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  • Hamden 2018 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 169 012019

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    Leni Heliani
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    Hydrographic surveying is the measurement of physical features underwater. It is important for navigation safety, coastal zone management, and scientific research. This paper reviews the advancement of hydrographic surveying techniques from the past decade towards ellipsoidal referenced surveying. Precise depth and position measurements are essential for many marine applications. Future hydrographic surveys aim to incorporate all underwater measurements to support navigation and other marine activities.

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    Hydrographic surveying is the measurement of physical features underwater. It is important for navigation safety, coastal zone management, and scientific research. This paper reviews the advancement of hydrographic surveying techniques from the past decade towards ellipsoidal referenced surveying. Precise depth and position measurements are essential for many marine applications. Future hydrographic surveys aim to incorporate all underwater measurements to support navigation and other marine activities.

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    22 views11 pages

    Hamden 2018 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 169 012019

    Uploaded by

    Leni Heliani
    Hydrographic surveying is the measurement of physical features underwater. It is important for navigation safety, coastal zone management, and scientific research. This paper reviews the advancement of hydrographic surveying techniques from the past decade towards ellipsoidal referenced surveying. Precise depth and position measurements are essential for many marine applications. Future hydrographic surveys aim to incorporate all underwater measurements to support navigation and other marine activities.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 11

    IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

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    This content was downloaded from IP address 180.245.132.79 on 21/09/2023 at 01:51


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    IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 169 (2018)
    1234567890 ‘’“” 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012019

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    Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
    of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
    Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
    IGRSM 2018 IOP Publishing
    IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 169 (2018)
    1234567890 ‘’“” 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012019

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    Figure 1. Recording sounding manually [8]

    Figure 2. Deep sea sounding with the Lucas Figure 3. Sounding pole measurements
    Machine HMS Egeria 1897 [9] from small boat work [7]

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    IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 169 (2018)
    1234567890 ‘’“” 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012019

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    Figure 4. Acoustic Sounding Measurements [15]


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    IGRSM 2018 IOP Publishing
    IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 169 (2018)
    1234567890 ‘’“” 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012019

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    DIFDCG9G

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    9L79GG CB9 5F95 K<=7<+(J5@I9G75B69=BH9FDC@5H98K=H<8=GH5B79K9=;<H=B; !BH9FDC@5H=CB69HK99B

    4
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    IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 169 (2018)
    1234567890 ‘’“” 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012019

    ?BCKB+(K=H<;9C=8AC89@=GF9@5H=J9@MG=AD@9DFC798IF96MIG=B; 9L=GH=B;;9C=8AC89@HC 5GG=GH


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    AC89@G@=A=H98HCH<9C::G<CF95B8BCHGI::=7=9BH@MF9@=56@9HCK5F8GCBG<CF96975IG9C: 8=GHIF65B79 C:
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    89J9@CD986M=BH9FDC@5H=B;69HK99B %95BMB5A=7,CDC;F5D<M%, 89F=J98:FCAH<9A5B8 +95
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    +( DFC>97HG 5F9 -+ .85HIA -# 'QG .*' &CFH< +95 +H5H9G $+, 5B8 IGHF5@=5B
    -+ 0*'!DFC>97HGCF=BGH5B79.9FH=75@'::G<CF9 *9:9F9B79F5A9.'*75B6989:=B985G
    5G9HC:GIF:579G957<C:K<=7<89:=B98H<9G9D5F5H=CBC:CB9J9FH=75@85HIA:FCA/+9@@=DGC=8
    9=;<H75B697CBJ9FH98:FCACB9J9FH=75@HC5BCH<9F6M7CA6=B=B;H<9G9GIF:579G2 3

       -:1<; )6, 016,:)6+-; 7. -4418;71,)4 :-.-:-6+- ;=:>-A16/ <-+0619=- According to Hodnesdal,


    [29] the advantages of using ellipsoid as vertical reference for seabed mapping are the knowledge of
    the draught as well as there is less possibility of mismatch in overlapping survey areas by using a
    seamless reference and also do not have to consider different tidal zones. Separation model
    development will avow easier emergent of land and maritime data producing a seamless vertical
    reference surface [30]. This continuous vertical reference surface is an essential for the coastal
    applications, for example, coastal zone management and maritime boundary delimitation. ERS
    technique also negates the necessities to measure tidal, squat and settlement [22; 29; 30; 31]. However,
    the hindrances of this technique are MSS and LAT models must be known to transform to MSL and
    chart datum and these models are continuously improving which the version control is necessary [29].
    High quality vertical position is also needed and it might be a bit confusing as the ellipsoidal depth
    will not represent the true ocean depth. Thus, Mills & Dodd [31] stated that the most critical
    outstanding problems regarding this ERS are the SEP development models and estimation of the
    uncertainty with those models.

