Professional Documents
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The Australian Med Students Study Guide
The Australian Med Students Study Guide
OSCE Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
About AMBOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
I. Internal Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1. Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2. Pulmonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3. Gastroenterology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. Hepatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5. Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6. Endocrinology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8. Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9. Hematology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
10. Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
11. Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
12. Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
13. Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
14. General Practice, Medical Law, Ethics, Epidemiology and Public Health . . . . . . . . . . 30
II. Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3. Cardiothoracic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4. Vascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5. Urology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8. Opthalmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9. Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1. Obsterics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2. Gynaecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
IV. Paediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2. General Paediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3. Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6. Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7. Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
9. Pulmonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
10. Gastroenterology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
12. Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
13. Musculoskeletal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
V. Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
We would like to thank all editors, reviewers, designers, web developers and copy writers who collaborated on this study guide, and
greatly acknowledge their expertise and creative insights. This study guide would not have been accomplished without their significant
contributions.
AMSA Med Ed and AMBOSS hope that this will serve as a helpful study resource for Australian medical students.
Contributors
Hadi Ahmed, Sachin Boniface, Alexandru Cernat, Suwandi Dewapura, Ada Dong, Joel Savio Fernandes, Cara Fox, Isabelle Goh, Matthew
Ibraheem, Kim Kotte, Alistair Lau, Nihal Lalwani, Astha Malik, Steffi Möbius, Dilpreet Moti, Sivarubini Mugunthan, Jaidyn Muhandiramge,
Published: 2021
This study guide was designed to serve as a centralised document to help you keep track of the medical know-
ledge you’ve accumulated, and provide up-to-date content via AMBOSS and AMSA Med Ed to prepare you
for your careers upon graduation.
The topics in this PDF link to AMBOSS articles, if you wish to study or refresh your knowledge.
Note: AMBOSS content refers to US clinical guidelines, therefore you should always refer to your state/hospi-
tal’s specific guidelines. We have provided links to important national guidelines throughout this study guide.
The AMSA Med Ed National Question Bank is the first national question bank created by Australian medical
students for Australian medical students, with hundreds of available quizzes and MCQs. AMSA Med Ed Facts-
heets creates succinct summaries of conditions and relevant Australian management protocols. AMSA Acade-
my is AMSA’s online learning platform which presents modules across multiple disciplines in medicine. AMSA
Med Ed OSCEs is our newest Resource team which creates practice OSCEs and OSCE marking guides.
Currently, Med Ed Research is undertaking research projects to assess the psychiatry curriculum outcomes of
medical graduates in Australia, intimate partner violence education, medical specialty selection pressures, the
impact of COVID-19 on medical students, medical student mental health, and conscientious objection beliefs
in medical students. We also have a Research Resources team which creates simple factsheets on the basics of
research and the practical aspects of the research process.
Stay up to date with all of this and more by following us on social media or contacting us via:
The AMSA Med Ed Moodle website has over 100 practice OSCEsranging from common history stations to
examinations to management stations. New stations are added each week so make sure you check back for
new content.
AMSA Med Ed practice OSCEs are made by Australian medical students for Australian medical students, so you
can be sure that they are pitched at an appropriate level and contain Australia-specific and relevant content.
1. Interactive library containing over 22,000 medical topics, thousands of diagnostic images, illustrations,
diagrams and other multimedia to help you learn complex concepts.
2. Question bank containing over 5,000 case-based questions with in-depth explanations to help develop your
clinical reasoning skills.
3. Analytics software to track your learning progress, provide personalised study recommendations, and
ensure that your time spent studying is productive.
4. Mobile apps so you can conveniently access the AMBOSS Library and Qbank offline from your phone.
• AMBOSS Library for IOS
• AMBOSS Library for Android
• AMBOSS QBank for IOS
• AMBOSS QBank for Android
Most importantly, all AMBOSS content is peer-reviewed and regularly updated to reflect the latest research
findings by a team of over 100 expert physicians from around the world.
If you don’t have an AMBOSS account, you can create one here.
The AMBOSS team is here to support you. If you have questions, suggestions, or comments, please do not
hesitate to contact us at hello@amboss.com. We respond quickly!
A: Many medical conditions fall under more than one system/discipline. For example, Infective Endocarditis
is relevant to Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics. If you can’t find
the topic you are looking for, try checking the other systems the condition is related to.
We’ve aimed to minimise repetition in this study guide, such that conditions are not listed multiple times.
