Section 7.3 489
æ2ö æ2ö æ2ö æ2ö 1.283 + 0.95
Area = 2 çç ÷÷ + 2 çç ÷÷ + 2 çç ÷÷ + 2 çç ÷÷ (c) Average =
çè 3 ø÷ çè 5 ÷ø çè 7 ø÷ çè 9 ÷ø 2
4 4 4 4 2.233
= + + + » 3.1492 » 3.15 = = 1.117
3 5 7 9 2
(d) Using the midpoints:
6.7 + 3.15
(c) Average = = 4.93 i xi f (xi)
2
1 1.25 0.8
(d) Using the midpoints: 2 1.75 0.5714
i xi f (xi) 3 2.25 0.4444
1 2 1 4 2.75 0.3636
1 4
2 4
2
1
A = å f (xi )x
1
3 6
3 = 0.8(0.5) + 0.5714(0.5) + 0.4444(0.5)
1 + 0.3636(0.5)
4 8
4 = 1.090
4 4-0 x
A= å f ( xi )x 13. (a) Width =
4
= 1; f ( x) =
2
i =1
æ1ö æ3ö
= 1(2) +
1 1 1
(2) + (2) + (2) Area = 1 ⋅ f çç ÷÷ + 1 ⋅ f çç ÷÷
çè 2 ø÷ èç 2 ø÷
2 3 4
» 4.1667 » 4.17 æ5ö æ7ö
+ 1 ⋅ f çç ÷÷ + 1 ⋅ f çç ÷÷
èç 2 ø÷ èç 2 ø÷
1
12. f ( x) = from x = 1 to x = 3 1 3 5 7 16
x = + + + = = 4
4 4 4 4 4
3 -1 (b)
x = = 0.5
4
i xi f (xi)
1 1 1
2 1.5 0.6667
3 2 0.5
4 2.5 0.4
4
A= å f (xi ) x 4 4
x 1
1
= 1(0.5) + 0.6667(0.5) + 0.5(0.5) + 0.4(0.5) ò f ( x)dx =
ò 2 dx = 2 (base)(height)
0 0
= 1.283
1
(b) Using the right endpoints: = (4)(2) = 4
2
i xi f (xi)
1 1.5 0.6667 5-0
2 2 0.5 14. (a) Width = = 1; f ( x) = 5 - x.
5
3 2.5 0.4
4 3 0.3333 æ1ö æ 3ö æ5ö
Area = f çç ÷÷ (1) + f çç ÷÷ (1) + f çç ÷÷ (1)
A = 0.6667(0.5) + 0.5(0.5) èç 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø
+ 0.4(0.5) + 0.3333(0.5) = 0.95 æ7ö æ9ö
+ f çç ÷÷ (1) + f çç ÷÷ (1)
= 4.5 + 3.5 + 2.5 + 1.5 + 0.5 = 12.5

5 6
(b)
ò 0
(5 - x) dx
ò 2
f ( x) dx is the area of a triangle with
Graph y = 5 - x. base 4 and height 2. The triangle has area

1 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 = 4.
2
6
Therefore,
ò 0
f ( x) dx = 4 +  .
0
17.
ò -4
16 - x 2 dx
Graph y = 16 - x 2 .
5
ò 0
(5 - x) dx is the area of a triangle with base
= 5 - 0 = 5 and altitude = 5.
1
Area = (altitude)(base)
2
1
= (5) (5) = 12.5
2
15. (a) Area of triangle is 12 ·base · height. 0
The base is 4; the height is 2.

ò -4
16 - x 2 dx is the area of the portion of the
circle in the second quadrant, which is one-fourth of

4 a circle. The circle has radius 4.
1
ò 0
f ( x) dx = ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 = 4
2 1 2 1
Area =  r =  (4) 2 = 4
(b) The larger triangle has an area of 4 4
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = 9 . The smaller triangle has an
2 2 3
area of 1
2
⋅1⋅1 = 1
2
. The sum is 18.
ò -3
9 - x 2 dx
9 + 1 = 10 = 5.
2 2 2
Graph y = 9 - x2 .
2
16. (a)
ò 0
f ( x) dx is the area of a rectangle with
width x = 2 and length y = 4. The

6
rectangle has area 2 ⋅ 4 = 8.
ò 2
f ( x) dx
is the area of one-fourth of a circle that has

radius 4. The area is
1  r2 = 1  (4) 2 = 4 .
4 4 3
6
ò 9 - x 2 dx is the area of a semicircle with
Therefore,
ò 0
f ( x) dx = 8 + 4 . -3
radius 3 centered at the origin.
2 1 2 1 9
(b)
ò 0
f ( x) dx is the area of one-fourth of a Area =
2
 r =  (3)2 = 
2 2
circle that has radius 2. The area is
1  r2 = 1  (2) 2 = .
4 4

Section 7.3 491
5 21. - 0 = 0.1, and
(a) With n = 10,  x = 110
19.
ò 2
(1 + 2 x) dx
x1 = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1, use the command
Graph y = 1 + 2 x. seq (X 2 , X, 0.1, 1, 0.1) →L1. The resulting
screen is:
å in= 1 f ( xi )x = x ( åi = 1 f ( xi ) ), use

n
(b) Since
5 the command 0.1sum (L1) to approximate

ò 2
(1 + 2 x) dx is the area of the trapezoid with 1 2
ò0 x dx. The resulting screen is:
B = 11, b = 5, and h = 3. The formula for the
area is
1
A= ( B + b)h,
2
so we have
1
1
A = (11 + 5)(3) = 24.
2
ò 0
x 2dx » 0.385
-0 = 0.01 and
(c) With n = 100,  x = 1100
3
20.
ò1
(5 + x) dx x1 = 0 + 0.01 = 0.01, use the command
seq (X 2 , X, 0.01, 1, 0.01)→ L1. The
Graph y = 5 + x.
resulting screen is:
y
f ( x) = 5 + x
10
8 ( 3, 8)
( 1, 6)
4 Use the command 0.01sum(L1) to approximate

1 2
2
−1 1 3 5 x
3
ò1
(5 + x) dx is the area of a trapezoid with bases
of length 6 and 8 and height of length 2.

1
1
Area = (height) (base1 + base2 )
2 ò 0
x 2dx » 0.33835
1 1- 0
= (2)(6 + 8) = 14 (d) With n = 500,  x = 500 = 0.002, and
2
x1 = 0 + 0.002 = 0.002, use the command
seq( X 2 , X, 0.002, 1, 0.002)→ L1. The

Use the command 0.002sum(L1) to approximate Use the command 0.01sum(L1) to approximate
1 2 1 3
ò0 x dx. The resulting screen is: ò0 x dx. The resulting screen is:
1 1
ò0
x 2dx » 0.334334 ò0
x3dx » 0.255025
(e) As n gets larger the approximation for -0 = 0.002, and

(d) With n = 500,  x = 1500
21
ò0 x dx seems to be approaching 0.333333 x1 = 0 + 0.002 = 0.002, use the command
1 seq ( X ^ 3, X, 0.002, 1, 0.002)→L1. The
or 1. We estimate ò0 x 2 dx = 1 .
3 3 resulting screen is:
22. (a) With n = 10, Dx = 110 -0 = 0.1, and
x1 = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1, use the command

seq( X^3, X, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1) → L1. The
Use the command 0.002sum(L1) to approximate

1 3
n æ n ö
(b) Since å f ( xi )Dx = Dxçççç å f ( xi ) ÷÷÷÷÷, use the
i =1 è i =1 ø
command 0.1sum(L1) to approximate
31
ò0 x dx. The resulting screen is: 1
ò 0
x3dx » 0.251001
(e) As n gets larger the approximation for

1 3
ò0 x dx seems to be approaching 0.25 or 14 .
1
We estimate ò0 x3dx = 1.
4
1
For Exercises 24–34, reading on the graphs
ò x dx » 0.3025
3
and answers may vary.
0
24. Left endpoints:
-0 = 0.01, and
(c) With n = 100, D x = 1100 Read values of the function from the graph for every
x1 = 0 + 0.01 = 0.01, use the command 2 hours from midnight to 10 P.M. These values give
seq( X^3, X, 0.01, 0.1, 0.01) → L1. The the heights of 12 rectangles. The width of each
rectangle is Dx = 2. We estimate the area under
the curve as

Section 7.3 493
12 We estimate the total wind energy consumption
A= å f ( xi )Dx over the 12-year period from 1997 to 2009 as
2404.5 trillion BTUs.
i =1
= 3.0(2) + 3.2(2) + 3.5(2) + 4.2(2) 26. Left endpoints:
+ 5.2(2) + 6.2(2) + 8.0(2) + 11.0(2) Read values of the function from the graph for every
+ 11.8(2) + 10.0(2) + 6.0(2) + 4.4(2) minute from 0 minutes to 19 minutes. These values
= 153.0 give the height of 20 rectangles. The width of the
each rectangle is Dx = 1. We estimate the area
Right endpoints: under the curve as
Read values of the function from the graph for every 20
2 hours from 2 A.M. to midnight. Now we estimate
the area under the curve as å f ( x )Dx
i
i =1
12 = 0(1) + 2.4(1) + 2.9(1) + 3.1(1) + 3.2(1)
A= å f ( x )Dx i + 3.3(1) + 3.3(1) + 3.3(1) + 3.3(1) + 3.3(1)
i =1
+ 3.3(1) + 1.1(1) + 0.7(1) + 0.6(1) + 0.5(1)
= 3.2(2) + 3.5(2) + 4.2(2) + 5.2(2)
+ 0.4(1) + 0.3(1) + 0.3(1) + 0.2(1) + 0.2(1)
+ 6.2(2) + 8.0(2) + 11.0(2) + 11.8(2)
» 35.7.
+ 10.0(2) + 6.0(2) + 4.4(2) + 3.8(2)
= 154.6 Right endpoints:
Read values of the function from the graph for every
Average: minute from 1 minutes to 20 minutes.
153.0 + 154.6 307.6 Now we estimate the area under the curve as
=
2 2 20
= 153.8 million kilowatt-hours
å f ( x )Dx
i
The area under the curve represents the total i =1
electricity usage. We estimate this usage as about = 2.4(1) + 2.9(1) + 3.1(1) + 3.2(1) + 3.3(1)
153.8 million kilowatt hours. + 3.3(1) + 3.3(1) + 3.3(1) + 3.3(1) + 3.3(1)
+ 1.1(1) + 0.7(1) + 0.6(1) + 0.5(1) + 0.4(1)
25. Left endpoints:
+ 0.3(1) + 0.3(1) + 0.2(1) + 0.2(1) + 0.2(1)
Read values of the function on the graph every three
» 35.9.
years from 1997 to 2006. These values give us the
heights of four rectangles. The width of each 35.7 + 35.9
rectangle is Dx = 3. We estimate the area under Average: = 35.8 liters
2
the curve as follows:
The area under the curve represents the total volume
4 of oxygen inhaled. We estimate this volume as
A= å f ( x )Dx i
27.
about 35.8 liters.
First read approximate data values from the
i =1
= 34(3) + 57(3) + 115(3) + 264(3) graph. These readings are just estimates, and you
may get different answers if your estimated
= 1410
readings differ from these. Month 1 represents
Right endpoints: mid-February.
Read values of the function on the graph every three
years from 2000 to 2009. We estimate the area Cows Pigs
under the curve as follows: Month Cases Month Cases
4 1 3000 1 2000
A= å f (x )Dx i
2
3
165,000
267,000
2
3
62,000
68,000
i =1
4 54,000 4 3000
= 57(3) + 115(3) + 264(3) + 697(3) 5 44,000 5 1000
= 3399 6 21,000 6 9000
7 16,500 7 1000
1410 + 3399
Average: = 2404.5 trillion BTUs 8 11,500 8 0
2 9 1000 9 0

(a) Left endpoints: (b) Left endpoints:
Add up the values corresponding to months Add up the values corresponding to months
1 through 8 in the Cows table The total is 1 through 8 in the Pigs table. The total is
582,000 cases. 146,000 cases.
Right endpoints: Right endpoints:
Add up the values corresponding to months Add up the values corresponding to months
2 through 9. The total is 580,000 cases. 2 through 9. The total is 144,000 cases.
The average of these two values is 581,000 The average of these two values is 145,000
cases. cases.
28. Left endpoints:

Read values of the function on the graph every two years from 2000 to 2006. These values give us the heights
of four rectangles. The width of each rectangle is  x = 2. We estimate the area under the graph as follows:
4
A= å
i =1
f ( xi )x = 3331(2) + 3650(2) + 3701(2) + 3793(2) = 28,950
Right endpoints:
Read values of the function on the graph every two years from 2002 to 2008. We estimate the area under the graph
as follows.
4
A= å
i =1
f ( xi )x = 3650(2) + 3701(2) + 3793(2) + 3113(2) = 28,514
28,950 + 28,514
Average: = 28,732 accidents
2
The area under the graph represents the number of fatal automobile accidents in California from 2000 to 2008. We
estimate this number as 28,732 fatal accidents.
29. Read the value of the function for every 5 sec from x = 2.5 to x = 12.5. These are the midpoints of rectangle with
width x = 5. Then read the function for x  17, which is the midpoint of a rectangle with width x = 4.
4
å f (xi )x » 36(5) + 63(5) + 84(5) + 95(4) » 1295

i =1
1295
(5280) » 1900
3600
The Porsche 928 traveled about 1900 ft.
30. Read the value for the speed every 5 sec from x = 2.5 to x = 22.5. These are the midpoints of rectangles with
width x = 5. Then read the speed for x = 26.5, which is the midpoint of a rectangle with width x = 3.
6
å f ( xi )x » 28(5) + 54(5) + 72(5) + 82(5) + 92(5) + 98(3) = 1934

i =1
1934
(5280) » 2800
3600
The BMW 733i traveled about 2800 ft.
31 . Left endpoints:
Read values of the function from the table for every number of seconds from 2.0 to 19.3. These values give
the heights of 10 rectangles. The width of each rectangle varies. We estimate the area under the curve as

Section 7.3 495
10
å f ( xi )x
i =1
= 30(2.9 - 2.0) + 40(4.1 - 2.9) + 50(5.3 - 4.1) + 60(6.9 - 5.3) + 70(8.7 - 6.9) + 80(10.7 - 8.7)
+ 90(13.2 - 10.7) + 100(16.1 - 13.2) + 110(19.3 - 16.1) + 120(23.4 - 19.3)
= 1876
5280
(1876) » 2751
3600
Right endpoints:
Read values of the function from the table for every number of seconds from 2.0 to 23.4. These values give
the heights of 11 rectangles. The width of each rectangle varies. We estimate the area under the curve as
11
å f (xi )x
i =1
= 30(2.0 - 0) + 40(2.9 - 2.0) + 50(4.1 - 2.9) + 60(5.3 - 4.1) + 70(6.9 - 5.3) + 80(8.7 - 6.9)
+ 90(10.7 - 8.7) + 100(13.2 - 10.7) + 110(16.1 - 13.2) + 120(19.3 - 16.1) + 130(23.4 - 19.3)
= 2150
5280
(2150) » 3153
3600
2751 + 3153 5904
Average: = = 2952 ft
2 2
The distance traveled by the Mercedes-Benz S550 is about 2952 ft.
32. Left endpoints:

Read values of the function from the table for every number of seconds from 2.4 to 19.2. These values give the
heights of 8 rectangles. The width of each rectangle varies. We estimate the area under the curve as
8
å f ( xi )x
i =1
= 30(3.5 - 2.4) + 40(5.1 - 3.5) + 50(6.9 - 5.1) + 60(8.9 - 6.9) + 70(11.2 - 8.9)
+ 80(14.9 - 11.2) + 90(19.2 - 14.9) + 100(24.4 - 19.2)
= 1671
5280
(1671) » 2451
3600
Right endpoints:
Read values of the function from the table for every number of seconds from 2.4 to 24.4. These values give the
heights of 9 rectangles. The width of each rectangle varies. We estimate the area under the curve as
9
å f ( xi )x
i =1
= 30(2.4 - 0) + 40(3.5 - 2.4) + 50(5.1 - 3.5) + 60(6.9 - 5.1) + 70(8.9 - 6.9)
+ 80(11.2 - 8.9) + 90(14.9 - 11.2) + 100(19.2 - 14.9) + 110(24.4 - 19.2)
= 1963
5280
(1963) » 2879
3600
2451 + 2879 5330
Average: = = 2665
2 2
The distance traveled by the Chevrolet Malibu Maxx SS is about 2665 ft.

496 Chaper 7 INTEGRATION
33. (a) Read values of the function on the plain glass graph every 2 hr from 6 to 6.These are at midpoints of the
widths  x = 2 and represent the heights of the rectangles.
f ( xi )x = 132(2) + 215(2) + 150(2) + 44(2) + 34(2) + 26(2) + 12(2) » 1226
The total heat gain was about 1230 BTUs per square foot.
(b) Read values on the ShadeScreen graph every 2 hr from 6 to 6.
å f ( x )x = 38(2) + 25(2) + 16(2) + 12(2) + 10(2) + 10(2) + 5(2) » 232

i
The total heat gain was about 230 BTUs per square foot.
34. (a) Read the value for a plain glass window facing south for every 2 hr from 6 to 6. These are the heights, at the
midpoints, of rectangles with width  x = 2.
å = 10(2) + 30(2) + 80(2) + 107(2) + 79(2) + 29(2) + 10(2) » 690

The heat gain is about 690 BTUs per square foot.
(b) Read the value for a window with Shadescreen facing south for every 2 hr from 6 to 6. These are the heights,
at the midpoints, of rectangles with width  x = 2.
å = 4(2) + 10(2) + 20(2) + 22(2) + 20(2) + 10(2) + 4(2) » 180

The heat gain is about 180 BTUs per square foot.
35. (a) Then area of a trapezoid is

1 1
A= h(b1 + b2 ) = (6)(1 + 2) = 9.
2 2
Car A has traveled 9 ft.
(b) Car A is furthest ahead of car B at 2 sec. Notice that from t = 0 to t = 2, v(t ) is larger for car A than for car
B. For t > 2, v(t ) is larger for car B than for car A.
(c) As seen in part (a), car A drove 9 ft in 2 sec. The distance of car B can be calculated as follows:
2-0 1
= = width
4 2
Distance = 1 ⋅ v (0.25) + 1 v (0.75) + 1 v (1.25) + 1 v (1.75)
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= (0.2) + (1) + (2.6) + (5)
2 2 2 2
= 4.4
9 - 4.4 = 4.6
The furthest car A can get ahead of car B is about 4.6 ft.
(d) At t = 3, car A travels 12 (6)(2 + 3) = 15 ft and car B travels approximately 13 ft.
At t = 3.5, car A travels 12 (6)(2.5 + 3.5) = 18 ft and car B travels approximately 18.25 ft. Therefore, car B
catches up with car A between 3 and 3.5 sec.

Section 7.4 497
36. Using the left endpoints: 100
(c) » 0.0622
Distance = v0 (1) + v1(1) + v2 (1) + v3 (1) 1609
= 0 + 8 + 13 + 17 = 38 ft Johnson actually ran 0.0622 miles. The
Using the right endpoints: answer to part b is closer.
Distance = v1(1) + v2 (1) + v3 (1) + v4 (1)
39. (a) Read values from the graph for every hour
= 8 + 13 + 17 + 18 = 56 ft from 1 A.M. through 11 P.M. The values
give the heights of 23 rectangles. The width
37. Using the left endpoints: of each rectangle is  x = 1. We estimate the
area under the curve as
Distance = v0 (1) + v1(1) + v2 (1)
23
= 10 + 6.5 + 6 = 22.5 ft
Using the right endpoints:
A= å
i
f ( xi )x
=1
Distance = v1(1) + v2 (1) + v3 (1) = 500(1) + 550(1) + 800(1) + 1600(1) + 4000(1) + 7000(1)
= 6.5 + 6 + 5.5 = 18 ft + 7000(1) + 5900(1) + 4500(1) + 3500(1) + 3100(1)
+ 3100(1) + 3500(1) + 3800(1) + 4100(1) + 4800(1)
38. (a) Using the left endpoints: + 4750(1) + 4000(1) + 2500(1) + 2250(1) + 1800(1)
n + 1500(1) + 1050(1)
Distance = å f ( xi )xi = 75, 600 vehicles
i =1
(b) Read values from the graph for every hour
= 0(1.84) + 12.9(1.96) + 23.8(2.58)
from 1 A.M. through 11 P.M. The values
+ 26.3(0.85) + 26.3(1.73) + 26.0(0.87) give the heights of 23 rectangles. The width
= 0 + 25.284 + 61.404 + 22.355 of each rectangle is  x = 1. We estimate
+ 45.499 + 22.62 the area under the curve as
23
= 177.162
Since we multiplied the units of seconds by
A= å f ( x ) x
i =1
i
miles per hour, we need to divide by 3600 = 500(1) + 400(1) + 400(1) + 700(1) + 1500(1)
(the number of seconds in an hour) to get a
distance in miles. + 3000(1) + 4100(1) + 3900(1) + 3200(1) + 3600(1)
177.162 + 4000(1) + 4000(1) + 4300(1) + 5200(1)
» 0.0492 + 6000(1) + 6500(1) + 6400(1) + 6000(1) + 4700(1)
3600
The estimate of the distance is 0.0492 miles. + 3100(1) + 2600(1) + 1900(1) + 1300(1)
= 77,300 vehicles
n
Distance = å f (xi ) xi 7.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
i =1
Your Turn 1
= 12.9(1.84) + 23.8(1.96) + 26.3(2.58)
3
+ 26.3(0.85) + 26.0(1.73) + 25.7(0.87)
= 23.736 + 46.648 + 67.854 + 22.355
Find
ò1 3x2 dx.
+ 44.98 + 22.359
= 227.932 The indefinite integral is
ò 3x2dx = x3 + C.
By the Fundamental Theorem,
Divide by 3600 (the number of seconds in 3 3
an hour) to get a distance in miles.
227.932 ò1 3x2dx = x3 1
» 0.0633
3600 = 33 - 13
The estimate of the distance is 0.0633 miles. = 27 - 1
= 26

Your Turn 2 y
5
2
Find
ò 3 (2x3 - 3x + 4) dx. 30 f ( x) x −9
5
ò 3
(2 x 3 - 3x + 4) dx 20
5 5 5
= 2
ò 3
x 3 dx - 3
ò 3
x dx + 4
ò 3
dx 10
2 4 5 3 5 5
= x - x2 + 4x 3
4 3 2 3 6 3 0 3 6 9 x
1 4 3 2
= (5 - 34 ) - (5 - 32 ) + 4(5 - 3)
2 2 10
= 256
Since the curve is below the x-axis on the interval

Your Turn 3 (0, 3), the definite integral will count this areas as
3 negative. The total positive area is thus
2
Find
ò 1 y
dy . 3 6
3 3
ò 0
( x 2 - 9) dx +
ò 3
( x 2 - 9) dx
2 1
ò 1 y
dy = 2
1 y
dy
ò æ1 ö æ1
3
ö
6
= çç x3 - 9 x ÷÷÷ + çç x3 - 9 x ÷÷÷
= 2 ln | y | 1
3 èç 3 ø0 çè 3 ø3
= 2(ln 3 - ln1) | 9 - 27 | + (27 - 54 - (9 - 27)

= 18 + 18 + 18 = 54.
= 2 ln 3 or ln 32 = ln 9
Your Turn 4
7.4 Exercises
4
Evaluate
ò 0
2
2 x 16 - x dx .
4 4
ò ò
4
1. (-3) dp = -3 dp = - 3 ⋅ p
Using Method 1: -2 -2 -2
= -3[4 - (-2)]
Let u = 16 - x 2.
= -18
Then du =-2 x.
If x = 4, then u = 16 - 42 = 0. 1 1 1
If x = 0, then u = 16 - 02 = 16. 2.
ò -4
2 dx = 2
ò
-4
dx = 2⋅x
-4
Now substitute. = 2[1 - (-4)]

=5 2
Your Turn 5
2 2 2
Find the area between the graph of the function f ( x) =
x 2 - 9 and the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 6. Here
3.
ò-1 (5t - 3)dt = 5
ò-1 tdt - 3
ò-1 dt
2
is a graph of the function and the area to be found. 5 2 2
= t - 3t -1
2 -1
5
= [22 - (-1) 2 ] - 3[2 - (-1)]
2
5
= (4 - 1) - 3(2 + 1)
2

Section 7.4 499
15 2
=
2
-9
ò0 3 4u + 1 du
15 18 3 2
= - =- 3
2 2 2 =
4 ò0 4u + 1 (4 du)
2 2 2 3 9 1/ 2
4.
ò-2 (4 z + 3) dz = 4
ò-2 z dz + 3
ò-2 dz =
4 1 ò
x dx
2 2 9
= 2z 2 + 3z 3 x 3/ 2
-2 -2 = ⋅
4 3/2 1
= 2[22 - (-2) 2 ] + 3[2 - (-2)]
3 2
= 2(4 - 4) + 3(4) = 12 = ⋅ (93/ 2 - 13/ 2 )
4 3
1 26
2 = (27 - 1) = = 13
5.
ò0 (5x2 - 4x + 2) dx 2 2
2 2 2
ò0 ò0 ò0 dx
9 9
=5 x 2 dx - 4 x dx + 2 8.
ò3 2r - 2 dr =
ò3 (2r - 2)1/2 dr
2
5 x3 2 2 Let u = 2r - 2, so that du = 2 dr.
= - 2 x2 + 2x
3 0 0 If r = 9, u = 2 ⋅ 9 - 2 = 16.
0
5 If r = 3, u = 2 ⋅ 3 - 2 = 4.
= (23 - 03 ) - 2(22 - 02 ) + 2(2 - 0)
3 9 9
1
5
= (8) - 2(4) + 2(2) =
3
40 - 24 + 12
3
ò3 (2r - 2)1/2 dr =
2 ò3 (2r - 2)1/2 2dr
16
1
=
28
3
=
2 ò4 u1/2du
16
1 u 3/2
3 = ⋅ 3
6.
ò 2 (-x2 - 3x + 5) dx
-
2
2 4
3 3 3 1 16
= ⋅ u 3/2
=-
ò2-
x 2dx - 3
ò2 -
x dx + 5
ò2
-
dx 3 4
1
1
3
3
3
3 = (163/2 - 43/2 )
= - x3 - x 2
+ 5 x -2 3
3 -2 2 -2 1 56
= (64 - 8) =
1 3 3 3
= - [33 - (-2)3] - [32 - (-2)2 ] + 5[3 - (-2)]
3 2
4 4 4
1 3
= - (27 + 8) - (9 - 4) + 5(5)
3 2
9.
ò0 2(t1/2 - t ) dt = 2
ò0 t1/2dt - 2
ò0 t dt
35 15 35 4 4
=- - + 25 = t 3/2 t2
3 2 6 = 2⋅ 3 -2⋅
2
2
0 0
2 4
= (43/2 - 03/2 ) - (42 - 02 )
7.
ò0 3 4u + 1 du 3
32 16
Let 4u + 1 = x, so that 4 du = dx. = - 16 = -
3 3
When u = 0, x = 4(0) + 1 = 1.
When u = 2, x = 4(2) + 1 = 9.

