MMWModule1 - 2023 - 2024

Mathematics in our World
Joseph S. Tullao, MS Math
Science and Mathematics Department

College of Arts and Sciences
Urdaneta City University
josephtullao@ucu.edu.ph
Module 1
J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 1 / 32

Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
Consider the following pattern:
What do you think comes next?

Consider the following pattern:
What do you think comes next?

Answer:

As rational creatures, we tend to identify and follow patterns, whether

consciously or subconsciously.


Early humans recognized the repeating interval of day and night, the
rising and falling of tides, and the changing of seasons.


Early humans recognized the repeating interval of day and night, the
rising and falling of tides, and the changing of seasons.
Many flora and fauna also follow certain patterns such as the
arrangement of leaves and stems in a plant, the shape of a snowflake,
the flower’s petals, or even the shape of a snail’s shape.

Patterns- are forms or designs that are regular, repeated, or recurring.

Symmetry
- allows us to draw an imaginary line across an object such that the
resulting parts are mirror images of one another.

Symmetry
Two types of symmetry

Symmetry

- bilateral symmetry (or line symmetry)

Symmetry

- bilateral symmetry (or line symmetry)
- rotational symmetry

Bilateral symmetry
Examples
Figure 1: Butterfly Figure 2: The Human Face

Rotational symmetry
Examples
Figure 3: Snowflake Figure 4: Starfish

Angle of rotation
- the smallest angle with which a figure can be rotated while preserving
the original form

Angle of rotation
- the smallest angle with which a figure can be rotated while preserving
the original form
Formula
360◦
angle of rotation =
n
where n is the number of times the patterns on the figure repeat.

Examples
1. Find the angle of rotation of the snowflake in Figure 3.

Examples
1. Find the angle of rotation of the snowflake in Figure 3.
Solution:
Because the patterns on figure repeat six times, we have n = 6. Using the
formula
360◦
angle of rotation =
n
360◦
=
6
angle of rotation = 60◦

2. Find the angle of rotation of the starfish in Figure 4.

2. Find the angle of rotation of the starfish in Figure 4.

Solution:
Notice that the patterns on figure repeat five times, we have n = 5. Using
the formula
360◦
angle of rotation =
n
360◦
=
5
angle of rotation = 72◦

Population Growth

Population Growth
- Mathematics is used by world leaders and sociologists in modelling the
growth of population as it is used in making projections about the
availability of food, water, energy, and education among others in the
future.

Population Growth
- Mathematics is used by world leaders and sociologists in modelling the
growth of population as it is used in making projections about the
availability of food, water, energy, and education among others in the
future.
Population Growth Model

A = Pe rt
where
A is the size of the population after it grows
P is the initial number of people
e is the Euler’s constant (approximately equal to 2.718)
r is the growth rate
t is the time

Example
1. Suppose that t years after the year 2010, the population (in thousands)
of a certain city in the Philippines grows according to the model
A = 25e 0.15t . Answer the following question:
a. What was the population of the city in 2010?
b. What was the population in 2021?
c. What will be the population in 2030?

Solution
a. We take t = 0. Using the given model
A = 25e 0.15t
= 25e 0.15(0)
= 25e 0
A = 25
Therefore, the population of the city in 2010 was 25,000.

Solution
b. We take t = 11. Using the model
A = 25e 0.15t
= 25e 0.15(11)
= 25e 1.65
A = 130.1745
Therefore, the population of the city in 2021 was 130,174.5.

Fibonacci Sequence

Fibonacci Sequence
In Mathematics, we can generate patterns by performing one or several

mathematical operations repeatedly.
Sequence- an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have

repeated values. A definite rule governs the arrangement of the terms.

Fibonacci Sequence


Example
1. Analyze the sequence
3, 6, 10, 15, 21
for its rule and identify the next three terms.

Fibonacci Sequence


Example
1. Analyze the sequence
3, 6, 10, 15, 21
for its rule and identify the next three terms.
Answer
The next three terms are 28, 36 and 45.

Fibonacci Sequence
In this lesson, we only deal with the sequence called the Fibonacci
Sequence whose pattern can be seen in nature.
Figure 5: Leonardo of Pisa

Fibonacci sequence
Patterns in nature that contain Fibonacci numbers
Figure 6: Sunflower Figure 7: Buttercup
Figure 8: Pine cones

Fibonacci sequence
The Fibonacci sequence is given by
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, · · ·

Fibonacci sequence
The Fibonacci sequence is given by
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, · · ·
The Fibonacci sequence satisfies the recurrence relation
fn = fn−1 + fn−2
for n = 2, 3, 4, · · ·, with initial conditions f0 = 0 and f1 = 1.

Fibonacci sequence
Example
1. Find the Fibonacci number f9 .

