Language of Sets (2023-2024)

Language of Sets
Joseph S. Tullao, MS Math
Science and Mathematics Department

College of Arts and Sciences
Urdaneta City University
josephtullao@ucu.edu.ph
September 11, 2023
J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 1 / 20

Definition of Set
Set-

Definition of Set
Set- an unordered collection of distinct objects, called elements or

members of the set.

Definition of Set

members of the set.
Given a set S, we write

x ∈S
to say that x is an element of the set S.

Definition of Set

members of the set.
Given a set S, we write

x ∈S
to say that x is an element of the set S. If x is not an element of the set
S, we write x ∈/ S.

Describing Sets
Ways of describing a set

Describing Sets

1. Roster method-

Describing Sets

1. Roster method- we list all the elements of the set and enclose them
with a pair of braces, { }.

Describing Sets

2. Set builder notation-

Describing Sets

2. Set builder notation- we characterize the elements of the set by

stating the property or properties they must have to be elements of
the set

Examples
1. The set
A = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}
is described using Roster method.

Examples
1. The set
A = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}
is described using Roster method.
2. The set
A = {x | x is a day of the week}
is described using set builder notation.

More Examples
1. Use roster method to represent the set B consisting of denominations
of the Philippines paper currency in circulation.

More Examples
Solution

More Examples
Solution
B = {20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000}

More Examples
Solution
B = {20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000}

2. Use set builder notation to give the description of the set
C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.

More Examples
Solution
B = {20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000}

C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
Solution

More Examples
Solution
B = {20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000}

C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
Solution
C = {x | x is an odd positive integer less than 10}

3. Let D = {x | x is a prime number less than 20}. Determine whether
each statement is true or false.
a. 8 ∈ D
b. 3 ∈ D
c. 2 ∈
/D

a. 8 ∈ D
b. 3 ∈ D
c. 2 ∈
/D
Solution

a. 8 ∈ D
b. 3 ∈ D
c. 2 ∈
/D
Solution
Note that
D = {x | x is a prime number less than 20}
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}.

a. 8 ∈ D
b. 3 ∈ D
c. 2 ∈
/D
Solution
Note that
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}.
a. False

a. 8 ∈ D
b. 3 ∈ D
c. 2 ∈
/D
Solution
Note that
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}.
a. False
b. True

a. 8 ∈ D
b. 3 ∈ D
c. 2 ∈
/D
Solution
Note that
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}.
a. False
b. True
c. False

Basic Number Sets
Natural numbers or counting numbers
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, · · · }

Basic Number Sets
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, · · · }
Whole numbers
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, · · · }

Basic Number Sets
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, · · · }
Whole numbers
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, · · · }
Integers
I = {· · · , −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, · · · }

Basic Number Sets
Rational numbers

p
Q= p, q ∈ I and q 6= 0
q
or
Q = set of all terminating or repeating decimals

Basic Number Sets
Rational numbers

p
Q= p, q ∈ I and q 6= 0
q
or
Irrational numbers
Q 0 = set of all nonterminating, nonrepeating decimals

Basic Number Sets
Rational numbers

p
Q= p, q ∈ I and q 6= 0
q
or
Irrational numbers
Q 0 = set of all nonterminating, nonrepeating decimals
Real numbers
R = set of all rational and irrational numbers

Examples
1. Determine whether each statement is true or false.
a. −2 ∈ N
b. 5 ∈ Q
3
c. 4 ∈
/I
d. −1 ∈ W

Examples
a. −2 ∈ N
b. 5 ∈ Q
3
c. 4 ∈
/I
d. −1 ∈ W
Solution

Examples
a. −2 ∈ N
b. 5 ∈ Q
3
c. 4 ∈
/I
d. −1 ∈ W
Solution
a. False

Examples
a. −2 ∈ N
b. 5 ∈ Q
3
c. 4 ∈
/I
d. −1 ∈ W
Solution
a. False
b. True

Examples
a. −2 ∈ N
b. 5 ∈ Q
3
c. 4 ∈
/I
d. −1 ∈ W
Solution
a. False
b. True
c. True

Examples
a. −2 ∈ N
b. 5 ∈ Q
3
c. 4 ∈
/I
d. −1 ∈ W
Solution
a. False
b. True
c. True
d. False

2. The mathematical constants
π, ϕ, e
are examples of irrational numbers.

The Empty Set
Empty set, or null set- a set that has no elements.