4 6
2
10.
ò0 -(3x3/2 + x1/2 ) dx 13.
ò4 (2 x - 7)2
dx
4 4
= -3
ò0 x 3/2dx -
ò0 x1/2dx Let u = 2 x -7, so that du = 2 dx.
When x = 6, u = 2 ⋅ 6 - 7 = 5.
3/2 4
x 5/2 4 x When x = 4, u = 2 ⋅ 4 - 7 = 1.
= -3 5 - 3
2 0 2 6 5
0 2
6 2
= - (32) - (8)
ò 4 (2 x - 7)2
dx =
ò 1
u-2du
5 3 5
192 16 656 u -1
=- - =- =
5 3 15 -1
1
4 5
= -u-1
11.
ò1 (5 y y + 3 y ) dy 1
4 4 =- ( 15 - 1)
= 5
ò 1
y 3/2dy + 3
ò 1
y1/2dy
= -( - 54 )
4 4
æ 5/2 ö÷ æ ö
çy ç y 3/2 ÷ 4
= 5 çç 5 ÷÷÷ + 3 çç 3 ÷÷÷ =
çç çç
è 2 ø÷÷ è 2 ÷ø÷
5
1 1
4 4 4
= 2 y 5/2 + 2 y 3/2 -3
1 1 14.
ò1 (2 p + 1) 2
dp
= 2(45/2 - 1) + 2(43/2 - 1) 4
= 2(32 - 1) + 2(8 - 1) = -3
ò1 (2 p + 1)-2 dp
= 62 + 14
Let u = 2 p + 1, so that du = 2 dp.
= 76
If p = 4, u = 2 ⋅ 4 + 1 = 9.
9 If p = 1, u = 2 ⋅ 1 + 1 = 3.
12.
ò (4 r - 3r r ) dr 4
4
9 9
-3
ò1
(2 p + 1)-2 dp
= 4
ò4 r1/2dr - 3ò4 r3/2dr =-
3
ò
9
u-2du
9 9 2 3
r 3/ 2 r 5/ 2 9
= 4 3
-3 5 3 u -1
2 4 2 4
=- ⋅
2 -1
9 9 3
8 3/ 2 6 5/ 2
= r - r 9
3 5 3
4 4 =
8 6 2u 3
= (27 - 8) - (243 - 32)
3 5 3 3 1
= - =-
8 6 18 6 3
= ⋅ 19 - (211)
3 5
760 3798 3038
= - =-
15 15 15

Section 7.4 501
5 -1æ ö
çç -2 + 3 e0.3t ÷÷ dt
15.
ò 1
(6n-2 - n-3 ) dn 18.
ò ç
-2 è t
÷ø
5 5 -1 -1
1 3
=6
ò1
n-2dn -
ò 1
n-3dn = -2
ò -2 t
dt +
0.3 -2
ò
0.3e0.3t dt
5 5 -1 -1
n-1 n-2 = -2 ln |t | +
3 0.3t
e
= 6⋅ -
-1 -2 -2 0.3 -2
1 1
5 5 = 2 ln 2 + 10e-0.3 - 10e-0.6
-6 1
= + » 3.306
n 1 2n 2 1
é 1
-6 æç -6 ö÷ 1 ùú 2æ
ê çç e4u - 1 ÷÷ö
=
5
-ç ÷+
èç 1 ø÷
ê 2(25)
ë
-
2(1) úû 19.
ò ç
1 èç
÷ du
(u + 1) 2 ÷÷ø
-6 6 1 1
= - + - 2 2
1
5
108
1 50 2 =
ò1 e4u du -
ò1 (u + 1)2
du
=
25 2 2
e4u -1
= -
4 u +1 1
3 1
16.
ò 2
(3x-3 - 5x-4 ) dx
=
8
e
-
e4
+
1
-
1
3 3 4 4 2 +1 1+1
=3
ò 2
x-3dx - 5
ò 2
x-4dx
=
e8
-
e4
-
1
3 3 4 4 6
x-2 x-3 » 731.4
= 3⋅ -5
-2 -3
2 2
3 3 1 1 1
3 1 5 1
=- ⋅ 2 + ⋅ 3
2 x 2 3 x 2
20.
ò0.5 ( p3 - e4 p )dp =
ò0.5 p3dp -
ò0.5 e4 dp p
1 1
p4 e4 p
= -
3æ1 1 ö 5æ 1 1ö 4 4
= - çç - ÷÷ + çç - ÷÷ 0.5 0.5
ç
2è9 ÷ ç
4 ø 3 è 27 8 ÷ø
1 1 æ e4 e 2 ÷÷ö
ç
1 3 5 5 = - - çç - ÷
=- + + - 4 64 çè 4 4 ÷÷ø
6 8 81 24
=
5 15 e4 e2
= - +
81 64 4 4
» -11.57
-2 æ ö
çç 2e-0.1y + 3 ÷÷ dy
17.
ò -3 è
ç ÷
y ÷ø 0
-2 -2
3
21.
ò-1 y(2 y2 - 3)5 dy
= 2
ò -3
e-0.1y dy +
ò -3 y
dy
Let u = 2 y 3 - 3, so that
e-0.1y - 2 -2 1
= 2⋅ + 3 ln | y| du = 4 y dy and du = y dy.
-0.1 -3 -3 4
-2
-2 When y = -1, u = 2(-1)2 - 3 = -1.
= -20e-0.1 y + 3ln | y|
-3
-3 When y = 0, u = 2(0) 2 - 3 = -3 .
0.3 0.2
= 20e - 20e + 3ln 2 - 3ln 3
» 1.353

-3
1 -3
1 u6 6(64)7/6 6(1)7/6
= -
4 ò-1 u5du = ⋅
4 6
-1
7 7
-3(642/3 - 12/3 )
-3
1 6 6(128) 6
= u = - - 3(16 - 1)
24 -1 7 7
1 1 768 - 6 - 315 447
= (-3)6 - (-1)6 = = » 63.86
24 24 7 7
729 1
= -
24 24 8
3 - y1/3
=
728
=
91
24.
ò1 y 2/3
dy
24 3
8
3
=
ò1 (3 y-2/3 - y-1/3) dy
22.
ò0 m2 (4m3 + 2)3 dm 8 8
=
ò1 3 y-2/3dy -
ò1 y-1/3dy
Let u = 4m3 + 2, so that 8 8
1 3 y1/3 y 2/3
du = 12m dm and du = m2 dm.
2 = 1
- 2
12 3 1 3 1
Also, when m = 3, 8 8
3 y 2/3
3 = 9 y1/3 -
u = 4(3 ) + 2 = 110, 2
1 1
3 9 9
and when m = 0, = 9(2 - 1) - (4 - 1) = 9 - =
2 2 2
u = 4(03 ) + 2 = 2. 2
ln x
1 110
1 u4
110
1 4
110
25.
ò1 x
dx
12 ò2 u 3 du = ⋅
12 4
2
=
48
u
2
Let u = ln x, so that
1
146, 410, 000 16 du = dx.
= - x
48 48
146, 409,984 When x = 1, u = ln 1 = 0.
=
48 When x = 2, u = ln 2.
9,150, 624
= ln 2
3 ln 2
u2
» 3, 050, 208 ò0 u du =
2
0
64
z -2 (ln 2) 2
23.
ò1 3
z
dz =
2
-0
(ln 2) 2
64 æ 1/2
=
ö 2
çç z -1/3 ÷÷
=
ò çç 1/2 - 2 z
1 èz
÷÷ dz
ø÷
» 0.2402
64 64
=
ò1 z1/6dz - 2
ò1 z-1/3dz 3 ln x
64 64
26.
ò1 x
dx
z 7/6 z 2/3
= -2 2 Let u = ln x, so that
7
6 1 3 1 1
du = dx.
6 z 7/6 64 2/3 64 x
= -3 z
7 1 1 When x = 3, u = ln 3, and
when x = 1, u = ln 1 = 0.

Section 7.4 503
ln 3 ln 3 1+ ln 2
3
ò0 u du =
ò0 u1/2du
ò 1 u
du
ln 3 1 + ln 2
u 3/2 = 3 ln |u| 1
= 3 = 3 ln (1 + ln 2) - 3 ln 1
2 0
= 3 ln (1 + ln 2) » 1.580
ln 3
2 3/2
= u
3 0 1
e2t
2 2
= (ln 3)3/2 - (0)3/2
29.
ò0 (3 + e2t )2
dt
3 3
2 3/2 Let u = 3 + e 2t , so that du = 2e2t dt.
= (ln 3)
3
When x = 1, u = 3 + e2⋅1 = 3 + e2.
» 0.7677
When x = 0, u = 3 + e 2⋅0 = 4.
8 3 + e2
1
e2t
27.
ò0 x1/3 x 4/3 + 9 dx
ò 0 (3 + e ) 2t 2
dt =
1
2 ò 4
u-2du
Let u = x 4/3 + 9, so that 3 + e2 3 + e2

1 u -1 -1
4 1/3 3 = ⋅ =
du = x dx and du = x1/3dx. 2 -1 2u 4
3 4 4
When x = 0, u = 04/3 + 9 = 9. 1 1
= -
8 2(3 + e2 )
When x = 8, u = 84/3 + 9 = 25. » 0.07687
25 25
3 3
4 ò9
udu =
4 ò 9
u1/2du
1
e2 z
3 u 3/2
25 30.
ò0 1 + e2 z
dz
= ⋅ 3
4 Let u = 1 + e2 z , so that
2 9
1 3/2 25 1
= u du = 2e2 z dz and du = e2 z dz.
2 9 2
1 1
= (25)3/2 - (9)3/2 When z = 1, u = 1 + e 2 , and
2 2
125 27 when z = 0, u = 1 + e0 = 2.
= - = 49
2 2 1+ e2 1+ e 2
1 1 1
2 ò2 u
du =
2 ò2 u-1/ 2du
2
3 1+ e 2
28.
ò 1 x(1 + ln x)
dx 1 u1/2
= ⋅ 1
2 2
Let u = 1 + ln x, so that 2
2
1 1+ e
du = dx. = u1/2
x 2
When x = 2, u = 1 + ln 2, and = 1 + e2 - 2
when x = 1, u = 1 + ln 1 = 1. » 1.482

31. f ( x) = 2 x - 14; [6, 10] 8 10
ò5 (4 x - 32) dx +
ò8 (4 x - 32) dx
8 10
= (2 x 2 - 32 x) + (2 x 2 - 32 x)
5 8
= | (128 - 256) - (50 - 160) |
+ (200 - 320) - (128 - 256)
= | -18| + (-120) + 128
= 26.
33. f ( x) = 2 - 2 x 2 ; [0, 5]
The graph crosses the x-axis at

0 = 2 x - 14
2 x = 14
x = 7.
This location is in the interval. The area of the
region is
7 10
ò6 (2 x - 14) dx + ò7 (2 x - 14) dx
7 10 Find the points where the graph crosses the

= |( x 2 - 14 x)| + ( x 2 - 14 x)
6 7 x-axis by solving 2 - 2 x 2 = 0.
= |(72 - 98) - (62 - 84)| 2 - 2 x2 = 0
+ (102 - 140) - (72 - 98) 2 x2 = 2
= |- 1| + (-40) - (-49)
x2 = 1
= 10.
x = 1.
32. f ( x) = 4 x - 32; [5, 10] The only solution in the interval [0, 5] is 1. The
total area is
1 5
ò0 (2 - 2 x 2 ) dx +
ò2 (2 - 2x ) dx
2
1 5
æ 2 x3 ÷÷ö æ 2 x3 ÷÷ö
ç ç
= çç 2 x - ÷ + çç 2 x - ÷
çè 3 ÷÷ø çè 3 ÷÷ø
0 1
2 2(53 ) 2
= 2- + 10 - -2+
3 3 3
The graph crosses the x-axis at 4 -224
= +
0 = 4 x - 32 3 3
4 x = 32 228
=
x = 8. 3
This location is in the interval. The area of the = 76.
region is

Section 7.4 505
34. f ( x) = 9 - x 2 ; [0, 6] 0 3
ò -1
x3dx +
ò 0
x3dx
0 3
x4 x4
= +
4 4
-1 0
æ 1ö æ 4 ÷ö
ç3
= çç 0 - ÷÷ + çç - 0 ÷÷÷
çè 4 ø÷ çè 4 ÷ø
1 81 82
= + =
4 4 4
The graph crosses the x-axis at 41
= ⋅
2
0 = 9 - x2
x2 = 9 36. f ( x) = x3 - 2 x; [-2, 4]
x = 3.
In the interval, the graph crosses at x = 3. The
area of the region is
3 6
ò 0
(9 - x 2 ) dx +
ò3
(9 - x 2 ) dx
3 6
æ x3 ÷÷ö æ x3 ÷÷ö
ç ç
= çç 9 x - ÷ + çç 9 x - ÷
çè 3 ÷÷ø èç 3 ÷÷ø
0 3
= (27 - 9)+ | (54 - 72) - (27 - 9) | The graph crosses the x-axis at
= 18 + | - 36 |
0 = x3 - 2 x
= 18 + 36
= 54. = x( x 2 - 2)
x = 0, x = 2, and x = - 2.
3 These location are all in the interval.
35. f ( x) = x ; [-1, 3]
The area of the region is
- 2 0
ò
-2
( x3 - 2 x) dx +
ò - 2
( x3 - 2 x) dx
2 4
+
ò 0
( x3 - 2 x) dx +
ò 2
( x3 - 2 x) dx
- 2 0
æ x4 ö÷ æ 4 ÷ö
ç çx
= çç - x 2 ÷÷÷ + çç - x 2 ÷÷÷
çè 4 ø÷ -2 çè 4 ÷ø
The solution - 2
3
x =0 æ x4 ö÷ 2 æ 4
4
ç çx ÷ö
x=0 + çç - x 2 ÷÷÷ + çç - x 2 ÷÷÷
indicates that the graph crosses the x-axis at 0 in 0 2
the given interval [-1, 3].
= | (1 - 2) - (4 - 4) | + | 0 - (1 - 2) |
The total area is + | (1 - 2) - 0 + (64 - 16) - 1 - 2|
= | - 1| + |1| + | -1| + | 49 |
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 49
= 52.

37. f ( x) = e x - 1; [-1, 2] 0 2
ò -1
(1 - e-x ) dx +
ò 0
(1 - e-x ) dx
0 2
= ( x + e-x ) + ( x + e-x )
-1 0
1 -2
= (1) - (-1 + e ) + (2 + e ) - ( e0 )
= 2 - e + 2 + e-2 - 1
= e - 2 + 1 + e-2
= e - 1 + e-2
Solve » 1.854.
e x - 1 = 0.
1 1
ex = 1 39. f ( x) = - ; [1, e 2 ]
x e
x ln e = ln 1
x =0
The graph crosses the x-axis at 0 in the given
interval [-1, 2].
The total area is
0 2
ò -1
(e x - 1) dx +
ò 0
(e x - 1) dx
0 2 The graph crosses the x-axis at

= ( e x - x) + (e x - x )
-1 0 1 1
-1 0= -
= | (1 - 0) - (e + 1) | + (e2 - 2) - (1 - 0) x e
= |1 - e-1 - 1| + e2 - 2 - 1 1 1
=
x e
1
= + e2 - 3 x = e.
e This location is in the interval. The area of the
» 4.757. region is
eæ e2 æ
1 1ö 1 1ö
38. f ( x) = 1 - e -x
; [-1, 2] ò 1
ççç - ÷÷÷ dx +
èx eø òe ççç - ÷÷÷ dx
èx eø
e e2
x æ xö
= ln x - + çç ln x - ÷÷÷
e çè eø e
1
æ 1ö
= 0 - çç - ÷÷÷+ |(2 - e) - 0|
çè e ø
1
= + |2 - e |
e
1
= e-2+ .
The graph crosses the x-axis at e
0 = 1 - e-x
e-x = 1
-x ln e = ln 1
-x = 0
x = 0.
The area of the region is

Section 7.4 507
1 f ( x) = x 2 - 2 x; [-1, 2]
40. f ( x) = 1 - ; [e-1, e] 42.
x
From the graph, we see that the total area is
0 2
ò -1
( x 2 - 2 x) dx +
ò 0
( x 2 - 2 x) dx
0 2
æ x3 ö÷ æ 3 ÷ö
ç çx
= çç - x 2 ÷÷÷ + çç - x 2 ÷÷÷
-1 0
æ 1 ö 8
= - çç - - 1÷÷ + -4
çè 3 ø÷ 3
The graph crosses the x-axis at 4 4 4 4 8
= + - = + = .
1 3 3 3 3 3
0 = 1-
x
1
=1 43. y = e x - e; [0, 2]
x
x = 1. From the graph, we see that total area is
This location is in the interval. The area of the 1 2
region is ò 0
(e x - e) dx +
ò1
(e x - e) dx
1 æ eæ
1ö 1ö
ò e
ççç 1 - ÷÷÷ dx +
-1 è xø ò 1
çç 1 - ÷÷÷ dx
èç xø = (e x - xe)
1
0
+ (e x - xe)
2
1
= ( x - ln x )
1
-1 + ( x - ln x )
e = |(e - e) - (e + 0)| + (e - 2e) - (e1 - e)
1 0 2
e 1
-1
= |-1| + e 2 - 2e
= |(1 - 0) - [e - (-1)]| + (e - 1) - (1 - 0)
= 1 + e2 - 2e » 2.952.
æ1 ö
= 1 - çç + 1÷÷ + (e - 1) - 1
çè e ÷ø
ln x é 1 ù
1 44. y = ; ê , eú
= e-2+ . x ëê e úû
e
From the graph, we can see that the total area is
1 æ ln x ö÷ eæ ö
y = 4 - x 2 ; [0, 3] çç ln x ÷÷ dx
41.
From the graph, we see that the total area is
ò çç
ç
1/ e è x ø
÷÷ dx + ò 1 èç x ø÷
2 3 1 e
(ln x)2 (ln x )2
ò 0
(4 - x 2 ) dx +
ò 2
(4 - x 2 ) dx =
2
1/ e
+
2
1
2 3
æ x3 ö÷÷ æ x3 ÷÷ö 1 1
ç ç = 0- + -0
= çç 4 x - ÷ + çç 4 x - ÷
çè 3 ø÷÷ çè 3 ÷÷ø 2 2
0 2 1 1
= + =1
éæ 8ö ù 2 2
= ê çç 8 - ÷÷÷ - 0 ú
ê çè 3ø ú
ë û
c b c
é æ 8 öù
+ ê (12 - 9) - çç 8 - ÷÷÷ ú
ê
ë èç 3 ø úû
45.
òa f ( x) dx =
òa f ( x) dx +
òb f ( x) dx
16 16
= + 3- 46. The equation for Exercise 45 is
3 3
c b c
16 7
=
3
+
3 òa f ( x) dx =
òa f ( x) dx +
òb f ( x) dx.
23
=
3

(a) If b is replaced by d, we get c b
c d c
ò f ( x) dx +
ò f ( x) dx
òa f ( x) dx =
òa f ( x) dx +
òd f ( x) dx. a
c
c
b
= F ( x) + F ( x)
This is a correct statement. a c
= [ F (c) - F (a)] + [ F (b) - F (c)]
(b) If b is replaced by g, we get = F (c) - F (a) + F (b) - F (c)
c g c
= F (b) - F (a)
òa f ( x) dx =
òa f ( x) dx +
òg f ( x) dx.
b
This is a correct statement.

