PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
NATURE OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Objective
• systematic empirical investigation of
observable phenomena
• through the use of computational
techniques.
• It highlights numerical analysis of data
• unbiased results
• can be generalized to some larger
population
• explain a particular observation
• Numerical data about the evaluation on
the
effectiveness and/ or acceptability of
the new product
• Examples:
- Perceived effect of TikTok to the
academic
- performance of grade 12 students
- Toxicity content of Monstera Deliciosa
fruit
- Paper Substrate in minimizing the
growth of
- Aglaonema Plants
- Acceptability of nutri pandesal with
cassava tops
• Inquiry into a social or human problem
based on testing a theory composed of
variables
• measured with numbers, and analysed
with statistical procedures
• to determine whether the predictive
generalizations of the theory hold true
(Cresswell, 1994).
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• An inquiry or process of understanding
a social or human problem
• building a complex, holistic picture
formed with words, reporting detailed
views of informants, and conducted in
natural setting
• Non-numerical data
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Objective - accurate measurement and
analysis of target concepts.
• Clearly defined research questions –
The researchers know in advance what
they are looking for.
• Structured research instruments.
Standardized instruments guide data
collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy,
reliability and validity of data.
• Numerical data - Figures, tables or
graphs showcase summarized data
collection in order to show trends,
relationships or differences among
variables.
• Large sample sizes - a normal
population distribution curve is preferred
which requires a large sample size
• Replication - Quantitative methods can
be repeated to verify findings in another
setting,
• Future outcomes. By using complex
mathematical calculations and with the aid
of computers, if-then scenarios may be
formulated thus predicting future results.
Assumption Question Qualitative Quantitative STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE
Ontological What is the Reality is Reality is
nature of subjective, objective, “out RESEARCH
reality? multiple as there”, singular,
seen by apart from • objective
participants in the researcher • The use of statistical techniques
the study and can be facilitates sophisticated analyses
and measured
constructed by objectively by • real and unbiased.
the using a • The numerical data can be analyzed in
participants. questionnaire a quick and easy way.
or
• replicable.
instrument
Epistemological What is the Researchers Researcher is
relationship interact with independent
of the subject of from the WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE
the the research subject of the RESEARCH
researcher research
to • requires a large number of respondents.
the subject
of • It is costly.
research? • It does not consider the distinct
Axiological What is the Value laden Value free and capacity of the respondents to share
role and biased unbiased and elaborate further information
of the
values? • Much information are difficult to gather
Rhetorical What is the Informal Formal using structured research instruments
language Evolving Based on set • If not done seriously and correctly,
of the decisions definitions
research? Personal voice Impersonal data from questionnaires may be
Understanding, voice incomplete and inaccurate
discover and Relationship,
meaning comparison,
within group TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
Methodological What is the Inductive Deductive
process of Emerging Static design RESEARCH
research? design Generalizations
Patterns and lead to • Causal Research
theories prediction, - comparative research attempts to
explanation determine the cause or consequences
and of differences that already exist
understanding
between or among groups of
individuals.
- Example: Building Buildings: A causal
comparative study of males and
females in construction industry
• Correlational Research
- determines the extent of a
relationship between two or more
variables using statistical data.
- Example: Social Media Use and its
Relationship to the Academic
performance of TSHS students
• Descriptive Research
- provides systematic information
about a phenomenon.
- Example: Nuclear Energy: Perception
of TSHS students on reviving the
Bataan nuclear power plant.
• Evaluation Research
- provide a means to judge actions
and activities in terms of values,
criteria and standards.
- Example: Microbial content of Dried
Tilapias of barangay napindan
• Experimental Research
- uses the scientific method to
establish the cause-effect
relationship among a group of
variables
- Example: The effect of crushed shells
on the foliage growth of Brassica Rapa
(Bok Choy)
• Survey
- brief interview or discussion with
individuals about a specific topic
- Example: Covid 19 Vaccine utilization
across Taguig city Barangays
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS
1. Business- estimates consumer attitudes
and behavior, market sizing, and
marketing tactics
2. Political science- measures political
behavior and attitudes of citizens and
politicians
3. Psychology- measures human
attributes/behavior and analyzes
psychological processes
4. Medicine- measures clinical and
methodologic standards in medicinal
prescription and composition and
laboratory experimentations
5. Economics- evaluates economic
behavior and designs economic policies
and techniques
6. Education- discover solutions to issues in
educational research, assessment, and
program evaluation and curriculum
implementation
VARIABLES IN QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
VARIABLE
• anything that has a quantity or
quality that varies.
• In the context of experimentations,
• any property, characteristic,
number, or a quantity that increases
or decreases over time or can take
on different values in different
situations.
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
• numerical variables
• can be measured objectively.
Examples:
• Growth indicator such as the number of
leaves that sprouted, fresh weight or
surface area of largest leaf
DISCRETE VARIABLES
• countable whole numbers
DICHOTOMOUS
• does not take negative values or values
between fixed points.
• Example: number of students in a class,
group size and frequency.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
NOMINAL VARIABLE
• take fractional (non-whole number)
values that can either be a positive or a
negative.
• Example: height, temperature.
INTERVAL
• the interval or differences between
ORDINAL VARIABLE
consecutive values are equal and
meaningful
• but the numbers are arbitrary.
• The zero point does not suggest the
absence of a property being measured.
• Example: Temperature and IQ score.
RATIO
• Presence of a true zero value.
• The zero point in this scale indicates
the absence of the quantity being
measured.
• Example: age, height, weight and
distance.
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
• Categorical Variables and are not
expressed in numbers but are
descriptions or categories.
• Used in quantitative research, they are
often quantified for further statistical
testing and analysis.
• Example: males = 1, females = 2, non
binary = 3 or pale light green = 1, light
green =2, green = 3
• consisting of only two distinct categories
or values.
• Example: a response to a question either
be a yes or no
• simply defines groups of subjects.
• have more than 2 categories of
equivalent magnitude.
• Example: blood type, hair color and mode
of transportation.
• ranked in a certain order.
• This variable can have a qualitative or
quantitative attribute.
• Example: a survey questionnaire may
have a numerical rating as choices like 1,
2, 3, 4, 5 ranked accordingly (5=highest,
1=lowest) or academic honors (with
highest, with high, with honors).
Independent Manipulated to affect the The amount of crushed shells added to each
Variables outcome of an experiment. plant’s soil.
Dependent That represent the outcome Measurement of plant growth such as plant
Variables of the experiment. height
Control are held constant throughout The volume of water given to each plant.
Variables the experiment.
Confounding that hides the Pot size and soil type might affect plant
Variables true effect of another survival as much or more than crushed shell
variable in your experiment. additions.
Can happen when another In an experiment you would control these
variable is closely related to a potential confounders by holding them
variable you are interested in, but constant.
you haven’t controlled it in your
experiment.
Latent that can’t be directly measured, CaCo2 absorption in plants cannot be
Variables but that you represent via a measured directly, but can be inferred from
proxy. measurements of plant growth
Composite that is made by combining three plant health variables could be
Variables multiple variables in an combined into a single plant-health score to
experiment. make it easier to present your findings.
are created when you analyze
data