Two (2) concentrations of the extract and a commercial antibacterial drug

with three replicates each were employed for antibacterial activity. The treatments
were 50% of C. woodsonii maas rhizome extract (T1), 100% of C. woodsonii maas
rhizome extract (T2), and Amoxicillin as the positive control.

Scope and Delimitation

In conducting the study, Staphylococcus aureus was used as the microbe

of the study for antibacterial activity. There were three (3) treatments that were used
in the study namely negative control as T1 which is the 50% concentration of
C. woodsonii rhizome extract, followed by T2 which is 100% concentration C.
woodsonii rhizome extract and the positive control as T3 which is the Amoxicillin
Each treatment has 3 replications.

The mean zones of inhibition of the S. aureus using the treatments were measured
using a vernier caliper after 24 hours for the antibacterial activity. The study was
conducted at General Santos City, specifically at the Pharmacy Laboratory and Biology
Laboratory of Notre Dame of Dadiangas University.

RELATED LITERATURE

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin is a well-established antibiotic with known efficacy against S. aureus. By

including it in the study, researchers can compare the effectiveness of the plant extract
(C. woodsonii) against a known and widely used antibacterial agent. This allows them to
assess the relative potency of the plant extract in inhibiting bacterial growth.

E. Antibacterial activity

There are three treatments that were used for antibacterial activity. These are the
T1 is 50% rhizome extract, T2 is 100% rhizome extract and T3 the positive control,
Amoxicillin.
In preparing filter discs, the filter paper is punched with a two holed puncher to
form the filter discs. The filter discs are sterilized by autoclaving it for 15 minutes. Nine
filter discs were soaked in each treatment for 24 hours.
 Nutrient agar powder is dissolved using the ratio of 200g/100mL according to the
manufacturing guide. 4.14g of nutritional agar powder were suspended in 180 mL of
distilled water. It is heated while stirring until completely dissolved. The dissolved
mixture is autoclaved for 1 hour at 121 degrees Celsius. The plate is filled with
nutritional agar and set aside on a sterile surface until the agar has hardened.
Pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus was obtained from the Biology Laboratory
in Notre Dame of the Dadiangas University, General Santos City. Streak plate method is
followed for the inoculation of bacterium where a loopful of S. aureus is transferred to
hardened agar by zigzag motion until the entire surface was the covered.
After the disks are prepared and soaked on our positive and negative controls.
The disks are transferred to our agar plates that are swabbed with each test culture.
Sterile forceps were use to ensure complete contact between disk and surface. The
plates are incubated at inverted position for 18 to 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius.
After the incubation period, the zone of inhibition is determined by a point at
which no growth is visible to the unaided eye. The inhibition zone around each disk was
measured using a caliper, and the results were recorded (Das, J., et. al, 2018). To
analyze the data gathered, one-way anova is used in order to determine if there is a
significant difference in the mean zone of inhibition.

TABLE 2: MEAN ZONE OF INHIBITION OF TREATMENTS ON S. AUREUS AFTER

24 HOURS OF INCUBATION (IN MM)

Antibacterial Activity of C. woodsonii Rhizome extract

In this study, Red Button Ginger (C. woodsonii) rhizome extract was tested
for its antibacterial activity using the Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) on growth of
Staphylococcus aureus at 24 hours incubation. Three different treatments were
used and labeled as T1 as 50% C. woodsonii rhizome extract, T2 as 100% C.
woodsonii rhizome extract, while Amoxicillin is used as the positive control. The
results are presented in Table 2.

The findings in Table 2 provide information about the effectiveness of

different treatments on inhibiting the growth of S. aureus bacteria after 24
hours of incubation. The zone of inhibition refers to the area around the
treatment where the bacteria are unable to grow.

Based on the results, it can be observed that the 100% concentration of C.

woodsonii rhizome extract (T2) exhibited the high mean zone of inhibition
with a measurement of 17.2 mm. This indicates that the extract at full
strength was effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus bacteria.
Amoxicillin (T3), a commonly used antibiotic, showed the largest mean
zone of inhibition, measuring 35.96 mm. This suggests that amoxicillin was
highly effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus.

On the other hand, the 50% concentration of C. woodsonii rhizome extract

(T1) had the smallest mean zone of inhibition at 10.5 mm. This indicates
that the extract at this concentration was less effective in inhibiting the
growth of S. aureus compared to the other treatments.

In summary, the findings suggest that amoxicillin exhibited the strongest

inhibitory effect on S. aureus, followed by the 100% concentration of C.
woodsonii rhizome extract. The 50% concentration of C. woodsonii extract
showed the least inhibitory effect among the treatments tested. These
results have implications for further research and potential applications of
these treatments in combating S. aureus infections.

Justification of Results

Results in table 2 manifested that the rhizome extract of C. woodsonii has

an antibacterial activity comparable to commercially available Amoxicillin. In
Antibacterial activity, we used the zone of inhibition method which is the standard
for testing this property of plants. According to Nelson’s Labs (2019), the zone of
inhibition test is a simple and low-cost method of determining a plant material's
antimicrobial activity in respect to a target bacterium.
The researchers have identified that the positive control, Amoxicillin (T3),
has shown the greatest mean zone of inhibition among the three treatments.
Amoxicillin is a penicillin based bacteria used for health primary care settings. It
has been proven effective against a wide variety of gram-positive and some
gram-
negative bacteria (StatPearls).

However, the C. woodsonii rhizome extract also showed a relative inhibition

activity. The 100% plant extract showed a greater zone of inhibition compared to
the 50% rhizome extract of C. woodsonii. These results indicate that a greater
concentration of the rhizome extract is a more potential natural antibiotic. This is
further supported by the study done by Lim, et. al. (2019), where the leaves part
of the same plant showed an antibacterial activity.

Conclusion

C. woodsonii showed an antibacterial activity against S. aureus. The

100% C. woodsonii has a greater zone of inhibition compared to 50%
rhizome extract treatment. Further studies on developing C.
woodsonii’s antibacterial activity will provide a more economical
alternative and new available source of antibiotics especially for rural
areas.