Biochemistry (Nursing)

Module #4 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY (Cell: The

Basic Unit of Life) Materials: Book, pen and notebook
Learning Targets:
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells; References:
2. Compare and contrast animal and plant cells; Espino-Cabatit (1988) Biochemistry 12th ed.
3. Identify the parts of an animal and plant cell; UST Press, Manila
4. Explain cell organelle functions; and,
5. List the components of the cytoplasm. https://www.quora.com/Are-prokaryotes-more-
complex-than-eukaryotic-cells

A. LESSON PREVIEW/ REVIEW

As a review from the previous lesson, you should be able to answer the following questions:

1. A patient is fond of eating pork and chicken barbeque, what will happen to the pH of the patient blood?
2. What could be the reason why proteins, fats, and ketogenic substances can acidify the blood?
3. How vigorous exercises affect blood pH?
4. Given the following laboratory results: pH 7.31, CO2 50mmHg, HCO3- 22mEq/L, what does the ABGs show?

B. MAIN LESSON

CELL – the functional and structural units of life

BRIEF HISTORY
a. Robert Hooke: He used a microscope to examine cork (plant)
*Cytology: Study of cell
b. Robert Brown: Discovered the nucleus in1883
c. Matthias Schleiden: All plants are composed of cells
d. Theodor Schwann: Discovered that animals are made up of cells
e. Rudolf Virchow:He observed under microscope that cells are dividing. He concluded That cells come only from
other cells preexisting cell. His theory now debunked the spontaneous generation theory
Prokaryotic Cell VS. Eukaryotic Cell
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Greek “prenucleus” DNA is found in a nucleus and enclosed in nuclear
membrane
DNA not enclosed within a membrane DNA found in multiple chromosomes
DNA is usually a singular circularly chromosome Histones with DNA
DNA not associated with histones Membrane bound organelles
Lack membrane bound organelles Cell walls chemically simple
Cell walls contain polysaccharide peptidoglycan Mitosis
Divide by binary fission

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 Biochemistry (Nursing)
Module #4 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

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 Biochemistry (Nursing)
Module #4 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Plant Cell VS Animal Cell

PLANT CELL
Plant cells are larger than animal cell.
The plasma membrane of plant cell is surrounded by a rigid
cell of cellulose.
Plastids are present.
Most mature plant cells have a large central sap vacuole.
Plant cells have many simpler units of and prominent Golgi
apparatus.
Plant cells lack centrosomes and centrioles.
ANIMAL CELL
Animal cells are generally small in size.
Cell wall is absent.
Except the protozoan Euglena no animal cell possesses
plastids.
Vacuoles in animal cells are many and small.
Animal cells have a single highly complex Golgi.
Animal cells have centrosome and centrioles.

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 Biochemistry (Nursing)
Module #4 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

2 TYPES OF CELLS:
1. Autosomes or Somatic cells – body cells Eg. Liver cells, brain cells
2. Germ cells or Sex cells – Eg. Sperm cells, egg cells
● Chromosomes – linear strands of chromatin material that contains the genes
● Genes – carriers of hereditary traits
● Traits – physical or non-physical characteristics handed down from parent to offspring from generation to
generation
❖ Dominant trait – is when trait is manifested or is present in every generation
❖ Recessive trait – when trait may skip a generation and only to reappear in future generation

PARTS OF THE CELL:

1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm

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 Biochemistry (Nursing)
Module #4 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