=
ò a
f ( x) dx
16 2 5 b a
47.
ò 0
f ( x) dx =
ò 0
f ( x) dx +
ò 2
f ( x) dx 50. Prove:
ò a
f ( x) dx = -
ò b
f ( x) dx.
8 16
+
ò 5
f ( x) dx +
ò 8
f ( x) dx Assume F ( x) is an antiderivative of f ( x).
b
ò
2
1  (3 ) f ( x) dx = [ F ( x)] ba
= ⋅ 2(1 + 3) +
2 4 a
1  (32 ) = F (b) - F (a)

- (3)(8) - = (-1)[ F (a) - F (b)]
4 2
a
9 9
= 4 +  -  - 12 = -8
4 4
= -1
ò b
f ( x) dx
a
b b =-
ò f ( x) dx
òa k f (x) dx = k òa
b
48. Prove: f ( x) dx.
4
Assume F ( x) is an antiderivative of f ( x).
Then k F ( x) is an antiderivative of k f ( x).
51.
ò -1
f ( x) dx
0 4æ ö
x
ò
b
k f ( x) dx = kF ( x)
b
a
=
ò -1
(2 x + 3) + dx
ò 0
ççç - - 3 ÷÷÷ dx
è 4 ø
a
4
= kF (b) - kF (a) æ x2 ÷ö 0
ç
= ( x + 3x ) 2
+ çç - - 3x ÷÷÷
= k[ F (b) - F (a)] -1 çè 8 ÷ø
0
b
= - (1 - 3) + (-2 - 12)
= k
ò a
f ( x) dx
= 2 - 14
= -12
b
49. Prove:
ò a
f ( x) dx
52.
ò
1 2
e x dx = 1.46265;
ò
2 2
e x dx = 16.45263
c b 0 0
=
ò a
f ( x) dx +
ò c
f ( x) dx. 2
(a) Since e x is symmetric about the y-axis,
Let F(x) be an antiderivative of f ( x). 1 1
ò ò
2 2
e x dx = 2 e x dx
-1 0
= 2(1.46265)
= 2.92530.
2 2 1
ò ò ò
2 2 2
(b) e x dx = e x dx - e x dx
1 0 0
= 16.45263 - 1.46265
= 14.98998

Section 7.4 509
53. (a) g (t ) = t 4 and c = 1, use substitution. f (1) » 1.46265

x f (1.01) » 1.49011
f ( x) =
òc g (t )dt
Use
f (1 + h) - f (1)
to approximate
x h
=
ò1 t 4dt f ¢(1) with h = 0.01
x f (1 + h) - f (1) f (1.01) - f (1)
t5 =
= h 0.01
5
1 1.49011 - 1.46265
»
5
x (1)5 0.01
= - = 2.746
5 5
x5 1 2
So f ¢(1) » 2.746, and g (1) = e1 =
= -
5 5 e » 2.718.
d
(b) f ¢( x ) = ( f ( x)) 5
dx 54. (a)
ò 5 x(x2 + 3)7 dx
-
d æç x5 1 ö÷
= ç - ÷÷÷
ç
dx çè 5 5 ø÷ Let u = x 2 + 3, so that du = 2 x dx.
1 d 5 d æç 1 ÷ö When x = 5, u = 52 + 3 = 28.
= ⋅ (x ) - ç ÷
5 dx dx çè 5 ÷ø
When x = -5, u = (-5)2 + 3 = 28.
1
= ⋅ 5x4 - 0 = x 4 5
1 28
5
ò5
-
x( x 2 + 3)7dx =
2 ò28 u7du
Since g (t ) = t 4 , then g ( x) = x 4 and we
= 0
see f ¢( x) = g ( x).
2
(c) Let g (t ) = et and c = 0, then 55. P¢(t ) = (3t + 3)(t 2 + 2t + 2)1/3
x
ò0
2
f ( x) = et dt. 3
1 1.01
(a)
ò0 3(t + 1)(t 2 + 2t + 2)1/3dt
ò0 ò0
2 2
f (1) = et dt and f (1.01) = et dt.
Let u = t 2 + 2t + 2, so that
du = (2t + 2) dt and 1 du = (t + 1) dt.
Use the fnInt command in the Math menu of 2
1
ò0
2
your calculator to find e x dx and When t = 0, u = 02 + 2 ⋅ 0 + 2 = 2.
1.01 When t = 3, u = 32 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 2 = 17.

ò0 x2
e dx. The resulting screens are:
3 17
3 u 4/3 17
2 ò2 u1/3du =
2
⋅ 4
2
3
9 17
= u 4/3
8 2
9 9
= (17) - (2)4/3
4/3
8 8
» 46.341
Total profits for the first 3 yr were
9000
(174/3 - 24/3 ) » $46, 341.
8

4
57. P¢(t ) = 140t 5/2
(b)
ò3 3(t + 1)(t 2 + 2t + 2)1/3 dt
4
4
t 7/2
2
Let u = t + 2t + 2, so that
du = (2t + 2) dt = 2(t + 1) dt and
ò0 140t 5/2
dt = 140 ⋅ 7
2 0
3 4
du = 3(t + 1) dt. = 40t 7/2
2 0
= 5120
When t = 3, u = 32 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 2 = 17.
Since 5120 is above the total level of acceptable
When t = 4, u = 42 + 2 ⋅ 4 + 2 = 26. pollution (4850), the factory cannot operate for
26 4 years without killing all the fish in the lake.
3 26 1/3 9
2 17ò u du = u 4/3
8 17 58. The tanker is leaking oil at a rate in barrels per
9 9 hour of
= (26) - (17) 4/3 » 37.477
4/3
8 8 80 ln (t + 1)
L¢(t ) = .
Profit in the fourth year was t +1
9000
(264/3 - 174/3 ) » $37, 477. 24
80 ln (t + 1)
(c)
8
lim P¢(t )
(a)
ò0 t +1
dt
x ¥
Let u = ln (t + 1), so that du = 1 dt.
= lim (3t + 3)(t 2 + 2t + 2)1/3 t +1
x ¥
When t = 24, u = ln 25.
=¥
When t = 0, u = ln 1 = 0.
The annual profit is slowly increasing
without bound. ln 25
ln 25
u2
56. H ¢( x) = 20 - 2 x is the rate of change of the
80
ò 0
u du = 80
2
0
number of hours it takes a worker to produce the ln 25
xth item. = 4 0u 2
0
(a) The total number of hours required to = 40(ln 25)2 - 40(0)2
produce the first 5 item is
» 414
5 5 About 414 barrels will leak on the first day.
ò0 (20 - 2x) dx = (20x - x2 ) 0
= 100 - 25 = 75. 48
80 ln (t + 1)
It would take 75 hr to produce 5 items. (b)
ò 24 t +1
dt
(b) The total number of hours required to Let u = ln (t + 1), so that the limits of
produce the first 10 items is
integration with respect to u are ln 25 and
10 10 ln 49.
ò0 (20 - 2 x)dx = (20 x - x 2 )
0 ln 49 ln 49
= (200 - 100) - (0) 80
ò ln 25
u du = 40 u 2
ln 25
= 100.
= 40(ln 49) 2 - 40(ln 25)2
It would take 100 hr to produce the first
10 items. » 191
About 191 barrels will leak on the second
day.
80 ln (t + 1)
(c) lim L¢(t ) = lim =0
t ¥ t ¥ t +1
The number of barrels of oil leaking per day
is decreasing to 0.

Section 7.4 511
59. Growth rate is 0.6 + 4 ft/yr. 5 2

(t +1)3 61. R¢(t ) = +
t +1 t +1
(a) Total growth in the second year is
(a) Total reaction from t = 1 to t = 12 is
2é ù
4
ò ê 0.6 +
ê 3ú
ú dt 12 æ
çç 5 + 2 ö÷
1 êë (t + 1) ûú
2
ò ç
1 èç t + 1
÷÷ dt
t + 1 ø÷
é 4 ù
= êê 0.6t + ú 12
2ú = éê 5 ln(t + 1) + 4 t + 1 ùú
ëê - 2(t + 1) ûú 1 ë û 1
é 2 ù = (5 ln 13 + 4 13) - (5 ln 2 + 4 2)
= êê 0.6(2) - 2ú
ú
» 18.12.
ëê (2 + 1) ûú
é 2 ù (b) Total reaction from t = 12 to t = 24 is
- êê 0.6(1) - 2ú
ú
ëê (1 + 1) ûú 24 æ
5 2 ö÷
=
44
-
1 ò12 çççèç t + 1 + ÷÷ dt
t + 1 ø÷
45 10 24
» 0.8778ft. = êé 5 ln(t + 1) + 4 t + 1 úù
ë û 12
= (5 ln 25 + 4 25) - (5 ln 13 + 4 13)
(b) Total growth in the third year is » 8.847.
3é ù T
4
ò ê 0.6 +
ê
2 ëê
3ú
ú dt
(t + 1) úû
62. F (T ) =
ò0 f ( x) dx
T
3
é
= êê 0.6t +
4
2ú
ù
ú
=
ò0 kb x dx
ëê - 2(t + 1) ûú 2 T
é
= êê 0.6(3) -
2 ù
ú
=
ò0 ke(ln b) x dx
2ú T
ëê (3 + 1) ûú
é 2 ù
= k
ò0 e(ln b) x dx
- êê 0.6(2) - 2ú
ú
T
(2 + 1) k
ëê ûú = ⋅ e(ln b) x dx
ln b 0
67 44
= - k é (ln b)T
40 45 = e - 1ùú
» 0.6972 ft. ln b êë û
k
= [bT - 1]
60. Total growth after 3.5 days is ln b
3.5 3.5
ò0 R¢( x)dx =
ò0 150e0.2 x dx 60
3.5
63. (b)
ò0 n( x) dx
e0.2 x
= 150 ⋅ 10
0.2
3.5
0 (c)
ò5 5x + 1 dx
= 75 0e0.2 x Let u = 5 x + 1. Then du = 5 dx.

0
0.7 0 When x = 5, u = 26; when x = 10,
= 750e - 750e
» 760.3. u = 51.

51 9
1
5 ò26 u1/2du 66.
ò3 (0.1762 x2 - 3.986x + 22.68) dx
51 9
1 u 3/2 æ 0.1762 3 3.986 2 ö
= ⋅ 3 = çç x - x + 22.68 x ÷÷
çè 3 2 ÷ø
5 3
2 26
51 = 85.5036 - 51.6888 = 33.8148
2 3/2
= u The total increase in the length of a ram’s horn
15 26 during the period is about 33.8 cm.
2
= (513/2 - 263/2 )
15 67. E (t ) = 753 t -0.1321
» 30.89 million
(a) Since t is the age of the beagle in years, to
convert the formula to days, let T = 365t ,
64. w¢(t ) = (3t + 2)1/3 or t = T .
365
3
3
1 (3t + 2) 4/3 æ T ö÷-0.1321
w(t ) =
ò0 (3t + 2)1/3 dt =
3
⋅ 4
3 0
E (T ) = 753 çç
çè 365 ÷÷ø
3 » 1642T -0.1321
(3t + 2)4/3
= Now, replace T with t.
4
0 E (t ) = 1642t -0.1321
1
= (114/3 - 24/3 ) (b) The beagle’s age in days after one year
4
» 5.486 mg is 365 days and after 3 years she is
1095 days old.
65. v = k (R2 - r 2 )
1095
R ò 1642t -0.1321dt
(a) Q( R) =
ò0 2 vr dr 365
1
1095
R = 164 2 t 0.8679
=
ò0 2 k ( R 2 - r 2 ) r dr 0.8679
» 1892 (1, 095 0.8679
365
- 3650.8679 )
R
= 2 k
ò0 ( R 2r - r 2 ) dr » 505,155
The beagle’s total energy requirements are
R
æ R 2r 2 r 4 ö÷÷ about 505, 000 kJ/W0.67 , where W
ç
= 2 k çç - ÷
çè 2 4 ø÷÷ represents weight.
0
æ R4 4ö
R ÷÷
ç
= 2 k çç - ÷ 100
çè 2 4 ÷÷ø 68.
ò 0
0.85e0.0133 x dx
æ R 4 ö÷
ç ÷÷ Let u = 0.0133x, so that du = 0.0133dx, or
= 2 k çç
çè 4 ÷÷ø 1
dx = 0.0133 du
4
 kR When x = 100, u = 1.33.
=
2
When x = 0, u = 0.
 k (0.4)4
(b) Q(0.4) = 1.33 1.33
2 æ 1 ö÷ 0.85 u
= 0.04k mm/min ò 0
0.85eu çç
çè 0.0133 ø÷÷
du =
0.0133
e
0
0.85 1.33
= (e - e0 )
0.0133
» 177.736
The total mass of the column is about 178 g.

Section 7.4 513
69. (a) f ( x) = 40.2 + 3.50 x - 0.897 x 2 20 = 30e0.04T - 30.

9 50 = 30e0.04T
ò 0
(40.2 + 3.50 x - 0.897 x ) dx 2
5
= e0.04T
9
3
= (40.2 x + 1.74 x 2 - 0.299 x3 ) 5
0 ln = 0.04T ln e
3
» 286
ln 53
The integral represents the population aged T =
0.04
0 to 90, which is about 286 million.
» 12.8
6.5
The oil will last about 12.8 years.
(b)
ò 4.5
(40.2 + 3.50 x - 0.897 x 2 ) dx
6.5 T
= (40.2 x + 1.74 x 2 - 0.299 x3 ) T
4.5 (e)
ò 0
1.2e0.02t dt = 60e0.02t
0
» 64
= 60e0.02T - 60
The number of baby boomers is about
64 million. Solve
5
70.
ò 2.5
(0.0353x3 - 0.541x 2 + 3.78x + 4.29) dx 20 = 60e0.02T - 60.
80 = 60e0.02T
= (0.008825 x 4 - 0.18033x3 + 1.8900 x 2 4
5 = e0.02T
+ 4.2900 x) 3
2.5
4
» 0.32 ln = 0.02T ln e
3
About 32% of families have incomes between
ln 43
$25,000 and $50,000. T = » 14.4
0.02
The oil will last about 14.4 years.
71. c¢(t ) = kert
(a) c¢(t ) = 1.2 e0.04t 72. C ¢(t ) = 1.2e0.04t

T
(b) The amount of oil that the company will sell
in the next ten years is given by the integral
C (T ) =
ò 0
1.2e0.04t
10 T
1.2 0.04t
ò 0
1.2e0.04t dt. =
0.04
e
0
0.04T
10 = 30(e - e0 )
10
1.2e0.04t
(c)
ò 0
1.2e0.04t dx =
0.04
0
= 30(e0.04T - 1)
In 5 yr,
10
0.04t
= 30e C (5) = 30(e0.04(5) - 1)
0
= 30e0.4 - 30 = 30(e0.2 - 1)
» 14.75 » 6.64 billion barrels.
This represents about 14.75 billion barrels
of oil.
T T
(d)
ò0 1.2e0.04t dt = 30e0.04t 0
= 30e0.04T - 30
Solve

7.5 The Area Between Two Curves The corresponding y values are 0 and 1, respectively,
so the curves intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1), as shown in
the graph below. Here f ( x) = x1/4 and g ( x) = x 2.
Your Turn 1
Find the area bounded by f ( x) = 4 - x 2 , g ( x) = 2

g ( x) = x
x + 2, x = -2, and x = 1. A sketch such as the one y
below shows that the two graphs intersect at the points 1
(-2, 0) and (1, 3). 4
1 f ( x) = x
y
4 g ( x) = x + 2
2
f ( x) = 4 − x
0 1 x
2
Over the interval [0, 1], f ( x) ³ g ( x), so the area is

1
x
ò
4 2 0 2 4
given by the integral [ f ( x) - g ( x)] dx.
0
2
1 1
Over the interval [-2, 1], f ( x) ³ g ( x), so the area will ò 0

[ f ( x) - g ( x)] dx =
ò 0
( x1/ 4 - x 2 ) dx
1 1
be given by
ò -2
[ f ( x) - g ( x) ] dx. æ4 1 ö
= çç x5/2 - x3 ÷÷÷
çè 5 3 ø 0
1 1
æ4 1ö
ò -2
[ f ( x) - g ( x) ] dx = ò -2
[4 - x 2 - ( x + 2)] dx = çç - ÷÷÷ - ( 0 - 0 ) =
çè 5 3ø
7
15
1
=
ò -2
(2 - x - x 2 ) dx
Your Turn 3
1
æ 1 1 ö Find the area enclosed by y = x 2 - 3x and y = 2 x
= çç 2 x - x 2 - x3 ÷÷÷
çè 2 3 ø -2 on [0, 6]. First find where the two graphs intersect.
æ 1 1ö æ 8ö
= çç 2 - - ÷÷ - çç -4 - 2 + ÷÷ x 2 - 3x = 2 x
çè 2 ÷
3ø è ç 3 ÷ø
9 x 2 - 5x = 0
=
2 x( x - 5) = 0
x = 0 or x = 5.
Your Turn 2
The intersection points are (0, 0) and (5, 10), so we will
1/4 need to use two integrals. On (0, 5), 2 x is the larger
Find the area between the curves y = x and
y = x 2. First find where these two curves intersect function and on (5, 6), x 2 - 3x is the larger function,
by setting the two righthand sides equal. as illustrated in the following graph.
x1/4 = x 2 y 2
y = x − 3x
8 20
x = x
y = 2x
x8 - x = 0
x( x 7 - 1) = 0 10
7
x = 0 or x - 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 1.
0 5 10 x

Section 7.5 515
5 6 7.5 Exercises
Area =
ò 0
[2 x - ( x 2 - 3x)] dx +
ò 5
[( x 2 - 3x) - 2 x] dx
1. x = -2, x = 1, y = 2 x 2 + 5, y = 0
5 6
=
ò 0
(5 x - x 2 ) dx +
ò 5 (x 2
- 5 x) dx
5 6
æ5 1 ö æ1 5 ö
= çç x 2 - x3 ÷÷÷ + çç x3 - x 2 ÷÷÷
èç 2 3 ø 0 çè 3 2 ø5
æ 125 125 ö æ 216 180 125 125 ö÷
= çç - - 0 ÷÷ + çç - - + ÷
èç 2 3 ø÷ çè 3 2 3 2 ø÷
71
=
3
Your Turn 4
Find the consumers’ surplus and the producers’ surplus æ 2 x3
1
1
ç ÷ö
for oat bran when the price in dollars per ton is D(q) =
600 - eq /3 when the demand is q tons, and the price
ò
-2
2
[(2 x + 5) - 0] = çç
çè 3
+ 5 x ÷÷÷
÷ø
-2
in dollars per ton is S (q) = eq /3 - 100 when the æ2 ö æ 16 ö
demand is q tons. = çç + 5 ÷÷÷ - çç - - 10 ÷÷
çè 3 ø è 3ç ø÷
First find the equilibrium quantity. = 21
q /3 q /3
e - 100 = 600 - e
q /3
2. x = 1, x = 2, y = 3x3 + 2, y = 0
2e = 700
q /3
e = 350
q
= ln 350
3
q = 3 ln 350
q » 17.57380
The equilibrium price is

S (17.57380) = e17.57380 / 3 - 100
» 250.00
The consumers’ surplus is given by the following
integral:
17.57380 2
2 æ 3x 4 ö÷
ò 0
(600 - e q /3 - 250) dq
ò 1
3 ç
[(3x + 2) - 0] dx = çç
çè 4
+ 2 x ÷÷÷
ø÷ 1
17.57380
(
= 350q - 3e q /3
)0 æ3 ö
= (12 + 4) - çç + 2 ÷÷÷
çè 4 ø
= (350(17.57380) - 3e17.57380/3) - (0 - 3) 53
=
» 5103.83 4
The consumers’ surplus is $5103.83. As in Example 5,
the producers’ surplus has the same value, $5103.83.

3. x = -3, x = 1, y = x3 + 1, y = 0 To find the points of intersection of the graphs in

[3, 0], substitute for y.
1 - x2 = 0
x2 = 1
x = -1 or x = 1
The region is composed of two separate regions

because y = 1 - x 2 intersects y = 0 at
x = -1.
Let f ( x) = 1 - x 2 , g ( x) = 0.
In the interval [-3, -1], g ( x) ³ f ( x).
In the interval [-1, 0], f ( x) ³ g ( x).

To find the points of intersection of the graphs, -1 0
substitute for y.
x3 + 1 = 0
ò -3
[0 - (1 - x 2 )]dx +
ò-1
[(1 - x 2 ) - 0]dx
-1 0
æ x3 ÷÷ö æ x3 ÷÷ö
x 3 = -1 ç
= çç -x + ÷
ç
+ çç x - ÷
x = -1 çè 3 ÷÷ø çè 3 ÷÷ø
-3 -1
The region is composed of two separate regions æ 1ö æ 1ö
= çç1 - ÷÷ - (3 - 9) + 0 - çç -1 + ÷÷
because y = x3 + 1 intersects y = 0 at çè ÷
3ø ç
è 3 ÷ø
x = -1. 22
=
3
Let f ( x) = x3 + 1, g ( x) = 0.
In the interval [-3, -1], g ( x) ³ f ( x).
5. x = -2, x = 1, y = 2 x, y = x 2 - 3
In the interval [-1, 1], f ( x) ³ g ( x).
-1 1
ò -3
[0 - ( x3 + 1) dx] +
ò -1
[( x3 + 1) - 0] dx
-1 1
æ -x 4 ÷ö æ 4 ö÷
ç çx
= çç - x ÷÷÷ + çç + x ÷÷÷
-3 -1
æ 1 ö æ 81 ö æ1 ö æ1 ö
= çç - + 1÷÷÷ - çç - + 3 ÷÷÷ + çç + 1÷÷÷ - çç - 1÷÷÷
çè 4 ø è 4 ç ø è4 ç ø è4 ç ø
= 20 Find the points of intersection of the graphs of
y = 2 x and y = x 2 - 3 by substituting for y.
4. x = -3, x = 0, y = 1 - x 2 , y = 0
2 x = x2 - 3
0 = x2 - 2 x - 3
0 = ( x - 3) ( x + 1)
The only intersection in [-2, 1] is at x = -1.
In the interval [-2, -1], ( x 2 - 3) ³ 2 x.
In the interval [-1, 1], 2 x ³ ( x 2 - 3).

