Articulate English JUNE-2023

Articulate
JUNE, 2023
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Contents
Polity and Governance 7

y Federal Issues 8
⚪ Governor’s Powers as a Chancellor 8
⚪ Shanan Hydropower Project Dispute 8
y Judiciary 9
⚪ Forum Shopping in Judicial System 9
⚪ Supreme Court Judgement Related to Jallikattu 10
⚪ Sedition Law with Amendments 11
y Governance 12
⚪ National e-Vidhan Application: An online platform for citizens and legislators to access
legislative work and data 12
⚪ Census in India 12
y Rights Issues 13
⚪ Accreditation of National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) 13
⚪ Right to Change One’s Name 14
⚪ Global Slavery Index, 2023 14
y MCQs and Probable Mains Questions 14
Economy 17
y Money, Banking, Finance 18
⚪ Steps Taken by RBI for Urban Cooperatives 18
⚪ RBI surplus payout to the government 18
⚪ Lightweight Payment and Settlement System (LPSS) 19
⚪ New Norms by RBI for Payment System Operators 20
y Balance of Payments and International Trade 20
⚪ SEBI proposal for Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI) 20
⚪ World Bank Report on Remittances in India 21
y Sectors of the Economy, GDP, Inflation 22
⚪ CACP Report on Price Policy for Kharif Crop 2023-24 22
⚪ World’s Largest Grain Storage 23
⚪ Industrial Corridor in Andhra Pradesh 24
y Infrastructure 26
⚪ UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) 5.1 Scheme 26
Contents 3
⚪ Exploration of Coal and Lignite scheme 26
⚪ Samarth Campaign 27
⚪ National Electricity Plan (NEP) 2022-32 28
⚪ The Draft Aircraft Bill, 2023 29
⚪ Commission of Railway Safety 29
⚪ India’s Preparedness for Railway Accidents 30
⚪ Kerala Optical Fibre Network 31
⚪ Electronic Services Repair Outsourcing (ESRO) Project 32
⚪ Mission on Advanced and High-Impact Research (MAHIR) 33
⚪ CITIIS 2.0 33
⚪ World Energy Investment Report (2023): International Energy Agency 34
⚪ Salt Cavern Based strategic petroleum reserves in Rajasthan 35
y Human Resource Development 36
⚪ Policy on Rare Disease 36
⚪ Diet and Biomarkers Survey in India (DABS-I) 36
⚪ Tubers-based Rainbow Diet program 37
⚪ 5th State Food Safety Index (SFSI) 2022-23 38
⚪ World Health Statistics 2023 38
IR and Defence 40
y India and World 41
⚪ Samosa Caucus 41
⚪ 3rd Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) 41
⚪ Malaiyaha Tamils of Sri Lanka 42
⚪ Migration Mobility Pact 42
⚪ Nepal PM Visit to India 43
y Global Issues 44
⚪ EU Commission proposes a common Ethics Body 44
⚪ US rejoins the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 44
⚪ Hiroshima AI Process (HAP) 45
⚪ World Health Assembly (WHA) 46
⚪ Country Partnership Strategy for India(CPS) by ADB: 2023-2027 47
⚪ 75 Years of UN Peacekeeping Forces (UNPKF) 48
⚪ Iran-Afghanistan water conflict 48
⚪ A new Treaty for Outer Space proposed by the UN 49
⚪ Atlantic Declaration between US and UK 50
Contents 4
y Defense and Internal Security 51
⚪ MH 60 R Helicopter 51
⚪ Cross Service Posting 51
⚪ MQ-9 Reaper Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 52
⚪ Titan vessel: Submersible Vs Submarine 53
⚪ First ever Trilateral Maritime Partnership Exercise between India, France and UAE Navies 54
y International Organizations, Conferences, Agreements 54
⚪ International Museum Day (IMD) & International Museum Expo 2023 54
⚪ NATO Plus 55
⚪ G7 Summit in Hiroshima, Japan 55
Geography and Environment 59

y Energy 60
⚪ Decentralized renewable energy (DRE) technologies 60
⚪ IRENA’s Report on Low-Cost Finance for Energy Transition 61
⚪ Li-ion battery recycling technology 61
⚪ Dimethyl Ether (DME) fuelled Tractor 62
y Water Issues 62
⚪ Atal Bhu Jal Yojana 62
y Climate Change Related Issues 63
⚪ Groundwater Extraction’s Effect on Earth’s Rotation 63
⚪ Fish Kill in Texas 64
⚪ Global Greenhouse Gas Watch 65
⚪ Deep Ocean Currents in Antarctica 66
y Flora/Fauna 67
⚪ Axolotls - Organ Regenerator animal 67
⚪ Cheetah Project Steering Committee 68
Science and Tech 70

y Space Technology 71
⚪ X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSAT) 71
⚪ Quasi- Moon 72
⚪ Artemis Accord 73
⚪ Copernicus: European Union’s Earth Observation Program 74
y Artificial Intelligence 74
Contents 5
⚪ Challenges to Intellectual Property Rights in the Age of AI 74
⚪ Abaucin: Antibiotic through AI using a machine-learning model 75
y Information Technology 76
⚪ Amrit Generation Campaign: Naye Bharat Ke Sapne 76
⚪ DSCI’s Report on Challenges in Cybersecurity Skilling 77
y New Technologies 78
⚪ Lab Grown Diamonds 78
⚪ Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Plant in Visakhapatnam 79
y Nuclear Technologies 79
⚪ Small Modular Reactors in the Energy Transition 79
History and Culture 83

⚪ Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya 84
⚪ Rock painting of the Mesolithic period in Guntur, Andhra 84
⚪ Purana Qila Delhi 85
⚪ ‘Sengol’ Sceptre of Cholas 86
⚪ This Day in History 86
Ethics and Essay 88

y Essay: Men Argue. Nature Acts 89
⚪ ESSAY: “Democracy Arose From Men’s Thinking That If They Are Equal In Any Respect
They Are Equal Absolutely.” 89
⚪ Essay: The Abuse of Greatness is When it Disjoins Remorse From Power. 90
⚪ Essay: “To Deny People Their Human Rights is to Challenge Their Very Humanity.” 91
⚪ Essay: It is Not Only What We Do, but Also What We Do Not Do, for Which We Are
Accountable. 92
y Ethics: 93
⚪ Ethics: Role of Instinct in Decision Making 93
⚪ Ethics: Conflict between Culture and Ethics 93
⚪ Ethics: Reducing Gap between Public Policy and Public Opinion 94
⚪ Ethics: Attribution Error in Behaviour 95
⚪ Ethics: How to Reduce Regional Language Disparity in Central Exams 95
PIN-GK 97
⚪ Person in News 98
⚪ Places in News 100
Contents 6
POLITY IN NEWS: JUNE (2023)
FEDERAL ISSUES
JUDICIARY
GOVERNANCE
RIGHTS ISSUES
LEARN POLITY FROM THE BEST EDUCATORS
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1 Polity and Governance
Federal Issues
Governor’s Powers as a Chancellor

The Governor’s Role in Universities:
y For state universities, the state’s Governor typically acts as the Chancellor. State universities
are governed by laws made by states which usually designate the Governor as their Chancellor.
y In this role, the Governor can make independent decisions about university matters without
consulting with the Council of Ministers.
y The idea of having Governors as Chancellors was to protect universities from political
interference.
Recommendations:
y The Sarkaria Commission (1983) recognized that Governors acting as Chancellors could make
decisions independently.
y The M.M. Punchhi Commission (2007) suggested not giving Governors statutory powers to avoid
controversies.
For central universities, the President of India is the Visitor and appoints the Chancellor and
Vice-Chancellor.
Way Forward:
y It may be time to consider whether Governors should still act as Chancellors of universities.
y However, other methods like establishing independent Boards, Committees to maintain
university autonomy and prevent undue political influence need to be put in place.
Why in News:
y Recently, the Kerala High Court restrained the Governor of the state from passing final orders
on the show cause notices he issued to the Vice-Chancellors of eight universities.
y West Bengal introduced a bill in 2022 to remove the governor as chancellor of 22 state
universities.
Shanan Hydropower Project Dispute

Key Points:
y Shanan Hydropower Project: Located in Himachal Pradesh’s Mandi district and uses Uhl River’s
power to generate 110 MW of electricity.
y History: Built by Britishers and the project was leased to the Punjab Government for 99 years
by the then-ruler of Mandi state, Raja Joginder Singh Bahadur.
y Other important usages: Act as a reservoir and provide irrigation and drinking water for nearby
areas.
8 Polity and Governance

Why in News:
y As the lease agreement is set to expire in March 2024, both Himachal Pradesh and Punjab are
seeking control over the project.
y Himachal Pradesh’s Chief Minister has announced plans not to renew the lease and seeks to
take over the project, while Punjab might go to courts.
Judiciary
Forum Shopping in Judicial System

About Forum Shopping:
y It is a deliberate attempt by petitioners or lawyers to relocate their case to a specific judge or
Court where they believe the judgment may be more favorable.
y It is also known as ‘Bench hunting’.
How it can affect the Judicial System:

y It may result in unfairness for the opposing side and unbalance the burden of several courts.
y The natural justice concept, which mandates that everyone receive a fair hearing before an
impartial judge, may be compromised.
Why in news?
y Recently, CJI Chandrachud condemned forum shopping done by litigants.
Supreme Court Judgement Related to Jallikattu
What is Jallikattu?
y Jallikattu is a traditional sport beloved in Tamil Nadu.
y In this sport, a wild bull is released into a crowd, with participants attempting to control or ride
the animal. This event takes place in January during Pongal.
Timeline of Events:
y 2014: The Supreme Court banned Jallikattu through a judgment in the Animal Welfare Board of
India vs A. Nagaraja case on the grounds of cruelty to animals.
y 2023: The court upheld the validity of the amendments passed by Tamil Nadu and other states
for their respective traditional sports. The court said the Amendments “substantially reduced
pain and cruelty” to the participating animals.
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960:
y This Act aims to “prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals”.
y The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) was established in 1962 under Section 4 of the Act.
y This Act provides punishment for causing unnecessary cruelty and suffering to animals.

Sedition Law with Amendments
What is Sedition?
y Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code defines sedition as an offense committed when “any
person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise,
brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection
towards the government established by law in India”.
22nd Law Commission views on Sedition Law (Art 124 A, IPC):

y A reasonable constraint on the right to free expression is the sedition legislation.
y The security and integrity of the nation may suffer significantly if the legislative requirement is
repealed.
y The simple fact that a certain legal requirement has colonial roots does not make the case for
its repeal.
y States like the US, UK, and others have combined their anti-sedition laws with anti-terrorism
laws.
Recommendations:
y Need to introduce a procedural safeguard requiring an initial investigation by a police officer of
Inspector rank before filing an FIR for sedition.
y More specification is needed in the definition as it penalizes individuals “with a tendency to
incite violence or cause public disorder.”
y The report suggests increasing the maximum sentence for sedition to seven years in prison or
life in prison, which is 3 to 5 years at present.
Why in news?
y 22nd Law Commission has recommended that colonial law on sedition in India should be
retained.

Note: Please refer to the May 2022 Articulate for a detailed analysis on Sedition law.
Governance
National e-Vidhan Application: An online platform for citizens and legislators to access
legislative work and data
y About: It is a single digital platform for Indian legislative bodies of all Indian states and the
Parliament, providing access to proceedings, questions, committee reports, etc.
y It is a workflow system deployed on the NIC Cloud, MeghRaj.
y mNeVA: User-friendly Mobile App of NeVA which is available on Android as well as on iOS.
y Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (MPA).
y March 2023: Nagaland became the first state to implement NeVA.
y Challenges:
Access related to reliable internet and electricity.
Lack of training and concerns over security.
y Dec 2022: The Government of Dubai became the world’s first government to go 100 percent
paperless.
Census in India
Note: Please refer to January 2023 Articulate for detailed information on the Census and its history.
Changes in the new Census:

y Religion: The specific religious codes that were created using information gathered during the
2011 Census—such as those for Sarnaism, the Lingayat religion, etc. are abandoned.
y Other religions may be listed by respondents, but no specific code will be given.
y New questions: New questions about people’s consumption of packaged food or bottled water

and the causes of their movement, such as natural disasters, will be made during the census.
y Digital Census: The next Census will be the first to be conducted digitally, allowing participants
to complete the form at home.
y Code Directory: For the first time, a code directory has been created for use by respondents
during the second phase of Census 2021.
⚪ It contains potential answers and their corresponding codes for questions requiring
descriptive and non-numeric data.
⚪ It will speed up data processing and lessen bias and mistakes in the descriptive answers.
Why in News?
y The Census 2021 form in India will only include six religion options: Hindu, Muslim, Christian,
Buddhist, Sikh, and Jain.
Rights Issues
Accreditation of National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

y 1993: The NHRC of India was established as a statutory body under the Protection of Human
Rights Act (PHRA) following the Paris Principles.
y 2006 and 2019: It has been amended twice to strengthen the NHRC.
y Composition: The NHRC consists of:
⚪ A chairperson, who has been a Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court.
⚪ Former judges, individuals with experience in human rights.
⚪ Ex officio members from various commissions (NCSC, NCST, NCBC, NCW, etc).
Challenges:
y The NHRC has been criticized for its inability to give actual relief to victims.
y The NHRC cannot investigate complaints registered after one year of the incident.
y Inadequate funding affects the operation of the NHRC.
y The NHRC can only make recommendations and lacks the power to enforce decisions.
y The NHRC has limited powers regarding human rights violations by the armed forces.
y The NHRC is often viewed as a post-retirement destination for judges and bureaucrats.
Recommendations for Improvement:

y Enhancing the NHRC’s capacity to investigate.
y Involving members from civil societies and activists.
y Adequate funding.
y Making the implementation of NHRC’s recommendations mandatory.
Why in News:
y The UN-recognised Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) deferred the
accreditation of NHRC in India.

y The Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions represents 110 human rights bodies
across the world.
y The accreditation status it gives is based on the United Nations’ Paris Principles, which was
adopted in 1993.
Right to Change One’s Name
Why in news:
y Recently, the Allahabad and Delhi High Courts in India highlighted that changing one’s name is
an important aspect of the right to life, as stated in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
Key Points:
y According to the Allahabad High Court, every Indian citizen has the basic right to keep or
change their name as they wish.
y The courts noted that if the authorities refuse requests to change names, it goes against the
basic rights of the person as per Articles 19(1)(a), 21, and 14 of the Constitution.
y The Delhi High Court also emphasized that the right to personal identity is a vital part of the
right to life as per Article 21.
y Both these cases underline the importance of personal identity. They acknowledge that each
person has the right to a name that represents their dignity and safeguards them from any
social prejudice
y Exceptions:
⚪ It’s essential to note that while the right to change one’s name is a basic right, it’s not an
absolute right.
⚪ There can be some reasonable limitations to it.
⚪ The Allahabad High Court explained that any such restrictions need to be fair and justifiable.
Global Slavery Index, 2023
Modern Slavery:
y It alludes to exploitation scenarios in which a victim is unable to refuse or leave because of
compulsion, assault, threats, or deception.
y It appears as commercial sexual exploitation, forced employment, child labour, forced marriage,
debt servitude, human trafficking, etc.
Why in news?
y The Walk Free Foundation’s Global Slavery Index 2023 estimates that 50 million people are
subject to modern slavery, a 25% increase over the previous five years.
MCQs and Probable Mains Questions

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Sedition Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code in
India:
1. Sedition has not been defined in Indian Penal Code.

