Petrology

Petrology means “STUDY OF ROCKS”
Petro = Rock
Logy = Study
 The branch of geology deals with the
various aspects of rocks such as, Origin,
Association, Occurrence, Mineral
composition, Chemical composition,
Texture, Structure, Physical properties of
rocks.
is a natural substance, a solid
aggregate of one or more minerals combined
together in an orderly manner.
deals with the descriptive part of
rocks.
deals with the mode of formation

of rocks.
n IGNEOUS ROCK
Igneous rocks are the primary rocks, which are formed

due to cooling and solidification of magma.
Magma is a hot viscous, siliceous melt, containing
water vapour and gases.
Magma comes out from the greater depth below the
earth surface, such magma is called
BASIC TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Intrusive igneous rocks
crystallize below Earth's
surface, and the slow cooling
that occurs there allows
large crystals to form.
Examples of intrusive igneous
rocks are diabase,
diorite, gabbro, granite,
pegmatite, and peridotite.
KINDS OF INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
These Rocks are formed at

intermediate depth generally
up to 2 km below the earth
surface and exhibits mixed
characteristics of volcanic and
plutonic.
KINDS OF INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
These Rocks are formed at

considerable depth generally
upto 7-10 km below the earth
surface. Because of very slow
rate of cooling at these depth
coarse grained rocks are
formed.
BASIC TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Extrusive igneous rocks
erupt onto the surface, where
they cool quickly to form
small crystals. Some cool
so quickly that they form an
amorphous glass. These rocks
include andesite, basalt,
dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyoli
te, scoria, and tuff.
KIND OF EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
These rocks are formed due to

cooling and solidification of
lava erupted from volcanoes. since
lava cools down very fast
rate. The grain size of the crystal
formed in these rock is fine.
KIND OF EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Types of Igneous Textures
 exhibit a fine-grained texture ( from words

“a” which means not and “phaner”
meaning visible)
 this are igneous rocks that formed at the
surface or a small intrussive masses within
the upper crust where cooling is relatively
rapid.
 exhibit coarse-grained texture

 these are large masses of magma that
slowly crystallize at great depth
During some volcanic eruptions, molten rock is

ejected into the atmosphere, where it is
quenched quickly. Rapid cooling of this type
may generate rocks having a glassy texture
-also known as fragmented texture

- exceptionally coarsed-grained
igneous rock that are formed under special
conditions.
Naming Igneous Rocks
are mostly feldspar (especially K-feldspar), at least

10% quartz, and less than 15% mafic minerals
(biotite, hornblende).
EXAMPLE:
 Granite
 Rhyolite
 Obsidian
 Pumice
are roughly even mixtures of felsic minerals

(mainly plagioclase) and mafic minerals
(mainly hornblende, pyroxene, and/or
biotite). There is little or no quartz.
EXAMPLE:
 Andesite
 Diorite
are dominated by plagioclase and

pyroxene (even if you can't see them with
the naked eye) and smaller amounts of
olivine
EXAMPLE:
 Basalt
 Gabbro
are Plutons that have been exposed
on the surface through uplift and
erosion.
are tabular bodies of magma that
intrude into a fracture. Sills follow
bedding planes, whereas dikes
cross-cut beds.
also called Inselbergs
are isolated rock hills standing in a
level plain. These are often the
result of softer sedimentary rocks
eroding around a hard intrusive
igneous body.
Igneous rocks have a wide variety of uses. One important
use is as stone for buildings and statues
 used as other decorative artwork
 some are also a popular choice for kitchen countertops
 SEDIMENTARY ROCK
are formed by the accumulation of sediments
form from the accumulation of sediment at earth’s

surface. Most sedimentary rocks are layered.
Sedimentary rocks can form from grains of pre-
existing rocks (detritus), from chemical processes, or
from organic processes.
 SEDIMENTARY ROCK
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Clastic or Detrital deposit rock
They are mechanically formed rocks. These

are formed due to the process of weathering,
erosion, transportation and deposition of
pre-existing rocks.
KIND OF clastic rock
-If the grain size are more than 2 mm in dia,

If the grain size is in between 1 and 2 mm.