Section 7.5 517
-1 1 5 6
æ ÷ö æ 2 ÷ö
ò- ò-
2
[( x 2 - 3) - (2 x )] dx + [(2 x) - ( x 2 - 3)] dx ç -2 x
= çç + 10 x ÷÷÷
ç 2x
+ çç - 10 x ÷÷÷
2 1 çè 2 ø÷ èç 2 ø÷
-1 1 0 5
=
ò- 2
( x 2 - 3 - 2 x) dx +
ò- 1
(2 x - x 2 + 3) dx
= (-x 2 + 10 x)
5
0
+ ( x 2 - 10 x)
6
5
-1
æ x3 ÷ö æ x3 ÷ö
1
= -25 + 50 + (36 - 60) - (25 - 50)
ç ç
= çç - 3x - x 2 ÷÷÷ + çç x 2 - + 3x ÷÷÷
çè 3 ÷ø çè 3 ÷ø = 26
-2 -1
1 æ 8 ö 1 7. y = x 2 - 30
= - + 3 - 1 - çç - + 6 - 4 ÷÷÷ + 1 - + 3
3 ç
è 3 ø 3 y = 10 - 3x
æ 1 ö
- çç1 + - 3 ÷÷
çè 3 ø÷
5 23
= +6 =
3 3
6. x = 0, x = 6, y = 5 x, y = 3x + 10
Find the points of intersection.
x 2 - 30 = 10 - 3x
x 2 + 3x - 40 = 0
( x + 8)( x - 5) = 0
x = -8 or x = 5
To find the intersection of y = 5 x and Let f ( x) = 10 - 3x and g ( x) = x 2 - 30.
y = 3x + 10, substitute for y. The area between the curves is given by
5x = 3x + 10 5
2 x = 10 ò- [ f (x) - g ( x)] dx
8
x=5 5
If x = 5, y = 5(5) = 25.
=
ò- [(10 - 3x) - ( x
8
2
- 30)] dx
The region is composed of two separate regions 5

because y = 5 x and y = 3x + 10 intersect at =
ò- (-x8
2
- 3x + 40) dx
x = 5 (that is, (5, 25). 5
æ -x 3 3x 3 ö÷
ç
Let f ( x) = 3x + 10, g ( x) = 5 x. = çç - + 40 x ÷÷÷
çè 3 2 ø÷
In the interval [0, 5], f ( x) ³ g ( x) . -8
3 2
In the interval [5, 6], g ( x ) ³ f ( x). -5 3(5)
= - + 40(5)
3 2
5
ò 0
(3x + 10 - 5x) dx é - (-8)3
- êê
3
-
3(-8)2
2
ù
+ 40(-8) úú
6 ëê ûú
+
ò 5
[5x - (3x + 10)] dx
=
-125
3
-
75
2
+ 200 -
512
3
+
192
2
+ 320
6
5 6 » 366.1667.
=
ò 0
(-2 x + 10) dx +
ò 5
(2 x - 10 x)
5

8. y = x 2 - 18, y = x - 6 x2 = 2x
x2 - 2x = 0
x ( x - 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
Let f ( x) = 2 x and g ( x) = x 2.
The area between the curves is given by

2 2
ò 0
[ f ( x) - g ( x)] dx =
ò 0
(2 x - x 2 ) dx
2
æ 2 x2 x3 ÷÷ö
ç
Find the intersection points. = çç - ÷
çè 2 3 ÷÷ø
0
x 2 - 18 = x - 6
8 4
= 4- = .
x 2 - x - 12 = 0 2 3
( x - 4)( x + 3) = 0
10. y = x 2 , y = x3
The curves intersect at x = -3 and x = 4.
4
ò -3
[( x - 6) - ( x 2 - 18)] dx
4
=
ò -3
( x - 6 - x 2 + 18) dx
4
=
ò -3
(-x 2 + x + 12) dx
4
æ -x 3 x2 ÷ö
ç
= çç + + 12 x ÷÷÷
çè 3 2 ÷ø Find the intersection points.
-3
æ -64 ö æ 9 ö x 2 = x3
= çç + 8 + 48 ÷÷÷ - çç 9 + - 36 ÷÷÷
çè 3 ø è ç 2 ø x 2 - x3 = 0
æ -64 ö÷ æ 9 ö
= çç + 56 ÷÷ - çç -27 + ÷÷÷ x 2 (1 - x) = 0
èç 3 ø èç 2ø
The curves intersect at x = 0 and x = 1.
-64 9
= + 83 -
3 2 In the interval [0, 1], x 2 > x3.
343
= æ x3
1
6 1
ç x 4 ö÷÷
» 57.167 ò 0
2 3
( x - x ) dx = çç
çè 3
-
4 ø÷÷
÷
0
9. y = x2, y = 2x 1 1 1
= - =
3 4 12
1 1
11. x = 1, x = 6, y = ,y =
x 2

Section 7.5 519
To find the points of intersection of the graphs, 3æ ö 4 æ ö
çç 1 - x - 1 ÷÷ dx + çç x - 1 - 1 ÷÷ dx
substitute for y.
ò 0
çè x + 1 2 ÷ø ò ç
3è 2
÷
x + 1ø
1 1
= æ
3
x 2 ç x2 x ö÷
= çç ln | x + 1| - + ÷÷÷
x= 2 çè 4 2 ø÷
0
The region is composed of two separate regions 4
æ x2 x ö÷
because y = 1x intersects y = 12 at x = 2. ç
+ çç - - ln | x + 1| ÷÷÷
çè 4 2 ø÷ 3
Let f ( x) = 1, g ( x) = 1.
x 2 3 3
= ln ( 3 + 1) - +
In the interval [1, 2], f ( x) ³ g ( x). 4 2
ïìï é3 3 ù ïü
In the interval [2, 6], g ( x) ³ f ( x). + í (4 - 2 - ln 5 ) - êê - - ln ( 3 + 1) úú ïý
ïï êë 4 2 úû ïïþï
îï
2æ ö 6æ ö
çç 1 - 1 ÷÷ dx + çç 1 - 1 ÷÷ dx
ò ò
3 3
÷ = ln ( 3 + 1) - + +2
ç
1 èx 2ø ç
2 è2 x ø÷ 4 2
2 6 3 3
æ xö æx ö - ln 5 - + + ln ( 3 + 1)
= çç ln x - ÷÷÷ + çç - ln x ÷÷÷ 4 2
èç 2ø 1 èç 2 ø 2
1
æ 1ö = ln ( 3 + 1) + ln ( 3 + 1) - ln 5 + + 3
= (ln 2 - 1) - çç 0 - ÷÷÷ + (3 - ln 6) - (1 - ln2) 2
çè 2ø
( 3 + 1)2 1
3 = ln + + 3 » 2.633
= 2 ln 2 - ln 6 + » 1.095 5 2
2
1 x -1 13. x = -1, x = 1, y = e x , y = 3 - e x
12. x = 0, x = 4, y = ,y =
x +1 2
To find the point of intersection, set

Find the intersection points. e x = 3 - e x and solve for x.
1 x -1 ex = 3 - ex
=
x +1 2
2e x = 3
x2 - 1 = 2
3
x2 - 3 = 0 ex =
2
In the interval [0, 4], the only intersection point 3
ln e x = ln
is at x = 3. 2
3
x ln e = ln
2
3
x = ln
2
The area of the region between the curves from
x = -1 to x = 1 is

ln 3/2
15. x = -1, x = 2, y = 2e2 x , y = e2 x + 1
ò -1
[(3 - e x ) - e x ] dx
1
+
ò ln 3/2
[e x - (3 - e x )] dx
ln 3/2 1
=
ò -1
(3 - 2e x ) dx +
ò ln 3/2
(2e x - 3) dx
ln 3/2 1
= (3x - 2e x ) + (2e x - 3x)
-1 ln 3/2
éæ 3 ö ù
= ê çç 3 ln - 2eln 3/2÷÷÷ - [3(-1) - 2e-1] ú
ê çè 2 ø ú
ë û
é 1 æ ln 3/2 3 ö÷ ù
+ ê 2e - 3(1) - çç 2e - 3 ln ÷÷ ú
ê çè 2 ø úû
ë
To find the points of intersection of the graphs,
éæ 3 ö æ 2 öù substitute for y.
= ê çç3 ln - 3 ÷÷ - çç -3 - ÷÷ ú
ê çè 2 ÷
ø è ç e ø÷ úû
ë
2e2 x = e 2 x + 1
é æ 3 öù
+ ê 2e - 3 - çç3 - 3 l n ÷÷÷ ú e2 x = 1
ê
ë èç 2 ø úû
3 2 2x = 0
= 6 ln + + 2e - 6 » 2.605.
2 e x=0
14. x = -1, x = 2, y = e-x , y = e x because y = 2e 2 x intersects y = e2 x + 1 at
x = 0.
Let f ( x) = 2e2 x , g ( x) = e2 x + 1.
In the interval [-1, 0], g ( x) ³ f ( x).
In the interval [0, 2], f ( x) ³ g ( x).
ò -1
(e 2 x + 1 - 2e 2 x ) dx
2
The total area between the curves from x = -1
to x = 2 is
+
ò 0
[2e2 x - (e2 x + 1)] dx
0 2
0 2 æ e2 x ÷ö æ e2 x ö÷
ç ç
ò -1
(e -x x
- e ) dx +
ò 0
x
(e - e -x
) dx = çç -
çè 2
+ x ÷÷÷
÷ø
-1
+ çç
èç 2
- x ÷÷÷
ø÷ 0
0 2
-x x x -x
= (-e -e )+ + (e + e ) æ 1 ö æç e-2 ÷ö
-1 0 = çç - + 0 ÷÷ - çç - - 1÷÷÷
-1 çè 2 ÷ø ç 2 ÷ø
= [(-1 - 1) - (-e - e )] è
2 -2 æ e4 ÷ö æ 1 ö
+ [(e + e ) - (1 + 1)] ç
+ çç - 2 ÷÷÷ - çç - 0 ÷÷
= e 2 + e-2 + e + e-1 - 4 » 6.611.
e-2 + e4
= - 2 » 25.37
2

Section 7.5 521
x -1 1 x3 - x 2 + x + 1 = 2 x 2 - x + 1
16. x = 2, x = 4, y = ,y =
4 x -1
x3 - 3 x 2 + 2 x = 0
x( x 2 - 3x + 2) = 0
x( x - 2)( x - 1) = 0
The points of intersection are at x = 0,

x = 1, and x = 2 .
To find the points of intersection of the graphs in

[2, 4], substitute for y.
x -1 1
=
4 x -1
( x - 1)( x - 1) = 4 Area between the curves is
2
x - 2x + 1 = 4 1
2
x - 2x - 3 = 0 ò0 [( x3 - x2 + x + 1) - (2 x2 - x + 1)] dx
x = -1or x = 3 2

+
ò0 [(2 x2 - x + 1) - ( x3 - x2 + x + 1)] dx
1 2
because y = x - 1 intersects y = 1 at
x = 3.
4 x -1 =
ò0 ( x 3 - 3x 2 + 2 x ) dx +
ò1 (-x3 + 3x2 - 2 x)] dx
Let f ( x) = x-
4
1 , g ( x) = 1 .
x -1 1 2
æ x4 ö÷ æ -x 4 ö÷
ç ç
= çç - x3 + x 2 ÷÷÷ + çç + x3 - x 2 ÷÷÷
In the interval [2, 3], g ( x) ³ f ( x). çè 4 ÷ø çè 4 ÷ø
0 1
In the interval [3, 4], f ( x) ³ g ( x). éæ 1 ö ù
= ê çç - 1 + 1÷÷÷ - (0) ú
ê çè 4 ø ú
3æ ö 4æ ö ë û
çç 1 - x - 1 ÷÷ dx + çç x - 1 - 1 ÷÷ dx
ò ç
2 è x -1 4 ÷ø ò ç
3 è 4 x - 1 ÷ø
é æ 1 öù
+ ê (-4 + 8 - 4) - çç - + 1 - 1÷÷÷ ú
ê ç
è 4 ø úû
é
3 ë
x( x - 2) ù
= ê ln | x - 1| - ú 1 1
êë 8 úû = +
2 4 4
4 1
é x( x - 2) ù = .
+ê - ln | x - 1| ú 2
êë 8 úû
3
æ 3ö æ3 ö 18. y = 2 x3 + x 2 + x + 5,
= çç ln 2 - ÷÷ - 0 + (1 - ln 3) - çç - ln 2 ÷÷
çè ÷
8ø ç
è8 ø÷
y = x3 + x 2 + 2 x + 5
1
= 2 ln 2 - ln 3 + » 0.5377
4
17. y = x3 - x 2 + x + 1, y = 2 x 2 - x + 1

To find the points of intersection, substitute for y. 20. y = x5 - 2 ln ( x + 5),
2 x3 + x 2 + x + 5 = x 3 + x 2 + 2 x + 5 y = x3 - 2 ln ( x + 5)
x3 - x = 0 To find the points of intersection, substitute for y.
x( x 2 - 1) = 0
x5 - 2 ln ( x + 5) = x3 - 2 ln ( x + 5)
The points of intersection are at x = 0, x5 - x3 = 0
x = -1, and x = 1.
x3 ( x 2 - 1) = 0
The area of the region between the curves is
The points of intersection are at x = 0 and
0
x = 1 and x = -1.
ò
3 2 3 2
[(2 x + x + x + 5) - ( x + x + 2 x + 5)] dx
-1
1 In the interval [-1, 0],
+
ò 0
[( x3 + x 2 + 2 x + 5) - (2 x3 + x 2 + x + 5)] dx
x5 - 2 ln ( x + 5) > x3 - 2 ln ( x + 5).
0 1
=
ò -1
( x3 - x) dx +
ò 0
(-x3 + x) dx In the interval [0, 1] ,
1
æ x4 x 2 ö÷÷
0 æ x4 x 2 ö÷÷ x5 - 2 ln ( x + 5) < x3 - 2 ln ( x + 5).
ç ç
= çç - ÷ + çç - - ÷
çè 4 2 ø÷÷ èç 4 2 ø÷÷
-1 0 The area between the curves is
é æ1 1 öù éæ 1 1ö ù
= ê 0 - çç - ÷÷ ú + ê çç - + ÷÷ - 0ú 0
ê
ë
1
çè 4
1 1
÷
2 øûú ê ç
ëè 4 2 ø÷ ú
û ò -1
[( x5 - 2 ln ( x + 5)) - ( x3 - 2 ln ( x + 5))] dx
= + = . 1
4 4 2 +
ò 0
[( x3 - 2 ln ( x + 5)) - ( x5 - 2 ln ( x + 5))] dx
19. y = x 4 + ln ( x + 10), 0 1
y = x3 + ln ( x + 10)
=
ò -1
( x5 - x3 ) dx +
ò
0
( x3 - x5 ) dx
1
æ x6 x 4 ö÷÷
0 æ x4 x6 ö÷÷
Find the points of intersection. ç ç
= çç - ÷ + çç - - ÷
çè 6 4 ÷÷ø èç 4 6 ÷÷ø
x 4 + ln (x + 10) = x3 + ln (x + 10) -1 0
é æ1 1 öù éæ 1 ö ù
ê çç - 1 ÷÷ - 0 ú
4 3
x -x =0 = ê 0 - çç - ÷÷÷ ú +
ê èç 6 4 ø úû ê èç 4 6ø ÷ ú
x3 ( x - 1) = 0 ë ë û
1 1 1
x = 0 or x = 1 = + = .
12 12 6
x = 1. 21. y = x 4/3 , y = 2 x1/3
The area between the curves is Find the points of intersection.

1
x 4/3 = 2 x1/3
ò 0
[( x3 + ln (x + 10)) - ( x 4 + ln (x + 10))] dx
x 4/3 - 2 x1/3 = 0
1
=
ò 0
( x3 - x 4 ) dx x1/3 ( x - 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
1
æ x4 x5 ö÷÷
ç
= çç - ÷ The points of intersection are at x = 0 and
çè 4 5 ÷÷ø x = 2.
0
æ1 1ö 1
= çç - ÷÷÷ - (0) = .
çè 4 5ø 20

Section 7.5 523
23. x = 0, x = 3, y = 2e3x , y = e3 x + e6
The area between the curves is

2
2
x 4/3 x7/3
ò 0
(2 x 1/3
-x 4/3
) dx = 2 4
3
- 7
3 0
2
3 4/3 3
= x - x 7/3
2 7 0
é3 3 ù
= ê (2)4/3 - (2)7/3 ú - 0 To find the points of intersection of the graphs,
êë 2 7 úû substitute for y.
3(24/3 ) 3(27/3 )
= - 2e3x = e3x + e6
2 7
» 1.62. e3 x = e 6
3x = 6
22. y = x, y = x x x= 2
To find the points of intersection, substitute for y.
because y = 2e3x intersects y = e3x + e6 at
x = x x x = 2.
x x - x =0
Let f ( x) = 2e3x , g ( x) = e3x + e6.
x ( x - 1) = 0
In the interval [0, 2], g ( x) ³ f ( x).
x = 1. In the interval [2, 3], f ( x) ³ g ( x).
In [0, 1], x > x x . 2 3
The area between the curves is ò 0

(e3x + e6 - 2e3x ) dx +
ò2
[2e3x - (e3x + e6 )] dx
1 1 2 3
æ e3 x ÷ö æ e3 x ÷ö
ò0 ( x - x x ) dx =
ò0 ( x1/2 - x3/2 ) dx ç
= çç -
çè 3
+ e6 x ÷÷÷
÷ø
ç
+ çç
èç 3
- e6 x ÷÷÷
÷ø
1 0 2
æ x3/2 x5/2 ö÷÷
ç æ e6
= çç - ÷ ç ÷ö æ 1 ö
çè 3/2 5/2 ø÷÷ = çç - + 2e6 ÷÷÷ - çç - + 0 ÷÷
0 çè 3 ÷ø ç
è 3 ø÷
1
æ2 2 ö æ e9 ö÷ æ e6 ö÷
= çç x3/2 - x5/2 ÷÷÷ ç ç
çè 3 + çç - 3e6 ÷÷÷ - çç - 2e6 ÷÷÷
5 ø 0 çè 3 ø÷ çè 3 ø÷
é2 2 ù
= ê (1) - (1) ú - 0 e9 + e 6 + 1
êë 3 5 úû =
3
4 » 2836
= .
15

24. x = 0, x = 3, y = e x , y = e4- x These screens show that e x = -x 2 - 2 x when

x » -1.9241 and x » -0.4164.
In the interval [-1.9241, - 0.4164],
e x < -x 2 - 2 x.

-0.4164
ò [(-x 2 - 2 x) - e x ] dx.
-1.9241
Use the fnInt command to approximate this

To find the points of intersection of the graphs,
definite integral.
substitute for y.
The resulting screen is:
e x = e4- x
x = 4-x
x = 2

because y = e x intersects y = e4- x at x = 2.
The last screen shows that the area is
Let f ( x) = e x , g ( x) = e4- x . approximately 0.6650.
In the interval [0, 2], g ( x) ³ f ( x).
26. Graph y1 = ln x and y2 = x3 - 5x 2 + 6 x - 1
In the interval [2,3], f ( x) ³ g ( x). on your graphing calculator. Use the intersect
2 3
command to find the two intersection points. The
ò0 (e4- x - e x ) dx +
ò2 (e x - e4- x ) dx resulting screens are:
2 3
= (-e 4- x - e x ) + (e x + e 4- x )
0 2
2 2 4
= (-e - e ) - (-e - 1)
+ (e3 + e) - (e2 + e2 )
= e4 + e3 - 4e2 + e + 1
» 48.85
25. Graph y1 = e x and y2 = -x 2 - 2 x on your

graphing calculator. Use the intersect command
to find the two intersection points. The resulting
screens are: These screens show that ln x = x3 - 5x 2
+ 6 x - 1 when x » 1.4027 and x » 3.4482.
In the interval [1.4027, 3.4482],
ln x > x3 - 5 x 2 + 6 x -1.

3.4482
ò [ln x - ( x3 - 5 x 2 + 6 x - 1)] dx.

1.4027

Section 7.5 525
Use the fnInt command to approximate this (c) The net total savings over the entire period
definite integral. The resulting screen is: of use are
8é æ öù
ê (150 - x 2 ) - çç x 2 + 11 x ÷÷ ú dx
ò0 ê
ë èç 4 ÷ø úû
8
æ -2 x 3 11x 2 ÷ö
ç
= çç - + 150 x ÷÷÷
çè 3 8 ÷ø
0
The last screen shows that the area is 3 2
-2(8 ) 11(8 )
approximately 3.3829. = - + 150(8)
3 8
-1024 704
= - + 1200 » $771.
27. (a) It is profitable to use the machine until 3 8
S ¢( x) = C ¢( x). 3 2
28. (a) S ¢( x) = -x 2 + 4 x + 8, C ¢( x) = x
25
11
150 - x 2 = x 2 + x
4 S ¢ ( x) = C ¢ ( x )
2 11 3 2
2x + x - 150 = 0 -x 2 + 4 x + 8 = x
4 25
8 x 2 + 11x - 600 = 0 -25x 2 + 100 x + 200 = 3x 2
-11  121 - 4(8)(-600)
x = 0 = 28x 2 - 100 x - 200
16
-11  139 0 = 7 x 2 - 25 x - 50
=
16 0 = (7 x + 10)( x - 5)
x = 8 or x = -9.375 10
x =- or x = 5
It will be profitable to use this machine for 8 7
years. Reject the negative solution. Since time would not be negative, 5 is the
only solution. It will pay to use the device
for 5 yr.
(b) The total savings over 5 yr is given by
5
ò0 (-x2 + 4x + 8) dx
5
æ -x 3 ö÷
ç
= çç + 2 x 2 + 8x ÷÷÷
çè 3 ÷ø
0
(b) Since 150 - x 2 > x 2 + 11 x, in the -125

4 = + 90 = 48.33.
3
interval [0, 8], the net total saving in the
first year are The total cost over 5 yr is given by
1é æ öù 5
ê (150 - x 2 ) - çç x 2 + 11 x ÷÷ ú dx x3
5
ò ê
0 ë èç ÷
4 ø úû ò0
3 2
25
x dx =
25
= 5.
0
1æ ö
çç -2 x 2 - 11 x + 150 ÷÷ dx
=
ò0 è
ç 4 ÷ø Net savings = $48.33 million - $5 million
1 = $43.33 million
æ -2 x 3 11x 2 ÷ö
ç
= çç - + 150 x ÷÷÷
çè 3 8 ÷ø
0 29. (a) E ¢( x) = e0.1x and I ¢( x) = 98.8 - e0.1x
2 11 To find the point of intersection, where
=- - + 150 » $148.
3 8 profit will be maximized, set the functions
equal to each other and solve for x.

e0.1x = 98.8 - e0.1x (b) The total net saving is

10
2e0.1x = 98.8
e0.1x = 49.4
ò 0
[(104 - 0.4et /2 ) - 0.3et /2 ] dt
10
0.1x = ln 49.4
ln 49.4
=
ò 0
(104 - 0.7et /2 ) dt
x = » 39 10
0.1 æ
ç 0.7et /2 ö÷÷
= çç104t - ÷
The optimum number of days for the job to çè 1/2 ø÷÷
last is 39. 0
10
(b) The total income for 39 days is = (104t - 1.4et /2 )
0
t /2
39 = [(104t - 1.4e ) - (0 - 1.4)]
ò0
(98.8 - e0.1x ) dx
= 1041.4 - 1.4e 5
39 » 834.
æ e0.1x ö÷÷
ç
= çç 98.8x - ÷
çè 0.1 ø÷÷ The net total saving will be $834,000.
0
39
(
= 98.8x - 10e0.1x )0 31. S (q) = q5/2 + 2q3/2 + 50; q = 16 is the
equilibrium quantity.
= [98.8(39) - 10e3.9 ] - (0 - 10)
q0
= $3369.18. Producers surplus =
ò 0
[ p0 - S ( q)] dq,
(c) The total expenditure for 39 days is
where p0 is the equilibrium price and q0 is
39 equilibrium supply.
39
e0.1x
ò 0
e0.1x dx =
0.1
0
p0 = S (16) = (16)5/2 + 2(16)3/2 + 50
39 = 1202
= 10e0.1x
0 Therefore, the producers’ surplus is
3.9
= 10e - 10 16
= $484.02. ò 0
[1202 - (q5/2 + 2q3/2 + 50)] dq
(d) Profit = Income - Expense 16
= 3369.18 - 484.02 = $2885.16

=
ò 0
(1152 - q5/2 - 2q3/2 ) dq
16
æ 2 4 ö
30. (a) R¢(t ) = 104 - 0.4et /2 ; C ¢(t ) = 0.3et /2 = çç1152q - q7/2 - q5/2 ÷÷÷
çè 7 5 ø 0
It will no longer be profitable when
C ¢(t ) > R¢(t ). Find t when C ¢(t ) > R¢(t ). 2 4
= 1152(16) - (16)7/2 - (16)5/2
7 5
0.3et /2 > 104 - 0.4et /2 = 18, 432 -
32, 768
-
4096
7 5
0.7et /2 > 104
= 12,931.66.
104
et /2 >
0.7 The producers’ surplus is 12,931.66.
æ 104 ÷ö
ln et /2 > ln çç
çè 0.7 ÷÷ø
æ 104 ÷ö
t > 2 ln çç
çè 0.7 ÷÷ø
t > 10
It will no longer be profitable to use process
after 10 yr.