2. A person charged under this law is barred from a government job.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (b)
Q. Consider the following statements regarding the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC):
1. NHRC investigates grievances regarding the violation of human rights either suo moto or
after receiving a petition.
2. It can visit any jail or any other institution under the control of the State Government to see
the living conditions of the inmates and to make recommendations thereon.
3. NHRC undertakes and promotes research in the field of human rights.
How many of the above given statements are/are correct?
(a) One only
(b) Two only
(c) All three
(d) None
Answer: (c)
Q. The Global Slavery Index is released by which of the following organizations?

(a) Amnesty International
(b) The Economist
(c) Rights group Walk Free Foundation
(d) UNICEF
Answer: (c)
Q. What are some of the issues prevailing in our judicial system such as ‘bench-hunting’ and
public litigation activism? Elaborate with examples.
Q. What are the objectives of conducting a census and how does it aid government in implementing
various policies for the socio-economic development?

ECONOMY IN NEWS: JUNE (2023)
MONEY, BANKING, FINANCE
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY, GDP, INFLATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
LEARN ECONOMY FROM THE BEST EDUCATORS

2 Economy
Money, Banking, Finance
Steps Taken by RBI for Urban Cooperatives
Measures Notified by RBI:
Measures Description
1. Branches y Up to 10% (a maximum of five branches) of the number of branches
from the prior year may be opened by UCBs.
2. Priority Sector y 31st March 2026: Two years extended deadline for achieving PSL
Lending (PSL) targets.
y March 31, 2023, to March 31, 2024: Extended deadline to reach the PSL
target of 60%.
3. Nodal officer in y Nodal Officer appointment in RBI for improved coordination and
RBI. targeted communication.
4. One-Time y UCBs can also do One-Time Settlements at par with commercial banks.
Settlement
Priority sector lending is mandated lending by RBI to those sectors of the economy which may
not otherwise receive timely and adequate credit.
Why in news?
y Recently, the RBI has notified measures for the government to strengthen urban cooperative
banks (UCBs).
RBI surplus payout to the government
18 Economy
RBI surplus Definition:
y It refers to the transfer of excess income over expenditure by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
y RBI transfers the surplus, in accordance with Section 47 (Allocation of Surplus Profits) of the
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
y RBI Act, 1934 does not specifically mention the minimum surplus transfer to the government.
It only mentions that after keeping the contingency amount, the rest needs to be transferred
to the government.
Source: CNBC
Why in news?
y The Reserve Bank of India tripled its payout to the Indian government, transferring ₹87,416
crores as surplus for 2022-23 ( three times the ₹30,307 crores of the previous fiscal year).
y Reasons for more income from RBI: Better returns on forex investments in US treasuries,
revaluation of forex assets, and Adjustments done in reserves as per the Bimal Jalan Committee
recommendations.
Bimal Jalan Committee: It was constituted in 2019 for considering guidelines for the transfer of
the central bank’s surplus funds to the government.
Lightweight Payment and Settlement System (LPSS)
Economy 19
Payment and Settlement Systems:
y Payment and Settlement Systems are systems that people use to transfer money from one
party to another. Example: NEFT, RTGS, UPI, etc.
y These payment systems require huge digital infrastructure and resources. In the event of
calamity, disaster, or war, they might become dysfunctional.
About LPSS:
y To deal with such an emergency situation when existing payment systems are not working, the
RBI has come up with LPSS.
y LPSS is not dependent on conventional technologies, or wired networks and can be used with
minimum resources.
Advantages:
y Ensures that the payment and settlement system will experience almost no downtime in an
emergency.
y Increases public trust in the infrastructure of the financial markets and digital payments.
Why in news?
y In its annual report for 2022–2023, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) advocated the introduction
of a “Lightweight” Payment and Settlement System (LPSS) for emergencies.
New Norms by RBI for Payment System Operators
What are Payment System Operators (PSOs)?

y PSOs are companies that aid electronic money transfers between buyers and sellers. Examples
include PayPal, RuPay, Visa, Mastercard, and Paytm.
What are the new guidelines?

y New guidelines propose that PSOs need to manage their inventory, use approved cybersecurity
measures, have crisis management plans, and follow Basel standards.
y They must report incidents like cyber-attacks or fraud to the RBI within six hours.
Applicability: These rules apply to all authorized non-bank PSOs, and their board must oversee
this information.
Significance: The guidelines aim to enhance cyber safety and secure digital payment systems.
Balance of Payments and International Trade
SEBI proposal for Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI)
What is FPI:
y FPI stands for those investors who hold a short-term view on the company, in contrast to
Economy 20
Foreign Direct Investors (FDI).
y Portfolio Investment by any single investor or investor group cannot exceed 10% of the equity
of an Indian company, beyond which it will be treated as FDI.
New Proposal of SEBI for FPI:

y FPIs are divided into low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk groups under the proposed
legislation.
y Governmental and government-affiliated organizations, such as central banks or sovereign
wealth funds, would fall under the low-risk category.
y Pension funds or publicly traded retail funds with a broad and dispersed investor base are
considered to be moderate risk.
y The classification of all other FPIs is high-risk.
Advantages of Risk categorisation:

y Market Stability: Such categorisation would aid in providing market stability and FPI would not
be able to quickly manipulate Indian markets and currency rates.
y Improved Investor Protection: Additional disclosures will ensure better protection for retail
investors.
y Enhanced Transparency: The measures will provide a deeper understanding of the ownership,
control, and economic interests of these FPIs.
y Plugging Regulatory Loopholes: The increased transparency and additional disclosure norms
will prevent possible misuse of the FPI route to bypass regulations.
y Timely Compliance: The new norms have to be complied with within 6 months. Non-compliance
would necessitate the FPI to reduce its Asset Under Management (AUM) below the threshold.
FPI regulation:
y FPIs are permitted to invest in Indian equities in accordance with SEBI regulations.
y The law controlling FPI in India is the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 (FEMA).
Why in news?
Additional disclosures from Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) have been proposed by the Securities
and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
World Bank Report on Remittances in India
What are Remittances?

y Remittances are funds transferred from migrants to their home country.
Key Points from the Report:

y The World Bank now predicts a slowdown in remittance growth for India in 2023 to just 0.2%.
y Reason for Slowdown in 2023: Slower growth in OECD and GCC economies.
Interesting fact:
y Maharashtra has emerged as the top recipient of remittances surpassing Kerala as per the
RBI.
Economy 21
Sectors of the Economy, GDP, Inflation
CACP Report on Price Policy for Kharif Crop 2023-24
Key Recommendations:
y Encourage the growth and consumption of nutri-cereals millet pulses and oilseeds.
y Encourage the planting of rice in suitable locations.
y Improve Access to Institutional Agricultural Credit.
y Include urea in the nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) regime.
y Increase Crop Insurance Coverage and Speed Up Farm Mechanisation.
Government announces MSP based on CACP recommendations for 22 mandated crops (14 from
Kharif season, 6 rabi crops and two other commercial crops):
y Cereals (7) - paddy, wheat, barley, jowar, bajra, maize, and ragi.
y Pulses (5) - gram, arhar/tur, moong, urad, and lentil.
y Oilseeds (8) - groundnut, rapeseed/mustard, toria, soyabean, sunflower seed, sesamum,
safflower seed, and nigerseed.
y Raw cotton
y Raw jute
y Copra
y De-husked coconut
y Virginia flue-cured (VFC) tobacco
About Commission for Agricultural Cost and Prices:

y 1965: It is a statutory body, founded as the Agricultural Prices Commission.
y 1985: It was renamed the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices.
y It comes under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
y Members: A Chairman, Member Secretary, one Member (Official), and two Members (Non-
Official), who are representatives of the farming community.
y Function: To recommend MSP to the Ministry, and encourage farmers to adopt the latest
technologies.
Calculation of MSP:
y The CACP calculates three types of costs — A2, A2+FL, and C2 — for each mandated crop
for different states.
Three Types of Cost of Production:

y A2 (lowest amongst the three): The actual paid-out cost incurred by a farmer. E.g. loan for
fertilizers, fuel, machinery, irrigation, etc., and cost of leasing land.
y A2+FL: The actual paid-out cost plus imputed value of family labour (estimated value of the
unpaid labor for harvesting crops like the contribution of family members).
y C2 (highest amongst the three): It is Comprehensive Cost which is the actual cost of
production. It takes into account rent and interest foregone on the land and machinery
owned by farmers further in addition to the A2+FL rate.
Although all three costs are calculated, The CACP eventually recommends and the government
announces MSP based on A2+FL.
Last year farmers participating in protests have been advocating for MSP calculations based on
the Swaminathan Commission’s ‘C2+50% formula, i.e. MSP = C2+ 50% of C2.
Economy 22
Why in news?
y CACP (Commission for Agriculture Cost and Prices) released a Report on Price Policy for Kharif
Crop 2023-24.
World’s Largest Grain Storage

y About the Plan: The Mega Food Storage Plan aims to increase foodgrain storage capacity
by 70 million tonnes in India’s cooperative sector, which would be the world’s largest in the
cooperative sector.
y Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Cooperation
y Key Features:
⚪ The plan converges eight ongoing schemes related with storage under various ministries.
⚪ An Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) will oversee its implementation.
⚪ Focus on strengthening cooperatives.
⚪ Establishing agri-infrastructure at Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) level.
⚪ Testing the plan through a pilot project in 10 selected districts.
Post-Harvest Losses of Crops

y Challenges of Grain Storage:
⚪ Lack of adequate warehouses and godowns at the farm level causes pests and insects to
harm grains.
⚪ lack of regular cleaning, pest control measures, and maintenance of the warehouse.
⚪ Lack of sophisticated storage technology, such as systems for controlling temperature and
moisture.
⚪ The building and storage infrastructure receives insufficient financial funding, which hinders
the development of storage facilities.
Economy 23
Way Forward:
y Implementing the plan through Public Private Partnerships or FPOs.
y Modernizing existing storage infrastructure.
y Prioritizing horticultural crops.
y Focusing on processing for perishables.
Why in news?
y Recently, the Union Cabinet approved the constitution of an Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC)
for the facilitation of the world’s largest grain storage plan in the cooperative sector.
Industrial Corridor in Andhra Pradesh
Industrial Corridor:
y An industrial corridor is a package of infrastructure spending allocated to a specific geographical
area, with the intent to stimulate industrial development.
About the Andhra Pradesh Corridor:

y Three industrial clusters (Rambilli and Nakkapalli industrial clusters, Chittoor–South industrial
cluster; Naidupeta industrial cluster) in Andhra Pradesh will receive a $141.12 million loan from
the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
y This funding is part of the $500 million multi-tranche finance facility (MFF) for the programme
that ADB authorized in 2016. It is the second tranche of that facility.
Economy 24
Industrial Corridors in India
Why in news?
y Asian Development Bank and India signed a $141.12 million loan for industrial corridor development
in Andhra Pradesh.
Economy 25
Infrastructure
UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) 5.1 Scheme
About UDAN Scheme:

y 2017: Launched this year as a flagship Regional Connectivity Scheme of the Ministry of Civil
Aviation (MoCA).
y Objectives:
to connect small and medium cities with big cities through air service.
to promote inclusive national economic development by building out the air transport
infrastructure
restoring existing airports and airstrips.
Why in news?
y The Ministry of Civil Aviation has launched UDAN 5.1 to further enhance the connectivity to
remote areas of the country and achieve last-mile connectivity through helicopters.
Key Features:
y The scheme now broadens the scope of operations for airlines. New areas could now be covered.
y Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for the operators has been increased substantially.
Viability Gap Funding is the grant provided to such projects that are economically feasible but
fall short of financing. The government fills the gap by funding it and hence it is named so.
Exploration of Coal and Lignite scheme
About scheme:
y Under the Ministry of Coal.
y This scheme has been launched for the exploration of Coal and Lignite in the country.
y Under this scheme, exploration for Coal and Lignite is conducted in two broad stages:
⚪ Promotional (Regional) Exploration: Approximately, 1300 sq. km area will be covered under
Regional exploration.
⚪ Detailed Exploration in Non-Coal India Limited blocks: Approximately 650 sq. km area will
be covered under Detailed exploration.
y Exploration costs are later recovered from the entity that has been allocated to the coal block.
Benefits:
y It would help in preparing detailed project reports to start coal mining.
y The Geological reports prepared through these explorations would be used for auctioning new
coal blocks.
Coal Type Description Location in India
Economy 26
Very limited reserves in India,
y Best type of coal due to its high carbon
Anthracite primarily found in the state of
content.
Jammu and Kashmir.
y It is a medium-rank coal with carbon
Major reserves are found in
content varying from 45%-86%.
Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh,
Bituminous y It’s used for power generation and
West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh,
industrial processes due to its high
Telangana, and Maharashtra.
heat output.
y This is a lower rank of coal with a
It’s not abundantly found in India
Sub- carbon content of about 35%-45%.
but some reserves exist in the
bituminous y It’s used primarily for electricity and
North-Eastern states.
heating purposes.
y Also known as brown coal, it is the
Primarily found in the Neyveli in
lowest grade of coal with high moisture
Lignite Tamil Nadu, and also in Gujarat,
and ash content and a lower carbon
Rajasthan, and Pondicherry.
content of about 25%-35%.
Why in news:
y Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the continuation of a central-sector
scheme for “Exploration of Coal and Lignite” till 2025-26.
Samarth Campaign
About Campaign:
y Ministry: The initiative is launched by the Ministry of Rural Development.
y Objective:
⚪ To boost the use of digital payment systems across 50,000 Gram Panchayats in the country,
especially among women.
⚪ Giving rural communities access to the advantages of digital transactions and participation
in the digital economy.
Economy 27
y It is being executed as part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav.
Why in news?
y To encourage digital transactions at the Gram Panchayat level, the SAMARTH campaign was
launched.
Initiative with similar name by other Ministry:

y SAMARTH Initiative of Ministry of MSME: It is a Special Entrepreneurship Promotion Drive for
Women -”SAMARTH” being implemented to provide them an opportunity to be self-reliant
and independent by undertaking self-employment opportunities.
y Another SAMARTH scheme was launched by the Ministry of MSME for the period of 2017-2020
for Capacity Building in the Textile Sector.
National Electricity Plan (NEP) 2022-32

y About NEP:
⚪ It is a guiding document for India’s power sector development.
⚪ It is formulated by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) every five years.
⚪ It assesses the demand for capacity addition.
⚪ It also coordinates planning agencies for optimal resource utilization.
y Features of New Draft:
⚪ Recognizes the need for additional coal-based capacity.
⚪ Significant investments in battery storage.
⚪ Projects increase in Plant Load Factor (capacity) of coal-fired plants.
⚪ Highlights challenges from increasing reliance on renewables.
y A plant load factor (PLF) is a measure of the average capacity utilization of a thermal power
unit.
y In the electricity industry, the load factor is a measure of the output of a power plant compared
to the maximum output it could produce.
Source: NEP
Economy 28
Related Challenges in the Implementation of NEP:
y Reliance on Old Plants: Concerns about grid stability and power interruptions due to outdated
technology in over 25-year-old coal-fired thermal power plants.
y Managing Renewables-Dominated Grid:
⚪ Lack of clarity on grid management with increased reliance on renewables.
⚪ Slow hydropower development.
⚪ Technology of solar generators leads to decreased grid stability.
y Inadequate Funding: Significant investments are required for battery storage to back up
renewable generation.
y Lack of Evaluation: Absence of assessment of thermal plants under solar generation scenarios.
Addressing the Challenges

y Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS): Lithium-ion-based BESS can balance the grid against
load fluctuations and intermittency in a generation; critical to invest in battery storage technology
and explore new solutions.
y Hybrid Generation Models: Increased use of hybrid models will aid the transition to renewable
energy while ensuring backup power when needed.
Why in news?
y Central Electricity Authority notifies the National Electricity Plan for the period of 2022-32.
The Draft Aircraft Bill, 2023
y Ministry: Civil Aviation Ministry.

y Aim: To replace the 1934 Aircraft Act with a simplified approach to aviation regulations.
Key Proposals:
y Creation of two regulatory bodies:
⚪ Bureau of Civil Aviation Security.
⚪ Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau.
y To implement Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) as per the Chicago Convention
on Civil Aviation.
Commission of Railway Safety
About:
y It is a Government body serving as Railway Safety Authority.
y Responsibilities: Safety of rail travel and operations, inspectorial, investigatory, and advisory
functions.
y Headquartered: Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
y Ministry: Under the administrative control of the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA).
y Reason to Keep away from Railway Ministry: To maintain independence from railway
establishment and prevent conflicts of interest.
Economy 29
Why in News:
y The Commission of Railway Safety for the south-eastern circle is conducting an investigation
into the recent tragic train accident in Odisha.
India’s Preparedness for Railway Accidents
Primary Reasons for Railway Accidents:

y Infrastructure Defects: Poor maintenance, aging, vandalism, sabotage, natural disasters, and
overcapacity can lead to defective railway infrastructure, increasing the risk of accidents.
y Human Errors: Errors due to fatigue, negligence, corruption, or disregard for safety rules by
railway staff can cause accidents.
y Signaling Failures: Failures in the signaling system due to technical glitches, power outages, or
human errors can result in accidents.
y Unmanned Level Crossings (UMLCs): These pose a high risk of accidents as vehicles or
pedestrians may not notice the approaching train or try to cross the track when the train is
near.
Efforts by Railways to Reduce Accidents:

y Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK): A safety fund for critical assets.
y Technological Upgradation: Introduction of Modified Centre Buffer Couplers, Bogie Mounted Air
Brake System (BMBS), Automatic fire & smoke detection system, KAVACH, and more.
y LHB Design Coaches: Introduction of lighter and safer coaches for Mail/Express trains.
y GPS-based Fog Pass Device: Device to help locomotive pilots navigate in foggy conditions.
Economy 30
y Modern Track Structure: Includes Prestressed Concrete Sleeper (PSC), higher Ultimate Tensile
Strength (UTS) rails, fan-shaped layout turnout on PSC sleepers, and Steel Channel Sleepers
on girder bridges.
y Ultrasonic Flaw Detection (USFD): Technique to detect and remove faulty rails.
y Mechanization of Track Maintenance: System to automate and optimize track maintenance.
y Interlocking System: System to control points and signals centrally.
y Elimination of Unmanned Level Crossings (UMLCs): Closed, merged, manned, or provided
subways/road under bridges/road over bridges.
Committee Recommendations:
y Kakodkar Committee (2012):
⚪ Creating a statutory Railway Safety Authority.
⚪ Setting up non-lapsable funds for safety works.
⚪ Adopting advanced technologies for track maintenance and inspection.
⚪ Improving human resource development.
⚪ Ensuring independent accident investigation.
y Bibek Debroy Committee (2014):
⚪ Separating the railway budget from the general budget.
⚪ Outsourcing non-core activities.
⚪ Creating a Railway Infrastructure Authority of India.
⚪ Creation of an independent controller, revamping the Group A rail line administrations, and
a change of profit strategy.
⚪ Merge the existing eight organized Group ‘A’ services into two services i.e. Technical and
Non-Technical.
y Vinod Rai Committee (2015):
⚪ Establishing an independent Railway Safety Authority with statutory.
⚪ Setting up a Railway Accident Investigation Board.
⚪ Creating a separate Railway Infrastructure Company.
⚪ Introducing a performance-linked incentive scheme for railway employees.
Way forward:
y Invest more in safety-related works.
y Train employees to minimize human errors and eliminate level crossing..
y Adopt advanced technologies.
y Introduce performance-linked incentives.
y Outsource non-core work and create a statutory railway safety authority.
y Conduct regular safety audits and enhance coordination.
y Need to establish a Confidential Incident Reporting and Analysis System (CIRAS).
Kerala Optical Fibre Network
About:
y KOFN is an optical fiber cable network spanning 30,000 km in Kerala.
y Aims to provide free Internet connections to 20 lakh below-poverty-line families.
y Panchayats and urban local bodies are responsible for choosing beneficiaries.
Economy 31
Why in News:
y The Kerala government recently launched the Kerala Fibre Optical Network (KFON).
Electronic Services Repair Outsourcing (ESRO) Project
About the scheme:

y With this programme, India aims to take 20% of the $100 billion global repair services market
in five years.
y Currently, India earns roughly $350 million from repair services.
y The e-waste policy in India will be changed to allow repair businesses to domestically recycle
5% of imported goods by weight on a trial basis.
⚪ The imported goods which have been repaired in India under this project cannot be sold
domestically.
y To enable their exportation to areas outside of their place of origin, new regulations will be
implemented.
Why in news?
y To make India a global repair hub, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology has
started a pilot programme for Electronics Repair Services Outsourcing (ERSO).
Economy 32
Mission on Advanced and High-Impact Research (MAHIR)
About MAHIR:
Ministry y Jointly launched by the Ministry of Power and the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy.
Objective y Encourage the creation, research, and demonstration of new
technologies in the power sector.
y Examples: Green Hydrogen, Solid State Refrigeration, NanoTech,
Carbon Storage, etc.
Need y The need to support domestic research and innovation in the power
sector.
y To achieve Net Zero emissions.
y Meet the rising demand for energy.
Duration y 2023-24 to 2027-28.
Financing y By the Ministry of Power, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, and
the Central Public Sector Enterprises under the two Ministries.
Why in News?
y Mission on Advanced and High-Impact Research (MAHIR) was launched to leverage Emerging
Technologies in the Power Sector.
CITIIS 2.0
y CITIIS 1.0 was launched in 2018 MoHUA, AFD, EU, and NIUA. It focused on Capacity development
activities in the state of Odisha.
Why In news?
y Cabinet approves City Investments to Innovate, Integrate and Sustain 2.0 (CITIIS 2.0) from
2023 to 2027.
Key points:
y This program, developed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), in collaboration
with the French Development Agency (AFD), Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), the European
Union (EU), and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA).
y Financial and Technical support to 18 Smart Cities.
Objective:
y To support projects that help the circular economy, and waste management at the municipal
level.
y It intends to develop institutions at the national level to spread information.
Economy 33
CITIIS 2.0 has three components :
y Financial and technical support for developing projects.
y Technical assistance and strategic support to State Governments.
y Interventions at all three levels; Centre, State, and City.
Dimensions Circular Economy Linear Economy
Concept Designs out waste ‘Take, make, dispose’ ideology
Resource Use Maximizes use Extracts and discards
Lifespan of Products Extended Short-term use
Waste Management Recycling and reusing Creates waste
Impact on Environment Regenerates natural systems Depletes resources
Economic Impact Sustainable growth May lead to resource scarcity
World Energy Investment Report (2023): International Energy Agency
About IEA:
y 1974: Established in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis under the aegis of the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
y HQ: Paris
y It focuses on energy policy, environmental preservation, and economic development.
y It ensures reliable, affordable, and clean energy for its member countries and beyond.
Why in news?
y The International Energy Agency has released the World Energy Investment Report 2023.
Key Findings of the Report:
Clean Energy Investment y Investments in clean energy have surpassed investments in

fossil fuels by 70%.
y The transition is being driven by electric vehicles (EVs) and
renewable energy, with $1.7 devoted to clean energy for every
$1 spent on fossil fuels.
Clean Energy Investment y Since 2021, advanced economies and China have accounted for
over 90% of the increase in renewable energy investment.
y India has made significant investments in solar energy.
Obstacles in making the y Increased interest rates, unclear policy frameworks, market
switch to green energy layouts, financially strapped utilities, and a high cost of capital.
Conclusion:
Investment in clean energy will help in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7) which
aims to ensure access to affordable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
Economy 34
Salt Cavern Based strategic petroleum reserves in Rajasthan
Salt Caverns Rock Caverns

Salt caverns are underground
structures in salt deposits that are
Rock caverns are carved out of solid
developed by solution mining, where
Definition rock, often through drilling and
water is injected to dissolve the salt,
blasting.
then extracted.
Nuclear waste, natural gas,

Storage Type Gases, oil, waste
petroleum
Cost-effective, large capacity, high- Durable, versatile, good for long-
Advantages pressure storage, rapid injection/ term storage, and lower risk of
withdrawal, self-sealing properties. leakage.
High initial costs, slower injection/
Limited locations, environmental
Disadvantages withdrawal, and maintenance
risks, possible collapse or leakage.
required.
Salt quality, geological stability, Rock type, geological stability,
Key Considerations
proximity to infrastructure. proximity to infrastructure.
Why in news?
y To meet the government’s goal of expanding the nation’s strategic oil storage capacity, Engineers
India Ltd. (EIL) is researching the viability of building Salt Cavern-Based Strategic Oil Reserves
in Rajasthan.
Economy 35
Human Resource Development
Policy on Rare Disease
Why in News:
y Recently, the Delhi High Court established a five-member National Rare Diseases Committee
for carrying out National Rare Disease Policy, 2021.
Note: Please refer to the Articulate December 2022 for detailed information on this topic.
Diet and Biomarkers Survey in India (DABS-I)
About Anaemia:
y As per WHO, Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the haemoglobin
concentration is lower than normal.
y However, India has decided to take a new definition of Anaemia.

y For creating a new definition, the government has designed the Diet and Biomarkers Survey
(DABS-I).
y This Survey is being conducted by the Health Ministry from 2022. This would give us a new
benchmark for Anaemia, Obesity etc.
y So far, the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 and NFHS-5 have followed the WHO definition
for Anaemia.
y However NFHS-6 does not have questions on Anaemia as the Diet and Biomarkers Survey will
now decide on the definition of Anaemia.
Causes of Anaemia: Vitamin Deficiency (vitamin B12, vitamin A), chronic inflammation, parasite
infections, hereditary disorders, and iron deficiency.
Prevention of Anaemia: Dietary supplementation of iron and vitamin, delayed cutting of umbilical
cord as it helps with iron-rich blood.
Economy 36
PYQ UPSC 2023:
Q. Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under
Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy:
1. It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for preschool children, adolescents and
pregnant women.
2. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of childbirth.
3. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents.
4. It addresses non-nutritional causes of Anaemia in endemic pockets with a special focus on
malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
Tubers-based Rainbow Diet program
About Rainbow Diet:

y A meal plan is called the “rainbow diet” because it consists of colorful fresh fruits and vegetables.
y These natural colors in such foods are brought on by particular plant-nutrients.
Tubers:
Economy 37
Biofortification:
y Biofortification is the process of improving the nutritional quality of food crops using the use of
biotechnology, crop breeding, and fertilization strategies.
Why in the news?

y The ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI) intends to expand its “rainbow diet”
programme based on tuber crops.
y The Program is aimed at popularizing biofortified tubers and value-added products made from
them among the tribal communities.
5th State Food Safety Index (SFSI) 2022-23
Key Points:
y The index is a benchmarking model that provides an objective framework for evaluating food
safety across all States/UTs.
y Developed by: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (a statutory body under the Ministry
of Health & Family Welfare).
y Top performers are Kerala (large states), Goa (small states), J&K (UTs).
Why in News:
y Recently, the 5th State Food Safety Index (SFSI) was released on World Food Safety Day i.e. 7th
June.
World Health Statistics 2023
About WHS:
y WHO’s annual World Health Statistics reports present the most recent health statistics for the
WHO Member States.
Key Points of the 2023 Report:

y The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 20 million deaths, disproportionately affecting the
population aged 45 years and above.
y The WHO report calls for substantial investments in health systems to reduce the burden of
Non-Communicable diseases.
Why in News:
y Recently, the WHO released its World Health Statistics 2023 report.