Fibonacci sequence
Example
1. Find the Fibonacci number f9 .
Solution
Using the recurrence relation, we have
f2 = f2−1 + f2−2 = f1 + f0 = 1 + 0 = 1
f3 = f3−1 + f3−2 = f2 + f1 = 1 + 1 = 2
f4 = f4−1 + f4−2 = f3 + f2 = 2 + 1 = 3
f5 = f5−1 + f5−2 = f4 + f3 = 3 + 2 = 5
f6 = f6−1 + f6−2 = f5 + f4 = 5 + 3 = 8
f7 = f7−1 + f7−2 = f6 + f5 = 8 + 5 = 13
f8 = f8−1 + f8−2 = f7 + f6 = 13 + 8 = 21
f9 = f9−1 + f9−2 = f8 + f7 = 21 + 13 = 34

Fibonacci sequence
Binet’s Formula
- allows us to determine the nth Fibonacci number without having to
compute the two preceding Fibonacci numbers.

Fibonacci sequence
Binet’s Formula
- allows us to determine the nth Fibonacci number without having to
compute the two preceding Fibonacci numbers.
" √ !n √ !n #
1 1+ 5 1− 5
fn = √ −
5 2 2

Fibonacci sequence
Example
1. Use Binet’s formula to determine the Fibonacci number f18 .

Fibonacci sequence
Example
1. Use Binet’s formula to determine the Fibonacci number f18 .
Solution
Using Binet’s formula, we have
" √ !n √ !n #
1 1+ 5 1− 5
fn = √ −
5 2 2
√ !18 √ !18
 
1 1+ 5 1− 5
f18 = √  − 
5 2 2
f18 = 2, 584
Therefore, f18 = 2, 584.

The Golden Ratio
The Golden ratio is found by dividing a line into parts such that the ratio
of the long part to the short part is proportional to the ratio of the whole
to the long part.

The Golden Ratio
Mathematically,
a a+b
= =ϕ
b a

The Golden Ratio
Mathematically,
a a+b
= =ϕ
b a
Note: The approximate value of ϕ is 1.618.

The Golden Ratio
Figure 9: The Last Supper

The Golden Ratio
Figure 10: The Parthenon

The Golden Ratio
Interestingly, the ratios of the successive Fibonacci numbers approach the

Golden ratio ϕ:
1
= 1.0000
1

The Golden Ratio

Golden ratio ϕ:
1
= 1.0000
1
2
= 2.0000
1

The Golden Ratio

Golden ratio ϕ:
1
= 1.0000
1
2
= 2.0000
1
3
= 1.5000
2

The Golden Ratio

Golden ratio ϕ:
1
= 1.0000
1
2
= 2.0000
1
3
= 1.5000
2
5
= 1.6667
3

The Golden Ratio

Golden ratio ϕ:
1 13
= 1.0000 = 1.6250
1 8
2
= 2.0000
1
3
= 1.5000
2
5
= 1.6667
3

The Golden Ratio

Golden ratio ϕ:
1 13
= 1.0000 = 1.6250
1 8
2 21
= 2.0000 = 1.6154
1 13
3
= 1.5000
2
5
= 1.6667
3

The Golden Ratio

Golden ratio ϕ:
1 13
= 1.0000 = 1.6250
1 8
2 21
= 2.0000 = 1.6154
1 13
3 34
= 1.5000 = 1.6190
2 21
5
= 1.6667
3

The Golden Ratio

Golden ratio ϕ:
1 13
= 1.0000 = 1.6250
1 8
2 21
= 2.0000 = 1.6154
1 13
3 34
= 1.5000 = 1.6190
2 21
5 55
= 1.6667 = 1.6177
3 34

The Golden Ratio
Problem
1. Suppose that you have a wooden stick that is 15 meters long. If you
have to cut the stick so that the Golden Ratio is satisfied, how long should
you cut it? Use ϕ = 1.618.

The Golden Ratio
Problem
1. Suppose that you have a wooden stick that is 15 meters long. If you
have to cut the stick so that the Golden Ratio is satisfied, how long should
you cut it? Use ϕ = 1.618.
Solution
We have
a+b
=ϕ
a
15
= 1.618
a
15 = 1.618a
a = 9.2707m

Pascal’s Triangle
Pascal’s Triangle was named after Blaise Pascal, a great French
mathematician and philosopher.
Figure 11: Pascal’s Triangle

Pascal’s Triangle
The Fibonacci sequence pattern can be seen in Pascal’s Triangle.

Pascal’s Triangle
The Fibonacci sequence pattern can be seen in Pascal’s Triangle.