Section 7.5 527
3
32. S (q) = 100 + 3q3/2 + q5/2 ; equilibrium 200 u-1
10
quantity is q = 9. = ⋅ -2 q
3 -1
1 0
q0 10
Producers’ surplus =
ò0 [ p0 - S (q)] dq =-
200
3u 1
-6
p0 = S (9) = 424
200 200
=- + -6
9 30 3
ò0 [424 - (100 + 3q3/ 2 + q5/2 )] dq = 54
9
=
ò0 (324 - 3q3/2 - q5/2 )] dq 34. D (q ) =
32, 000
(2q + 8)3
; q = 6 is the equilibrium
9
æ 6 2 ö quantity.
= çç 324q - q5/2 - q7/2 ÷÷÷
çè 5 7 ø 0 q0
éæ 6 2 ö ù
= ê çç 324(9) - (9)5/2 - (9)7/2 ÷÷÷ - 0 ú
Consumers’ surplus =
ò0 | D(q) - p0 | dq
ê çè 5 7 ø ú
ë û 32, 000
p0 = D (6) = = 4
1458 4374 203
= 2916 - -
5 7
= 1999.54 Therefore, the consumers’ surplus is
6é ù
ê 32, 000 - 4 ú dq
The producers’ surplus is 1999.54.
ò ê
0 êë (2q + 8)
3 ú
úû
6 6
200 32, 000
33. D (q) =
(3q + 1) 2
; q = 3 is the equilibrium =
ò0 (2q + 8) 3
dq -
ò0 4 dq.
quantity.
Let u = 2q + 8, so that
q0
Consumers’ surplus =
ò0 | D(q) - p0 | dq
du = 2 dq and
1
2
du = dq.
p0 = D(3) = 2
6 6
32, 000
Therefore, the consumers’ surplus is ò 0 (2q + 8)3
dq -
ò0
4 dq
3é ù 20 6
ê 200
ò 0 ëê
ú
ê (3q + 1) 2 - 2 ú dq
úû
=
1
2 ò8
32, 000
u3
du -
ò 0
4 dq
3 3 20 6
200
=
ò 0 (3q + 1) 2
dq -
ò 0
2 dq. = 16, 000
ò 8
u-3du -
ò 0
4 dq
20 6
Let u = 3q + 1, so that u-2
= 16, 000 ⋅ -4 q
-2
1 8 0
du = 3 dq and du = dq.
3 8000
20
=- - 24
3
200 3 u2 8
ò 0 (3q + 1) 2
dq -
ò 0
2 dq
=-
8000
+
8000
- 24
1 10 200 3 400 64
=
3 1 u2ò du -
ò 0
2 dq = 81
10 3
200
=
3 ò 1
u-2du -
ò0
2 dq

35. S (q) = q 2 + 10q (d) Find the producers’ surplus.

q0
D (q) = 900 - 20q - q 2
ò 0
[ p0 - S (q)] dq
(a) The graphs of the supply and demand
p0 = S (15) = 375
functions are parabolas with vertices at
(-5, -25) and (-10, 1900), respectively. 15
ò0 [375 - (q 2 + 10q)] dq
15
=
ò0 (375 - q 2 - 10q) dq
15
æ 1 ö
= çç 375q - q3 - 5q 2 ÷÷÷
çè 3 ø 0
(b) The graphs intersect at the point where the é ù
1
y-coordinates are equal. = ê 375(15) - (15)3 - 5(15)2 ú - 0
êë 3 úû
q 2 + 10q = 900 - 20q - q 2 = 3375
2
2q + 30q - 900 = 0 The producer’s surplus is $3375.
2
q + 15q - 450 = 0
36. S (q) = (q + 1)2
(q + 30)(q - 15) = 0
1000
q = -30 or q = 15 D (q ) =
q +1
Disregard the negative solution. (a) The graph of the supply function is a parabola
The supply and demand functions are in with vertex at (-1, 0). The graph of the
equilibrium when q = 15. demand function is the graph of a rational
function with vertical asymptote of x = -1
S (15) = 152 + 10 (15) = 375 and horizontal asymptote of y = 0.
The point is (15,375).
(c) Find the consumers’ surplus.

q0
ò 0
[ D (q) - p0 )] dq
(b) Find the equilibrium point by setting the
p0 = D (15) = 375 two functions equal.
15
1000
ò0
[(900 - 20q - q 2 ) - 375] dq (q + 1)2 =
q +1
15
(q + 1)3 = 1000
=
ò 0
(525 - 20q - q 2 ) dq
q3 + 3q 2 + 3q + 1 = 1000
15
æ 1 ö q3 + 3q 2 + 3q - 999 = 0
= çç 525q - 10q 2 - q3 ÷÷÷
çè 3 ø 0 (q - 9)(q 2 + 12q + 111) = 0
é 1 ù
= ê 525(15) - 10(15)2 - (15)3 ú - 0 = 4500 Since q 2 + 12q + 111 has no real roots,
êë 3 úû
q = 9 is the only root. At the equilibrium
The consumer’s surplus is $4500. point where the supply and demand are both
9 items, the price is
S (9) = (9 + 1) 2 = 100.
The equilibrium point is (9, 100).

Section 7.5 529
(c) The consumers’ surplus is given by (c) The producers’ surplus is given by
9æ ö 12
1000
- 100 ÷÷÷ dq
ò 0
ççç
èq +1 ÷ø ò 0
[264 - (q 2 + 10q)] dq
9 12
= (1000 ln | q + 1| - 100q) 0 =
ò 0
(264 - q 2 - 10q) dq
= 1000 ln (9 + 1) - 100(9) - 0
12
» 1402.59 æ 1 ö
= çç 264q - q3 - 5q 2 ÷÷÷
çè 3 ø
Here the consumers’ surplus is 1402.59. 0
1
(d) The producers’ surplus is given by = 264(12) - (12)3 - 5(12) 2 - 0
3
9
ò 0
[100 - (q + 1)2 ] dq = 1872
Here the producers’ surplus is $1872. In this
9
case, the producers’ surplus is 3375 - 1872
=
ò 0
2
(99 - q - 2q) dq
= $1503 smaller.
9
æ 1 ö (d) For the equilibrium price, the total consumers’
= çç 99q - q3 - q 2 ÷÷
çè 3 ÷ø and producers’ surplus is
0
1 3 4500 + 3375 = $7875
= 99(9) - (9) - (9)2 - 0
3 For the government price, the total
= 567 consumers’ and producers’ surplus is
Here the producers’ surplus is 567. 5616 + 1872 = $7488.
The difference is
37. (a) S (q) = q 2 + 10q; S (q) = 264 is the price 7875 - 7488 = $387.
the government set. 39. (a) The pollution level in the lake is changing at
2 the rate f (t ) - g (t ) at any time t. We find
264 = q + 10q
the amount of pollution by integrating.
0 = q 2 + 10q - 264
0 = (q - 12)(q + 22) 12
q = 12 or q = -22 ò 0
[ f (t ) - g (t )] dt
12
Only 12 is a meaningful solution here. Thus,
12 units of oil will be produced.
=
ò 0
[10(1 - e-0.5t ) - 0.4t ] dt
(b) The consumers’ surplus is given by 12

æ 1 -0.5t 1 ö
= çç10t - 10 ⋅ e - 0.4 ⋅ t 2 ÷÷
12 çè -0.5 2 ÷ø
ò0
(900 - 20q - q 2 - 264) dq
12
0
12 = (20e-0.5t + 10t - 0.2t 2 ) 0

=
ò0
2
(636 - 20q - q ) dq
= [20e-0.5(12) + 10(12) - 0.2(12)2 ]
12
æ 1 ö - [20e-0.5(0) + 10(0) - 0.2(0)2 ]
= çç 636q - 10q 2 - q3 ÷÷÷
çè 3 ø 0 = (20e-6 + 91.2) - (20)
1
= 636(12) - 10(12) 2 - (12)3 - 0 = 20e-6 + 71.2 » 71.25
3
= 5616 After 12 hours, there are about 71.25 gallons.
Here the consumer’ surplus is $5616. In this (b) The graphs of the functions intersect at
case, the consumers’ surplus is 5616 - 4500 about 25.00. So the rate that pollution enters
= $1116 larger. the lake equals the rate the pollution is
removed at about 25 hours.

25 12
(c)
ò 0
[ f (t ) - g (t )] dt
ò
0
[ f (t ) - g (t )] dt
25 12
= (20e-0.5t + 10t - 0.2t 2 )
0
=
ò 0
[15(1 - e-0.05t ) - 0.3t ] dt
= [20e-0.5(25) + 10(25) - 0.2(25)2 )] - 20 æ

12
1 1 ö
= çç15t - 15 e-0.05t - 0.3 t 2 ÷÷÷
= 20e-12.5 + 105 » 105 çè -0.05 2 ø 0
After 25 hours, there are about 105 gallons. 12
= (300e-0.05t + 15t - 0.15t 2 )
(d) For t > 25, g (t ) > f (t ), and pollution is 0
being removed at the rate g (t ) - f (t ). -0.05(12)
= [300e + 15(12) - 0.15(12)2 ]
So, we want to solve for c, where
- [300e-0.05(0) + 15(0) - 0.15(0)2 ]
c
ò 0
[ f (t ) - g (t )] dt = 0. = (300e-0.6 + 158.4) - (300)
= 300e-0.6 - 141.6 » 23.04
Alternatively, we could solve for c in
After 12 hours, there are about 23.04 gallons.
c
ò 25
[ g (t ) - f (t )] dt = 105. (b) The graphs of the functions intersect at
about 44.63. So the rate that pollution enters
One way to do this with a graphing calculator the lake equals the rate the pollution is
is to graph the function removed at about 44.63 hours.
44.63
ò
x
(c) [ f (t ) - g (t )] dt
y =
ò 0
[ f (t ) - g (t )] dt 0
44.63
and determine the values of x for which = (300e-0.05t + 15t - 0.15t 2 )
0
y = 0. The first window shows how the
-0.05(44.63)
function can be defined. = [300e + 15(44.63)
2
- 0.15(44.63) ] - 300
= (300e-2.2315 + 370.674465) - 300
= 300e-2.2315 + 70.674465 » 102.88
After 44.63 hours, there are about 102.88
gallons.
A suitable window for the graph is [0, 50] (d) For t > 44.63, g (t ) > f (t ), and pollution
by [0, 110]. is being removed at the rate g (t ) - f (t ).
So we want to solve for c, where
c
ò 0
[ f (t ) - g (t )] dt = 0
(Alternatively, we could solve for c in

Use the calculator’s features to approximate c
where the graph intersects the x-axis. These ò 44.63
[ g (t ) - f (t )] dt = 102.88.)
are at 0 and about 47.91. Therefore, the
pollution will be removed from the lake after One way to do this with a graphing calculator
about 47.91 hours. is to graph the function
x
40. (a) The pollution level in the lake is changing at
the rate f (t ) - g (t ) at any time t. We find y =
ò [ f (t) - g(t)] dt
the amount of pollution by integrating. 0
and determine the values of x for which

Section 7.5 531
y = 0. (d) To find the points of intersection, solve
The first window shows how the function x = 0.9 x 2 + 0.1x.
can be defined.
0.9 x 2 - 0.9 x = 0
0.9 x( x - 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
1
A suitable window for the graph is [0.75] by ò 0

[ x - (0.9 x 2 + 0.1x)] dx
[0, 110]. 1
=
ò 0
(0.9 x - 0.9 x 2 ) dx
1
æ 0.9 x 2 0.9 x3 ÷÷ö
ç
= çç - ÷
çè 2 3 ÷÷ø
0
0.9 0.9
= - = 0.15.
2 3
(e) Income is distributed less equally in 2008 than
Use the calculator’s features to approximate in 1968.
where the graph intersects the x-axis. These
are at 0 and about 73.47. Therefore, the x
pollution will be removed from the lake 42. y = x, y =
2
after about 73.47 hours.
41. I ( x) = 0.9 x 2 + 0.1x
(a) I (0.1) = 0.9(0.1) 2 + 0.1(0.1)

= 0.019
The lower 10% of income producers earn
1.9% of total income of the population.
(b) I (0.4) = 0.9(0.4)2 + 0.1(0.4) = 0.184

To find the points of intersection, substitute for y.
The lower 40% of income producers earn
18.4% of total income of the population. x
x =
2
(c) The graph of I ( x) = x is a straight line x
- x =0
through the points (0, 0) and (1, 1). The 2
graph of I ( x) = 0.9 x 2 + 0.1x is a x-2 x = 0
(
parabola with vertex - 181 ,- 1 .
360 ) x ( x - 2) = 0
Restrict the domain to 0 £ x £ 1. x = 0 or x = 4
4æ ö
çç x - x ÷÷ dx
Area =
ò 0 è
ç 2ø÷
4æ ö
çç x1/2 - x ÷÷ dx
=
ò 0 è
ç 2ø ÷
4
æ2 1 ö
= çç x3/2 - x 2 ÷÷÷
çè 3 4 ø 0
16 4
= -4=
3 3

For Simpson’s rule, the factor in front is (b - a)/3n
7.6 Numerical Integration = (3 - 1)/12 = 1/6. Simpson’s rule thus gives
Your Turn 1 3
Use the trapezoidal rule with n = 4 to approximate ò 1

x 2 + 3 dx
1
3 » [ 2 + 4(2.29129) + 2(2.64757) + 4(3.04138) + 3.46410 ]
ò 1
x 2 + 3 dx. 6
» 5.3477.
Here f ( x) = x 2 + 3, a = 1, b = 3, and n = 4. The

subintervals have length (3 - 1)/4 = 1/2. The follow- 7.6 Exercises
ing table summarizes the information required. 2
i xi f ( xi )
1.
ò 0
(3x 2 + 2) dx
0 1 f (1) = 2 n = 4, b = 2, a = 0, f ( x) = 3x 2 + 2
1 3/2 f (3/2) » 2.29129
2 2 f (2) » 2.64575 i xi f ( xi )
3 5/2 f (5/2) » 3.04138 0 0 2
1
4 3 f (3) » 3.46410 1 2.75
2
The trapezoidal rule gives 2 1 5
3
3 3 8.75
ò 2
x + 3 dx 2
1 4 2 14
3 -1é1 (a) Trapezoidal rule:
» ê (2) + 2.29129 + 2.64757
2 êë 2
2
1 ù
+ 3.04138 + (3.46410) ú ò0 (3x2 + 2) dx
2 ûú
2 - 0é1 1 ù
» 5.3552. » ê (2) + 2.75 + 5 + 8.75 + (14) ú
4 ë2ê 2 úû
Your Turn 2 = 0.5 (24.5)
= 12.25
Use Simpson’s rule with n = 4 to approximate
(b) Simpson’s rule:
3
ò 1
x 2 + 3 dx. 2
ò0 (3x2 + 2) dx
Here f ( x) = x 2 + 3, a = 1, b = 3, and n = 4. The 2-0
» [2 + 4(2.75) + 2(5) + 4(8.75) + 14]
subintervals have length (3 - 1)/4 = 1/2. The follow- 3(4)
ing table summarizes the information required; it is the 2
= (72)
same as the table used in Your Turn 1. 12
= 12
i xi f ( xi )
0 1 f (1) = 2 (c) Exact value:
1 3/2 f (3/2) » 2.29129 2 2
2 2 f (2) » 2.64575 ò 0
(3x 2 + 2) dx = ( x3 + 2 x)
0
3 5/2 f (5/2) » 3.04138 = (8 + 4) - 0
4 3 f (3) » 3.46410
= 12

Section 7.6 533
2 (a) Trapezoidal rule:
2.
ò 0
(2 x 2 + 1) dx
3
3
n = 4, b = 2, a = 0, f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 1
ò -1 5 - x
dx
3 - (-1) é 1 1 ù
» ê (0.5) + 0.6 + 0.75 + 1 + (1.5) ú
i xi f ( xi ) 4 êë 2 2 úû
0 0 1 = 1(3.35)
1 = 3.35
1 1.5
2
2 1 3 (b) Simpson’s rule:
3 3
3
3
2
5.5
ò -1 5 - x
dx
4 2 9
3 - (-1)
» [0.5 + 4(0.6) + 2(0.75) + 4(1) + 1.5]
(a) Trapezoidal rule: 3(4)
1 æ 99 ö
2 = çç ÷÷÷
ò 0
(2 x 2 + 1) dx 3 çè 10 ø
33
2-0é1 1 ù = » 3.3
» ê (1) + 1.5 + 3 + 5.5 + (9) ú 10
4 êë 2 2 úû
(c) Exact value:
= 0.5(15) = 7.5
3
(b) Simpson’s rule: 3
3
2 ò -1 5 - x
dx = -3 ln |5 - x |
-1
ò 0
2
(2 x + 1) dx
= -3(ln | 2| -ln | 6|)
2-0 = 3 ln 3 » 3.296
» [1 + 4(1.5) + 2(3) + 4(5.5) + 9]
3(4)
5
6
=
2
12
(44) » 7.333 4.
ò 1 2x + 1
dx
(c) Exact value: 6

n = 4, b = 5, a = 1, f ( x) = 2 x+1
2
2 æ 2 x3 ö÷
ç i xi f ( xi )
ò 0
2
(2 x + 1) dx = çç
çè 3
+ x ÷÷÷
ø÷ 0
0 1 2
6
æ 16 ö 1 2
= çç + 2 ÷÷÷ - 0 5
çè 3 ø 6
22 2 3
= » 7.333 7
3
2
3 4
3
3
3 6
3.
ò -1 5- x
dx 4 5
11
3 (a) Trapezoidal rule:

n = 4, b = 3, a = -1, f ( x) =
5-x 5
6
i xi f ( xi ) ò
1 2x + 1
dx
0 -1 0.5 5 - 1 éê 1 6 6 2 1 æ 6 öù
1 0 0.6 » (2) + + + + çç ÷÷÷ ú
4 êë 2 5 7 3 2 èç 11 ø úû
2 1 0.75
æ 6 6 2 3ö
3 2 1 = 1çç1 + + + + ÷÷÷
4 3 1.5 çè 5 7 3 11 ø
» 3.997

(b) Simpson’s rule: (c) Exact value:
5 2
6
ò 1 2x + 1
dx
ò -1
(2 x3 + 1) dx
5 - 1 éê æ6ö æ6ö æ 2 ö æ 6 öù æ x4 ö÷
2
» 2 + 4 çç ÷÷÷ + 2 çç ÷÷÷ + 4 çç ÷÷÷ + çç ÷÷÷ ú ç
3(4) êë èç 5 ø èç 7 ø èç 3 ø èç 11 ø úû = çç + x ÷÷÷
çè 2 ø÷
1æ 24 12 8 6ö -1
= çç 2 + + + + ÷÷÷ æ1 ö
3 çè 5 7 3 11 ø = (8 + 2) - çç - 1÷÷
çè 2 ÷ø
» 3.909
21
(c) Exact value: =
2
5
6 = 10.5
ò
5
dx = 3 ln | 2 x + 1| 1
1 2x + 1 3
= 3(ln |11| - ln |3|) 6.
ò 0
(2 x3 + 1) dx
11
= 3 ln » 3.898
3 n = 4, b = 3, a = 0, f ( x) = 2 x3 + 1
2
5.
ò- (2x
1
3
+ 1) dx i
0
xi
0
f ( x)
1
3 59
n = 4, b = 2, a = -1, f ( x) = 2 x3 + 1 1
4 32
i xi f ( x) 3 31
2
2 4
0 –1 –1
1 31 9 761
1 - 3
4 32 4 32
1 5 4 3 55
2
2 4 (a) Trapezoidal rule:
5 157
3 3
4
4
2
32
17 ò0 (2x3 + 1) dx
3-0é1 59 31 761 1 ù
(a) Trapezoidal rule: » ê (1) + + + + (55) ú
ê
4 ë2 32 4 32 2 úû
2
ò -1
(2 x3 + 1) dx
=
3 æç 491 ö÷
ç
4 çè 8 ÷ø
÷
2 - (-1) é 1 31 5
» ê (-1) + + » 46.03
4 êë 2 32 4
157 1 ù (b) Simpson’s rule:
+ + (17) ú
32 2 úû 3
= 0.75(15.125) ò0 (2x3 + 1) dx
» 11.34 3-0 é æ 59 ö æ 31 ö
= ê1 + 4 çç ÷÷ + 2 çç ÷÷
(b) Simpson’s rule: 3(4) ê çè 32 ø÷ çè 4 ø÷
ë
2 æ 761 ÷ö ù
+ 4 çç + 55 ú
ò (2 x 3 + 1) dx çè 32 ÷÷ø ú
-1 û
1
2 - (-1) êé æ 31 ö æ5ö æ 157 ö÷ ù = (174)
» -1 + 4 çç ÷÷ + 2 çç ÷÷ + 4 çç ÷ + 17 ú 4
3(4) êë èç 32 ø÷ èç 4 ø÷ èç 32 ø÷ ú
û
= 43.5
1
= (42) = 10.5
4

Section 7.6 535
(c) Exact value: 4
1
3 æ x4 ö÷
3
8.
ò2 x3
dx
ç
ò0 (2 x3 + 1) dx = çç
çè 2
+ x ÷÷÷
ø÷ 0 n = 4, b = 4, a = 2, f ( x) =
1
x3
æ 81 ö
= çç + 3 ÷÷ - 0 i xi f ( xi )
çè 2 ÷
ø
87 0 2 0.125
= 1 2.5 0.064
2 2 3 0.03703
= 43.5
3 3.5 0.02332
5 4 5 0.015625
1
7.
ò1 x2
dx
(a) Trapezoidal rule:
1 4
dx 4 - 2 é1
n = 4, b = 5, a = 1, f ( x) =
x 2
ò2 x 3
» ê (0.125) + 0.064 + 0.03703
4 êë 2
i xi f ( xi ) 1 ù
+ 0.02332 + (0.015625) ú
0 1 1 2 úû
1 2 0.25 1
2 3 0.1111 » (0.19466) » 0.0973
2
3 4 0.0625
4 5 0.04
4
dx 4-2
(a) Trapezoidal rule:
ò
2 x 3
»
3(4)
[0.125 + 4(0.064) + 2(0.03703)
5
1
ò x21
dx
1
+ 4(0.02332) + 0.015625]
» (0.056397)
5 -1é1 6
» ê (1) + 0.25 + 0.1111
4 êë 2 » 0.0940
1 ù
+ 0.0625 + (0.04) ú (c) Exact value:
2 úû
4 4
» 0.9436 4
dx4
x- 2 -1

ò 2 x
3
=
2
x-3
dx
ò
=
-2 2
=
2x2 2
-1 1 3
5
1 = + = = 0.09375
ò1 x2
dx 32 8 32
5-1 1
» [1 + 4(0.25) + 2(0.1111)
ò
2
12 9. 4 xe-x dx
+ 4(0.0625) + 0.04)] 0
» 0.8374 2
n = 4, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = 4 xe-x
(c) Exact value:
i xi f ( xi )
5 5
ò1 -2
x dx = -x -1
1
0 0
1
0
1 e-1/16
1 4
= - +1
5 1
2 2e-1/ 4
4 2
= = 0.8
5 3
3 3e-9 /16
4
4 1 4e-1

(a) Trapezoidal rule: (b) Simpson’s rule:
1 4
ò
2
0
4 xe-x dx
ò0 x 2 x 2 + 1 dx
1- 0é1 4-0
» ê (0) + e-1/16 + 2e-1/4 » [0 + 4( 3) + 2(6)
4 êë 2 3(4)
1 ù + 4(3 19) + 4 33]
+ 3e-9/16 + (4e-1) ú
2 úû 1
= (4 3 + 12 + 12 19 + 4 33)
1 3
= (e-1/16 + 2e-1/4 + 3e-9/16 + 2e-1)
4 » 31.40
» 1.236
(c) Exact value:
(b) Simpson’s rule: 4
4
(2 x 2 + 1)3/2
ò
1 2
4 xe-x dx ò 0
2
x 2 x + 1 dx =
6
0
0
1-0 333/2 - 1
» [0 + 4(e-1/16 ) + 2(2e-1/4 ) = » 31.43
3(4) 6
+ 4(3e-9/16 ) + 4e-1]
1 11. y = 4 - x2
= (4e-1/16 + 4e-1/4 + 12e-9/16 + 4e-1)
12
» 1.265
(c) Exact value:

1 1
ò0
2 2
4 xe-x dx = - 2e-x
0
-1
= (-2e ) - (-2)
-1
= 2 - 2e » 1.264
4 n = 8, b = 2, a = -2, f ( x) = 4 - x2
10.
ò0 2
x 2 x + 1 dx
i xi y
0 -2.0 0
n = 4, b = 4, a = 0, f ( x) = x 2 x 2 + 1 1 -1.5 1.32289
2 -1.0 1.73205
i xi f ( xi )
3 -0.5 1.93649
0 0 0
4 0 2
1 1 3
5 0.5 1.93649
2 2 6
6 1.0 1.73205
3 3 3 19 7 1.5 1.32289
4 4 4 33 8 2.0 0
(a) Trapezoidal rule: (a) Trapezoidal rule:

4 2
ò0 x 2 x 2 + 1 dx
ò2-
4 - x 2 dx
4 - 0é1 1 ù 2 - (-2)
» ê (0) + 3 + 6 + 3 19 + (4 33) ú »
4 êë 2 2 úû 8
= 1( 3 + 6 + 3 19 + 2 33) é1 1 ù
⋅ ê (0) + 1.32289 + 1.73205 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + (0) ú
» 32.30 ëê 2 2 úû
» 5.991