Q. With reference to ‘Urban cooperative Bank’ in India, consider the following statement:
1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the state Governments.
2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares.
3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation act,1949 through an
Economy 38
amendment in 1966.
How many of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) One only
(b) Two only
(c) All three
(d) None.
Answer: (b)
Q. Consider the following statements regarding Foreign Remittances:

1. A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home
country.
2. It competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing
countries.
3. Private Remittances are calculated under the Current Account of Balance of Payment.
How many of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) One only
(b) Two only
(c) All three
(d) None.
Answer: (c)
Q. Which of the following are the objectives of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
(CACP)?
1. To stabilize agricultural prices.
2. To ensure a meaningful real income level to the farmers.
3. To protect the interest of the consumers by providing essential agricultural
commodities at reasonable rates through a public distribution system.
4. To ensure maximum price for the farmers.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 3 and 4 only
Answer: (b)
Q. Which among the following is not a method of Biofortification?

(a) Agronomic Biofortification
(b) Genetic Biofortification
(c) Nutrient Supplementation
(d) Industrial Biofortification
Answer: (d)
Q. Consider the following statements with reference to the International Energy Association(IEA):
1. Its focus includes both renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
2. India is founding member of the IEA.
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
Economy 39
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (c)
Q. In the light of the Balasore tragedy, what comprehensive measures can be taken to ensure
Railway safety in India?
Q. What strategies and steps have been taken in India to ensure ‘Anemia-Mukt Bharat’? Discuss
their success and limitations.
Q. India has one of the highest amounts of post-harvest losses in the world. In light of this
statement, discuss the new initiatives that the government has taken to address agri-storage
issues.
June 26 and July 17
Economy 40
IR IN NEWS: JUNE (2023)
INDIA AND WORLD
GLOBAL ISSUES
DEFENSE AND INTERNAL SECURITY
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, CONFERENCES, AGREEMENTS
LEARN IR FROM THE BEST EDUCATORS

3 IR and Defence
India and World
Samosa Caucus
About Samosa Caucus:

y Indian-origin Americans in the US Congress are collectively referred to as the “Samosa Caucus”
informally.
Why in news?
y PM Modi talked about the Samosa Caucus referring to Kamala Harris, the Vice-President of the
USA.
3rd Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)
Source: Wikipedia
About FIPIC:
y 2014: It was established as a multinational grouping developed for trade cooperation between
India and 14 Pacific Islands nations which include Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
42 IR and Defence
Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu,
and Vanuatu.
y 2023: 3rd Summit was held in Papua New Guinea.
Why in News:
y Recently, PM Modi visited Papua New Guinea to participate in the 3rd Summit of FIPIC.
Malaiyaha Tamils of Sri Lanka
About Malaiyaha Community:

y Around 10 lakh Malaiyaha Tamils live in Sri Lanka. They primarily work on tea and rubber farms
and are an important source of revenue for Sri Lanka in terms of foreign exchange.
Why in news?
y This year marks the 200th year since Malaiyaha arrived in Sri Lanka from Southern India.
Migration Mobility Pact
IR and Defence 43
Why in news?
y India and Australia have signed a Migration Mobility Pact to promote well-regulated movement.
About the Pact:

y Objective: To encourage a two-way exchange of students, graduates, researchers, and
businesspeople as well as to strengthen people-to-people connections.
y Their mobility will be facilitated through a new skilled pathway named MATES (Mobility
Arrangement for Talented Early Professionals Scheme) specifically created for India.
Nepal PM Visit to India
Introduction:
y The history of the relationship between India and Nepal dates back to the reigns of Gautama
Buddha and the Sakya clan.
y 750- 1750 AD: This period saw a shift from Buddhism to Hinduism in Nepal and witnessed
widespread cultural diffusion.
y 1920s: Many educated Nepalese citizens traveled to India in the 1920s to take part in the
growing Indian liberation struggle.
y 17 June 1947: The two countries established diplomatic relations.
y The foundation of the unique ties that exist between India and Nepal is the India-Nepal Treaty
of Peace and Friendship of 1950.
Major Highlights of Recent Agreements

y Power Sector Cooperation: Power Trade Agreement with a target of importing 10,000 MW
from Nepal; MOUs for development of Phukot Karnali and Lower Arun Hydroelectric Projects;
commitment to Pancheshwar multipurpose project.
y Transport Development: Initiatives for Gorakhpur-Bhutwal Transmission Line and Indian Railway
cargo train; inauguration of Integrated Checkposts (ICPs) for cross-border trade.
y Other Initiatives: Plan to extend cross-border petroleum pipeline; revised Treaty of Transit
giving Nepal access to India’s inland waterways; setting up a fertilizer plant.
Other Areas of Cooperation Between India and Nepal:

y Defense Cooperation: Assistance in modernizing Nepal Army; conducting ‘Surya Kiran’ joint
military exercises; around 32,000 Gurkha Soldiers from Nepal serving in the Indian Army.
y Economic Cooperation: India is Nepal’s largest trading partner and investor.
y Cultural Cooperation: Shared Hindu and Buddhist ties; establishment of the Swami Vivekananda
Centre and Nepal-Bharat Library.
y Humanitarian Assistance: India provided substantial aid to Nepal post the 2015 earthquake.
Recent Major Issues Related to India-Nepal Relations:

y Boundary Dispute: Ongoing dispute involving Kalapani-Limpiyadhura-Lipulekh and Susta area.
y China’s Rising Influence: Growing economic ties between Nepal and China through Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI) projects.
y Revision of 1950 Treaty: The 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship is viewed as a sign of an
unequal relationship and an Indian imposition.
IR and Defence 44
y Demonetisation Issue: India’s refusal to accept demonetised notes with the Nepal Rastra Bank
and the unknown has created a bad image of India.
y Agniveer Scheme: Nepalese-domiciled Gorkhas have not been recruited in the Indian Army ever
since 2022. The Nepalese government has not agreed to the Agniveer scheme and wants the
old process of recruitment for its citizens.
Way Forward:
y Strengthening Digital Connectivity: Supporting the development of Nepal’s digital infrastructure;
promoting e-governance initiatives.
y Strategic Partnerships: Seeking strategic partnerships on regional and global platforms;
organizing joint cultural events, film festivals, and wellness retreats.
In order to resolve boundary disputes between India and Nepal, formal methods that are modeled
after successful solutions in other regions are needed. Given Nepal’s fragmented government and
shifting demographics, interpersonal contacts and contemporary discourse are essential.
Why in news?
y Pushpa Kamal Dahal, PM of Nepal visited India and signed multiple agreements to strengthen
the cooperation between the two countries.
Global Issues
EU Commission proposes a common Ethics Body
Ethical Commission for EU:

y This will be for the first time that there will be unified norms for institutions and politicians’
moral behaviour.
y Major task for the new body:
⚪ Promote a common ethics culture.
⚪ The body would also set transparency rules for meetings and activities of EU officials.
y Criticism: The EU lawmakers criticized the proposed Ethics Body for lacking investigative
powers.
Why in news?
y The executive branch of the European Union (EU) suggested setting up an ethical commission
to establish uniform standards of behaviour for institutions.
US rejoins the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
IR and Defence 45
Timeline of the US relationship with UNESCO
y 1946: The United States joined UNESCO at its establishment.
y 1984: The U.S. withdrew from UNESCO, citing concerns over the organization’s financial
management, and perceived pro-Soviet bias.
y 2003: The United States rejoined UNESCO, believing it had made the necessary reforms.
y 2011: The U.S. stopped funding UNESCO after it admitted Palestine as a member but did not
leave it.
y 2018: The U.S. formally left UNESCO in the Trump regime, citing the need for fundamental
reforms and a continuing anti-Israel bias.
y 2023: USA rejoins the UNESCO.
Impact of this move:

y Effective Global Cooperation: The resources, knowledge, and clout of the USA can help advance
international cooperation and influence global agendas.
y Countering China: China’s growing power within the organisation can be counterbalanced by
the United States.
y Climate Change and Sustainable Development: The U.S.’s return to these programmes might
strengthen international efforts to slow global warming, preserve biodiversity, and promote
sustainable lifestyles.
y Financial Ease: The United States will contribute the equivalent of 22% of UNESCO’s regular
budget, which will help UNESCO in its initiatives.
Why US rejoins UNESCO:

y The United States is worried about China’s growing influence.
y The US intends to counter China in these crucial domains by re-joining UNESCO.
PYQ Mains 2019:

‘Too little cash, too much politics, leave UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the
light of US withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’
About UNESCO- Specialized agency of the United Nations:

y Founded: 1945
y HQ: Paris
y Objective: Promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education,
arts, sciences, and culture.
Why in News?
The United States has decided to rejoin UNESCO and pay more than $600 million in past dues.
Hiroshima AI Process (HAP)
About HAP:
y It is an effort by the G7 bloc to determine a way forward to regulate artificial intelligence (AI).
y It emphasizes the benefits and problems related to generative AI (GAI).
IR and Defence 46
Generative AI, or generative artificial intelligence, is a form of machine learning that is able to
produce text, video, images, and other types of content. Example: ChatGPT, Midjourney etc.
y The HAP will work with international organizations including the Global Partnership on AI (GPAI)
and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
y Objective: To manage AI in a way that respects democratic principles ensures justice and
accountability, and places a high priority on the security of AI systems.
Global Partnership on AI (GPAI):

y Launched in 2020.
y Secretariat: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
y It is an international initiative established to guide the responsible development and use of
artificial intelligence (AI) in a manner that respects human rights and shared democratic values.
y Objective: GPAI seeks to bridge the gap between theory and practice by supporting research
and applied activities in areas that are directly relevant to policymakers in the realm of AI.
y At present, it has 29 members, including India (one among 15 founding members).
Why in news?
y The Hiroshima AI Process (HAP), was launched at the annual G7 Summit held in Hiroshima.
World Health Assembly (WHA)
About WHO (UN agency)

y Founded in 1948, promoting health worldwide.
y Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.
y Connecting nations for global health and serving vulnerable populations for better health.
About World Health Assembly:

y The World Health Assembly (WHA) is the forum through which the World Health Organization
(WHO) is governed.
y It is the world’s highest health policy-setting body and is composed of health ministers from
member states.
Functions:
y To determine, supervise and review policies of the Organization.
y Elect its Director-General (every fifth year).
2023 Assembly Highlights:

y 2023 Theme: “WHO at 75: Saving lives, driving health for all.”
y Indigenous Health: Draft resolution accepted for developing a Global Plan of Action for the
Health of Indigenous People.
y Global Alliance for Drowning Prevention: Established at the 76th WHA conference, with an aim
to address the issue of drowning-related public health concerns globally by 2029.
IR and Defence 47
y Draft resolution on chemicals, waste, and pollution impact accepted: It encourages regulatory
frameworks, biomonitoring, and risk identification for harmful chemicals.
Why in news?
y The Seventy-sixth World Health Assembly is being held in Geneva, Switzerland.
y Taiwan was excluded from WHO annual assembly following Chinese opposition.
Country Partnership Strategy for India(CPS) by ADB: 2023-2027
About ADB:
Timeline 1966: Asian Development Bank (ADB) was established.
Headquarter Manila, Philippines.
Objective of ADB To achieve a prosperous Asia and the Pacific and eradicate extreme
poverty.
Members and y 68 members—of which 49 are from within Asia and the Pacific and
shareholding 19 outside.
y India is one of the founding members.
y Five largest shareholders are Japan and the United States (each with
15.6% of total shares), the People’s Republic of China (6.4%), India
(6.3%), and Australia (5.8%).
Why in news? y The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has unveiled its Country
Partnership Strategy to deepen its engagement with India.
IR and Defence 48
Important pillars of CPS (2023-27) for India:
75 Years of UN Peacekeeping Forces (UNPKF)
Why in news?
y The UNPKF commemorated its 75th anniversary of peacekeeping missions.
Note: Please refer to December 2022, Articulate for detailed coverage on the topic.
Iran-Afghanistan water conflict
IR and Defence 49
Key Points:
y Iran and Afghanistan are engaged in a dispute over the Helmand River water sharing.
y The river is vital for regional agriculture, livelihoods, and ecosystems.
y The Helmand River Treaty of 1973 aimed to regulate water allocation but was not ratified nor
fully implemented.
A new Treaty for Outer Space proposed by the UN
Outer Space:
y The area outside of a planet’s atmosphere is known as outer space. It starts for Earth at a
height of around 100 kilometers (62 miles).
y The Karman line is the boundary between our atmosphere and the universe.
Need for a new treaty for outer space:

y Space weaponization, a rise in satellite launches, active involvement of the business sector,
etc.
y Governments are in favour of using space resources since it has abundant deposits of valuable
metals (such as platinum, nickel, and cobalt) and asteroids.
y There isn’t yet a generally accepted international framework for the exploration, exploitation,
and use of space resources.
Existing Outer Space Treaties:
y The existing Outer Space Treaties were all established under the auspices of the United
Nations.
y The body responsible for the development and adoption of these treaties is the United
Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS).
y The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 : A legally binding treaty outlining the rules for how states may
explore and use space, including the moon and other celestial bodies.
y The Rescue Agreement of 1968 was an agreement on the rescue of astronauts, their return, and
the return of spacecraft.
y Liability Convention 1972: Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space
Objects. It was adopted by UNGA.
y The Registration Convention 1976: Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer
Space.
y The Moon Agreement 1979: Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and
Other Celestial Bodies.
Why in news?
A new treaty has been proposed by the UN as a means of maintaining peace and security and
preventing an arms race in space.
IR and Defence 50
Atlantic Declaration between US and UK
Why in News?
y The “Atlantic Declaration” was created by the US and the UK to combat Russia, China, and
economic instability.
About the declaration:
Objective y To build a resilient, diversified, and secure supply chain.

