International Review of Related Literature

1. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Moringa oleifera against malarial

vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)
Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011 Apr; 1(2): 124–129.
doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60009-9
Objective
To evaluate the larvicidal and pupicidal potential of the methanolic extracts
from Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) plant seeds against malarial vector Anopheles
stephensi (A. stephensi) mosquitoes at different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100
ppm).
Conclusions
The present study indicates that the phytochemicals derived from M. oleifera seed
extracts are effective mosquito vector control agents and the plant extracts may be used
for further integrated pest management programs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609168/
Published: April 2011

2. MORINGA PLANT POWDERS AS REPELLENT EFFECT AGAINST THE STORED PRODUCT

INSECTS

Plant Archives
http://plantarchives.org
Salem, S.A.; Abd El-Salam, A.M.E. and Abdel-Raheem, M.A.* Pests & Plant
Protection Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research
Centre, 33rd El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Moringa seed powder is one promising plant part that could be used in stored
product protection and is a good alternative to synthetic insecticides. The results
confirmed that moringa seed powder was very good in protecting grains and its products
from insect infestation in the store. Residues of remaining meal food materials left in
mills, stores, or stored gunny bags, currently used in packing grains and grain products
are the main breeding sites and source of the store pests. The residual activity of seed
powders was found significantly effective within the first two months of storage, while
flower powders had a powerful repellent. The leaves are also rich source of essential
amino acids such as methionine, cystine, trytophan and lysine with a high content of
protein (Metha et al., 2003). (Adenekan, 2013) found that some different pests attacking
drumsticks tree and it is also used for insect control.
Published: 20003

https://plantarchives.org/20-1/939-945%20(5648).pdf

3. Effect of Forage Moringa oleifera L. (moringa) on Animal Health and Nutrition and
Its Beneficial Applications in Soil, Plants and Water Purification

Moringa oleifera L. (moringa) is known as one of the most useful multipurpose

plants. It can be effectively utilized as a natural biopesticide and inhibitor of several plant
pathogens. Thus, it can be included in integrated pest management strategies. Moringa
and its products have different uses in many agricultural systems. The use of moringa as
a crop enhancer is an eco-friendly way of improving crop yields at the lowest possible
cost. This inexpensive increase in productivity can contribute to meeting some of the
food needs in some parts of the world as the global population increases and poverty
rates rise. One of the most important characteristics of moringa is that it has high
biological and nutritional values and can be used as animal feed, green fertilizer,
medicine, biopesticide and in seed production. Moringa has been characterized as a
potentially useful animal feed owing to its high content of protein, carotenoids, several
minerals and vitamins (such as iron and ascorbic acid) and certain phytochemicals
(kaempferitrin, isoquercitrin, rhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin). This review aims
to provide more knowledge about the nature, nutritional value, phytochemicals and
uses of Moringa oleifera as a promising material in the fields of soil and plant
management, water treatment, as well as animal and poultry production.
Agriculture 2018,

Published: 18 September 2018

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-
0472/8/9/145#:~:text=Moringa%20can%20also%20be%20effectively,to%2035%25%20
%5B17%5D.

4. Moringa oleifera (Lam.) and Momordica charantia (Lam.¬) as Potential Larvicides

and Fumigants of Culex Mosquitoes

Year 2022, , 87 - 95, 30.06.2022

Olajide Joseph AFOLABİ Akinbode Ayekooto OLONISAKIN

https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1079339
Mosquitoes cause life threatening diseases such as yellow fever, malaria,
filariasis, encephalitis infection etc. The focus of this research is to evaluate the
larvicidal and fumigant properties of Moringa oleifera and Momordica charantia
extracts on the larvae and adult mosquitoes. The leaves of both plants were dried and
pulverized into fine powder. Rotary evaporator was used to extract the plant oils. The
results showed that Momordica charantia was more effective as larvicide than Moringa
oleifera as its evoked 100% larval mortality at 20% concentration for 3 hours with LC50
and LC90 of 0.5% and 8.5% respectively. Moringa oleifera produced 100% larval
mortality and LC50 (0.75%) and LC90 (10%) at 25% concentration for 4 hours. Similarly,
the leaf extract of Momordica charantia is a better fumigant than Moringa oleifera, the
former produced LC50 of 0.5% and LC90 of 3.75%, while the latter produced LC50 and
LC90 of 1.05% and 4.25% respectively. The significantly higher larvicidal and fumigant
activities observed in Momordica charantia is due to the presence of cardiac glycosides
only in the plant in addition to saponins, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids which are
common to both plants. Therefore, botanicals are advocated to be included in vector
control programs. This is because botanicals are relatively safe, cheap and easy to
obtain in many parts of the world.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gujsa/article/1079339?fbclid=IwAR0qkoAMN1nz4K3
mwa0788wVycdrV2Q05LThkud93XQqrxK8UhlsrqvI2Sc

5. Chemical characterization and insecticidal effect of Moringa oleifera L. seeds

extracts on common bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus Say)

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Gokhan Zengin Department of Biology, Physiology and

Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya,
Turkey

Preparation of organic extract

Mature Moringa oleifera seeds were previously dried at room temperature for
seven days in the laboratory. These seeds were then weighed and ground to obtain the
powder. 500 g of seed powder were weighed and macerated in 2 litres of organic solvent
and incubated for 72 hours (Stoll, 1994). The whole solvent + solute was filtered, and
the filtrate obtained was concentrated with a rotary evaporator.