If you still can’t find a topic, it may be listed under a broader topic. For example, Ventricular septal defect,
atrial septal defect and coarctation of the aorta are all under the broader topic “Acyanotic congenital
health defects”. Or generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and phobias are all
under “Anxiety disorders”. To access subtopics, click on the link to the AMBOSS article.
A: While this guide was made in accordance with the national curriculum, we acknowledge the differences
in curricula among medical schools in Australia. In this regard, the contents of this guide were reviewed
and edited by AMSA Med Ed student representatives from every state, with the hope of serving as a
valuable resource to any student regardless of the medical school they attend.
A: This study guide does not include basic sciences content. However, If you’re looking to excel in the early
years of medical school, AMBOSS has the most comprehensive online preclinical resource available.
Access the “Basic Sciences” content in the AMBOSS Knowledge Library here.
Q: Feedback
A: If you have any feedback for The Australian Med Students’ Study Guide, please email hello@amboss.com
with your comments. We take every support request seriously and will use the feedback when we
update the guide.
Theme Topic
ECG ECG
Hypertension
Hypertension and hypertensive vascular disease
Renal artery stenosis
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
Syncope
Atrioventricular block
Long QT syndrome
Antiarrhythmic drugs
Antiplatelet agents
Oral anticoagulants
Antiadrenergic agents
Beta blockers
Amiodarone
Nitrates
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Parasympathomimetic drugs
Muscarinic antagonists
Sympathomimetic drugs
Statins
2. Pulmonology
Theme Topic
Pulmonary examination
Pulmonary examination and investigations
Acid base disorders
Atelectasis Atelectasis
Pneumothorax
leura and mediastinal conditions
Pleural effusion
Bronchiectasis
Cystic Fibrosis
Sarcoidosis
Restrictive pulmonary diseases
Asbestosis
Silicosis
Rare pneumoconioses
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary vascular disease
Deep vein thrombosis
Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
3. Gastroenterology
Theme Topic
Approach to the patient with dysphagia Case 22: Problems with swallowing
Esophagus
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal perforation
Achalasia
Esophageal diverticula
Approach to the patient with nausea and vomiting Nausea and vomiting
Case 5: Nausea
Approach to the patient with dysphagia Case 22: Problems with swallowing
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal perforation
Achalasia
Esophageal diverticula
Atrophic gastritis
Gastric cancer
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Acute appendicitis
Crohn disease
Ulcerative colitis
Colorectal cancer
Bowel obstruction
Bowel surgery
Abdominal hernias
Inguinal hernia
Femoral hernia
Internal hernia
Malabsorption
Coeliac disease
Lactose intolerance
Diverticular disease
Intestinal ischemia
Hemorrhoids
Anal fissures
Anal cancer
Pilonidal cyst
Food poisoning
Bacterial gastroenteritis
Norovirus infection
Rotavirus infection
4. Hepatology
Theme Topic
Liver
Pancreas
Cirrhosis
Portal hypertension
Liver conditions
Ascites
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Wilson disease
Hemochromatosis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Gall bladder and biliary tract conditions Cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis
Cholangiocarcinoma
Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic Carcinoma
5. Nephrology
Theme Topic
Sodium disorders
Diabetes insipidus
Pyelonephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Hematuria
Urothelial cancer
Urinary incontinence
Stress incontinence
Chronic kidney and urinary tract conditions
Urge incontinence
Urinary retention
Vesicoureteral reflux
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Nephritic syndrome
Proteinuria
Glomerular diseases
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Other Oedema
Diuretics
Theme Topic
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemic crises
Hypoglycemia
Diabetes mellitus
Antidiabetic drugs
Insulin
Lipid Disorders
Statins
Metabolic syndrome
Glycogen metabolism
Antithyroid drugs
Goiter
Thyroid antibodies
Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
Hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Subacute thyroiditis
Thyroid nodules
Thyroid surgery
Hypoparathyroidism
Diabetes insipidus
Cushing’s syndrome
Pheochromocytoma
Osteoporosis
Hypopituitarism
Acromegaly
Hypogonadism Hypogonadism
Insulinoma
Other Glucocorticoids
Vitamins
Theme Topic
Immunosuppressants
Lymphatic system