Section 7.6 537
(b) Simpson’s rule: (a) Trapezoidal rule:
2 A 6 é1
ò -2
4 - x 2 dx
2
= ê (0) + 1.1055 + 1.4907 + 1.7321
12 êë 2
2 - (-2) + 1.8856 + 1.972 + 2 + 1.972 + 1.8856
»
3(8) ù
+ 1.7321 + 1.4907 + 1.1055 + 2(0) ú
⋅ [0 + 4(1.32289) + 2(1.73205) + 4(1.93649) + 2(2) ú
û
+ 4(1.93649) + 2(1.73205) + 4(1.32289) + 0] » 9.186
» 6.167
1 2 1
(c) Area of semicircle =  r =  (2)2 A
=
6
[0 + 4(1.1055) + 2(1.4907)
2 2 2 3(12)
» 6.283
+ 4(1.7321) + 2(1.8856) + 4(1.972)
Simpson’s rule is more accurate. + 2(2) + 4(1.972) + 2(1.8856) + 4(1.7321)
+ 2(1.4907) + 4(1.1055) + 0]
12. 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36 1
2 = (55.982)
36 - 4 x 6
y2 =
9 » 9.330
1 (c) The trapezoidal rule gives the area of the
y = 36 - 4 x 2
3 region as 9.1859. Simpson’s rule gives the
area of the region as 9.3304. The actual area
An equation of the semiellipse is is 3 » 9.4248. Simpson’s rule is a better
1 approximation.
y = 36 - 4 x 2 .
3
13. Since f ( x) > 0 and f ¢¢( x) > 0 for all x
between a and b, we know the graph of f ( x) on
the interval from a to b is concave upward. Thus,
the trapezoid that approximates the area will have
an area greater than the actual area Thus,
b
T >
òa f ( x) dx.
The correct choice is (b).

n = 12, b = -3, a = 3 14. (a) f ( x) = x 2 ; [0, 3]
i xi y b
0 -3
-2.5
0 T >
òa f ( x) dx
1 1.1055
2 -2 1.4907 By looking at the graph of y = x 2 and
3 -1.5 1.7321 dividing the area between 0 and 3 into an
4 -1 1.8856 even number of trapezoids, you can see that
5 -0.5 1.9720 each trapezoid has an area greater than the
6 0 2 actual area [case (b)].
7 0.5 1.9720 (b) f ( x) = x ; [0, 9]
8 1 1.8856
b
9 1.5 1.7321
10 2 1.4907
T <
òa f ( x) dx
11 2.5 1.1055 By looking at the graph of y = x and

12 3 0 dividing area between 0 and 9 into an even
number of trapezoids, you can see that each

trapezoid has an area less than the actual n = 32, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = x 4
area [case (a)].
1
(c) You can’t say which is larger because some
trapezoids are greater than the given area ò 0
x 4 dx
and some are less than the given area [case é1
1- 0 1 1
(c)]. » ê (0) + +
32 êë 2 1, 048,576 65,536
1 1
æ1ö 81 1 625
15. (a)
ò 0
x 4dx = çç ÷÷÷ x5
çè 5 ø
0
+
1,048,576
+
4096
+
1, 048,576
81 2401 1 6561
1 + + + +
= 65,536 1, 048,576 256 1, 048,576
5
= 0.2 625 14, 641 81 28,561
+ + + +
65,536 1, 048,576 4096 1, 048,576
(b) n = 4, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = x 4 2401 50, 625 1 83,521
+ + + +
1 65,536 1, 048,576 16 1, 048,576
1- 0é1 1 1 81 1 ù
ò 0
x 4dx » ê (0) +
4 êë 2 256
+
16
+
256
+ (1) ú
2 úû +
6561 130,321
+ +
625
+
194, 481
65,536 1, 048,576 4096 1, 048,576
1 æ 226 ÷ö
= çç ÷ 14, 641 279,841 81 390, 625
4 çè 256 ÷ø + + + +
65,536 1, 048,576 256 1, 048,576
» 0.220703
28,561 531, 441 2401 707, 281
+ + + +
65,536 1, 048,576 4096 1, 048,576
n = 8, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = x 4 50, 625 923,521 1 ù
+ + + (1) ú
1
65,536 1, 048,576 2 úû
1- 0é1 1 1 81
ò x 4dx »
8 ë2
ê (0) +
ê 4096
+
256
+
4096 »
1 æç 6,721,808 ö÷
ç ÷ » 0.200325
32 çè 1, 048,576 ÷÷ø
0
1 625 81 2401 1 ù
+ + + + + (1) ú
16 4096 256 4096 2 úû To find error for each value of n, subtract as
1 æ 6724 ö÷ indicated.
= çç ÷
8 çè 4096 ø÷ n = 4: (0.220703 - 0.2) = 0.020703
» 0.20520 n = 8: (0.205200 - 0.2) = 0.005200
n = 16: (0.201302 - 0.2) = 0.001302
n = 16, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = x 4 n = 32: (0.200325 - 0.2) = 0.000325
1 p =1
1- 0é1 1 1 (c)
ò0
x 4dx » ê (0) +
16 êë 2 65, 536
+
4096
41(0.020703) = 4(0.020703)
81 1 625
+ + + = 0.082812
65, 536 256 65, 536
81 2401 1 81(0.005200) = 8(0.005200)
+ + + = 0.0416
4096 65, 536 16
6561 625 14, 641 Since these are not the same, try p = 2.
+ + +
65, 536 4096 65, 536 p = 2:
81 28, 561 2401
+ + + 42 (0.020703) = 16(0.020703)
256 65, 536 4096
50, 625 1 ù = 0.331248
+ + (1) ú 2
65, 536 2 úû 8 (0.005200) = 64(0.005200) = 0.3328
1 æç 211, 080 ö÷ 162 (0.001302) = 256(0.001302)
» ç ÷
16 çè 65, 536 ø÷÷ = 0.333312
» 0.201302

Section 7.6 539
1
322 (0.000325) = 1024(0.000325)

ò 0
x 4dx
1 - 0 éê æ 1 ÷ö æ 1 ÷ö
= 0.3328 » 0 + 4 çç ÷+ 2 çç
ê
3(16) êë çè 65,536 ÷÷ø çè 4096 ÷÷ø
Since these values are all approximately the
same, the correct choice is p = 2. æ 81 ÷ö æ 1 ÷ö æ 625 ÷ö
+ 4 çç ÷+ 2 çç + 4 çç ÷
çè 65,536 ÷÷ø çè 256 ÷÷ø çè 65,536 ÷÷ø
16. As n changes from 4 to 8, for example, the error æ 81 ÷ö æ 2401 ÷ö æ 1 ö

+ 2 çç + 4 çç ÷+ 2 çç ÷÷÷
changes from 0.020703 to 0.005200. çè 4096 ÷÷ø çè 65,536 ÷÷ø çè 16 ø
0.020703a = 0.005200 æ 6561 ö÷ æ 625 ÷ö æ 14, 641 ÷ö
+ 4 çç ÷+ 2 çç + 4 çç ÷
1 çè 65,536 ÷÷ø çè 4096 ÷÷ø èç 65,536 ÷÷ø
a »
4 æ 81 ö÷ æ 28,561 ö÷ æ 2401 ö÷
+ 2 çç ÷+ 4 çç ÷+ 2 çç
èç 256 ÷ø èç 65,536 ÷÷ø çè 4096 ÷÷ø
Similar results would be obtained using other
values for n. æ 50, 625 öù
+ 4 çç + 1÷÷÷ úú
çè 65,536 ÷ø ú
The error is multiplied by 14 . û
1 æç 157, 288 ÷ö
1 = ç ÷ » 0.2000020
1 51 48 çè 16,384 ÷÷ø
17. (a)
ò 0
x 4dx = x
5 0
1 n = 32, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = x 4
=
5
1
= 0.2
ò
0
x 4 dx
(b) n = 4, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = x 4 é æ ö÷ æ 1 ö÷
1-0 ê 0 + 4 çç 1 çç
» ÷
÷ + 2 ÷
1
1 - 0 éê æ 1 ÷ö æ 1 ö 3(32) ê
ë èç 1, 048, 576 ø÷ èç 65, 536 ø÷÷
ò 0
x 4dx »
3(4) ëê
0 + 4 çç
ç
è 256
÷÷ + 2 ççç ÷÷÷
ø è 16 ø
+ 4 çç
æ 81 ö÷
÷÷ + 2 çç
æ 1 ÷ö
+ 4 çç
æ 625 ÷ö
÷
÷
÷ çè 1, 048, 576 ÷÷ø
æ 81 ÷ö ù èç 1, 048, 576 ø÷ èç 4096 ø
+ 4 çç ÷ + 1 ú
èç 256 ÷ø ú
û æ 625 ÷ö æ 14, 641 ÷ö æ 81 ö÷
+ 2 çç ÷ + 4 çç ÷ + 2 çç ÷
æ
1 ç 77 ÷ ö çè 65, 536 ÷÷ø çè 1, 048, 576 ÷÷ø èç 4096 ÷ø
= ç ÷
12 çè 32 ÷ø æ 28, 561 ö÷ æ 2401 ö÷ æ 50, 625 ö÷
+ 4 çç ÷ + 2 çç ÷ + 4 çç ÷
» 0.2005208 çè 1, 048, 576 ÷÷ø çè 65, 536 ø÷÷ èç 1, 048, 576 ø÷÷
æ 1 ö æ 83, 521 ö÷ æ 6561 ö÷
n = 8, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = x 4 + 2 çç ÷÷÷ + 4 çç ÷ + 2 çç ÷
çè 16 ø çè 1, 048, 576 ÷÷ø èç 65, 536 ø÷÷
1
1 - 0 éê æ 1 ö÷ æ 1 ÷ö
ò 0
x 4 dx »
3(8) êë
0 + 4 çç ÷
÷
èç 4096 ø
+ 2 çç
çè 256 ÷÷ø
æ 130, 321 ö÷
+ 4 çç ÷ + 2 çç
çè 1, 048, 576 ÷÷ø
æ 625 ÷ö
çè 4096 ÷÷ø
+ 4 çç
æ 194, 481 ÷ö
÷
çè 1, 048, 576 ÷÷ø
æ 81 ö÷ æ 1 ö æ 625 ö÷
+ 4 çç + 2 çç ÷÷ + 4 çç æ 14, 641 ÷ö æ 279, 841 ÷ö æ 81 ö÷
çè 4096 ø÷÷ çè 16 ø÷ çè 4096 ø÷÷ + 2 çç ÷ + 4 çç ÷ + 2 çç
çè 65, 536 ÷÷ø çè 1, 048, 576 ÷÷ø çè 256 ø÷÷
æ 18 ÷ö æ 2401 ö÷ ù
+ 2 çç + 4 çç + 1ú æ 390, 625 ö÷ æ 28, 561 ö÷ æ 531, 441 ö÷
çè 256 ÷÷ø çè 4096 ø÷÷ ú + 4 çç ÷ + 2 çç ÷ + 4 çç ÷
û çè 1, 048, 576 ÷÷ø çè 65, 536 ÷÷ø çè 1, 048, 576 ø÷÷
1 æç 4916 ö÷
= ç ÷ æ 2401 ö÷ æ 707, 281 ö÷ æ 50, 625 ö÷
24 çè 1024 ø÷ + 2 çç ÷ + 4 çç ÷÷ + 2 çç ÷
÷
çè 4096 ø èç 1, 048, 576 ø÷ èç 65, 536 ø÷÷
» 0.2000326
æ 923, 521 ö÷ ù
n = 16, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = x 4 + 4 çç ÷ + 1úú
÷
çè 1, 048, 576 ø÷
û
æ
1 ç 50, 033,168 ÷ ö
= ç ÷ » 0.2000001
96 çè 262,144 ÷÷ø

To find error for each value of n, subtract as 5 4
1
indicated.
n = 4: (0.2005208 - 0.2) = 0.0005208
ò 1 x
2
dx » å
f ( xi ) Dx
i =1
n = 8: (0.2000326 - 0.2) = 0.0000326 4 4 4 4
= (1) + (1) + (1) + (1)
n = 16: (0.2000020 - 0.2) = 0.0000020 9 25 49 81
n = 32: (0.2000001 - 0.2) = 0.0000001 » 0.7355
(c) p = 1: Simpson’s rule:
41(0.0005208) = 4(0.0005208) = 0.0020832 m = 8, b = 5, a = 1, f ( x) =

1
81(0.0000326) = 8(0.0000326) = 0.0002608 x2
Try p = 2: i xi f ( xi )
0 1 1
42 (0.0005208) = 16(0.0005208) = 0.0083328
3 4
82 (0.0000326) = 64(0.0000326) = 0.0020864 1
2 9
Try p = 3: 1
2 2
4
43 (0.0005208) = 64(0.0005208) = 0.0333312
5 4
83 (0.0000326) = 512(0.0000326) = 0.0166912 3
2 25
Try p = 4: 1
4 3
4
4 (0.0005208) = 256 (0.0005208) = 0.1333248 9
7 4
84 (0.0000326) = 4096 (0.0000326) = 0.1335296 5
2 49
164 (0.0000020) = 65536 (0.0000020) = 0.131072
1
6 4
324 (0.0000001) = 1048576 (0.0000001) = 0.1048576 16
These are the closest values we can get; thus, 9 4
p = 4. 7
2 81
18. As n changes from 4 to 8, the error changes 1
8 5
from 0.0005208 to 0.0000326. 25
0.0005208a = 0.0000326
5
1
a »
1
16
ò1 x2
dx
5 - 1 éê æ4ö æ1ö æ 4 ö
Similar results would be obtained using other » 1+ 4 çç ÷÷ + 2 çç ÷÷ + 4 çç ÷÷
values for n. 3(8) êë çè 9 ø÷ çè 4 ÷ø çè 25 ÷ø
1 .
The error is multiplied by 16 æ1ö æ 4 ö æ 1 ö
+ 2 çç ÷÷ + 4 çç ÷÷ + 2 çç ÷÷
çè 9 ø÷ çè 49 ø÷ çè 16 ø÷
19. Midpoint rule:
æ 4ö 1 ùú
1 + 4 çç ÷÷÷ +
n = 4, b = 5, a = 1, f ( x) = ,x = 1 èç 81 ø 25 úû
x2
1
i xi f ( xi ) » (4.82906)
6
3 4 » 0.8048
0
2 9
5 4 From #7 part a, T » 0.9436, when n = 4.
2
2 25 To verify the formula evaluate 2M3+T .
7 4
3 2M + T 2(0.7355) + 0.9436
2 49 »
9 4 3 3
4 » 0.8048
2 81

Section 7.6 541
20. Midpoint rule: 4
1
n = 4, b = 4, a = 2, f ( x) =
1
3
, ò2 x3
dx
x
4 - 2 é1 æ 64 ÷ö æ 8 ÷ö æ 64 ÷ö
» ê + 4 çç ÷÷ + 2 ççç ÷+ 4 çç
1 3(8) ë 8ê ç
è 729 ø è 125 ø÷ çè 1331 ÷÷ø
x =
2 æ 1 ö æ 64 ö÷ æ 8 ö÷
i + 2 çç ÷÷÷ + 4 çç ÷
÷ + 2 çç ÷
xi f ( xi ) èç 27 ø èç 2197 ø èç 343 ø÷
9 64
1 æ 64 ö÷ 1 ùú
+ 4 çç +
4 729 çè 3375 ø÷÷ 64 úû
11 64
2 1
4 1331 » (1.125223) » 0.09377
13 1 12
3
4 4 From #8 part a, T » 0.0973, when n = 4.
15 64 2M + T
4 To verify the formula evaluate 3
.
4 2197
15 64 2M + T 2(0.09198) + 0.0973
4 »
4 3375 3 3
» 0.09377
4
1
ò2 x3
dx
21. (a)
4
» å f (xi )  x
i =1
64 æç 1 ÷ö 64 æç 1 ÷ö 64 æç 1 ö÷ 64 æç 1 ö÷
= çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷ + ç ÷
729 2 è ø è
1331 2 ø è
2197 2 ø 3375 èç 2 ø÷
» 0.09198
Simpson’s rule: 7 -1é1
1 (b) A= ê (0.4) + 0.6 + 0.9 + 1.1
n = 8, b = 4, a = 2, f ( x) = 6 êë 2
x3 1 ù
+ 1.3 + 1.4 + (1.6) ú
i xi f ( xi ) 2 úû
1 = 6.3
0 2
8
7 -1
9 64 (c) A= [0.4 + 4(0.6) + 2(0.9)
1 3(6)
4 729
5 8 + 4(1.1) + 2(1.3) + 4(1.4) + 1.6]
2 » 6.27
2 125
11 64
3 22. (a)
4 1331
1
4 3
27
13 64
5
4 2197
7 8
6
2 343
64 7 -1é1
15 (b) A= ê (9) + 9.2 + 9.5 + 9.4
7 6 êë 2
4 3375
1 ù
1 + 9.8 + 10.1 + (10.5) ú
8 4 2 ûú
64
= 57.75

7 -1 2 2
(c) A = [9.0 + 4(9.2) + 2(9.5) 24. y = + e-t /2
3(6) t +2
+ 4(9.4) + 2(9.8) + 4(10.1) + 10.5]
The total growth is
1
= (172.9) 7æ ö
3 çç 2 + e-t /2 ÷÷ dt .
ò1
2
= 57.63 çè t + 2 ø÷
2
-t 2 1 n = 12, b = 7, a = 1, f (t ) = 2
t+2
+ e-t /2
23. y =e +
t +1
i xi f ( xi )
The total reaction is
0 1 1.2732
9æ ö 1 1.5 0.8961
çç e-t + 1 ÷÷ dt.
ò
2
ç ÷ 2 2 0.6353
1 è t + 1ø
3 2.5 0.4884
2
n = 8, b = 9, a = 1, f (t ) = e-t + 1 4 3 0.4111
t +1
5 3.5 0.3658
i xi f ( xi ) 6 4 0.3337
0 1 0.8679 7 4.5 0.3077
1 2 0.3516 8 5 0.2857
2 3 0.2501 9 5.5 0.2667
10 6 0.2500
3 4 0.2000
11 6.5 0.2353
4 5 0.1667 12 7 0.2222
5 6 0.1429 (a) Trapezoidal rule:
6 7 0.1250
7æ
2 ÷÷ö dt
7
8
8
9
0.1111
0.1000
ò1 çççè t + 2 + e -t 2/2
÷ø
7 -1é 1
(a) Trapezoidal rule: = ê (1.2732) + 0.8961 + 0.6353
12 êë 2
9æ ö + 0.4884 + 0.4111 + 0.3658 + 0.3337
çç e-t + 1 ÷÷ dt
ò
2
1 è
ç t + 1 ø÷ + 0.3077 + 0.2857 + 0.2667 + 0.2500
9 -1é 1 1 ù
» ê (0.8679) + 0.3516 + 0.2501 + 0.2353 + (0.2222) ú
8 êë 2 2 úû
1 ù 1
+ ⋅⋅ ⋅+ (0.1000) ú = (5.2234) » 2.612
2 úû 2
» 1.831 (b) Simpson’s rule
(b) Simpson’s rule: 7æ ö

çç 2 + e-t /2 ÷÷ dt
ò
2
ç ÷
9æ 1 èt + 2 ø
1 ö÷
ò1 ççèç e -t 2
+ ÷ dt
t + 1 ø÷ =
7 -1
3(12)
[1.2732 + 4(0.8961) + 2(0.6353) + 4(0.4884)
9 -1
» [0.8679 + 4(0.3516) + 2(0.2501) + 2(0.4111) + 4(0.3658) + 2(0.3337) + 4(0.3077)
3(8)
+ 2(0.2857) + 4(0.2667) + 2(0.2500) + 4(0.2353)
+ 4(0.2000) + 2(0.1667) + 4(0.1429) + 0.2222]
+ 2(0.1250) + 4(0.1111) + 0.1000] 1
= (15.5670)
1 6
= (5.2739) » 2.595
3
» 1.758

Section 7.6 543
25. Note that heights may differ depending on the The area under the curve, about 33 mcg(h)/ml,
readings of the graph. Thus, answers may vary. represents the total amount of drug available to
n = 10, b = 20, a = 0 the patient for each ml of blood.
i xi f ( xi ) 27. As in Exercise 25, readings on the graph may

0 1 0 vary, so answers may vary. The area both under
1 2 5 the curve for Formulation A and above the
2 4 3 minimum effective concentration line is on the
3 6 2 interval éê 12 , 6 ùú .
ë û
4 8 1.5
5 10 1.2 Area under curve for Formulation A on éê 12 , 1ùú ,
ë û
6 12 1 with n = 1
7 14 0.5
1- 1
é1 ù
8 16 0.3 = 2 ê (2 + 6) ú
1 êë 2 úû
9 18 0.2
10 20 0.2 1
= (4) = 2
2
Area under curve for Formulation A
Area under curve for Formulation A on [1, 6 ],
20 - 0 é 1 with n = 5
= ê (0) + 5 + 3 + 2 + 1.5 + 1.2
10 êë 2
6 -1é 1 1 ù
1 ù = ê ( 6) + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2.4 + (2) ú
+ 1 + 0.5 + 0.3 + 0.2 + (0.2) ú 5 êë 2 2 úû
2 úû
= 18.4
= 2(14.8)
» 30 mcg(h)/ml Area under minimum effective concentration line
é 1 , 6ù
This represents the total amount of drug available ëê 2 ûú
to the patient for each ml of blood. = 5.5(2) = 11.0
26. n = 10, b = 20, a = 0 Area under the curve for Formulation A and
above minimum effective concentration line
i xi y = 2 + 18.4 - 110
0 0 0 » 9 mcg(h)/ml
1 2 2.0
2 4 2.9 This represents the total erective amount of drug
available to the patient for each ml of blood.
3 6 3.0
4 8 2.5
28. The area both under the curve for Formulation B
5 10 2.0 and above the minimum effective concentration
6 12 1.75 line is on the interval (2, 10).
7 14 1.0
n = 8, b = 10, a = 2
8 16 0.75
9 18 0.50 i xi y
10 20 0.25 0 2 2.0
1 3 2.4
20 - 0 é 1
A= ê (0) + 2 + 2.9 + 3 + 2.5 + 2 2 4 2.9
10 êë 2
3 5 2.8
1 ù
+ 1.75 + 1.0 + 0.75 + 0.5 + (0.25) ú 4 6 3.0
2 úû
5 7 2.6
= 33.05 (This answer may vary depending
6 8 2.5
upon readings from the graph.) 7 9 2.2
8 10 2.0

Let AB = area under Formulation B curve i ti f (ti )
between t = 2 and t = 10. 0 0 0
1 1.75 6.89
10 - 2 é 1
AB = ê (2) + 2.4 + 2.9 + 2.8 + 3 2 35 7.57
8 êë 2
3 52.5 7.78
1 ù
+ 2.6 + 2.5 + 2.2 + (2) ú 4 70 7.77
2 úû 5 87.5 7.65
AB = 20.4 6 105 7.46
Let AME = area under minimum effective 7 122.5 7.23
concentration curve between t = 2 and t = 10. 8 140 6.97
9 157.5 6.70
AME = (10 - 2)(2) = 16
10 175 6.42
So the area between AB and AME between t = 2 Trapezoidal rule:
and t = 10 is 20.4 - 16 = 4.4.
175 æ t ö0.233 -0.027t / 7
This area, about 4.4 mcg(h)/ml, represents the
total effective amount of the drug available to the
ò0
5.955 çç ÷÷÷
çè 7 ø
e dt
patient for each ml of blood. 175 - 0 é 1

» ê ( 0) + 6.89 + 7.57 + 7.78 + 7.77
10 êë 2
Notice that between t = 0 and t = 12, the graph
for Formulation B is below the line. 1 ù
+ 7.65 + 7.46 + 7.23 + 6.97 + 6.70 + (6.42) ú
2 úû
Thus, no area exists under the curve for
= 17.5(69.23)
Formulation B and above the minimum
effective concentration line in the intervals = 1211.525
(0, 2) and (10, 12).
The total milk consumed is about 1212 kg.
29. y = b0 wb1 e-b2 w Simpson’s rule:

t 175 æ t ö0.233 -0.027t / 7
(a) if t = 7w then w = .
7 ò0 5.955 çç ÷÷÷
çè 7 ø
e dt
æ t öb 1 »
175 - 0
[0 + 4(6.89) + 2(7.57) + 4(7.78)
y = b0 çç ÷÷÷ e-b2t /7
çè 7 ø 3 (10)
+ 2(7.77) + 4(7.65) + 2(7.46) + 4(7.23)
(b) Replacing the constants with the given values,
we have + 2(6.97) + 4(6.70) + 6.42]

æ t ö0.233 -0.027t /7
y = 5.955 çç ÷÷÷ e dt (c) Replacing the constants with the given
çè 7 ø
values, we have
In 25 weeks, there are 175 days.
æ t ö0.143 -0.037t /7
175 y = 8.409 çç ÷÷÷ e .
æ t ö0.233 -0.027t /7 çè 7 ø
ò 5.955 çç ÷÷÷
çè 7 ø
e dt
In 25 weeks, there are 175 days.
0
n = 10, b = 175, a = 0, 175 æ t ö0.143 -0.037t /7

ò0 8.409 çç ÷÷÷
çè 7 ø
e dt
æ t ö0.233 -0.027t /7
f (t ) = 5.955 çç ÷÷÷ e n = 10, b = 175, a = 0,
çè 7 ø
æ t ö0.143 -0.037t /7
f (t ) = 8.409 çç ÷÷÷ e
çè 7 ø

Section 7.6 545
i ti f (ti ) Cows Pigs

Month Cases Month Cases
0 0 0
1 3000 1 2000
1 17.5 8.74 2 165,000 2 62,000
3 267,000 3 68,000
2 35 8.80
4 54,000 4 3000
3 52.5 8.50 5 44,000 5 1000
6 21,000 6 9000
4 70 8.07
7 16,500 7 1000
5 87.5 7.60 8 11,500 8 0
9 1000 9 0
6 105 7.11
7 122.5 6.63
8 140 6.16 (a) Using Simpson’s rule with n = 9 the
computation is as follows:
9 157.5 5.71
10 175 5.28 é 3000 + 4(165,000) + 2(267, 000) ù
ê ú
8 êê + 4(54,000) + 2(44,000) ú
ú
Total = ê ú
Trapezoidal rule: (3)(8) ê + 4(21, 000) + 2(16,500) ú
ê + 4(11,500) + 1000 ú
175 ætö
0.143 ëê ûú
ò0
8.409 çç ÷÷÷
çè 7 ø
e-0.037t / 7 dt = 555, 000 cases
175 - 0 é 1
» ê ( 0) + 8.74 + 8.80 + 8.50 (b) Using Simpson’s rule with n = 9 the
10 êë 2
computation is as follows:
+ 8.07 + 7.60 + 7.11 + 6.63 é 2000 + 4(62,000) + 2(68, 000) ù
ù ê ú
1 8 êê + 4(3000) + 2(1000) ú
+ 6.16 + 5.71 + (5.28) ú Total = ú
2 úû ê ú
(3)(8) ê + 4(9000) + 2(1000) ú
= 17.5 (69.96) ê + 4(0) + 0 ú
ëê ûú
= 1224.30
= 146,000 cases
31. (a)
Simpson’s rule:
175 æ t ö0.143 -0.037t
ò0 8.409 çç ÷÷÷
çè 7 ø e
7
dt
175 - 0
» [0 + 4(8.74) + 2(8.80) + 4(8.50)]
3(10)
+ 2(8.07) + 4(7.60) + 2(7.11) + 4(6.63)
+ 2(6.16) + 4(5.71) + 5.28] 7 -1 1
(b)
35 6 2
= (214.28)
6
é 1 ù
= 1249.97 ê (4) + 7 + 11 + 9 + 15 + 16 + (23) ú
êë 2 úû
The total milk consumed is about 1250 kg. = 71.5
30. First use the graph to approximate the nine mid- 7 -1

(c) [4 + 4(7) + 2(11) + 4(9)
month measurements for both cows and pigs. 3(6)
You may get somewhat different estimates than + 2 (15) + 4 (16) + 23] = 69.0
those shown below, which will result in slightly
different answers.