Phytochemical analysis
The chemical profiles of the studied extracts was determined by a Shimadzu brand
LC-MS-8040 model tandem mass spectrometer. All analytical details were given in
earlier paper (Yilmaz, 2020). The detailed analytical parameters of the applied validated
method were given in Appendix A (Table S1). https://www.nrfhh.com/Chemical-
characterization-and-insecticidal-effect-of-Moringa-oleifera-L-seeds-
extracts,143056,0,2.html?fbclid=IwAR20iLchHGQ4VxsCGMN9T_lrBXCTdHlKKzdTQwM
wAqaA9fsRkEXUPyaa4rw
6. Bioacaricidal Potential of Moringa oleifera Ethanol Extract for Tetranychus
merganser Boudreaux (Acari: Tetranychidae) Control
Rapucel Tonantzin Quetzalli Heinz-Castro,Dr. Roberto Arredondo-Valdés, Dr. SALVADOR
ORDAZ SILVA, Heriberto Méndez-Cortés, Prof. Dr. Agustín Hernández-Juárez, Prof. Dr.
Julio Cesar Chacón-Hernández
Plants 2021, 10(6), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061034
Received: 25 April 2021 / Revised: 12 May 2021 / Accepted: 20 May 2021 / Published:
21 May 2021

Just like in other reports, in this work we found that M. oleifera leaf ethanolic
extract has different bioactive ingredients, including flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids,
carotenoids, tannins, saponins, and carbohydrates. This result coincides with several
past research works [14,21,22]. Some phytochemicals in the plant, such as flavonoids,
alkaloids, glycosides, esters, and fatty acids, affect the behavior (repelling,
deterring/anti-feeding, and alluring) as well as the physiology (toxic, growth retarding,
and chemo sterilizing) of several insect and herbivore species [23]. These effects are the
result of several toxic compounds acting in synergy within the extract [24].
The literature does not refer to other studies on the use of M. oleifera for the control
of Tetranychus spp. However, other studies have researched the anti-insect properties
of different M. oleifera leaf and seed extracts, and their findings are very similar to ours.
This research work showed that the mortality of T. merganser increases as the
concentration of M. oleifera extract increases. https://www.mdpi.com/2223-
7747/10/6/1034?fbclid=IwAR2M-
r41CGihX2xVHRWh4j0LBbF1IHHCDWrgBvNnbFbnmWvTKAOqEc3kgeo

7. Effect of Moringa oleifera lectin on development and mortality of Aedes

aegypti larvae
Juliene S. Coelho, Nataly D.L. Santos, Thiago H. Napoleão
Chemosphere
Volume 77, Issue 7, November 2009, Pages 934-938
Aedes aegypti larvae have developed tolerance to many insecticides used for
mosquito control. Moringa oleifera seeds contain a water-soluble lectin (WSMoL) and
this paper reports the effect of M. oleifera seed extracts (MoE1–15) and WSMoL on
development and survival of A. aegypti larvae. WSMoL peptide from in-gel trypsin
digestion is also described. MoE1–15 showed hemagglutinating activity and WSMoL had
similarity with flocculating proteins from M. oleifera seeds. MoE1 and MoE3 delayed
larval development which stopped in the third instar (L3) in MoE6 and MoE15. Significant
(p < 0.0001) larval mortality was only detected in MoE15. Native WSMoL showed
larvicidal activity (LC50 0.197 mg mL−1) and heated lectin, without hemagglutinating
activity, did not kill fourth instar (L4) larvae. Optical microscopy showed that live L4 from
MoE1 presented underlying epithelium, increased gut lumen and hypertrophic
segments; dead L4 from WSMoL were absent of underlying epithelium, had increased
gut lumen and hypertrophic segments. The presence of hemagglutinating activity in the
extracts suggests that soluble lectin promotes the delay of larval development and
mortality; furthermore, the absence of larvicidal activity in heat-denatured WSMoL
strengthens the involvement of lectin in this activity mechanism.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350900976X?fbclid=IwAR0
Cx_jNEIlzFjQtbdWx7Ggxt3F-lQel__KkjdeNdDWBZEXBX3eTQkw_l4w