NUCLEUS
● ovoid, oval or circular
● “master control of the cell”
● it is centrally located, one nucleus is present for every cell
● it regulates, controls and modifies all the metabolic activities of the cell
CYTOPLASM
● All of the parts of the protoplasm excluding nucleus. It includes:
❖ Cytoplasmic organelles – living structure found within the cytoplasm which are directly involved in the metabolic
activities of the cell
❖ Inclusion bodies – inert, non-living structures
● ORGANELLES:
1. Cell membrane
Functions:
a. Protection
b. Limits the territorial boundaries of the cell
c. Gives the cell a definite shape and size
d. Serves as a semi-permeable membrane which selectively allows diffusion of substances in and out of the cell
2. Mitochondria
▪ “powerhouse of the cell”
▪ Generates ATP from substances coming from CHO, CHON and fats
3. Endoplasmic reticulum
▪ A network of tubes, tubules, microtubules which act as circulatory and excretory systems of the cell
▪ It is where substances pass through
a. Smooth or agranular – transport cell products other than proteins
b. Rough or granular – transport proteins coming from ribosomes
4. Golgi apparatus
▪ Act as temporary storage “depot” of cellular products
5. Ribosomes
▪ Masses made up of RNA
▪ Attached to the ER
▪ Template of protein synthesis
▪ It is where amino acids are joined by bonds to form a protein
6. Lysosomes
▪ Contain very potent or hydrolytic enzymes which are responsible for digesting food in the cell
7. Vacuoles
▪ Space occupied by water or fluid
Functions:
a. Temporary dumping site for cellular garbage or debris
b. Storage of food – CHO, fats
8. Centrosome
▪ Small, rounded chromatin bodies attached to the nuclear membrane
▪ Regulates reproduction or division of cells

COMPONENTS OF THE CYTOPLASM:

1. WATER
▪ Most abundant compound of cytoplasm
▪ Fluid medium to which all chemical reactions of the cell take place

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 Biochemistry (Nursing)
Module #4 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

▪ Aqueous solution or medium of excretion of waste matter

▪ Water content the cytoplasm determines the size and shape of the cell
❖ Isotonic solutions – 0.9% NaCl, no effect on the cell
❖ Hypotonic solutions - < 0.9% NaCl, swell of cells (hemolysis)
❖ Hypertonic solutions - > 0.9% NaCl, shrinkage of cells (crenation)
2. CARBOHYDRATES (CHO)
▪ Main source of fuel or energy for the metabolic activities of the cell
▪ Storage form of carbohydrate is glycogen which undergo glycogenolysis to give glucose from which ATP
is subsequently produced
3. FATS
▪ Second source of energy
▪ Stored in the form of triglycerides in adipose tissues
▪ Provides elasticity to the cell

4. PROTEINS (CHON)
▪ Give strength to cell membrane; NOT stored in the same manner as CHOand fats; provides tensile strength
and elasticity to the cell
5. ELECTROLYTES
▪ Charged particles, either cation (+) or anion (-)
▪ Main intracellular (+) is K+
▪ Main extracellular (+) is Na+
▪ Main intracellular (-) is PO4-3
▪ Main extracellular (-) is Cl-

CELL ORGANELLES – subunits of the cell

CELL ORGANELLE BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEM FUNCTION

1. Nucleus Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids Manufacture of nucleic acids
2. Nucleoli RNA, proteins Manufacture of RNA and
proteins
3. Ribosomes RNA, proteins Manufacture of proteins
4. Lysosome Proteins Eg. enzyme Defense
5. Membranes Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates Regulatory
6. Golgi apparatus Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids Packing, transport, CHO
synthesis
7. Mitochondria Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, Oxidation reaction, electron
nucleic acids, coenzyme transport

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 Biochemistry (Nursing)
Module #4 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer the crossword puzzle and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will
be given to correct answer. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed. You are given 20 minutes for
this activity:

Answer the following:

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 Biochemistry (Nursing)
Module #4 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

ACROSS
2. These cells contain chloroplasts
6. A cell with a nucleus
7. Person who named cells
9. Surrounds and protects plant cells
12. Transports and repackages
14. Powerhouse of the cell
15. Heredity material found in the cell
16. A cell without a nucleus
17. Sunlight is converted to sugar at this organelle
18. Division of the nucleus
19. First to realize animals are made of cells
DOWN
1 Protein factories
3 Break down of old cell parts at this location
4 DNA is found here
5 Semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell
8 Chemical process that converts sunlight to sugar
9 Gives the cell support
10 Does not contain a cell wall
11 Organelles located in this liquid
13 Stores food and water for the cell

You may also write your answer here:

ACROSS DOWN

2. 1.

6. 3.

7. 4.

9. 5.

12. 8.

14. 9.

15. 10.

16. 11.

17. 13.

18.

19.

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 Biochemistry (Nursing)
Module #4 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

AL Activity: CAT: MUDDIEST POINT

This technique will help you determine which key points were missed in the main lesson. You will respond to only one
question:

In today’s session, what was least clear to you?

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