32. (a) 3 æ 1 -x2 /2 ÷ö
(c)
ò çç
-3 çè 2
e ÷÷ dx » 0.9973
÷ø
The probability that a normal random
variable is within 3 standard deviations
of the mean is about 0.9973.
7 -1 é1
(b) A= ê (12) + 16 + 18 + 21 + 24
6 êë 2
1 ù
+ 27 + (32) ú
2 ûú
A = 1 (128) = 128
(c) A=
7 -1
[12 + 4(16) + 2(18) + 4(21)
Chapter 7 Review Exercises
3(6) 1. True
+ 2(24) + 4(27) + 32]
2. False: The statement is false for n = -1.
A = 128
3. False: For example, if f ( x ) = 1 the first
33. We need to evaluate
expression is equal to x 2 /2 + C and the second
36
ò12 (105e0.01 x
+ 32) dx. is equal to x 2 + C .
4. True
Using a calculator program for Simpson’s rule
with n = 20, we obtain 3979.242 as the value 5. True
of this integral. This indicates that the total
revenue between the twelfth and thirty-sixth 6. False: The derivative gives the instantaneous rate
months is about 3979. of change.
7. False: If the function is positive over the interval
34. We need to evaluate of integration the definite integral gives the exact
182 area.
ò7 3.922t 0.242e-0.00357t dt
8. True
Using a calculator program for Simpson’s rule 9. True
with n = 20, we obtain 1400.88 as the value of
this integral. This indicates that the total amount 10. False: The definite integral may be positive,
of milk consumed by a calf from 7 to 182 days is negative, or zero.
about 1401 kg. 11. True
35. Use a calculator program for Simpson’s rule with 12. False: Sometimes true, but not in general.
n = 20 to evaluate each of the integrals in this 13. False: The trapezoidal rule allows any number of
exercise. intervals.
1æ 1 -x2 /2 ÷ö 14. True
(a)
ò çç
ç
-1 è 2
e ÷÷ dx » 0.6827
÷ø
The probability that a normal random 2x2
variable is within 1 standard deviation of the 19.
ò (2 x + 3) dx =
2
+ 3x + C
mean is about 0.6827.
= x 2 + 3x + C
2 æ 1 -x 2/2 ÷ö
(b)
ò-2 ççèç 2
e ÷÷ dx » 0.9545
÷ø
5x 2
The probability that a normal random 20.
ò (5x - 1) dx =
2
-x+C
variable is within 2 standard deviation
of the mean is about 0.9545.

Section 7.R 547
5
28.
òx 4
dx =
ò 5x -4
dx
21.
ò (x 2
- 3x + 2) dx
=
5 x-3
+C
3 2 -3
x 3x
= - + 2x + C
3 2 5
=- 3 +C
3x
x3
22.
ò (6 - x 2 ) dx = 6 x -
3
+C
-3e 2 x
29.
ò -3e2 x dx =
2
+C
23.
ò3 xdx = 3
ò x1/2 dx
3x 3/2
30.
ò 5e-xdx = -5e-x + C
= 3
+C
2
1
ò ò
2 2
= 2x 3/2
+C 31. xe3x dx = 6 xe3x dx
6
Let u = 3x 2 , so that du = 6 x dx.
x 1 1/2
24.
ò dx =
ò x dx
1
2
1 x3/2
2 =
6
eu du
ò
= 2 +C 1
3 = eu + C
2 6
3/2 2
x e3 x
= +C = +C
3 6
25.
ò (x 1/2
+ 3x-2/3 ) dx 32.
ò
2
2 xe x dx = e x + C
2
3/2 1/3
x 3x
= 3
+ 1
+C
3x æ1ö 2 x dx
2x
2
3/2
3
33.
ò x2 - 1 dx = 3 çççè 2 ÷÷÷ø ò x2 - 1
= + 9 x1/3 + C
3 Let u = x 2 - 1, so that du = 2 x dx.
26.
ò (2x 4/3
+ x-1/2 ) dx
=
3 du
ò
2 u
2 x 7/3 x1/2
= + +C 3
7 1 = ln | u | + C
3 2 2
7/3
6x 3 ln | x 2 - 1|
= + 2 x1/2 + C = +C
7 2
-x 1 -2 x dx
27.
ò
-4
x 3
dx =
ò -4 x-3 dx 34.
ò 2-x 2
dx = -
2 ò 2-x 2
- 4 x- 2 Let u = 2 - x 2 , so that
= +C
-2 du = -2 x dx.
-2
= 2x +C 1 du 1
=
2 uò= ln | u | + C
2
1
= ln |2 - x 2 | + C
2

x 2 dx 3x 2 dx 1
35.
ò (x 3
+ 5) 4
=
1
3 ò (x 3
+ 5) 4 òe 3 x 2 +4
x dx =
6 ò (6x) (e 3x 2
) dx
1
Let u = x3 + 5, so that =
6 ò e du
u
du = 3x 2dx. 1 e3 x + 4
2
= eu + C = +C
1 du 6 6
=
3 ò u4
1
=
3 ò u-4 du 39.
ò
(3ln x + 2)4
x
dx
1 æç u-3 ö÷÷ Let u = 3ln x + 2 so that

= çç ÷+C
3 çè -3 ø÷÷
3
du = dx.
-( x3 + 5)-3 x
= +C
9 (3ln x + 2)4 1 3(3 ln x + 2)4
ò x
dx =
3 ò x
dx
36.
ò ( x 2 - 5x)4 (2 x - 5) dx
=
1
òu 4
du
3
2
Let u = x - 5x, so that
1 u5
= ⋅ +C
du = (2 x - 5) dx. 3 5
(3 ln x + 2)5
ò ( x 2 - 5x)4 (2 x - 5) dx =
15
+C
=
ò u 4 du 5ln x + 3
=
u5
+C
40.
ò x
dx
5
Let u = 5 ln x + 3 so that
( x 2 - 5 x )5
= +C 5
5 du = dx.
x
(5 ln x + 3) 1 5 5 ln x + 3
37.
òe
x3
3x4
dx =
ò xe 3 -3x 4 ò x
dx =
5 ò x
dx
1
=-
1
ò -12 x3e-3 x dx
4 =
5 òu 1/ 2
du
12
1 2u 3/ 2
4 3 = ⋅ +C
Let u = -3x , so that du = -12 x dx. 5 3
1 2(5ln x + 3)3/ 2
=-
12 òe u
du =
15
+C
1
=-
12 òe u
+C 41. f ( x) = 3x + 1, x1 = -1, x2 = 0, x3 = 1,
4 x4 = 2, x5 = 3
-e-3x
= +C
12 f ( x1) = -2, f ( x2 ) = 1, f ( x3 ) = 4,
f ( x4 ) = 7, f ( x5 ) = 10
òe
2
3x + 4
38. x dx 5
Let u = 3x 2 + 4 so that
å f ( xi )
i =1
du = 6 x dx. = f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + f (4) + f (5)

= -2 + 1 + 4 + 7 + 10
= 20

Section 7.R 549
4 4
42. (a)
ò 0
f ( x) dx = 0, since the area above the
ò 0
(2 x + 3) dx is the area of a trapezoid with
x-axis from 0 to 2 is identical to the area B = 11, b = 3, h = 4. The formula for the
below the x-axis from 2 to 4. area is
1
4 A= ( B + b)h.
(b)
ò 0
f ( x) dx can be computed by 2
1
calculating the area of the rectangle and A = (11 + 3)(4) = 28,
2
triangle that make up the region shown in
graph. so
4
Area of rectangle = (length) (width)
= (3)(1) = 3 ò0 (2x + 3) dx = 28.
1
Area of triangle = (base) (height) 45. (a) Since s(t) represents the odometer reading,
2
the distance traveled between t = 0 and
1 3
= (1) (3) = t = T will be s(T ) - s(0).
2 2
4 T
3 9
ò 0
f ( x) dx = 3 +
2
= = 4.5
2
(b)
ò 0
v (t ) dt = s (T ) - s (0) is equivalent to
the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus with

a = 0, and b = T because s(t) is an
antiderivative of v(t ).
43. f ( x) = 2 x + 3, from x = 0 to x = 4
46. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus states that
4-0
x = =1 b
4
ò
b
f ( x) dx = F ( x) a
= F (b) - F (a),
a
i xi f ( xi )
1 0 3 where f is continuous on [a, b] and F is any
2 1 5 antiderivative of f.
3 2 7
4 3 9 2 æ 3x 3 ö÷
2
ç
4 47.
ò1 2
(3x + 5) dx = çç
çè 3
+ 5 x ÷÷÷
ø÷
A= å f ( xi ) D x
3
= (2 + 10) - (1 + 5)
1
i =1
= 3(1) + 5(1) + 7(1) + 9(1) = 18 - 6
= 24 = 12
4 6
44.
ò0 (2 x + 3) dx 48.
ò1 (2x2 + x) dx
Graph y = 2 x + 3. 6
æ 2 x3 x 2 ö÷÷
çç
=ç + ÷
çè 3 2 ø÷÷
1
é 2(6)3 (6)2 ùú éê 2(1)3 (1)2 ùú
= êê + ú -ê +
3 2 ú ê 3 2 úú
ëê û ë û
2 1
= 144 + 18 - -
3 2
2 1 965
= 162 - - = » 160.83
3 2 6

æ 5 2
x-2 ÷÷ö -3e-2 x
5 2
ç
49.
ò1
(3x-1 + x-3 ) dx = çç 3ln | x | +
ççè -2 ÷ø
÷÷
1
53.
ò0 3e
-2 x
dx =
2
0
æ 1 ö÷ æ 1ö -4
= çç 3ln 5 - ÷÷ - çç 3ln1 - ÷÷÷ -3e 3
çè 50 ø è ç 2ø = +
2 2
12
= 3ln 5 +
25
» 5.308 3(1 - e-4 )
= » 1.473
2
3
3 æ x-1 ö÷÷
çç 5 5
50.
ò1 (2x -1
+x -2
) dx = ç 2 ln x +
çè -1 ø÷÷
÷
1
54.
ò 1
5 0.4 x
2
5 5
e dx = ⋅
2 2 ò 1
0.4e0.4 x dx
æ 1ö 5 5 2 x /5 5
= çç 2 ln 3 - ÷÷÷ - (2ln1 - 1) = ⋅ ⋅e
çè 3ø 2 2 1
2 25 2 0.4
= 2ln 3 + » 2.864 = (e - e )
3 4
25(e2 - e0.4 )
= » 36.86
1 4
51.
ò0 x 5x 2 + 4 dx
1/ 2
Let u = 5 x 2 + 4, so that 55.
ò 0
x 1 - 16 x 4 dx
1
du = 10 x dx and du = x dx. Let u = 4 x 2. Then du = 8 x dx.
10
When x = 0, u = 0, and when x = 1,u = 1.
2
When x = 0, u = 5(02 ) + 4 = 4.
Thus,
When x = 1, u = 5(12 ) + 4 = 9. 1/2 1
1
1 9
1 9 ò x 1 - 16 x 4 dx =
8 ò 1 - u 2 du.
ò4 ò4 u
1/2 0 0
= u du = du
10 10 Note that this integral represents the area of right
3/2 9 9 upper quarter of a circle centered at the origin
1 u 1 3/2
= ⋅ = u with a radius of 1.
10 3/2 4 15 4
1 1 Area of circle =  r 2 =  (12 ) = 
= (9)3/2 - (4)3/2
15 15
1
27 8 
=
15
-
15 ò 0
1 - u 2 du =
4
19 1 1
1  
=
15 8 ò 0
1 - u 2 du = ⋅
8 4
=
32
2
2
(3x3 + 1)4/3 2
52.
ò0 x 2 (3x3 + 1)1/3 dx =
12 0
56.
ò 0
4 x 4 - x 2 dx
254/3 14/3
= - Let u = x 2.
12 12
Then du = 2 x dx.
254/3 - 1
= » 6.008 When x = 0, u = 0.
12
When x = 2, u = 2.
Substitute:
2 2
ò 0
4 x 4 - x 2 dx = 2
ò 0
4 - u 2 du

Section 7.R 551
The integral on the right gives the area of a 59. f ( x) = 4 x - 3; [1, 3]
semicircle of radius 2 (the bottom half of a
circle of radius 2 centered at the point (0, 2). 3
This area is Area =
ò 1
4 x - 3 dx
1 3
 (2)2 = 2 . Thus
2 =
ò 1
(4 x - 3)1/2 dx
2 3
ò0 4 x 4 - x 2 dx = 2 . =
2 1
3 4
⋅ ⋅ (4 x - 3)3/2
1
1 1
= (9)3/2 - (1)3/ 2
e5 6 6
25 - (ln x)2
57.
ò1 x
dx 1
= (26)
6
Let u = ln x. Then du = 1x dx. 13
=
When x = e5, u = ln (e5) = 5. 3
When x = 1, u = ln(1) = 0.
60. f ( x) = (3x + 2)6 ; [-2, 0]
Thus,
0
ò1
e5 25 - (ln x)2
dx =
ò0
5
2
25 - u du.
Area =
ò
-2
(3x + 2)6 dx
x 0
(3x + 2)7
Note that this integral represents the area of a =
right upper quarter of a circle centered at the 21
-2
origin with a radius of 5. 7 7
2 (-4)
= -
Area of circle =  r 2 =  (5)2 = 25 21 21
5504
5 =
25
ò0 25 - u 2 du =
4
7
2
61. f ( x) = xe x ; [0, 2]
7
ò1
2
58. 2 x 36 - ( x 2 - 1)2 dx
ò
2
Area = xe x dx
0
2 2
Let u = x - 1. Then du = 2 x dx. 2
ex
=
When x = 7, u = ( 7 )2 - 1 = 6. 2
0
When x = 1, u = ( 1 ) 2 - 1 = 0.
e4 1
Thus, = -
2 2
7 6 e4 - 1
ò1 2 x 36 - ( x 2 - 1)2 dx =
ò0 36 - u 2 du. =
2
» 26.80
Note that this integral represents the area of a
right upper quarter of a circle centered at the
origin with a radius of 6. 62. f ( x) = 1 + e-x ; [0, 4]
4 4
Area of circle =  r 2 =  (6)2 = 36
6
ò 0
(1 + e-x ) dx = ( x - e-x )
0
36
ò 0
2
36 - u du =
4
= 9 = (4 - e-4 ) - (0 - e0 )
= 5 - e-4
» 4.982

3
63. f ( x) = 5 - x 2 , g ( x) = x 2 - 3
ò2 [ g (x) - f ( x)] dx
3
=
ò2 [( x - 6) - (x2 - 4x)] dx
3
ò2 (-x
2
= + 5x - 6) dx
3
æ -x 3 5x2 ö÷
ç
= çç + - 6 x ÷÷÷
çè 3 2 ÷ø
2
-27 5(9) -8
Points of intersection: = + - 6(3) -
3 2 3
5(4)
5 - x 2 = x2 - 3 - + 6(2)
2
2x2 - 8 = 0 19 25 1
=- + -6 = .
2( x 2 - 4) = 0 3 2 6
x = 2
65. f ( x) = x 2 - 4 x, g ( x) = x + 6,
Since f ( x) ³ g ( x) in [-2, 2] , the area between x = -2, x = 4
the graphs is
2 2
ò -2
[ f ( x) - g ( x )] dx =
ò
-2
[(5 - x 2 ) - ( x 2 - 3) ] dx
2
=
ò -2
(-2 x 2 + 8) dx
2
æ -2 x 3 ÷ö
ç
= çç + 8 x ÷÷÷
çè 3 ÷ø
-2
2 2
= - (8) + 16 + (-8) - 8(-2)
3 3
-32 64
= + 32 = .
3 3
64. f ( x) = x 2 - 4 x; g ( x) = x - 6 Points of intersection:
x2 - 4 x = x + 6
x 2 - 5x - 6 = 0
( x + 1)( x - 6) = 0
x = -1 or x = 6
Thus, the area is
-1
ò-2 [ x2 - 4x - (x + 6)] dx
Find the points of intersection. 4
2
x - 4x = x - 6
+
ò-1[ x + 6 - (x2 - 4x)] dx
-1 4
x2 - 5x + 6 = 0 æ x3 5x 2 ÷ö æ x3 5x 2 ÷ö
ç ç
= çç - - 6 x ÷÷÷ + çç - + + 6 x ÷÷÷
( x - 3)( x - 2) = 0 çè 3 2 ÷ø èç 3 2 ÷ø
-2 -1
x = 2 or x =3
æ 19 2 ö æ 128 19 ÷ö 149
Since g ( x) ³ f ( x) in the interval [2, 3], the area = çç + ÷÷ + çç + ÷=
between the graphs is èç 6 3 ø÷ çè 3 6 ÷ø 3

Section 7.R 553
66. f ( x) = 5 - x 2 , g ( x) = x 2 - 3, x = 0, x = 4 3
ln x 3-1é1
ò 1 x
dx » ê (0) + 0.27031 + 0.34657
4 êë 2
1 ù
+ 0.36652 + (0.3662) ú
2 úû
= 0.5833
Exact Value:
3
ln x
ò1 x
dx
3
Find the points of intersection. 1 1 1
= (ln x)2 = (ln 3)2 - (ln 1)2
2 1 2 2
5 - x 2 = x2 - 3
» 0.6035
8 = 2x2
10
x dx
4 = x2
2 = x
68.
ò2 x -1
Trapezoidal Rule:
The curves intersect at x = 2 and x = -2.
x
n = 4, b = 10, a = 2, f ( x) = x- 1
Thus, area is
i xi f ( xi )
2
ò0
[(5 - x 2 ) - ( x 2 - 3)] dx 0 2 2
4
4 1 4
3
+
ò 2
2
[( x - 3) - (5 - x )] dx 2
6
2 4 2 6
5
=
ò 0
(-2 x 2 + 8) dx +
ò 2
(2 x 2 - 8) dx
8
2 4
3 8
æ 7
ç -2 x
3
÷ö æ 2x3
ç
ö÷
= çç + 8 x ÷÷÷ + çç - 8 x ÷÷÷ 10
çè 3 ÷ø èç 3 ø÷ 4 10
0 2 9
-16 æ 128 ö æ 16 ö
= + 16 + çç - 32 ÷÷÷ - çç - 16 ÷÷÷
3 èç 3 ø èç 3 ø 10
x
=
32
+
128
- 32 -
16
+ 16
ò2 x -1
dx
3 3 3 10 - 2 êé 1 4 6 8 1 æ 10 ö ù
= 32. » (2) + + + + çç ÷÷÷ ú
4 êë 2 3 5 7 2 èç 9 ø úû
» 10.46
3
ln x
67.
ò 1 x
dx Exact Value:
Let u = x - 1 , so that du = dx and x = u + 1.
Trapezoidal Rule: Then
n = 4, b = 3, a = 1, f ( x) = lnxx 10 9
x u +1
i x1 f ( xi )
ò2 x -1
dx =
ò1 u
du
9æ 9 9
1ö 1
0
1
1
1.5
0
0.27031
=
ò1 ççç 1 + ÷÷÷ du =
è uø ò1 du +
ò1 u
du
9 9
2 2 0.34657
3 2.5 0.36652 = u + ln u = (9 - 1) + (ln 9 - ln1)
1 1
4 3 0.3662
= 8 + ln 9 » 10.20.

