19EEPC304 –

DC MACHINES AND
TRANSFORMERS

by
Dr.S.Vijayabaskar
Professor and HoD/EEE
 SYLLABUS
Electrcial Machines I
by
Bakshi
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=3y0Y4C5bVIU
 UNIT I

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMECHANICAL
ENERGY CONVERSION (9)
Energy in magnetic system – Field energy and co
energy - Force and torque equations- eddy
current and hysteresis losses – Singly and
multiply excited magnetic field systems - mmf of
distributed AC windings – Winding Inductances -
Rotating Magnetic Field and mmf waves -
Magnetic saturation and leakage fluxes.
 UNIT II
DC GENERATORS(9)
Constructional details and principle of
operation – Armature winding - Emf
equation – Types of DC generators -
Armature reaction – Effects of armature
reaction - demagnetizing & cross
magnetizing ampere-turns –compensating
windings – interpoles – commutation –
Characteristics of DC generators - losses
and efficiency - Parallel operation of DC
generators- applications of DC
generators.
 UNIT III
DC MOTORS (9)
Constructional details and principle of
operation- back emf – Types of DC motors
- Torque equation- losses and efficiency –
power flow diagram – Electrical and
mechanical characteristics of different
types of DC motors – DC motor Starters –
Speed control methods – Types of Electric
braking- applications of DC motors.
 UNIT IV
TRANSFORMERS(9)
Principle of operation - Types and
constructional features of single phase
and three phase transformers - EMF
equation - Phasor diagram - Transformers
on load - Equivalent circuit - Voltage
Regulation and efficiency - All day
efficiency Three phase transformer
connections - Scott connection - Parallel
operation of three phase transformers -
Inrush current - Auto transformers - Tap
changing transformer.

 UNIT V
TESTING OF DC MACHINES AND
TRANSFORMERS(9)
DC machines: Brake test, field test,
Retardation test - Swinburne’s test -
Hopkinson’s test. Transformers: Open
Circuit and Short Circuit Tests - Phasing,
Identification and Polarity of transformer
winding - Sumpner’s test.
Generator :
Which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy

Motor :
Which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy

Transformer :
It is static device which transforms electrical energy
from one circuit to another circuit without changing
the frequency
 ELECTRICAL MACHINE TYPES

1. DC MACHINES
2. TRANSFORMER
3. AC MACHINES
4. SPECIAL MACHINES
(1) DC MACHINES types

(i) DC Generator
(a) Series
(b) Shunt
(C) Compound

(ii) DC Motor
(a) Series
(b) Shunt
(C) Compound
(2) AC MACHINES types
* Synchronous Machines
(a) Synchronous Generator
(i) Single Phase
(ii) Three Phase
(b) Synchronous motor
(i) Single Phase
(ii) Three Phase
* Asynchronous Machines
- Induction machines
(a) Single Phase
(b) Three Phase
(3) TRANSFORMER
(a) Core type
(i) Step up Transformer
(ii) Step down Transformer
(b) Shell type
(i) Step up Transformer
(ii) Step down Transformer
(4) Special machines
(i) Stepper motor
(ii) Brushless DC motor
(iii) Switched reluctance motor
(iv) Permanent magnet synchronous motor
 UNIT II
DC Generator
 Comparison
S.No Lap Winding Wave Winding
1. Lap winding is also known as parallel 1. Wave winding is also known as series
windings. winding.
2.
The number of parallel path is equal to 3. The number of parallel paths is always
the number of poles, i.e., A = P. equal to 2 , i.e., A = 2.
3. The number of brush required by this
4. The number of brushes required by this
winding is always equal to the number
winding is always equal to 2.
of poles.
4.
The machine using lap winding 5. The machine using wave winding does
requires equalizer rings require dummy coils to provide the
for obtaining better commutation. mechanical balance for the armature.
5.
Lap windings are used for low voltage 6. Wave windings are used for high voltage
and high current machines. and low current machines.
6.
Lap windings are generally used for 7. Wave windings are generally used for
machines of ratings above 500 kW. machines of ratings below 560 kW

3
 E.M.F. Equation
P – No. of Poles
Ф – Flux per poles in Wb
Z – Total no. of armature conductor
A – Armature parallel paths
N – No. of rotation in revolution per minute
(RPM)
E – EMF induced in the armature

3
 Contd…
Avg. emf generated / conductor (E) = dф / dt volt
Flux cut per conductor in one revolution = (dф) = Pф Wb
No. of revolution per sec = N/60 ,

Time for one revolution (dt) = 60 / N sec

Hence, According to Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
EMF generated / conductor = dф / dt = PфN / 60 volt
No. of conductor in one path of the armature = Z/A

E.M.F generated / path (Eg) = PфNZ/ 60 A

For Lap winding, A=P
For Wave winding, A=2

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 Armature Reaction : -
 The armature current will set up its own magnetic
field. The effect of this armature flux on the
distribution of main field flux is called armature
reaction.
 Effects :
– Demagnetizing Component.
– Cross Magnetizing Component

 MNA – Magnetic neutral axis (or) axis of

commutation
 GNA – Geometric neutral axis

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Armature MNA and GNA axis

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ARMATURE REACTION :

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HOW TO REDUCE ARMATURE
REACTION?

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 COMMUTATION : -
 The reversal of currents likely to take place in short
interval when a coil is short circuited by a brush so
that transfer of current from one direction to other is
carried out without any sparking.
 (Or)

 This is post about commutation in dc generator and

dc motor. The reversal of current in the armature
winding by means of commutator bar and brushes is
known as commutation process.

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 Process of Commutation
STEP - 1

STEP - 2

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STEP - 3

STEP - 4

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STEP - 5

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 (Low resistance copper brushes are replaced
by high resistance copper brushes)

(Using interpoles)

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Parallel operation of DC
generator
Parallel operation of DC generator :
Conditions,
 Polarity must be the same

 Voltage must be the same