y To take advantage of technical advancements to promote community
upliftment, and generate employment.
Five key Pillars y Leadership in Critical and Emerging Technologies.
y Cooperation on Economic Security and Technology Protection.
y Partnering on an Inclusive and Responsible Digital Transformation.
y Building the Clean Energy Economy of the Future.
y Strengthening Alliance across Defense, Health Security, and Space.
IR and Defence 51
Defense and Internal Security
MH 60 R Helicopter
Source: Times of India
About MH60R:
y The MH60R is an all-weather, multi-mission helicopter from Lockheed Martin Corporation ( a
US-based firm).
y Significance: This versatile helicopter’s deployment on Indian Navy warships will bolster their
underwater threat response, maritime monitoring, and surveillance operations.
Why in News:
y Recently, the Indian Navy marked a milestone when an MH-60 ‘Romeo’ helicopter landed on
INS Vikrant.
Cross Service Posting
About Cross Service Posting:

y Under the proposed plan, senior officers with the positions of Brigadier, Major General, and
equivalent will be transferred to other services.
y Example: Air Force Officer being posted to Army or Navy.
Advantages:
y Integration of Services: This will be in line with efforts to integrate the Army, Navy, and Air
Force.
y Synergy Among Forces: It will help in achieving greater synergy among the three services.
y Theatre Commands: This integration is expected to create theatre commands.
IR and Defence 52
y A joint command is called a ‘theatre command’ in military parlance (of the army, air force,
and navy).
y A theatre command is an organizational structure designed to control all military assets in a
theatre of war to achieve military effects.
Why in news?
y Many senior officers are expected to be posted across services by the Indian Armed Forces.
MQ-9 Reaper Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
About MQ9- Reaper UAVs:

y The MQ-9B drone is a variation of the MQ-9 “Reaper” drone, which was used by the US in
Afghanistan.
y The MQ-9B Sea Guardian has been in use by the Indian Navy since 2020.
Features:
y 40-hour endurance in the sky.
y Operating height of more than 40,000 feet.
y Auto-landing and takeoff, detect and avoid, encrypted communication lines.
Why in news?
y India has recently approved the purchase of 31 MQ-9B armed drones from the US.
IR and Defence 53
Titan vessel: Submersible Vs Submarine
Submarine Submersible
Submarines have sufficient propulsion to A mother ship that can launch and recover the
depart and return to ports on their own. submersible is necessary because it has very
They can generate their own oxygen and might limited power reserves.
stay submerged for a few months at a time. Submersibles need oxygen supply in tanks.
IR and Defence 54
First ever Trilateral Maritime Partnership Exercise between India, France and UAE Navies
y Objective:
⚪ To strengthen trilateral collaboration between France, the UAE, and India.
⚪ To guarantee regional high seas navigation freedom and commerce safety.
⚪ To have policies in place to handle both conventional and unconventional hazards.
International Organizations, Conferences, Agreements
International Museum Day (IMD) & International Museum Expo 2023

y International Museum Day: ICOM General Assembly in Moscow, announced May 18 as
International Museum Day (IMD).
y 2023 IMD Theme: Museums, Sustainability and Well Being
y International Museum Expo 2023 was held in New Delhi.
IR and Defence 55
NATO Plus
What is NATO?
y Established: 1949
y HQ: Brussels, Belgium
y The North Atlantic Treaty, often known as the Washington Treaty, was signed and established
by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), a military alliance.
y Members: It has 31 member states, Finland is the latest member (2023) to join the NATO
alliance.
About NATO Plus:

y In order to strengthen international defence cooperation, NATO has formed a security agreement
called NATO Plus 5 with Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Israel, and South Korea.
y It seeks to enhance “global defence cooperation” and win the “strategic competition with China.
The benefits of joining NATO Plus for India:

y Access to seamless intelligence exchange between these nations.
y India would quickly have access to the most advanced military technology.
y It would further solidify India and the United States’ defence alliance.
Why in news?
y The Select Committee on the Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese
Communist Party recommends including India in NATO Plus.
G7 Summit in Hiroshima, Japan
About G7:
y 1975: It was founded as an intergovernmental organization.
y Members: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
y It does not have a permanent office.
y The summit is organized annually through a rotating presidency among member countries.
QUAD: The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD), commonly known as the Quad, is a strategic
security dialogue between Australia, India, Japan and the United States.
IR and Defence 56
Why in news?
y G7 countries asked major economies, including India, to reach the target of zero carbon
emissions.
About the Summit:

y It was the 49th G7 summit.
y In Hiroshima, Japan, the Indian Prime Minister unveiled a bust of Mahatma Gandhi.
y Alongside the G7 summit, there was also a Quad Leaders’ summit.
Climate Requirement of G7:

y 2025: The necessity for a global peak in emissions was emphasized by the G7.
y Fossil fuel: By 2025, the G7 intends to end subsidies for fossil fuels.
y Net-Zero Targets: The G7 affirms its determination to reach net-zero status by 2050.
Challenges:
y G7 countries have been insufficient in giving climate funding to underdeveloped countries.
y More public money was given to fossil fuels by G7 nations than was given to clean energy.

Q. India has ratified which of the following UN treaties, relating to the activities in outer space?
1. The Outer Space Treaty, 1967
2. The Liability Convention of 1972
3. The Moon Agreement of 1979
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
IR and Defence 57
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (b)
Q. Consider the following statements with reference to the QUAD grouping, as heard in new
recently:
1. The grouping was established in 2019.
2. The grouping has not held any formal summit since its formation.
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (d)
Q. The USA has recently proposed India to be a member of NATO-Plus. What are the potential
benefits and drawbacks of India joining the grouping?
Q. The relationship between India and Nepal is characterized by idealism instead of being
grounded in the reality of changing geopolitics. Discuss
IR and Defence 58
GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT IN NEWS: JUNE (2023)
ENERGY
WATER ISSUES
CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED ISSUES
FLORA/FAUNA
LEARN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT FROM THE BEST EDUCATORS

4 Geography and Environment
Energy
Decentralized renewable energy (DRE) technologies
डीआरई अपने इच्छित उपयोग के निकट उत्पादित होती है और अक्सर सौर फोटोवोल्टिक प्रौद्योगिकी, छत पर सौर पैनल, माइक्रो
या मिनी-ग्रिड और रिचार्जेबल बैटरी जैसे नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा स्रोतों का उपयोग करती है।
About DRE:
y DRE is a term for energy that is produced near its intended usage and often uses renewable
energy sources, like solar photovoltaic technology, rooftop solar panels, micro or mini-grids,
and rechargeable batteries.
y It aims to offer communities, especially those in rural and peri-urban areas, clean and
sustainable energy options.
y Applications: Higher capacity pump, Silk-reeling machine, Dryers, Cold storage, etc.
y Challenges: Significant up-front expenses (like purchase and installation), a lack of awareness
and expertise, inadequate legal and legislative frameworks, and technical and operational
problems.
Why in news?
y According to a recent study by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water and Villgro
Innovations Foundation, Decentralised renewable energy (DRE) technologies have a market
potential worth Rs 4 lakh crore in India.
60 Geography and Environment

IRENA’s Report on Low-Cost Finance for Energy Transition
About IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency):

y 2009: Formed as an intergovernmental organization by the UN.
y Headquarters: Abu Dhabi
y Objective: To focus solely on renewable energy, aiming to promote its sustainable use and
knowledge.
Key points from the Report:

y Renewable power generation technologies such as solar photovoltaic and onshore wind power
have proven mature and competitive.
y Other technologies like offshore wind, hydrogen electrolysers, energy storage, and heat pumps
need quicker deployment and larger scales.
y The report advises on encouraging industry innovation, especially in early R&D of technologies,
business models, and system operation.
y It also recommends harnessing green hydrogen and Investing in energy transition technologies.
Ernst & Young (EY)’s Renewable Energy Attractive Index:

y India is ranked third in the 2021 Renewable Energy Attractive Index.
Li-ion battery recycling technology
What is Lithium-ion Battery:

y A lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is an advanced battery technology that uses lithium ions as a key
component of its electrochemistry.
y Li-ion batteries can use a number of different materials as electrodes. Such as lithium cobalt
oxide and graphite commonly found in cell phones and laptops.
y Other materials include lithium manganese oxide used in hybrid electric and electric automobiles.
y Usage and Application: Electronic gadgets, telecommunications, aerospace, and industrial

applications, and they’re the preferred power source for electric and hybrid vehicles.
y Drawbacks: Long charging times, safety concerns, high manufacturing costs, and insufficient
range for electric vehicles.

Dimethyl Ether (DME) fuelled Tractor
About DME:
y Dimethyl ether (DME) is an alternative fuel that burns cleanly and is renewable.
y It can be used for a variety of things, including transportation.
y Properties: colorless, non-toxic, highly flammable gas, can be handled as a liquid when lightly
pressurized.
y It can be produced directly from synthesis gas produced from natural gas, coal, or biomass.
Uses:
y It is widely utilised in the chemical industry as a fuel, solvent, and refrigerant (as an ozone-
friendly alternative to CFCs in aerosol propellant).
y DME can be transported and stored conveniently and shares many of the same characteristics
as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Why in news?
y IIT Kanpur researchers have created the country’s first tractor/vehicle that runs entirely on
Dimethyl Ether (DME).
Water Issues
Atal Bhu Jal Yojana
About the Scheme:
Year 2020 y Launched by the Ministry of Jal Shakti.

Funding y 50 % of the scheme is funded by the World Bank.
Type of Scheme y Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) is a central sector scheme for the
sustainable management of groundwater with community
participation.

Participation of Citizens y It calls for citizen participation through the creation of “Water
User Associations,” water budgeting.
Objective y To bring behavioral changes in communities and promote
demand-side interventions for water conservation and smart
water management.
y It places a focus on using efficient water practices and lowering
irrigation’s water demand.
Participating States y Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.
Why in News?
y The ABY scheme will continue for another two years beyond 2025, till 2027.
Climate Change Related Issues
Groundwater Extraction’s Effect on Earth’s Rotation
How does it happen?

y The Earth spins around its axis. The speed and stability of this spin depend on how mass)
is distributed on Earth. When groundwater is pumped up from the ground, it changes the
distribution of mass on our planet.
y After groundwater is extracted, it doesn’t stay in one place. It can evaporate, be consumed by
humans or animals, be used in agriculture, or flow to other parts of the world. This means the
weight is shifting around on the Earth’s surface.
y If weight is moved from the poles towards the equator (like when water is pumped up from
underground and then moves elsewhere), Earth’s rotation could slow down very slightly.
Impact:
y Sea level: In the given time period, groundwater pumping contributed to a 6.24 mm increase
in sea level.

y Polar Drift: Seasons are not likely to vary as a result of changes brought on by groundwater
pumping because the rotational pole often shifts by several meters in about a year. However,
polar drift can affect the climate on geologic time spans.
Key Findings:
y Tilting of Earth:
⚪ 1993–2010: Humans pumped out 2150 Giga tonnes of groundwater and the Earth tilted
eastward by almost 80 centimeters.
y Polar Drift: During the same time period, it has caused the Earth’s pole to shift at a pace of
4.36 centimeters East, each year.
Why in news?
y A recent study has claimed that Groundwater extraction has a major impact on the Earth’s
rotational axis.
Fish Kill in Texas
About Fish Kill Events:

y It is the sudden and unexpected death of many fish or other aquatic animals over a short period
and mostly within a particular area.
y It occurs mainly due to low levels of dissolved oxygen in the water.

Relation between Increased Temperature and Low Dissolved Oxygen
When water temperatures increase, it causes the gas and water molecules to gain more energy
which in turn breaks the weak molecular interactions between water and oxygen molecules,
causing the oxygen to escape.
Reasons for Low Dissolved Oxygen in Marine Areas:

y Warm Water: When sea surface temperatures rise, it becomes difficult for the fish to breathe
as oxygen dissolves easily in colder water in comparison to warmer water. This causes fish to
act more erratically, which in turn, further depletes the oxygen from the water.
y Calm Seas: By combining with the wind and waves, oxygen enters the water. The Texas Gulf
Coast has had unusually calm waves over the previous two weeks, which has led to a reduction
in dissolved oxygen levels.
y Overcast weather: In cloudy skies, phytoplankton were unable to carry out the process of
photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is driven to slow down on cloudy days, resulting in decreased
dissolved oxygen concentration.
Why in news?
y Due to the Fish Kill event, thousands of dead fish have been reported on the coast of Texas,
USA.
Global Greenhouse Gas Watch
World Meteorological Congress:

y The 19th session of the World Meteorological Congress took place in Geneva.
y WMC is the supreme decision-making body of the World Meteorological Organisation.
World Meteorological Organisation :

y 1950: Established by the ratification of the WMO Convention.
y Specialized agency of the United Nations.
y Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
About Global Greenhouse Gas Watch:

y It will establish globally coordinated monitoring of greenhouse gas fluxes.
y It will provide an operational foundation and close significant information gaps.
y All surface- and space-based observing equipment, as well as modeling and data assimilation
capabilities, will be housed under the framework.
Why in news?
y The World Meteorological Congress(WMC) approved the Global Greenhouse Gas Watch project.