Pascal’s Triangle
The Pascal’s Triangle can also be used in expanding the expression of the
form (x + y )n , where n is a whole number. We note that for
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, we get the following expansions:

Pascal’s Triangle
for n = 0

Pascal’s Triangle
for n = 0 =⇒ (x + y )0 = 1

Pascal’s Triangle
for n = 0 =⇒ (x + y )0 = 1
for n = 1

Pascal’s Triangle
for n = 0 =⇒ (x + y )0 = 1
for n = 1 =⇒ (x + y )1 = x + y

Pascal’s Triangle
for n = 0 =⇒ (x + y )0 = 1
for n = 1 =⇒ (x + y )1 = x + y
for n = 2

Pascal’s Triangle
for n = 0 =⇒ (x + y )0 = 1
for n = 1 =⇒ (x + y )1 = x + y
for n = 2 =⇒ (x + y )2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2

Pascal’s Triangle
for n = 0 =⇒ (x + y )0 = 1
for n = 1 =⇒ (x + y )1 = x + y
for n = 2 =⇒ (x + y )2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
for n = 3

Pascal’s Triangle
for n = 0 =⇒ (x + y )0 = 1
for n = 1 =⇒ (x + y )1 = x + y
for n = 2 =⇒ (x + y )2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
for n = 3 =⇒ (x + y )3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3

Pascal’s Triangle
for n = 0 =⇒ (x + y )0 = 1
for n = 1 =⇒ (x + y )1 = x + y
for n = 2 =⇒ (x + y )2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
for n = 3 =⇒ (x + y )3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
for n = 4

Pascal’s Triangle
for n = 0 =⇒ (x + y )0 = 1
for n = 1 =⇒ (x + y )1 = x + y
for n = 2 =⇒ (x + y )2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
for n = 3 =⇒ (x + y )3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
for n = 4 =⇒ (x + y )4 = x 4 + 4x 3 y + 6x 2 y 2 + 4xy 3 + y 4

Pascal’s Triangle
Observe the following:

Pascal’s Triangle

Each term of the expansions has exponents that, when added, gives
the power to which x + y is raised.

Pascal’s Triangle

Exponents of x start with n and decrease to 0. On the contrary, the
exponents of y start with zero and increase to n. Thus, there are no
x and y variables in the last and first terms, respectively.

Pascal’s Triangle

Exponents of x start with n and decrease to 0. On the contrary, the
exponents of y start with zero and increase to n. Thus, there are no
x and y variables in the last and first terms, respectively.
The coefficients are the entries on the (n + 1)th row of the Pascal’s
Triangle.

Pascal’s Triangle
Example
1. Expand (x + y )5 .

Pascal’s Triangle
Example
1. Expand (x + y )5 .
Answer

Pascal’s Triangle
Example
1. Expand (x + y )5 .
Answer
(x + y )5 = x 5 + 5x 4 y + 10x 3 y 2 + 10x 2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + y 5

Thank you so much for your attention!

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Mathematics in our World

Joseph S. Tullao, MS Math

Science and Mathematics Department

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 1 / 32

Consider the following pattern:

What do you think comes next?

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 2 / 32

Consider the following pattern:

What do you think comes next?

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 2 / 32

As rational creatures, we tend to identify and follow patterns, whether

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 3 / 32

As rational creatures, we tend to identify and follow patterns, whether

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 3 / 32

As rational creatures, we tend to identify and follow patterns, whether

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 3 / 32

Patterns- are forms or designs that are regular, repeated, or recurring.

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 4 / 32

Patterns- are forms or designs that are regular, repeated, or recurring.

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 4 / 32

Patterns- are forms or designs that are regular, repeated, or recurring.

Two types of symmetry

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 4 / 32

Patterns- are forms or designs that are regular, repeated, or recurring.

Two types of symmetry

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 4 / 32

Patterns- are forms or designs that are regular, repeated, or recurring.

Two types of symmetry

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 4 / 32

Figure 1: Butterfly Figure 2: The Human Face

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 5 / 32

Figure 3: Snowflake Figure 4: Starfish

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 6 / 32

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 7 / 32

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 7 / 32

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 8 / 32

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 8 / 32

2. Find the angle of rotation of the starfish in Figure 4.

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 9 / 32

2. Find the angle of rotation of the starfish in Figure 4.

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 9 / 32

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 10 / 32

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 10 / 32

Population Growth Model

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 10 / 32

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 11 / 32

Therefore, the population of the city in 2010 was 25,000.

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 12 / 32

Therefore, the population of the city in 2021 was 130,174.5.

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 13 / 32

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 14 / 32

In Mathematics, we can generate patterns by performing one or several

Sequence- an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 14 / 32

In Mathematics, we can generate patterns by performing one or several

Sequence- an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have

J. S. Tullao (UCU) Mathematics in the Modern World Module 1 14 / 32

In Mathematics, we can generate patterns by performing one or several