The Empty Set
Empty set, or null set- a set that has no elements. We denote the empty
set by φ or {}.

The Empty Set
set by φ or {}.
Example

The Empty Set
set by φ or {}.
Example
1. The set H = {x | x is a month that starts with X } is an empty set.

The Empty Set
set by φ or {}.
Example
1. The set H = {x | x is a month that starts with X } is an empty set. So
we can write

The Empty Set
set by φ or {}.
Example
we can write
H=φ

The Empty Set
set by φ or {}.
Example
we can write
H=φ
or

The Empty Set
set by φ or {}.
Example
we can write
H=φ
or
H = {}
.

Subsets

Subsets
For two sets A and B, if every element of A is also an element of B, then

A is a subset of B.

Subsets

A is a subset of B. In symbols,

Subsets

A ⊆ B.

Subsets

A ⊆ B.
If there is one element in A that is not an element of B, then A is not a

subset of B.

Subsets

A ⊆ B.

subset of B. In symbols,

Subsets

A ⊆ B.

A 6⊆ B.

Subsets

A ⊆ B.

A 6⊆ B.
Note: For any set A, we have

Subsets

A ⊆ B.

A 6⊆ B.
Note: For any set A, we have A ⊆ A

Subsets

A ⊆ B.

A 6⊆ B.
Note: For any set A, we have A ⊆ Aand φ ⊆ A.

Subsets
Examples
1. Consider the sets A = {2, 5}, B = {1, 2, 4, 5} and C = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}.

Answer the following:
a. Is A ⊆ B? Why or why not?
b. Is A ⊆ C ? Why or why not?
c. Is B ⊆ C ? Why or why not?

Subsets
Examples

Solution

Subsets
Examples

Solution
a. Yes,

Subsets
Examples

Solution
a. Yes, because the elements of A are also elements of B.

Subsets
Examples

Solution
b. Yes,

Subsets
Examples

Solution
b. Yes, since the elements of A are also elements of C .

Subsets
Examples

Solution
c. No,

Subsets
Examples

Solution
c. No, because the element 4 of B is not an element of C .

Subsets
Examples
2. Let D = {2, 4, 6, 8} and E = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}. Is D ⊆ E ? Why or why

not?

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution
Yes,

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution
Yes, because every element of D is also an element of E .

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution
3. Is {0, 1} ⊆ {0, 1}? Why or why not?

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution
3. Is {0, 1} ⊆ {0, 1}? Why or why not?

Solution

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution
3. Is {0, 1} ⊆ {0, 1}? Why or why not?

Solution
Yes,

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution
3. Is {0, 1} ⊆ {0, 1}? Why or why not?

Solution
Yes, because every set is a subset of itself.

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution
3. Is {0, 1} ⊆ {0, 1}? Why or why not?

Solution
4. Is φ ⊆ {a, b}? Why or why not?

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution
3. Is {0, 1} ⊆ {0, 1}? Why or why not?

Solution

Solution

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution
3. Is {0, 1} ⊆ {0, 1}? Why or why not?

Solution

Solution
Yes,

Subsets
Examples

not?
Solution
3. Is {0, 1} ⊆ {0, 1}? Why or why not?

Solution

Solution
Yes, because the empty set is a subset of of every set.

Subsets
Examples
5. Is −1, 0, 12 , 1 * I ? Why or why not?


Subsets
Examples
5. Is −1, 0, 12 , 1 * I ? Why or why not?

Solution

Subsets
Examples
5. Is −1, 0, 12 , 1 * I ? Why or why not?