Deep Ocean Currents in Antarctica
Source: ResearchGate
Thermohaline circulation describes the movement of ocean currents due to differences in

temperature and salinity in different regions of water. Temperature and salinity change the
density of water, resulting in the water moving accordingly.
What are overturning circulations?

y The global system of ocean currents that redistributes heat, carbon, and nutrients is known as
the overturning circulation.
y They are essential for maintaining oxygen levels, controlling ocean currents, and regulating
Earth’s temperature.
About the findings:

y The deep ocean currents (also known as “Overturning Circulations”) in Antarctica are slowing
down earlier than anticipated.
y These currents are essential for dispersing heat, carbon, and nutrients around the world.
y Deep ocean oxygen levels are dropping as overturning circulation has decreased by roughly a
third (30%).
y Although they were anticipated to occur by 2050, they have already started.
Reason for slowing of overturning circulation:

y The circulation pattern is disrupted and the sinking process is hampered by the freshening and
density reduction of the surface waters brought on by the melting Antarctic ice.

Effects of Slowing:
y It might result in lower oxygen levels in the deep ocean, which would impact marine life.
y Marine ecology is impacted since the Antarctic Ocean is responsible for around 75 percent of
the world’s phytoplankton output.
y Additionally, it can make global warming worse by decreasing the ocean’s ability to retain heat
and carbon dioxide.
y Due to warmer waters’ propensity for thermal expansion, it may contribute to sea level rise.
Why in news?
y According to the journal Nature Climate Change, the Deep Ocean currents are slowing down
earlier than predicted.
Flora/Fauna
Axolotls - Organ Regenerator animal
Source: WWF
What are Axolotls? y Type of Salamander.

y Lives their whole life underwater.
y Also known as sea dog as its face is similar to a dog.
Unique Abilities y Ability to regenerate lost body parts.

Location y Lake Xochimilco near Mexico City (UNESCO World Heritage site).
Threats y habitat loss, water pollution, and invasive species.
IUCN Status y Critically Endangered
Cheetah Project Steering Committee
About NTCA:
y 2005: It is a statutory body created by the MoEF&CC in accordance with the Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972’s enabling provisions.
y It was established in response to the Tiger Task Force’s proposal that Project Tiger and the
Indian Tiger Reserves be managed differently to enable tiger conservation.
y Chairman: MoEF&CC Minister.
y Vice Chairman: Minister of State in the MoEF&CC.
Why in news?
y The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) established a steering committee for the
Cheetah Project.
About Cheetah Project Steering Committee:

y It will review the results of the MP Forest Department’s and NTCA’s introduction of the cheetah.
y It will open ecotourism in the cheetah habitat.
y It will suggest a community interface for involvement in the project’s activities.
Q. Consider the following statements with respect to Atal Bhujal Yojana:

1. Both Urban Municipalites and Gram Panchyats are covered by the scheme.
2. The funding pattern is 50:50 between the Government of India and the World Bank.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (b)
Q. Consider the following statements about International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA):
1. It is a non-governmental organization that supports countries in their transition to a
sustainable energy future.
2. It is headquartered in Abu Dhabi.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (b)
Q. Which organization is responsible for the release of the Global Greenhouse Gas Watch report?
(a) The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
(b) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
(c) The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
(d) The World Health Organization (WHO)
Answer: (c) The World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
Q. Consider the following statements about ‘Axolotl’, an animal as seen in news:

1. The axolotl is a kind of salamander.
2. It has the ability to regenerate its spinal cord, heart, and limbs.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (c)
Q. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)’ is associated with which of the following?
(a) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
(b) European Space Agency (ESA)
(c) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
(d) NASA
Answer: (b)
Q. How is climate change impacting the movement of ocean currents? What potential impact
would it have on socio-economic conditions around the world?
Q. The over extraction of groundwater resources can present us with some unprecedented
challenges on both global and local level. Discuss

SCIENCE AND TECH IN NEWS: JUNE (2023)
SPACE TECHNOLOGY
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES
LEARN SCIENCE AND TECH FROM THE BEST EDUCATORS

5 Science and Tech
Space Technology
X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSAT)
About XPoSAT:
y It is an ISRO-planned space observatory to study the polarization of cosmic X-rays.
y Objective: To study the 50 brightest known sources in the universe, including pulsars, black
hole X-ray binaries, active galactic nuclei, and non-thermal supernova remnants.
y Orbit: The observatory will be placed in a low Earth orbit of 500–700 km.
y It is a joint effort of ISRO and the Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru, Karnataka.
y After NASA’s Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), which was launched in 2021, it is only
the second polarimetry mission in the world to use X-rays.
Why in news?
y The X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) is planned to be launched in 2023.
Science and Tech 71

Quasi- Moon
About Quasi Moon:

y An asteroid or space rock that orbits the sun in a similar time period to Earth but is only
marginally affected by Earth’s gravitational attraction is referred to as a quasi-moon.
y It appears to travel with Earth as it orbits the sun every year, but it is not a natural satellite like
the moon.
y Experts using Hawaii’s Haleakala volcano’s Pan-STARRS telescope were able to locate it.
About 2023 FW13 and why in news:

y It is one of the few satellites or quasi-moons in our solar system that we are aware of.
y It has been near Earth since 100 BC and will continue to circle it until AD 3700, which is at least
another 1,500 years.
Why in news?
y A recently discovered asteroid, named 2023 FW13, has been identified as a “quasi-moon” or
“quasi-satellite” of Earth.
Science and Tech 72

Artemis Accord
About the Accords:

y 2020: The United States State Department and NASA have established the Artemis Accords
with seven additional founding members: Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the
United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.
y It is a non-binding agreement.
Accord Objective:
y It seeks to establish common guidelines to govern peaceful civil exploration and use of space,
including the moon, Mars, comets, and asteroids.
Advantages of India Joining the Accord Challenges of India Joining the Accord
Specialized education, cutting-edge technology, Perception of siding with the U.S. against other
and scientific opportunities access. space-faring nations like China and Russia.
Boost to Chandrayaan-3 and similar lunar Unclear legal standing and implications of the
exploration objectives. Artemis Accords.
Conflicts with existing or future multilateral
Enhanced capacity for Gaganyaan human
space agreements such as the Outer Space
mission and future ambitious space projects.
Treaty.
Contribution to the Artemis programme through Concerns over unrestricted mining rights on the
mission efficiency and creativity. moon and other celestial bodies.
Science and Tech 73

Why in news?
y India has recently signed the US-led Artemis Accord.
Copernicus: European Union’s Earth Observation Program
Source: https://www.copernicus.eu/en/about-copernicus
About Copernicus:
y Copernicus is the European Union’s Earth observation program established in 2014.
y It was previously known as the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security program.
y Satellites: Copernicus uses a fleet of satellites, known as the Sentinel series.
y Data Usage:
⚪ One of the key principles of the Copernicus program is that the data it collects is freely
available to anyone.
Why In News:
y Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) has warned that temperatures in at least one of the
next four years would be higher than the pre-industrial era average by the 1.5 degree Celsius
threshold set in the Paris Agreement.
Artificial Intelligence
Challenges to Intellectual Property Rights in the Age of AI
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR:)

y Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are the rights given to persons over the creations of their
minds, allowing them an exclusive right over the use of their creations for a certain period.
Science and Tech 74

y These rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights, and in some
jurisdictions trade secrets.
India’s framework for Intellectual Property Rights:
y Patents: The Patents Act, 1970, as amended by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005, covers
the legal framework for patents in India.
y Copyrights: The Copyright Act, 1957, along with the Copyright Rules, 1958, govern copyright
protection in India.
y Trademarks: The Trade Marks Act, 1999, along with the Trade Marks Rules, 2002, provides the
statutory framework for trademarks.
y Designs: The Designs Act, 2000, and the Designs Rules, 2001, regulate industrial design rights.
y Geographical Indications: The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection)
Act, 1999, protects geographical indications in India.
Challenges of AI for IPR:

y Ownership Identification: Determining the rightful owner of IP produced by AI is challenging. If
an AI system creates a piece of work, the question is whether the creator of the AI, the user, or
the AI itself owns the IP.
y Lack of Legal Framework: Current IP laws are mainly designed for human creators. Adapting them
to cover AI-generated work requires a shift and could be challenging due to legal complexities.
y Infringement: AI systems can generate work that may infringe upon existing copyrights or
patents. Identifying these infringements and holding someone accountable is difficult.
y Distinguishing AI Creativity: It is difficult to distinguish between human-like creativity and AI
output.
y Global Inconsistencies: IP laws vary across countries. As AI technology continues to grow
globally, there’s a need for international consensus and harmony on AI-related IP rights.
y Ethical Concerns: AI might be used to copy or clone human creativity or inventiveness, posing
significant ethical and legal questions related to IP.
Why in News:
y Recently many experts have raised concerns about how AI can challenge IPR, copyright, and
privacy issues.
Abaucin: Antibiotic through AI using a machine-learning model
Science and Tech 75

What is Abaucin?
y Abaucin is a compound that has proven to be an efficient narrow-spectrum antibiotic.
y Abaucin was discovered with the assistance of AI using a machine-learning model approach.
About Acinetobacter Baumannii:

y The World Health Organisation (WHO) has classified Acinetobacter baumannii as a potentially
harmful bacterium that is antibiotic-resistant.
y It can result in deadly diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, and wound infections.
y It can survive on surfaces for long periods, making it difficult to eradicate.
y It was identified as a “red alert” human pathogen (extensive antibiotic resistance spectrum)
due to its amazing ability to build resistance to all currently available antibiotics.
Why in news?
y Scientists have used Artificial Intelligence to discover a potential new antibiotic called abaucin,
which targets the highly resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria.
Information Technology
Amrit Generation Campaign: Naye Bharat Ke Sapne
Science and Tech 76

Timeline Launched in 2023 by the Ministry of Women and Child Development and
Meta (Facebook).
Aim Empower and engage the youth of India.
Feature Invite young people aged 16-18 to express their aspirations for the future
by creating Reels on Instagram and Facebook.
DSCI’s Report on Challenges in Cybersecurity Skilling
Data Security Council of India (DSCI)

y 2008: It is a non-profit organization established by NASSCOM (National Association of Software
and Service Companies).
y Objective: To make cyberspace safer by implementing best practices and standards for
cybersecurity.
Key Points of the Report:

y The study aims to assess the demand for skilled cybersecurity professionals, and identify the
causes of the current skill shortage.
y The top three cyberattacks expected to increase substantially in the future:
Phishing, smishing, and vishing attacks.
Ransomware attacks.
Zero-day exploits.
y About 43% of corporations have a 21%-40% female representation in the cybersecurity workforce.
Recommendations:
y Regular risk assessments.
y Create industry-relevant skills training.
y Promoting inclusion of diverse groups.
y Leveraging CSR initiatives for sponsoring cybersecurity certification.
Attack Type Brief Description

y Phishing: Deception via email to steal sensitive data.
Phishing, Smishing, and y Smishing: SMS-based phishing scams.
Vishing Attacks y Vishing: Voice call scams tricking individuals into revealing
sensitive info.
y Blocks access to computer systems.
Ransomware Attacks y Encrypts victim’s files.
y Demands ransom for unlocking, usually in cryptocurrency.
y Exploits software vulnerabilities unknown to the vendor.
Zero-day Exploits
y Takes advantage of “zero days” for developers to fix.
Why in News:
y DSCI recently released a study called ‘Bridging the Gap: Identifying Challenges in Cybersecurity
Skilling and Bridging the Divide.’
Science and Tech 77

New Technologies
Lab Grown Diamonds
Lab-Grown Diamonds (LGD):

y These are diamonds created in a laboratory, and they share the same chemical composition
and physical and optical properties as natural diamonds.
y Usually, Graphite is used as the seed to create LGD.
Aspect Lab-Grown Diamonds Mined Diamonds

Created in a laboratory using high-
Formation Process Formed naturally over millions of years
pressure, high-temperature (HPHT),
beneath the Earth’s surface through
or chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
geological processes.
methods.
Environmental Generally considered more Mining can have a significant
Impact environmentally friendly as they environmental impact, including
require fewer resources and land habitat destruction and carbon
compared to mining. emissions.
Conflict-free and avoid supporting Possibility of supporting unethical
Ethical
unethical mining practices, such as practices such as child labor and
Considerations
human rights violations. environmental degradation.
Utility for India:

y LGD would not impact India’s established diamond industry because similar processes of
polishing and cutting are required for LGD as well.
Applications:
y LGDs are useful for many industrial purposes due to their hardness and strength. They’re
perfect for machines, tools, and cutters.
y Pure synthetic diamonds also play a role in electronics, where they’re used to dissipate heat in
high-power laser diodes, laser arrays, and transistors.
Environmental Impact:
y Producing LGDs is more environmentally friendly than mining natural diamonds.
y It takes almost ten times more energy to mine a natural diamond than to create a lab-grown
one.
Why in News:
y Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently gifted a 7.5-carat lab-grown diamond, also known
as green diamond to US First Lady Jill Biden on his visit to the USA.
Science and Tech 78

Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Plant in Visakhapatnam
Ordinary Magnets Rare earth permanent magnets
y Composed of Iron. y Made from rare earth alloys.

y Less powerful. y 2-7 times stronger than a standard magnet.
y Weaker magnetic output. y Strong magnetic output.
y Comparatively low coercive force. y Very high coercive force.
Advantages of Rare Earth Magnets over ordinary magnets:

y They have much stronger magnetic fields and are capable of producing higher-performance,
compact, and lightweight motors.
y High magnetic field strength and significant torque output are remarkable magnetic properties.
Applications of Rare Earth Magnets:

y Industries like electronics, vehicles, the military, and others use rare earth permanent magnets.
y They are also used in cutting-edge technology like directed energy systems and hypersonic
weapons.
Why in news?
y PM Modi has inaugurated a facility to produce rare earth permanent magnets in Visakhapatnam.
Nuclear Technologies
Small Modular Reactors in the Energy Transition
Science and Tech 79

Nuclear Energy:
y Nuclear energy is seen as a clean energy option to achieve decarbonisation goals.
y International Energy Agency Assessment : By 2050, the installed nuclear power capacity will
have increased from 413 GW to 871 GW.
y Innovation in nuclear reactor technology will be crucial for both the older Large Reactors (LRs)
and the more recent Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) concepts.
About Small Modular Reactors:
y Small modular reactors (SMRs) are a kind of nuclear fission reactor that
Definition are smaller than conventional nuclear reactors and may be produced in
one place, delivered to another location for functioning.
Capacity y 30 MWe to 300 MWe.
y This can be manufactured off-site. Unlike traditional nuclear reactors, this
can drastically reduce construction time.
y They have low running costs.
Advantages
y They have variable power generation, generating power depending upon
the demand.
y They are equipped with technology that can handle accidents on their own.
y The SMR industry has not yet established a completely functional fabrication
Challenges facility for the mass production of SMR components.
y Regulatory framework yet to be formed.
Why in news?
y A report titled “The Role of Small Modular Reactors in the Energy Transition” was released by
the NITI Aayog.
Science and Tech 80

Q. ‘Artemis Accords, recently seen in the news, is associated with which of the following
objectives?
(a) For Mars exploration
(b) For lunar exploration
(c) For collecting samples from asteroid Bennu
(d) For exploring sun’s corona
Answer: (b)
Q. Consider the following statements regarding the Amrit Generation campaign.