     ') (' " ')''#"


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    <CF=NCBH5@5B8J9FH=75@DCG=H=CB=B;<5J989D9B856@M699B=GC@5H98,<9<CF=NCBH5@DCG=H=CB=B;GC@IH=CB
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    65G9CB %95B+95$9J9@2 3CF57CIGH=7GGCIB8=B;G =B<M8FC;F5D<=7GIFJ9M=B;=H=G =AD9F5H=J9 HC
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    H<=GA5HH9F5G=HC6G9FJ9865G98CB9@@=DGC=85@F9:9F9B798<9=;<H9G=89G5:9KDFC6@9AGCB7IFF9BH

    5
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    1234567890 ‘’“” 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012019

    DF57H=79 :CF 65H<MA9HFM 85H5 DFC79GG=B; K<=7< 5F9 7CAD@9L=HM CB CBG<CF9 5B8 C::G<CF9 CD9F5H=CB
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    H<5H C6G9FJ98 G95 @9J9@ 56CJ9 /+ F9:9F9B79 9@@=DGC=8 =B8=75H9 HF9B8 C: 5;F99A9BH HC H<9 %,
    AC89@ FCA H<=G 5;F99A9BH G95 @9J9@ AC89@ 89J=5H9G 6M   A HC H<9 C6G9FJ5H=CB 5B8 H<9
    IB79FH5=BHMC:C6G9FJ5H=CBO=G  A

    Table 1. Sea Level Model Deviation [34]


    Survey Trip No. of Data Length Covered Range of Average
    Type (km) Deviation (m) Deviation (m)
    Stand Alone Away 20 698 337 028 -0.11 – 1.15 0.287
    Return 14 754 189 076 -0.05 – 1.25 0.370
    Differential Away 9 612 337 816 -0.43 – 1.04 0.297
    Adaptation to the future employment of ERS techniques in hydrographic society had causes many
    researchers to look more specific on this concept. For preliminary results, findings from other
    researchers could help to convince this research towards realization. Research on the ERS concept had
    been done by Lee et al.[24] by experimenting achievable accuracy assessment of GNSS-derived
    height from carrier phased based positioning. Two GNSS positioning techniques were performed in
    their research which is PPP and medium range PPK. Figure 5 illustrates RMSE of GNSS PPP-derived
    ellipsoidal height of the survey vessel experiment. Two software packages were used to process the
    GNSS data which are RTKLIB and Waypoint (GrafNav). The values computed from RTKLIB give
    range from ± 9.6 to 16.1 cm while Waypoint give relatively consistent within ± 13 cm. Quality control
    and estimation algorithm utilized by each software might probably causes the discrepancy. PPK results
    mostly dependent on the selection of the reference station. For instance, in their research, the values of
    ANT0 from RTKLIB processing are ± 4.8 cm with respect to SEOS CORS station. However, SNJU
    CORS station indicates the short baseline results in the worst accuracy which is ± 18.2 cm as shown in
    Figure 6. It is resolved at the end that the accuracy of height determination from medium range PPK
    depends on the reference station used for double difference (DD) modelling because of the residual
    relative tropospheric delay. Therefore, the PPP-derived vertical solutions are more stable that PPK
    which too dependent on reference station. The achievable accuracy with 1- confidence level of PPP-
    derived heights is better than medium-range PPK.

    RTKLIB
    RTKLIB
    GrafNav

    GrafNav

    Figure 5. RMSE GNSS PPP-derived Figure 6. RMSE GNSS Medium Range PPK-
    ellipsoidal height [24] derived ellipsoidal height [24]

    6
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    Besides, Ligteringen et al. [32] also discussed vertical positioning solution of their research on
    GNSS based hydrographic surveying. The dynamic test was carried out with Marinestar on one of the
    Royal Netherlands Navy survey ship to get some experience with new techniques and identify
    practical challenges to overcome when integrating the SBAS techniques on survey ship. Marinestar is
    a global SBAS service with different service operated by Fugro. They stated vertically the height
    solution was less accurate than horizontal solution but it is accurate enough to meet the tidal reduction
    solutions accuracy and it is within the specification of IHO S-44 standards [35].
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    5B5@MG=G ,<9 <5FACB=7 7CBGH5BHG DFC8I798 :FCA H<9 <5FACB=7 5B5@MG=G IG98 HC DF98=7H H<9 $CK9GH
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    (1)
    (2)
    (3)

    Figure 7. A Conceptual Model for Hydrographic Surveying Modernization using GNSS


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    GCIB8=B;89DH<H<989DH<:FCA!++HCH<9G95698AIGH69F98I798HCH<97<5FH85HIA,CD9F:CFA

    7
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    1234567890 ‘’“” 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012019

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    Symbol Description
    y The distance from instantaneous sea surface to the mean sea surface
    h Ellipsoidal height from the antenna phase center of GNSS receiver to the reference
    ellipsoid
    w Water line; the offset from GNSS receiver to the instantaneous sea surface
    MDT Also known as SST; the difference between marine geoid and mean sea surface
    N Equipotential surface that would coincide with mean sea surface if the ocean and
    atmosphere were in equilibrium, at rest relative to the rotating Earth; height above
    reference ellipsoid that may be calculated from model of the Earth’s gravity field.
    k The distance from instantaneous sea surface to the reference of chart datum (LAT)
    x The distance between mean sea surface and chart datum (LAT)
    d The ocean depth from instantaneous sea surface to the sea bed
    D The reduce sounding depth from chart datum to the sea bed

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    8
    IGRSM 2018 IOP Publishing
    IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 169 (2018)
    1234567890 ‘’“” 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012019

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    9
    IGRSM 2018 IOP Publishing
    IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 169 (2018)
    1234567890 ‘’“” 012019 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012019

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    10

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