Solution
Yes,

Subsets
Examples
5. Is −1, 0, 12 , 1 * I ? Why or why not?

Solution
1 1
Yes, since 2 is not an integer, that is, 2 ∈
/ I.

Set Operations
1. Let A and B be sets. The union of sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is

the set that contains the elements that belong A or to B, or to both.

Set Operations

Symbolically,

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Example

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Example
1. Consider the sets T = {1, 5, 7, 9}, U = {2, 3, 4, 9} and V = {1, 3, 5, 7}.
Find
a. T ∪ U
b. T ∪ V

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Example
Find
a. T ∪ U
b. T ∪ V
Solution
a. T ∪ U

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Example
Find
a. T ∪ U
b. T ∪ V
Solution
a. T ∪ U = {1, 5, 7, 9} ∪ {2, 3, 4, 9}

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Example
Find
a. T ∪ U
b. T ∪ V
Solution
a. T ∪ U = {1, 5, 7, 9} ∪ {2, 3, 4, 9} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Example
Find
a. T ∪ U
b. T ∪ V
Solution
a. T ∪ U = {1, 5, 7, 9} ∪ {2, 3, 4, 9} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
b. T ∪ V

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Example
Find
a. T ∪ U
b. T ∪ V
Solution
a. T ∪ U = {1, 5, 7, 9} ∪ {2, 3, 4, 9} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
b. T ∪ V = {1, 5, 7, 9} ∪ {1, 3, 5, 7}

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Example
Find
a. T ∪ U
b. T ∪ V
Solution
a. T ∪ U = {1, 5, 7, 9} ∪ {2, 3, 4, 9} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
b. T ∪ V = {1, 5, 7, 9} ∪ {1, 3, 5, 7} = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

Set Operations
2. Let A and B be sets. The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by

A ∩ B, is the set that contains the elements which belong to both A and
B.

Set Operations

B. Symbolically,

Set Operations

B. Symbolically,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.

Set Operations

B. Symbolically,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Example

Set Operations

B. Symbolically,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Example
1. Consider the sets C = {1, 5, 6, 7, 9}, D = {2, 3, 4, 6, 9} and
E = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find
a. C ∩ D
b. D ∩ E

Set Operations

B. Symbolically,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Example
E = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find
a. C ∩ D
b. D ∩ E
Solution
a. C ∩ D

Set Operations

B. Symbolically,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Example
E = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find
a. C ∩ D
b. D ∩ E
Solution
a. C ∩ D = {1, 5, 6, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 3, 4, 6, 9}

Set Operations

B. Symbolically,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Example
E = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find
a. C ∩ D
b. D ∩ E
Solution
a. C ∩ D = {1, 5, 6, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 3, 4, 6, 9} = {6, 9}

Set Operations

B. Symbolically,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Example
E = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find
a. C ∩ D
b. D ∩ E
Solution
a. C ∩ D = {1, 5, 6, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 3, 4, 6, 9} = {6, 9}
b. D ∩ E

Set Operations

B. Symbolically,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Example
E = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find
a. C ∩ D
b. D ∩ E
Solution
a. C ∩ D = {1, 5, 6, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 3, 4, 6, 9} = {6, 9}
b. D ∩ E = {2, 3, 4, 6, 9} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}

Set Operations

B. Symbolically,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Example
E = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find
a. C ∩ D
b. D ∩ E
Solution
a. C ∩ D = {1, 5, 6, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 3, 4, 6, 9} = {6, 9}
b. D ∩ E = {2, 3, 4, 6, 9} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9} = {2, 3, 9}

Set Operations
3. Let A and B be sets. The difference of sets A and B, denoted by

A − B, is the set whose elements are those that belong to A but not to B.