1. It has been launched by the Ministry of Education.
2. Participants of this campaign are required to submit innovative ideas for start-ups.
3. Winners will get monetary prizes under this campaign.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
Answer: (d)
Q. With reference to the Lab Grown Diamonds, consider the following statements:
1. These are diamonds which are grown inside a lab using cutting-edge technology.
2. These diamonds are chemically, physically, and optically different from natural diamonds.
3. These diamonds are used in computer chips and satellites.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (c)
Q. “Abaucin” as recently heard in news is associated with which of the following:

(a) Space exploration
(b) Political developments
(c) Sports events
(d) Healthcare advancements
Answer: (d)
Q. With reference to the Patent system in India, consider the following statements:
1. The term of every patent granted is 20 years from the date of filing of the application.
2. Indian Patent law gives worldwide protection to an invention of a product or process.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (a)
Science and Tech 81

Q. What are Small Modular Reactors? How can they aid India in meeting its targets for renewable energy?
Q. The arrival of next-generation technologies such as generative artificial intelligence pose

significant security risks. Elaborate.
Science and Tech 82

HISTORY IN NEWS: JUNE (2023)
PRADHANMANTRI SANGRAHALAYA
ROCK PAINTING OF THE MESOLITHIC PERIOD IN GUNTUR, ANDHRA
PURANA QILA DELHI
‘SENGOL’ SCEPTRE OF CHOLAS
THIS DAY IN HISTORY
LEARN HISTORY FROM THE BEST EDUCATORS

6 History and Culture
Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya
Objective:
y To preserve and reconstruct the history of the Indian independence movement.
Before After
y Nehru Memorial Museum and Library y Prime Ministers’ Museum and Library
(NMML). Society.
About Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML):

y 1964: Founded after the death of Jawahar Lal Nehru.
y Autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture.
Rock painting of the Mesolithic period in Guntur, Andhra
Why in News:
y Archaeologists have found a rock painting from the Mesolithic period in Guntur district, Andhra
Pradesh.
Key Points of Discovery:

y The rock art shows a person farming, which suggests that these people lived a semi-settled life
and grew their own food.
y Other images show a man catching a goat and two couples standing with a child.
y “Natural white kaolin and red ochre pigments” were used to create the paintings.
y Ochre is a pigment formed of clay, sand, and ferric oxide.
y Bhimbetka Rock Shelters of Madhya Pradesh are famous examples of similar Mesolithic paintings.
84 History and Culture

About the Mesolithic period:
y The Mesolithic period, or Middle Stone Age, came between the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
and the Neolithic (New Stone Age).
y The people during this time made small stone tools, called ‘microliths’, and other tools from
flakes and blades.
y They made important technological advances, like the bow and arrow for hunting and tools
for grinding plant foods.
y They also regularly used fire to cook food.
Purana Qila Delhi
Why in news?
A pre-Mauryan settlement’s remains have been found during recent excavations at Delhi’s Purana
Qila (Old Fort).
About Purana Qila:

y The oldest fort in Delhi, Purana Qila, is situated on the Yamuna River’s banks.
y It is thought that the Pandavas constructed it for their kingship, Indraprastha.
y 1533: Renovated by Humayun.
y 1540: The fort was taken over by Sher Shah Suri who gave it the name Shergarh.
Findings of the excavation belonging to different historical periods:

y Pre Mauryan Era Painted Grey Ware Pottery Shreds: These pottery fragments, which are
commonly dated to between 1200 BC and 600 BC, show that there were human settlements in
that period.
y Vaikuntha Vishnu Sculpture of Rajput Period: A 900-year-old sculpture of Vaikuntha Vishnu,
was discovered.
y Gupta Era Terracotta Plaque: With a picture of the goddess Gaja Lakshmi.
y Terracotta ring well: 2500 years old.
y Complex from the Sunga-Kushan Period: The excavation uncovered a clearly defined four-room
complex from around 2,300 years old.
y Copper artifacts including more than 136 coins, 35 seals, and sealings, among others, were
found, indicating the site’s importance as a hub for commercial activity.
Terracotta: The term Terracotta means coated or uncoated fired clay that is utilized for
architecture with its unglazed brownish-red color.

‘Sengol’ Sceptre of Cholas
About Sengol and its History:

y The term “Sengol” comes from the Tamil word “Semmai,” which means “Righteousness.”
y This scepter is made of precious metals and stones. It symbolizes authority.
y Emperors, mostly of the Chola Empire, used to carry the Sengol as a representation of their
power. It was also used during the transfer of powers between emperors.
y After Independence, Lord Mountbatten asked Jawaharlal Nehru how the transfer of power
should be symbolically conducted.
y Nehru consulted with C. Rajagopalachari, who is also known as Rajaji.
y Rajaji proposed the symbolic handing over of the Sengol.
Why in News:
y Recently, the Sengol scepter of Cholas was installed in the new Parliament by the Prime Minister.
Chola Dynasty:
y The Cholas (8th-12th century AD) is remembered as one of the longest-ruling dynasties in
the southern regions of India.
y Rajaraja I, Rajendra I, Rajadhiraja I, Rajendra II, and Virarajendra were some of the powerful
rulers of the Chola empire.
This Day in History
Date Event
y The Mountbatten Plan: British government proposes the partition of British
3rd June 1947 India, granting dominion status and autonomy to successor governments,
and allowing princely states to choose between India and Pakistan.
y World Environment Day: First celebrated in 1974, marking the anniversary
5th June of the first United Nations Conference on the Environment in 1972. Around
150 countries participate each year.

y Coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj as the king of the Maratha
6th June 1674
Empire at Raigad Fort.
y Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in Pune,

12th June 1905
Maharashtra, after disbanding the Deccan Education Society.
y Jalal-ud-din Khalji is crowned as the first Sultan of the Khalji dynasty,

13th June 1290
ruling the Delhi Sultanate from 1290 to 1320.
y All India Congress accepts the British plan for the partition of India,
15th June 1947
granting dominion status and autonomy to successor governments.
y Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev: Mughal Emperor Jahangir orders the death
16th June 1606
sentence of the fifth Sikh Guru Arjan Dev.
y International Yoga Day: Designated by the United Nations General Assembly

21st June
in 2014 to promote yoga’s physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

ETHICS AND ESSAY IN NEWS: JUNE (2023)
ESSAY
ETHICS
LEARN ETHICS AND ESSAY FROM THE BEST EDUCATORS

7 Ethics and Essay
Essay: Men Argue. Nature Acts
ESSAY: “Democracy Arose From Men’s Thinking That If They Are Equal In Any Respect They
Are Equal Absolutely.”
Section Description Examples

The phrase “Democracy arose from
men’s thinking that if they are equal in
any respect they are equal absolutely”
Introduction reflects the philosophy underlying the
concept of democracy. It showcases
the belief in absolute equality as a
foundation for democratic institutions.
The city-state of Athens, where all
The concept of democracy arose in
Historical eligible citizens were allowed to speak
Ancient Greece, from a belief in equal
Context and vote in the assembly, exemplifies
political rights for all citizens.
early democratic principles.
The philosophy of democracy is rooted Immanuel Kant argued in his moral
in equality. Many philosophers have philosophy that all individuals, by
Philosophical
argued that if humans are equal in one virtue of their ability to reason and
Basis
respect (e.g., rationality), they are equal make moral judgments, deserve equal
in all respects that matter morally. respect and dignity.
Universal suffrage is a hallmark
Democracy implies equal political rights
of democratic nations worldwide.
for all citizens, challenging hierarchical
Political Still, debates persist about equal
structures. Yet, the absolute equality
Dimension representation, evidenced by the
implied by this belief can be a topic of
ongoing discussions about voting
contentious debate.
rights in the United States.
The belief in absolute equality has The Civil Rights Movement in the
significant societal implications, United States, which fought for equal
Societal Impact
shaping social structures and promoting rights for all citizens regardless of
inclusivity. race, is a key example.
The debate around affirmative action
The ethical dimension of this belief is
policies worldwide showcases this
profound, challenging discrimination
Ethical tension: while designed to ensure
and promoting social justice. However,
Considerations equality, they are often seen as
the interpretation of ‘absolute equality’
contradicting the concept of absolute
is complex and often controversial.
equality.
Ethics and Essay 89

Democracy, rooted in the belief in
absolute equality, has shaped political,
The words of political philosopher
societal, and ethical norms worldwide.
John Rawls encapsulate this: “Justice
Conclusion However, it is crucial to remember that
is the first virtue of social institutions,
the interpretation and implementation
as truth is of systems of thought”.
of ‘absolute equality’ remain complex,
nuanced, and subject to debate.
Essay: The Abuse of Greatness is When it Disjoins Remorse From Power.

“The abuse of greatness is when
it disjoins remorse from power,”
emphasizes the responsibility that
comes with power. It reflects the
Introduction
critical need for those in power to
exercise their authority with empathy,
compassion, and a sense of remorse for
any harm caused.
Throughout history, there have been The dictatorial rule of leaders like
Historical instances where those in power have Hitler, Stalin, and Pol Pot is a stark
Context acted without remorse, leading to dire reminder of what can happen when
consequences. power is devoid of remorse.
Philosophically, power without remorse The philosophy of Immanuel Kant
is an example of moral bankruptcy. The suggests that those in power have
Philosophical
responsibility that accompanies power a moral duty to act in a way that
Perspective
should ideally cultivate a sense of moral respects the autonomy and dignity of
rectitude. all individuals.
In politics, power without remorse
North Korea’s regime under Kim Jong-
Political often leads to authoritarian regimes,
un exemplifies the repercussions of
Dimension repression, and violations of human
power devoid of remorse.
rights.
A society ruled by remorseless power is The apartheid regime in South Africa is
Societal Impact often characterized by fear, oppression, an example of a society where power
and a lack of individual freedoms. was exercised without remorse.
Ethically, power must always be The Geneva Conventions, which
balanced with a sense of responsibility outline humanitarian treatment in
Ethical
and remorse. Leaders are ethically war, exemplify the need for powerful
Considerations
obliged to make decisions that are fair entities to act with a sense of remorse
and just. and responsibility.
Ethics and Essay 90

Power, when disjoined from remorse,
can lead to grave abuses. Therefore, it
is essential for any society to ensure The saying by Lord Acton encapsulates
Conclusion that those in power remain accountable this: “Power tends to corrupt, and
for their actions, and they exercise their absolute power corrupts absolutely”.
authority with a strong sense of ethics
and responsibility.
Essay: “To Deny People Their Human Rights is to Challenge Their Very Humanity.”

The statement “To deny people their
human rights is to challenge their very
Introduction humanity,” emphasizes the importance
of human rights as a reflection of our
inherent human dignity.
The Holocaust during World War II

Throughout history, violations of
Historical and the Rwandan Genocide are grim
human rights have often led to societal
Context examples of mass human rights
instability and conflict.
violations.
Philosophically, human rights are seen Enlightenment philosopher John

as inalienable attributes tied to human Locke argued for natural rights (life,
Philosophical
dignity and respect. Denying them liberty, and property) as inherent to
Perspective
challenges the intrinsic worth of the individuals, irrespective of societal or
individual. governmental structures.
The political repression in China,

From a political perspective, particularly regarding the Uighur
P o l i t i c a l
denying human rights often leads to population and in Hong Kong, is a
Dimension
authoritarian regimes and oppression. current example of human rights
denial.
The civil unrest and protests spurred

Societies that fail to respect human by the Black Lives Matter movement
Societal Impact rights often face social unrest, divisions, in the United States highlight societal
and strife. reactions to perceived human rights
violations.
The Universal Declaration of Human

Ethically, the denial of human rights is
Rights, adopted by the United Nations,
E t h i c a l seen as a gross injustice. It confronts
represents a global ethical stance on
Considerations the core ethical principles of respect
the rights inherent to every human
for autonomy, dignity, and equality.
being.
Ethics and Essay 91

Denying people their human rights not
only breaches international law but
also challenges the very essence of
As stated by Nelson Mandela, “To
their humanity. It’s crucial for nations
Conclusion deny people their human rights is to
and societies worldwide to respect and
challenge their very humanity.”
uphold human rights, thereby affirming
and protecting the inherent dignity of
every human being.
Essay: It is Not Only What We Do, but Also What We Do Not Do, for Which We Are Accountable.