1 2
ò0 ò0
2
69. e x e x + 4 dx xe-x dx
Trapezoidal Rule: 2 - 0 é1
» ê (0) + 0.3894 + 0.3679
4 êë 2
n = 4, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = e x e x + 4
1 ù
+ 0.1581 + (0.0366) ú
i xi f ( xi ) 2 úû
0 0 2.236 = 0.4688
1 0.25 2.952 Exact value:
2 0.5 3.919 2 2
1
ò0 ò0
2 2
3 0.75 5.236 xe-x dx = - e-x (-2 x dx)
2
4 1 7.046
2
1 2
1 = - e-x
2
ò0 e x e x + 4 dx
1 1
0
1- 0 é1 = - e-4 + e0
= ê (2.236) + 2.952 2 2
4 êë 2 1
= (1 - e-4 )
1 ù 2
+ 3.919 + 5.236 + (7.046) ú
2 úû » 0.4908
» 4.187
3
ln x
Exact value: 71.
ò1 x
dx
1 1
ò0 e x e x + 4 dx =
ò0 e x (e x + 4)1/2dx Simpson’s rule:
n = 4, b = 3, a = 1, f ( x) = ln x
1 x
2
= (e x + 4)3/2 i xi f ( xi )
3 0
0 1 0
2 2
= (e + 4)3/2 - (5)3/2 1 1.5 0.27031
3 3
» 4.155 2 2 0.34657
3 2.5 0.36652
2 4 3 0.3662
70.
ò 0 xe -x 2
dx
3
ln x
Trapezoidal rule: ò 1 x
dx
-x 2 3 -1
n = 4, b = 2, a = 0, f ( x) = xe » [0 + 4(0.27031) + 2(0.34657)
3(4)
i xi f ( xi ) + 4(0.36652) + 0.3662 ]
0 0 0 » 0.6011
1 0.5 0.3894
This answer is close to the value of 0.6035
2 1 0.3679
obtained from the exact integral in Exercise 67.
3 1.5 0.1581
4 2 0.0366

Section 7.R 555
10 2
x dx
ò ò
2
72. 74. xe-x dx
2 x -1 0
Simpson’s Rule: Simpson’s rule:
i xi f ( xi ) 2
n = 4, b = 2, a = 0, f ( x) = xe-x
0 2 2
4 i xi f ( xi )
1 4
3 0 0 0
6 1 0.5 0.3894
2 6
5 2 1 0.3679
8 3 1.5 0.1581
3 8
7 4 2 0.0366
10 2
4 10
ò
2
9 xe-x dx
0
10
x 2-0
ò 2 x - 1
dx »
3(4)
[0 + 4(0.3894) + 2(0.3679)
10 - 2 éê æ4ö æ6ö æ 8 ö æ 10 ö ù + 4(0.1581) + 0.0366]

» 2 + 4 çç ÷÷ + 2 çç ÷÷ + 4 çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷ ú » 0.4937
3(4) ëê ç
è3ø÷ ç
è5ø ÷ èç 7 ø÷ èç 9 ø÷ úû
» 10.28 The answer is close to the exact value obtained in
Exercise 70, which is approximately 0.4908.
This answer is close to the answer of 10.20 obtained
from the exact integral in Exercise 68. 5é æ x - 1 ÷ö ù
1
75. (a)
ò1 êêë x - 1 - çç
çè 2 ø÷÷ ú
ú dx
û
73.
ò e x e x + 4 dx 5æ ö
çç x - 1 - x + 1 dx ÷÷
ò
0
=
Simpson’s rule: 1
çè 2 2 ø÷
5
æ2 x2 x ÷ö
n = 4, b = 1, a = 0, f ( x) = e x e x + 4 ç 3/ 2
= çç ( x - 1) - + ÷÷÷
çè 3 4 2 ÷ø
1
i xi f ( xi )
æ 16 25 5ö æ 1 1ö
0 0 2.236 = çç - + ÷÷ - çç 0 - + ÷÷
çè 3 4 ÷
2ø è ç 4 2 ÷ø
1 0.25 2.952
2 0.5 3.919 16 4
= -6+2 =
2 3
3 0.75 5.236
4 1 7.046 (b) n = 4, b = 5, a = 1,
x 1
1 f ( x) = x - 1 - +
ò 0
e x e x + 4 dx 2 2
i xi f ( xi )
1- 0
= [2.236 + 4(2.952) + 2(3.919)
3(4) 0 1 0
+ 4(5.236) + 7.046 1 2 0.5
» 4.156 2 3 0.41421
3 4 0.23205
This answer is close to the answer of 4.155
4 5 0
obtained from the exact integral in Exercise 69.

5æ
x 1ö (c) Simpson’s rule:
ò ççç x - 1 - + ÷÷÷ dx
1 è 2 2ø
n = 4, b = 4, a = 0, f ( x) =
x+2
-
1
æ 5 - 1 ÷ö é 1 2 x +1
= çç ê (0) + 0.5 + 0.41421
çè 4 ø÷÷ êë 2
i xi f ( xi )
1 ù
+ 0.23205 + (0) ú 0 0 0
2 úû
1 1 1
= 1.146
2 2 1.6667
3 3 2.25
5æ
x 1ö
(c)
ò ççç x - 1 - + ÷÷÷ dx
1 è 2 2ø
4 4 2.8
4æ ö
çç x + 2 - 1 ÷÷ dx
= çç
æ 5 - 1 ÷ö
÷ [0 + 4(0.5) + 2(0.41421)
çè 3(4) ø÷÷
ò 0
çè 2 x + 1 ÷ø
+ 4 (0.23205) + 0] 4-0
» [ 0 + 4(1) + 2(1.6667) + 4(2.25) + 2.8 ]
æ 1 ÷ö 4(3)
= çç ÷÷ (3.75662) » 6.378
çè 3 ø
= 1.252
2
4æ
77.
ò -2
[ x( x - 1) ( x + 1) ( x - 2) ( x + 2)]2 dx
ö
çç x + 2 - 1 ÷÷ dx
76. (a)
ò 0
çè 2 x + 1 ÷ø (a) Trapezoidal Rule:
æ
4 n = 4, b = -2, a = 2,
ç ( x + 2)
2
÷÷ö
= çç - ln x + 1 ÷÷
çè 4 ÷ø f ( x) = [ x( x - 1) ( x + 1) ( x - 2) ( x + 2)]2
0
= ( 9 - ln 5 ) - (1 - 0) i xi f ( xi )
= 8 - ln 5 0 -2 0
» 6.391 1 -1 0
2 0 0
(b) Trapezoidal rule: 3 1 0
4 2 0
x+2 1
n = 4, b = 4, a = 0, f ( x) = - 2
2 x +1
ò-2
[ x( x - 1) ( x + 1) ( x - 2) ( x + 2)]2dx
i xi f ( xi )
2 - (-2) é 1 1 ù
0 0 0 » ê (0) + 0 + 0 + 0 + (0) ú
4 ëê 2 2 ûú
1 1 1
= 0
2 2 1.6667
3 3 2.25
(b) Simpson’s Rule:
4 4 2.8
n = 4, b = 2, a = 2,
4æ ö
çç x + 2 - 1 ÷÷ dx
ò 0
çè 2 x + 1 ÷ø
f ( x) = [ x( x - 1) ( x + 1) ( x - 2) ( x + 2)]2
4-0 é1 1 ù i xi f ( xi )
» ê (0) + 1 + 1.6667 + 2.25 + (2.8) ú
4 êë 2 2 úû 0 2 0
» 6.317 1 1 0
2 0 0
3 1 0
4 2 0

Section 7.R 557
2 Thus
ò
-2
[ x( x - 1) ( x + 1) ( x - 2) ( x + 2)]2dx 18 = ln |1| + k
2 - (-2) k = 18.
» [0 + 4(0) + 2(0) + 4(0) + 0]
3(4) Thus,
=0 C ( x) = 4 ln | 2 x + 1| + 18.
2 4 81. Read values for the rate of investment income

1
78.
ò 0
f (2 x) dx =
2 ò 0
f ( x) dx accumulation for every 2 years from year 1 to
year 9. These are the heights of rectangles with
1 2 width  x = 2.
=
2 ò 0
f ( x) dx
Total accumulated income
4 = 11, 000(2) + 9000(2) + 12, 000(2)
1
+
2 ò 2
f ( x) dx
+ 10, 000(2) + 6000(2) » $96, 000
1 1
= (3) + (5) 82. Total amount
2 2
= 4 T
The answer is c.
=
ò0 100,000e0.03 dt t
T
100, 000e0.03t
79. C ¢( x) = 3 2 x - 1; 13 units cost $270. =
0.03 0
10,000,000 0.03T
C ( x) =
ò 3(2x - 1) dx 1/2 =
3
(e - 1)
3 Set this expression equal to 4,000,000.

2ò
1/2
= 2(2 x - 1) dx
10,000,000 0.03T
(e - 1) = 4,000,000
Let u = 2 x - 1, so that 3
e0.03T - 1 = 1.2
du = 2dx.
0.03T = ln 2.2
3
=
2 òu 1/2
du T » 26.3
It will take him 26.3 years to use up the supply.
3 æç u 3/2 ÷÷ö
= çç ÷+C
2 çè 3/2 ÷÷ø 83. S ¢( x ) = 3 2 x + 1 + 3
3/2
= (2 x - 1) +C 4
C (13) = [2(13) - 1] 3/2

+C
S ( x) =
ò0 (3 2 x + 1 + 3) dx
4
Since C (13) = 270, = [(2 x + 1)3/ 2 + 3x]
0
270 = 253/2 + C = (27 + 12) - (1 + 0) = 38
270 = 125 + C Total sales = $38,000.
C = 145.
Thus,
3/2
84. (a) f ( x) =
ò (-0.1624 x + 3.4909) dx
C ( x) = (2 x - 1) + 145. 0.1624 2
=- x + 3.4909 x
2
80. C ¢( x) = 2 x8+1 ; fixed cost is $18. = -0.0812 x 2 + 3.4909 x
8 Since x is the number of years since 2000,
C ( x) =
ò 2x + 1 dx and the productivity in 2000 is 100, we
= 4 ln | 2 x + 1| +k know that f (0) = 100, so f ( x) =
If x = 0, C ( x) = 18. -0.0812x 2 + 3.4909 x + 100.

(b) f (8) = -0.0812(82 ) + 4.4909(8) + 100 86. S ¢( x) = 225 - x 2 , C ¢( x) = x 2 + 25x + 150

» 122.7
S ¢( x ) = C ¢( x )
The productivity was approximately 122.7,
which is close to the actual value of 122.3. 225 - x 2 = x 2 + 25x + 150
2 x 2 + 25x - 75 = 0
85. S (q) = q2 + 5q + 100
(2 x - 5) ( x + 15) = 0
D(q) = 350 - q 2 5
S (q) = D(q) at the equilibrium point. x = = 2.5
2
q 2 + 5q + 100 = 350 - q 2 The company should use the machinery for

2.5 years.
2q 2 + 5q - 250 = 0
2.5
(-2q + 25) (q - 10) = 0
25
ò0 [(225 - x 2 ) - ( x 2 + 25x + 150)]dx
q =- or q = 10 2.5
2
Since the number of units produced would not be
=
ò0 (-2 x 3 - 25x + 75) dx
negative, the equilibrium point occurs when 2.5

æ -2 x 3 25x 2 ÷ö
ç
q = 10. = çç - + 75x ÷÷÷
çè 3 2 ÷ø
Equilibrium supply 0
-2(2.53) 25(2.52 )
= (10)2 + 5(10) + 100 = 250 = - + 75(2.5)
3 2
Equilibrium demand » 98.95833 » 99,000
= 350 - (10)2 = 250 The net savings are about $99,000.
(a) Producers’ surplus

1
10
87. (a) Total amount » (2.131) + 2.118
2
=
ò0 é 250 - (q2 + 5q + 100) ù dq
êë úû + 2.097 + 2.073
10 + 1.983 + 1.890
=
ò0 (-q 2 - 5q + 150) dq + 1.862 + 1.848
10 1
æ 3 5q2 ÷ö + 1.812 + (1.938)
ç -q
= çç - + 150q ÷÷÷ 2
çè 3 2 ÷ø » 17.718
0
-1000 500 The estimate is 17.718 billion barrels.
= - + 1500
3 2
$2750
= » $916.67 (b) The left endpoint sum is 17.814 and the right
3
endpoint sum is 17.621. Their average is
(b) Consumers’ surplus 17.814 + 17.621
» 17.718.
10 2
=
ò0 [(350 - q2 ) - 250] dq (d) The line of best fit has the equation
10
y = -0.03545 x + 2.13475.
=
ò0 (100 - q 2 ) dq 9
æ
10 ò 0 (-0.03545x + 2.13475) dx » 17.777
ç q3 ö÷÷
= çç 100q - ÷
çè 3 ø÷÷ The integral yields an estimate of 17.777
0 billion barrels.
1000 $2000
= 1000 - = » $666.67
3 3

Section 7.R 559
88. The inventory must be replenished when The total number of additional spiders in the
first 10 months is about 782.
19 - S (T ) = 1.
19 - (e3T - 1) = 1 90. The total number of infected people over the first
19 = e3T 4
3T = ln19
four months is
ò 100t dt ,
2
0 t +1
where t is time in
1 months.
T = ln19
3 Let u = t 2 + 1, so that
Therefore, the inventory carrying cost from du = 2t dt and 50 du = 100t dt.
0 to T week is
T T If t = 4, u = 17, so
15
ò0 [19 - S (t )] dt = 15
ò0 [19 - (e3t - 1)] dt
4
100t
T ò0 2
t +1
dt
= 15
ò0 3t
(20 - e ) dt
1 17 17
æ 1 ö
= 15çç 20t - e3t ÷÷÷
1 = 50
ò
1 u
du = 50 ln | u |
1
çè 3 ø 0 = 50 ln 17 - 50 ln |1|
æ 1 1ö = 50 ln 17
= 15çç 20T - e3T + ÷÷÷
çè 3 3ø » 141.66.
æ 20 19 1ö Approximately 142 people are infected.
= 15çç ln19 - + ÷÷÷
çè 3 3 3ø
» 15(13.63) 91. (a) The total area is the area of the triangle on
» 204. [0, 12] with height 0.024 plus the area of the
rectangle on [12, 17.6] with height 0.024.
The correct choice is (c). 1
A= (12 - 0) (0.024) + (17.6 - 12) (0.024)
2
89. f (t ) = 100 - t 0.4t 2 + 1 = 0.144 + 0.1344 = 0.2784
The total number of additional spiders in the (b) On [0, 12] we define the function f(x) with
first ten months is -0 = 0.002 and y-intercept 0.
slope 0.024
12-0
10
ò0 (100 - t 0.4t 2 + 1) dt , f ( x) = 0.002 x
On [12, 17.6], define g (x) as the constant

where t is the time in months. value.
10 10 g ( x) = 0.024.
=
ò0 100dt -
ò0 t 0.4t 2 + 1 dt.
The area is the sum of the integrals of these
two functions.
Let u = 0.4t 2 + 1 , so that
12 17.6
du = 0.8t dt and 1 du
0.8
= t dt. A=
ò0 0.002 xdx +
ò12 0.024dx
When t = 10, u = 41. 12 17.6

= 0.001x 2 + 0.024 x 12
0
When t = 0, u = 1.
= 0.001(122 - 02 ) + 0.024 (17.6 - 12)
10 41
1
=
ò0 100 dt -
0.8 1òu1/2du = 0.144 + 0.1344 = 0.2784
10 41 41
5 u 3/2 5
= 100t - ⋅ 3 = 1000 - u 3/2
4 2 1
6 1
0
» 782

92. Since answers are found by estimating values on the graph, exact answers may vary slightly; how-ever when
rounded to the nearest hundred, all answers should be the same. Sample solution:
(a) Left endpoints:
Read the values of the function from the graph, using the open circles for the functional values. The values of f
(x) are listed in
the table.
x 0 2 5 15 30 45 60
f (x) 30 50 60 105 85 70 55
The values give the heights of 6 rectangles. The width of each rectangle is found by subtracting subsequent
values of x. We estimate the area under the curve as
6
å f ( xi )  xi = 30(2) + 50(3) + 60(10)

i =1
+ 105(15) + 85(15) + 70(15)
= 4710.
Right endpoints:
We estimate the area under the curve as
6
å f ( xi )  xi = 50(2) + 60(3) + 105(10)

i =1
+ 85(15) + 70(15) + 55(15)
= 4480.
Average:
4710 + 4480
= 4595 » 4600 pM.
2
(b) Read the values of the function from the graph, using the closed circles for the functional values. The values
of x and g(x) are listed in the table.
x 0 2 5 15 30 45 60
g (x) 20 42 42 70 52 40 20
The values give the heights of 6 rectangles. The width of each rectangle is found by subtracting subsequent
values of x. We estimate the area under the curve as
6
å
i =1
g ( xi )  xi = 20(2) + 42(3) + 42(10) + 70(15) + 52(15) + 40(15) = 3016.
Right endpoints:
We estimate the area under the curve as
6
å
i =1
g ( xi )  xi = 42(2) + 42(3) + 70(10) + 52(15) + 40(15) + 20(15) = 2590.
Average:
3016 + 2590
= 2803 » 2800 pM.
2
4600 - 2800
(c) » 0.6428
2800
The area under the curve is about 64% more for the fasting sheep.

Section 7.R 561
321
ò0
2
93. (a) 1.87t1.49e-0.189(ln t ) dt
Trapezoidal rule:
n = 8, b = 321, a = 1,
2
f (t ) = 1.87t1.49e-0.189(ln t )
i xi f (ti )
0 1 1.87
1 41 34.9086
2 81 33.9149
3 121 30.7147
4 161 27.5809
5 161 24.8344
6 201 22.4794
7 281 20.4622
8 321 18.7255
é1 ù
ê (1.87) + 34.9086 + 33.9149 + 30.7147 + 27.5809 ú
321 - 1 ê 2 ú
Total amount » ê ú
8 ê 1 ú
ê + 24.8344 + 22.4794 + 20.4622 + (18.7255) ú
êë 2 úû
» 8208
The total milk production from t = 1 to t = 321 is approximately 8208 kg.

2
n = 8, b = 321, a = 1, f (t ) = 1.87t1.49e-0.189(ln t )
i ti f (ti )
0 1 1.87
1 41 34.9086
2 81 33.9149
3 121 30.7147
4 161 27.5809
5 201 24.8344
6 241 22.4794
7 281 20.4622
8 321 18.7255
321 - 1 éê 1.87 + 4 (34.9086) + 2 (33.9149) + 4 (30.7147) + 2 (27.5809) ùú

Total amount »
8(3) êë + 4(24.8344) + 2(22.4794) + 4(20.4622) + 18.7255 ú
û
» 8430
The total milk production from t = 1 to t = 321 is approximately 8430 kg.

321
ò0
2
(c) Numerical evaluation gives 1.87t1.49e-0.189(ln t ) dt » 8558, or 8558 kg
1
94. (a) Total amount » (309,569) + 317,567
2
+ 335, 869 + 331, 055
+ 331, 208 + 330,195 + 325, 453
1
+ 313, 357 + (278, 986)
2
» 2, 578, 982
The estimate of the total amount of property damage is $2,578,982.
(b) The left endpoint sum is 12,594,093 and the right endpoint sum is 2,563,510. Their average is
2,594, 273 + 2,563,690
» 2,578,982
2
(d) The line of best fit has the equation y = -2610.9 x + 329, 694.6.
8
ò 0 (-2610.9x + 329, 694.6) dx » 2,554, 008

The integral yields an estimated total property damage of $2,554,008.
95. v (t ) = t 2 - 2t
t
s (t ) =
ò0 (t 2 - 2t) dt
t3
s (t ) = - t 2 + s0
3
If t = 3, s = 8.
8 = 9 - 9 + s0
8 = s0
Thus,
t3
s(t ) = - t 2 + 8.
3

Section 7.R 563
For t = 25,
Extended Application: Estimating Depletion 0.5

k (t ) = = 0.01.
25 + 25
Dates for Minerals
This gives a growth rate of 1% for 1996.
1. 3, 000, 000 ¸ 16,900 » 177
(b) Use the form of the function k (t ) = t +a b ,
The reserve would last about 177 yr.
where a and b are both constants. Since
a
2. 3, 000, 000 =
0.02
e (
16, 900 0.02T1
-1 ) k (0) = 0.03, k (t ) =
t+b
, where
3, 000, 000 (0.02) a a

= e0.02T1 - 1 0.03 = = . Or a = 0.03b.
16, 900 0+b b
3.55 + 1 = e0.02T1 Also, since k (25) = 0.02,
0.02T1
4.55 + 1 = e
a
0.02 = . = Or a = 0.02(25 + b).
ln 4.55 = 0.02T1 25 + b
ln 4.55
T1 =
0.02
Solve:
T1 » 75.8
The reserves would last about 75.8 yr. 0.03b = 0.02(25 + b)
0.03b = 0.5 + 0.02b
0.01b = 0.5
3. 15, 000, 000 =
0.06
e (
63, 000 0.06T 1
-1 ) b = 50
15, 000, 000(0.06)
+ 1 = e0.06T 1 Find a using substitution.
63, 000
a = 0.03b
15.286 » e0.06T 1
a = 0.03(50)
ln 15.286 » 0.06T1
a = 1.5
ln 15.286
T1 » The function that satisfies these
0.06
conditions is
= 45.4
The depletion time for bauxite is about 45.4 yr. 1.5
k (t ) = .
t + 50
4. 2, 000, 000 =
0.04
e (
2200 0.04T1
-1 ) 6. 1.5 .
(a) The function from 5(b) is k (t ) = t + 50
2, 000, 000(0.04)
+ 1 = e0.04T1 The instantaneous growth rate at time t is
2200 1.5t
0.04T1 k (t )⋅t
37.36 = e then 16,900e = 16,900e + 50 .
t
ln 37.36 = 0.04T1 According to this model, world petroleum

T1 » 90.5 consumption from 1970 to time T is
represented by the integral
The depletion time for bituminous coal is about 1.5t
90.5 yr. T
0.5
ò0 16,900e + 50
t dt.
5. k (t ) =
t + 25 (b) Trying various values of T and using a
numerical integrator, we find that according
(a) For t = 0, to this model the current reserve of
3,000,000 million barrels will be exhausted
0.5 in about 90 years from 1970, that is, in
k (t ) = = 0.02.
25 + 25 about 2060.
This gives a growth rate of 2% for 1970.

Solutions Manual to accompany Calculus with Applications 10th edition 0321749006
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Use the power rule with n = -4.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley. 463

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Since the graph of f is to go through the point (1, -2),

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

= 5çç ÷÷÷ z 3/2 + 2z + C 15x5/2 2 x3/2

x7 4x4 3 x3 56t 7/2 18t 9/2

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

æ z-2 + 1 ö÷ -9t -1.5 dt

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

x5/3 Since C (0) = 8, k = 8.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

48. C ¢( x) = x1/2 , 16 units cost $45. x2 1

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

53. R¢( x) = 175 - 0.02 x - 0.03x 2 56. R¢( x) = 600 - 5e0.0002 x

= 175x - 0.01x 2 - 0.01x3 + C. = 600 x - 25, 000e0.0002 x + C.

= 50 x - 3x5/3 + C Which gives the demand function.

50 x - 3x5/3 = xp In 2005(t = 5), f (t ) = 9.8 and

50 - 3x 2/3 = p, 9.8 = 3.75(5)2 - 16.8(5) + C

f (9) = 3.75(9)2 - 16.8(9) + 0.05 = 152.6

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0.01e-0.01t A = 50, N (t ) = 300 when t = 0.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

64. V ¢(t ) = -kP(t )

(b) To project the number of dentistry degrees

B(0) = 839.7 and thus C = 839.7 and 5t 3

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

68. v(t ) = 9t 2 - 3 t 70. a(t ) = 18t + 8

At t = 0, the plane is at 6400 ft. = 5t 3/2 - 3e-t + C1

That is, s(0) = 6400. v(0) = 5(0)3/2 - 3e-0 + C1 = -3 + C1

s(0) = -16(0)2 + C2 Since v(0) = -3, C1 = 0.

-16t 2 = -6400 = 2t 5/2 + 3e-t + C2

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Now replace u with 4 x 2 + 8. Multiply the integral by 8 to introduce the factor of

Now replace u with x 2 + 6 x.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Let u = x 4. Let u = 3x 2 - 5; then du = 6 x dx.

1 u Let u = x 4 ; then du = 4 x3 dx.

Now replace u with x 4.

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Let w = x 2 + 2 x - 4, so that 10.

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Let u = -r 2 , so that du = -2r dr. 1 -1/2 y1/2

Let u = x3 - 3x, so that Let u = x 2 + 3, so that du = 2 x dx.

= -eu + C Since x 4 + 4 x 2 + 7  0 for all x, we can write

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Let u = t 3 + 6t + 3, so that du = (3t 2 + 6)dt. =

Let u = 8 - r , so that du = -dr; also,

Let u = x 2 + x, so that du = (2 x + 1) dx. ò

8(8 - r )5/2 64(8 - r )3/2

Let u = p + 1, so that du = dp; also,

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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Let u = log x, so that du = 1 dx. 2

[log 2 (5x + 1)] 2

Let u = t 2 + 12t , so that du = (2t + 12) dt.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

D(t ) = 30(t 2 + 12t )3/2 + C (b) C (5) = 6 ln(5 ⋅ 52 + e) + 4 » 33.099