Set Operations

Symbolically,

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A − B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A − B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Example

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A − B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Example
1. Consider the sets F = {2, 3, 4, 9} and G = {1, 3, 5, 9}. Find
a. F − G
b. G − F

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A − B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Example
a. F − G
b. G − F
Solution
a. F − G

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A − B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Example
a. F − G
b. G − F
Solution
a. F − G = {2, 3, 4, 9} − {1, 3, 5, 9}

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A − B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Example
a. F − G
b. G − F
Solution
a. F − G = {2, 3, 4, 9} − {1, 3, 5, 9} = {2, 4}

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A − B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Example
a. F − G
b. G − F
Solution
a. F − G = {2, 3, 4, 9} − {1, 3, 5, 9} = {2, 4}
b. G − F

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A − B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Example
a. F − G
b. G − F
Solution
a. F − G = {2, 3, 4, 9} − {1, 3, 5, 9} = {2, 4}
b. G − F = {1, 3, 5, 9} − {2, 3, 4, 9}

Set Operations

Symbolically,
A − B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
Example
a. F − G
b. G − F
Solution
a. F − G = {2, 3, 4, 9} − {1, 3, 5, 9} = {2, 4}
b. G − F = {1, 3, 5, 9} − {2, 3, 4, 9} = {1, 5}

Set Operations
4. Let U be the universal set. The complement of the set A, denoted by

Ā, is the set whose elements belong to U but not to A.

Set Operations

Ā, is the set whose elements belong to U but not to A. Symbolically,

Set Operations

Ā = {x | x ∈ U and x ∈
/ A}.
0
Note: Some books use Ac and A to denote the complement of A.

Set Operations

Ā = {x | x ∈ U and x ∈
/ A}.
0
Example

Set Operations

Ā = {x | x ∈ U and x ∈
/ A}.
0
Example
1. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} be the universal set, A = {1, 5, 7, 9} and
B = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8}. Find
a. Ā
b. B̄

Set Operations

Ā = {x | x ∈ U and x ∈
/ A}.
0
Example
B = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8}. Find
a. Ā
b. B̄
Solution
a. Ā

Set Operations

Ā = {x | x ∈ U and x ∈
/ A}.
0
Example
B = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8}. Find
a. Ā
b. B̄
Solution
a. Ā = {2, 3, 4, 6, 8}

Set Operations

Ā = {x | x ∈ U and x ∈
/ A}.
0
Example
B = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8}. Find
a. Ā
b. B̄
Solution
a. Ā = {2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
b. B̄

Set Operations

Ā = {x | x ∈ U and x ∈
/ A}.
0
Example
B = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8}. Find
a. Ā
b. B̄
Solution
a. Ā = {2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
b. B̄ = {1, 3, 6, 9}

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Language of Sets

Joseph S. Tullao, MS Math

Science and Mathematics Department

September 11, 2023

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 1 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 2 / 20

Set- an unordered collection of distinct objects, called elements or

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 2 / 20

Set- an unordered collection of distinct objects, called elements or

Given a set S, we write

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 2 / 20

Set- an unordered collection of distinct objects, called elements or

Given a set S, we write

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 2 / 20

Ways of describing a set

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 3 / 20

Ways of describing a set

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 3 / 20

Ways of describing a set

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 3 / 20

Ways of describing a set

2. Set builder notation-

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 3 / 20

Ways of describing a set

2. Set builder notation- we characterize the elements of the set by

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 3 / 20

A = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}

is described using Roster method.

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 4 / 20

A = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}

is described using Roster method.

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 4 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 5 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 5 / 20

B = {20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000}

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 5 / 20

B = {20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000}

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 5 / 20

B = {20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000}

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 5 / 20

B = {20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000}

C = {x | x is an odd positive integer less than 10}

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 5 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 6 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 6 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 6 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 6 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 6 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 6 / 20

Natural numbers or counting numbers

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 7 / 20

Natural numbers or counting numbers

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 7 / 20

Natural numbers or counting numbers

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 7 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 8 / 20

Q 0 = set of all nonterminating, nonrepeating decimals

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 8 / 20

Q 0 = set of all nonterminating, nonrepeating decimals

R = set of all rational and irrational numbers

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 8 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 9 / 20

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World September 11, 2023 9 / 20