The phrase “It is not only what we do,
but also what we do not do, for which
Introduction we are accountable,” underscores the
responsibility attached to both our
actions and inactions.
There are numerous instances in history The international community’s initial
Historical
where inaction or ‘sins of omission’ inaction during the Rwandan Genocide
Context
have led to significant consequences. led to the loss of about 800,000 lives.
Philosophically, the concept of Utilitarianism, a theory posited by
accountability for both actions philosophers like John Stuart Mill,
Philosophical
and inactions aligns with various suggests that we are accountable for
Perspective
ethical theories, emphasizing moral the consequences of both our actions
responsibility. and inactions.
In the realm of politics, leaders are In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, U.S.
Political often held accountable not just for government officials were heavily
Dimension their decisions, but also for their failure criticized for their lack of timely and
to act. effective response.
Society holds individuals accountable In healthcare, for instance, medical
for both their actions and inactions, professionals can be held liable for
Societal Impact
particularly in professions where the harmful consequences of their
negligence can lead to harm. negligence or failure to act.
Ethically, the idea of being accountable The debate around the bystander
Ethical for inaction raises complex questions, effect, wherein individuals do not
Considerations such as when a person is morally offer help in emergency situations,
obliged to act. reflects these ethical complexities.
The phrase emphasizes the necessity
for conscious engagement and action As per Edmund Burke’s famous quote,
in all aspects of life. It reminds us that “The only thing necessary for the
Conclusion
our inactions, just like our actions, can triumph of evil is for good men to do
have significant consequences, for nothing.”
which we are equally accountable.
Ethics and Essay 92

Ethics:
Ethics: Role of Instinct in Decision Making
Introduction
y From a public administration perspective, instinct, or intuitive decision-making, can play a role
alongside rational analysis in policy-making and problem-solving.
Instinct in Policy Making

y Instinct can be useful in the initial stages of policy development, providing a starting point or a
broad direction based on a leader’s experiences and instincts.
y For example, a city mayor might instinctively understand the need for a new public park, based
on years of interaction with the community.
Instinct in Crisis Management

y In emergency or unexpected situations, administrators often have to rely on their instinct to
make quick, effective decisions.
y Example: State of emergency during a natural disaster.
Limitations of Instinct in Public Administration

y Public administration decisions often have wide-ranging implications and thus require careful
analysis and evidence-based decision-making.
y In situations requiring the allocation of public funds, relying solely on instinct could lead to
accusations of bias or favoritism.
Conclusion:
y Best practices in public administration involve balancing instinct with evidence-based decision-
making. Instincts can provide initial insights, but decisions should ultimately be grounded in
comprehensive data analysis.
Ethics: Conflict between Culture and Ethics
Introduction
y In the globalized world, a significant challenge arises from the conflict between cultural
practices and ethical standards, often leading to complex dilemmas.
Ethnocentrism and Ethical Judgment:

y Ethnocentrism, or evaluating other cultures through the lens of one’s own culture, can lead to
cultural misunderstandings and can hinder ethical judgment.
y For example, Western perspectives on individual rights might conflict with some Eastern
cultures.
Cultural Relativism vs. Universal Ethics:

y The debate between cultural relativism (the idea that ethical norms are culture-specific) and
Ethics and Essay 93

universal ethics (the idea that some ethical standards apply universally) represents this conflict.
y An example can be seen in the global discourse on human rights, where practices like female
genital mutilation are seen as human rights violations universally, but are still part of cultural
traditions in some societies.
Impact on Professional Ethics:

y Professionals working in multicultural environments can face ethical dilemmas when cultural
norms conflict with their professional ethics.
y A social worker, for instance, might face conflicts between respecting local customs and
advocating for individual rights and equality.
Navigating Cultural and Ethical Conflicts:

y Resolving these conflicts often requires cultural sensitivity, dialogue, and a willingness to
understand and respect cultural differences while upholding ethical standards.
y For example, healthcare providers often have to balance respecting cultural practices with
providing ethically sound medical care.
Conclusion:
y The conflict between culture and ethics is a complex issue in a globalized world. The key lies
in fostering intercultural dialogue, understanding, and respect while upholding universal ethical
norms that promote human dignity and equality.
Ethics: Reducing Gap between Public Policy and Public Opinion
Introduction
y In democratic societies, public opinion plays a pivotal role in shaping public policy. However,
a significant challenge is reducing the gap that often exists between these two elements to
ensure policy truly reflects the people’s will and interests.
Key Pointers
y Inclusive Policy Making: Engaging citizens in the policy-making process through consultations,
forums, and feedback mechanisms can bring policy closer to public opinion. For instance,
participatory budgeting initiatives involve citizens directly in decisions about public spending.
y Transparency: Transparency in the policy-making process helps the public understand how
decisions are made, which can align public opinion with policy decisions. This can be enhanced
through open government initiatives and legislation, such as the Right to Information Act in
India.
y Education and Information: Public understanding of policy issues can be increased through
education and information dissemination, reducing misconceptions and fostering informed
opinions.
y Effective Communication: Governments need to communicate policies effectively to the public
to ensure understanding and acceptance. This includes clearly outlining the rationale behind
policies and how they align with public interests.
y Feedback Mechanisms: Mechanisms to gauge public opinion, such as opinion polls and public
consultations, can ensure ongoing alignment between policy and public sentiment. These tools
Ethics and Essay 94

can help policymakers adjust policies in response to changing public opinion.
Conclusion
y Reducing the gap between public policy and public opinion is vital for effective governance
and democracy. It necessitates inclusivity, transparency, effective communication, and robust
feedback mechanisms. By ensuring public policy aligns with the will and needs of the people,
governments can foster public trust and engagement.
Ethics: Attribution Error in Behaviour
Introduction
y Attribution error, a key concept in social psychology, refers to the biases individuals have when
they try to determine the reasons for their own and other’s behaviors. This often leads to
misinterpretations and inaccurate judgments about people’s actions.
Key Pointers
y Fundamental Attribution Error: This is the tendency to overestimate the influence of personality
traits and underestimate the influence of situational factors when evaluating others’ behaviors.
For example, if a person sees someone behaving rudely, they might attribute it to the individual’s
personality, ignoring potential situational factors like the person having a bad day.
y Actor-Observer Bias: This is the tendency for people to attribute their own actions to situational
factors and others’ actions to their personalities. For instance, if someone fails a test, they might
blame it on the difficulty of the test (situational factor) but may attribute another student’s
failure to their lack of intelligence (personal factor).
y Self-Serving Bias: This refers to the tendency to attribute our successes to our own abilities and
efforts (internal factors) and our failures to external factors beyond our control. For example, if
a student performs well in an exam, they might attribute it to their hard work. However, if they
perform poorly, they might blame the teacher’s unfair marking.
Conclusion
y Attribution errors are common and can significantly impact how we interpret our own and
others’ behaviors. Awareness and understanding of these biases can help individuals make
more accurate assessments and judgments, promoting healthier interpersonal relations and
better decision-making.
Ethics: How to Reduce Regional Language Disparity in Central Exams
Introduction:
y India’s diversity in languages poses a challenge in the conduct of central exams, often leading to
language disparity. There is a need for measures to ensure equal opportunities for candidates,
irrespective of their mother tongue.
Key Pointers:
y Inclusion of Major Languages: Central exams could be conducted in a few major languages
Ethics and Essay 95

ensuring students can take the exam in their native language. This should be based on utilitarian
principles. However, this would be cost-consuming.
y Translation Accuracy: Ensuring the accuracy and quality of translations in question papers is
vital to avoid confusion or misinterpretation.
y Language Training: Offering language training or support to students from regions with less
common languages could help them compete effectively in central exams.
y Standardized Test Practices: Adopting standardized test practices that focus on the knowledge
and skills being tested, rather than language proficiency, could help reduce language disparity.
y Use of Technology: Technology, like AI-powered translation tools, could help in providing
accurate translations in various regional languages during exams.
y Language Neutral Materials: Providing study materials, textbooks, and resources in all regional
languages can help students prepare effectively for central exams.
Conclusion:
y The language disparity in central exams in India needs to be addressed to ensure equal
opportunities for all candidates. This necessitates inclusive policies, accurate translation,
language training, standardized test practices, the use of technology, and the provision of
language-neutral materials.
Ethics and Essay 96

CURRENT AFFAIRS IN NEWS: JUNE (2023)
PERSON IN NEWS
PLACES IN NEWS
LEARN CURRENT AFFAIRS FROM THE BEST EDUCATORS

8 PIN-GK
Person in News Brief Description

Elayaperumal y Instrumental in the abolition of hereditary
priesthood in Tamil Nadu, with the birth
centenary year starting this June.
Aarti Holla Maini y An Indian-origin satellite industry expert,

who was recently appointed as the Director
of the United Nations Office for Outer Space
Affairs.
Dr. M. Emperumal Naidu y A prominent doctor and figure in the freedom

movement, recently highlighted in a book
published by the National Book Trust.
98 PIN-GK
Jagdish Bakan y The Wildlife Warden and DFO of
Ramanathapuram district who was awarded
the 2023 Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere
Reserve Management.
Ram Prasad Bismil y A freedom fighter, remembered on his birth

anniversary.
y The book “Rebels Against the Raj:
Western Fighters for India’s Freedom” by
Ramachandra Guha, which features Bismil,
won the Elizabeth Longford Prize.
Bhavani Devi y An Indian fencer who recently became

the first Indian fencer to secure an Asian
Championships medal.
PIN-GK 99
KR Parthasarathy y A renowned Indian Mathematician who
passed away on June 14.
Place in News Brief Description

Arkadag, Turkmenistan y A $5 billion “smart” city in Turkmenistan
built in honor of former strongman leader
Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov.
PIN-GK 100
Zambia’s Kafue National Park y The location of Africa’s third-largest national
park, where there has been a remarkable
recovery in lion and leopard populations.
Seychelles y An island nation in the Indian Ocean where

the U.S. has reopened its embassy after a
27-year absence.
Kishtawar, Jammu and Kashmir y A region set to become a major power hub
in North India due to several upcoming
hydroelectric projects.
PIN-GK 101
Anak Krakatau volcano, Indonesia y Recently it erupted, sending ash up to 3
kilometers into the air.
Books/Literature in News Brief Description
The 10 Principal of Upanishad (1937) y Written by W B Yeats

y It is translation of the same book written by
Purohit Swami.
y Gifted to President Biden by PM Modi
y WB Yeats was winner of Nobel Prize in
Literature in 1923
PIN-GK 102
Gita Press, Gorakhpur y A renowned publishing house that was
awarded the Gandhi Peace Prize for 2021.
y This price is given by the Government of
India.
y The award is open to persons regardless of
nationality and also given to institutions.
y A jury consisting of the Prime Minister of
India, the Leader of the Opposition in the
Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India, the
Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and two other
eminent people appointed every 3years
eligible for reappointment decides the
awardee each year.
A Life Well Spent — Four Decades In The Indian y Ambassador Satish Chandra is an Indian
Foreign Service diplomat who has written this book.
y It chronicles his extensive career in the
Indian Foreign Service (IFS).
PIN-GK 103
Golden Years y Authored by Ruskin Bond
y It focuses on Bond’s experiences during the
60s, 70s and 80s.
Collected Poems of Robert Frost y Famous American Poet

y Winner of Pulitzer Prize in Poetry
y Book Gifted by President Biden to PM Modi
PIN-GK 104
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every UPSC aspirant in preparation for the
Current Affairs. This is a one-stop solution
for current affairs related to every domain
and source, i.e. leading newspapers like
The Hindu, and Indian Express, leading
magazines like Yojana, Kurukshetra, Down
to earth, core subjects like International
Relations, Economy, Polity, Science &
Technology, Environment, and others.

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Forum Shopping in Judicial System

Nepal PM Visit to India

Diet and Biomarkers Survey in India (DABS-I)

333 Unacademy Learners cracked UPSC CSE 2022 **

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Polity and Governance 7

Geography and Environment 59

Science and Tech 70

History and Culture 83

Ethics and Essay 88

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Governor’s Powers as a Chancellor

Shanan Hydropower Project Dispute

8 Polity and Governance

Forum Shopping in Judicial System

Polity and Governance 9

How it can affect the Judicial System:

Supreme Court Judgement Related to Jallikattu

Polity and Governance 10

22nd Law Commission views on Sedition Law (Art 124 A, IPC):

Polity and Governance 11

Changes in the new Census:

Polity and Governance 12

Accreditation of National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

Recommendations for Improvement:

Polity and Governance 13

Right to Change One’s Name

Global Slavery Index, 2023

MCQs and Probable Mains Questions

Polity and Governance 14

Q. The Global Slavery Index is released by which of the following organizations?

Polity and Governance 15

MONEY, BANKING, FINANCE

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY, GDP, INFLATION

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

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Money, Banking, Finance

Steps Taken by RBI for Urban Cooperatives

Measures Notified by RBI:

RBI surplus payout to the government

Lightweight Payment and Settlement System (LPSS)

New Norms by RBI for Payment System Operators

What are Payment System Operators (PSOs)?

What are the new guidelines?

Balance of Payments and International Trade

SEBI proposal for Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI)

New Proposal of SEBI for FPI:

Advantages of Risk categorisation:

World Bank Report on Remittances in India

What are Remittances?

Key Points from the Report:

CACP Report on Price Policy for Kharif Crop 2023-24

About Commission for Agricultural Cost and Prices:

Three Types of Cost of Production:

World’s Largest Grain Storage

Post-Harvest Losses of Crops

Industrial Corridor in Andhra Pradesh