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease
Osteoarthritis of the hip and knee
Fibromyalgia
Non-articular rheumatism
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Rheumatoid arthritis
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
Ankylosing spondylitis
Seronegative rheumatic conditions
Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome)
Psoriasis
Vasculitides Vasculitides
Kawasaki disease
Thromboangiitis obliterans
Raynaud phenomenon
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Transplantation Transplantation
8. Infectious Diseases
Theme Topic
Bacteria overview
General bacteriology
Principles of microbiology
General virology
General mycology
Antiviral agents
Treatment of infectious diseases
Antifungals
Sepsis Sepsis
Legionellosis
Tetanus
Influenza
COVID-19
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chancroid
Cytomegalovirus infection
Candidiasis
Dengue
Malaria
Yellow fever
Zoonoses and arthropod-borne infections
Zika virus infection
Leptospirosis
Diphtheria
Toxoplasmosis
Listeriosis
Immunosuppressants
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Immunosuppression
Transplantation
Aspergillosis
Theme Topic
Basics of hematology
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphadenopathy
Anaemias Anaemia
Haemolytic anaemia
Glucose-6-phosphate
Normocytic anaemia
dehydrogenase deficiency
Hereditary spherocytosis
Aplastic anaemia
Oral anticoagulants
Anticoagulation
Parenteral anticoagulation
Hemophilia
Coagulation and bleeding disorders
Hypercoagulable states
Antiplatelet agents
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet and vascular wall disorders
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
MALT lymphoma
Acute leukemia
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Polycythemia vera
Amyloidosis
Asplenia
10. Oncology
Theme Topic
Chemotherapeutic agents
Opioids
Principles of cancer treatment
Antiemetics
Laxatives
Oncologic emergencies
Neutropenic fever
Oncologic emergencies
Supeior vena cava syndrome
Brain Metasteses
Breast cancer
Breast conditions
11. Neurology
Theme Topic
Headache
Migraine
Tension headaches
Approach to the patient with headache
Cluster headache
Radial neuropathies
Polyneuropathy
Neuralgic amyotrophy
Anticonvulsant drugs
Narcolepsy
Sleep conditions
Restless legs syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Botulism
Brain abscess
Parkinson-plus syndromes
Huntington‘s disease
Dystonia
Tremor
Tourette syndrome
Spasticity
Cerebellum
Cerebellar syndromes
Cerebellar disorders
Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome
Spino-cereballar ataxia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Myelopathy
12. Dermatology
Theme Topic
Principles of dermatology
Skin and soft tissue infections Skin and soft tissue infections
Shingles
Molluscum contagiosum
Impetigo
Dermatophyte infections
Scabies
Lice infestation
Atopic dermatitis
Contact dermatitis
Stasis Dermatitis
Burns Burns
Rosacea
Pityriasis rosea
Psoriasis
Porphyrias
Vitiligo
Neurocutaneous syndromes
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Erythema multiforme
Erythema nodosum
Alopecia
Photodermatoses
Angioedema
Theme Topic
Poisoning
Salicylate toxicity
Sympathomimetic drugs
Muscarinic antagonists
Theme Topic
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Statistical analysis of data
Preventative medicine
Public health
Infection prevention and control
Theme Topic
Perioperative management
Wound treatment
Preoperative and postoperative care
Wound healing
Electrolyte repletion
Hypernatraemia
Hyponatraemia
Hypokalemia
Hypercalcaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Hypophosphatemia
Theme Topic
Airway management
Mechanical ventilation
Resuscitation and life support
Shock
Blunt trauma
Splenic rupture
Nonthrombotic embolism
Compartment syndrome
Pain management
Opioids
Inhalational anesthetics
Intravenous anaesthetics
Benzodiazepines
Malignant hyperthermia
Theme Topic
Cardiac catheterization
Cardiothoracic procedures
Coronary artery bypass grafting
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Infective endocarditis
Rheumatic fever
Pericarditis
4. Vascular Surgery
Theme Topic
Aneurysm
Aortic dissection
Endartectomy
Vascular diseases of the carotid and limbs Chronic venous disease and ulcers
Gangrene
Compartment syndrome
5. Urology
Theme Topic
Prostate Prostatitis
Prostate cancer
Semen analysis
Scrotal abnormalities
Epididymitis
Testicular torsion
Testicular tumors
Genitourinary trauma
Priapism
6. Orthopaedics
Theme Topic
Shoulder dislocation
Shoulder
Soft tissue lesions of the shoulder
Humerus fracture
Elbow dislocation
Finger injuries
Dupuytren’s contracture
Vertebral fractures
Spondylolisthesis
Spine
Degenerative disc disease
Torticollis
Foot deformities