8. Moringa Oleifera as a Potential Repellent for Malarial Vector

Posted on July 27, 2015 by rheasevilla

Plants are considered as a rich source of bio active chemicals and they may be an
alternative source of mosquito control agent.The phytochemicals derived from
the Moringa can act as larvicides, insect growth regulators, repellents and also have a
very deterrent activity observed by many scientist and researchers. In the study of Asian
Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine the outcome acquired after the treatment
of Moringa Oleifera for malarial vector were encouraging. The plant extracts
of Moringa exhibit properties of repellent and showed a great potential
against Anopheles Stephensi . The lectin in the extracted of Moringa Oleifera seeds
content have shown efficacy of the Anopheles Stephensi. Many of plant extracts are
subject to risk factors in mosquito control, but in the study, Moringa Oleifera seed
extract showed a good effect on malaria and does not have a toxic effect on the human
beings. Moringa Oleifera has an impressive range of medicinal uses. Different parts of
this plant such as the leaves, roots, seed, bark, fruit, and flowers contain a profile of
essential purposes.
https://devcomconvergence.wordpress.com/2015/07/27/moringa-oleifera-as-a-
potential-repellent-for-malarial-
vector/?fbclid=IwAR3uYCPdMBa4rqRUCaQgYy4Z_nDBsEC9F6JwlBLD9e2SroaPoOy8Vm
B6wE4
9. A review on the efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum, Mentha spicata, and Moringa
oleifera leaf extracts in repelling mosquito
Ojewumi, M.E., Obanla, O.R. & Atauba, D.M. A review on the efficacy of Ocimum
gratissimum, Mentha spicata, and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in repelling
mosquito. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 10, 87 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-021-00176-x
The initial findings of the laboratory assessment from the previous works show
the repellent potential of M. spicata, O. gratissimum, and M. oleifera leaves against
mosquitoes. With the proper formulation of other repellent forms using their oils, they
can replace non-degradable synthetic mosquito repellents since they are eco-friendly.
In general, the mosquitocidal activity and percentage protection of plant extract
increase with the increasing concentration of the extracts in different formulations.
The Soxhlet extraction technique is a conventional and most preferable method for
obtaining plant extracts easily. However, the result from the efficacy tests revealed that
natural repellents derived from plant extracts tend to provide protection for a shorter
time. The active component of the M. spicata extract responsible for its repellent
activity is carvone. While that of O. gratissimum and M. oleifera are Eugenol and 9-
Octadecenoic acid, respectively. O. gratissimum essential oil is the best repellent plant,
and its incorporation into a mosquito coil will offer the best protection against
mosquitoes in comparison with the other plants and repellent forms.
https://bjbas.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43088-021-00176-
x?fbclid=IwAR3QIkPZsetK2Ql7a6Qk0Dt6YPmwNqPtoAIKan9X30AhzUhkPmyJnRKoCW4

10. Larvicidal activity of the water extract of Moringa oleifera seeds against Aedes aegypti and
its toxicity upon laboratory animals
Paulo M.P. Ferreira :Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Biologia ,
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Ana F.U. Carvalho :Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Biologia ,
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Davi F. Farias: Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Biologia , Fortaleza,
Ceará, Brazil
Nara G. Cariolano:Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Biologia ,
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Vânia M.M. Melo:Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Biologia ,
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Maria G.R. Queiroz

Moringa oleifera Lamarck, 1785 (Moringaceae), popularly known as horseradish

tree and in Latin America as "árbol de rábano" and "quiabo de quina", is a caducifolia
South Asian shrub introduced in manyparts of the world, like Afghanistan, Bangladesh
and in the Americas, from Mexico to Peru, Caribbean Islands, Paraguay and Brazil (Jahn
1988, Gerdes 1997). In Asia, the flowers of M. oleifera are mixed together with
otherfoods since they are rich in Ca2+,K+, waxes, alkaloids, quercetin and kaempferol
(Rangaswani and Sankarasubramian 1946, Ramachandran et al. 1980). Leaf extracts
show antioxidant and hypocholesterolaemic activities(Iqbal and Bhanger 2006,
Chumark et al. 2008). The dry pods have adequate characteristics to be used as a
substratum for laboratory animal bedding (Farias et al. 2004). The seeds possess
antimicrobial (Ali et al. 2004, Chuang et al. 2007), antitumor (Guevara et al. 1999,
Bharali e tal. 2003), ant-iinflammatory, antispasmodic and diuretic (Cárceres et al.
1992) properties. Moringa oleifera seeds were collected in Fortaleza, State of Ceará,
Northeastern Brazil. A voucher specimen (34,591) was authenticated by Dr. Edson de
Paula Nunes and deposited at Prisco Bezerra Herbarium (EAC), Departmento de
Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará.
https://www.scielo.br/j/aabc/a/Qftnq9QKM6Mw9qdnrWP6mNm/?lang=en&fbclid=I
wAR3rB1ESR3IWyXDDmF-2PDNre53_1ECmRHacC0QB2kJyrIYg02pPDOdarhI#