Tenosynovitis
Theme Topic
The ear
Hearing loss
Cholesteatoma
Otosclerosis
Ménière disease
Tinnitus
Case: Dizziness
Epistaxis
Nose
Nasal papilloma
Rhinitis
Rhinosinusitis
Sinusitis
Larynx
Laryngitis
Laryngeal carcinoma
Pharyngeal cancer
Adenoid hypertrophy
8. Ophthalmology
Theme Topic
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctiva Trachoma
Pterygium
Retinal detachment
Glaucoma Glaucoma
Horner syndrome
9. Neurosurgery
Theme Topic
Cerebrovascular system
Stroke
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Epidural hematoma
Cerebrovascular conditions
Subdural hematoma
Locked-in syndrome
Carotid-cavernous fistula
Cerebral aneurysms
Hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus
Brain tumours
Astrocytoma
Meningioma
Acoustic neuroma
Syringomyelia
Spinal stenosis
Theme Topic
Infertility
Nonhormonal contraception
Prenatal care
Pregnancy
Multiple pregnancy
HIV in pregnancy
Childbirth
Mechanics of childbirth
Birth traumas
Antepartum hemorrhage
Postpartum period
Puerperium
Prenatal and postnatal physiology
2. Gynaecology
Theme Topic
Menopause
Urinary incontinence
Ovarian tumors
Hypogonadism
Menstrual cycle, puberty and hormones
Estrogen and associated diseases
Endometrial cancer
Vulvovaginitis
Ectopic pregnancy
Pregnancy loss
Theme Topic
Birth traumas
Perinatal hepatitis B
Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
2. General Paediatrics
Theme Topic
Vaccination
National Vaccination Program
Immunisation schedule
3. Cardiology
Theme Topic
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
Theme Topic
Acute leukemia
Paediatric haem-onc
Hodgkin lymphoma
Neuroblastoma
Retinoblastoma
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
Theme Topic
Puberty
Puberty disorders
Disorders of sex development
Short stature
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
6. Infectious Diseases
Theme Topic
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Roseola infantum
Chickenpox
Seborrheic dermatitis
Acne vulgaris
Molluscum contagiosum
Impetigo
Dermatophyte infections
Scabies
Dermatology and rashes
Lice infestation
Kawasaki disease
Sepsis Sepsis
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
7. Neurology
Theme Topic
Meningitis
Neuro infections
Poliomyelitis
Craniosynostosis
Hydrocephalus
Neurology
Craniovertebral junction anomalies
Seizure disorders
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
Theme Topic
Chromosomal aberrations
Cerebral Palsy
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
9. Pulmonology
Theme Topic
Bronchiolitis
Croup
Respiratory tract infections
Pertussis
Acute bronchitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Urticaria, angioedema and anaphylaxis
Angioedema
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
10. Gastroenterology
Theme Topic
Acute appendicitis
Esophageal atresia
Hirschsprung’s disease
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Intussusception
Meckel diverticulum
Inguinal hernia
Testicular torsion
Approach to children with acute abdominal pain
Ovarian torsion
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Celiac disease
Crohn disease
Ulcerative colitis
Lactose intolerance
Diarrheagenic E. coli
Rotavirus infection
Diarrhea
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
Theme Topic
Conjunctivitis
Opthalmology
Strabismus
Orbital cellulitis
Otitis externa
Acute tonsilitis
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Rhinitis
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
12. Nephrology
Theme Topic
Vesicoureteral reflux
Nephritic syndrome
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Theme Topic
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
Transient synovitis
Idiopathic scoliosis
Septic arthritis
Osteomyelitis and infectious arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
Theme Topic
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Theme Topic
Inherited hyperbilirubinemia
Choanal atresia
Neurocutaneous syndromes
Australian resources and guidelines Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Clinical Practice Guidelines
Theme Topic
Tourette syndrome
Neurodevelopmental conditions
Emotional and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents
Personality disorders
Personality disorders
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
Schizophrenia
Delusional disorder
Lithium
Antipsychotics
Anxiety disorders
Depressive and anxiety conditions
Antidepressants
Suicidality
Sleep disorders
Sleep wake disorders
Sedative hypnotic drugs
Delirium
Alzheimer’s disease
Neurocognitive conditions
Vascular dementia
Frontotemporal dementia
Parkinson-plus syndromes
Anticonvulsant drugs
Australian resources and guideline RANZCP: Guidelines and resources for practice