If the size of the particle is < 1mm in dia,

ROCKS
Chemical deposit rock
 They are formed by precipitation, evaporation or
crystallizationfrom natural aqueous solution.
 When water is rich in dissolved salt evaporates and
left behindminerals. (Halite)
 Limestone can form when calcite minerals dissolved
in lakes,sea and underground water comes out of
solution and formcrystal.
Chemical deposit rock
ROCKS
Organic deposit rock
Sedimentary rocks which are formed exclusively
from remainsof organisms like plant / animals
deposited in a thick layer.
Organic deposit rock
USES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
 used in power plants as well, for production and

supply of electricity
 used for the production of cement. And we all
know how essential and important the usage of
cement is, for building.
 METAMORPHIC
ROCK
comes from the Greek words:

Meta =change,
Morph = form
metamorphism means to change

form.
UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CEGEOL220_ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
 METAMORPHIC
ROCK
Metamorphic rocks are those rocks that are formed asa
result of transformation that takes place in the pre-
existingrocks (Igneous/sedimentary rocks). When the
pre-existing rocks are subjected to higher temperature,
pressure and chemically active liquids and gases, the
minerals present in the original rocks changes to new
environmental condition.
The most important factor driving metamorphism is
heat because it provides the energy needed to drive
the chemical reactions that result in the
recrystallization of existing minerals and/or the
formation of new minerals.
First, heating promotes recrystallization
of mineral grains.This is particularly true
of sedimentary and volcanic rocks that
are composed of fine_x0002_grained clay
and silt sized particles.
Second, when rocks are heated, they eventually reach a
temperature at which one or more minerals become chemically
unstable. When this occurs, the constituent atoms begin to arrange
themselves into crystalline structures that are more stable in the new
high-temperature environment. These chemical reactions create new
minerals with stable configurations that have an overall composition
roughly equivalent to that of the original rock.
two effects
1. As with heat, it can control which minerals or
forms of minerals are stable. Some minerals may
be converted to minerals with similar
composition but different atomic packing simply
because pressure is increased.
 CONFINING (o LITHOSTATIC) PRESSURE
DIRECTED (or DIFFERENTIAL) PRESSURE

two effects
2. The second effect of pressure is to reorient minerals
with linear or platy structure or to create a preferred
orientation of them as they form. Thus elongate
minerals such as amphiboles, or platy minerals such as
clays or micas tend to align themselves parallel to each
other when under pressure. This only happens when
there is directed pressure; confining pressure does not
accomplish it. The diagram illustrates the effect.
serve only to speed up other metamorphic
processes, or perhaps even allow them to happen
at all. Chemical reactions require water, and most
proceed much faster as the amount of water goes
up. Dissolved ions in the fluid also make those
mineral transformations that require chemical
changes in the minerals to occur, whether by
supplying needed ions or flushing away excess
ones.
a process wherein substantial chemical changes
accompanies metamorphism
Metamorphic textures are either granular or
foliated. Here we examine only the foliated types.
- this refers to any planar that is nearly flat
arrangement of mineral grains or structural
features within a rock.
- this occur in metamorphic environments that is
ultimately driven by compressional stresses that
shorten rock units, causing mineral grains in pre
existing rocks to develop parallel or nearly parallel
alignmet.
WAYS OF FORMING DIVERSE TYPES OF FOLIATION
 Rotation of platy and/or elongated mineral grains into
parallel or nearly parallel orientation
 Recrystallization that produces new minerals with grains

that exhibit a preferred orientation
 Mechanism that change spheritically shaped grains into

elongated shapes that are aligned in a preferred orientation.
CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC
TEXTURE
Foliated
When pressure squeezes the flat or elongate
minerals within a rock so they become aligned.
These rocks develop a platy or sheet-like structure
that reflects the direction that pressure was applied
in. Slate, schist, and gneiss are all foliated
metamorphic rocks.
Various types of foliation exist, depending largely upon the grade of
metamorphism and the mineral content of the parent rock
ROCK OR SALTY CLEAVAGE
 a pervasive, parallel foliation
(layering) of fine-grained
platy minerals (chlorite) in a
direction perpendicular to
the direction of maximum
stress. Produces the rocks
slate and phyllite.
SCHISTOSITY
 the layering in a coarse
grained, crystalline rock due
to the parallel arrangement
of platy mineral grains such
as muscovite and biotite
GNEISSIC (Mineral Banding)
 The layering in a rock in
which bands or lenses of
granular minerals (quartz
and feldspar) alternate with
bands or lenses in which
platy (mica) or elongate
(amphibole) minerals
predominate
TEXTURE
Non Foliated
Non foliated metamorphic rocks are formed around
igneous intrusions where the temperatures are high
but the pressures are relatively low and equal in all
directions
TEXTURE
PORPHYROBLASTIC TEXTURE
 metamorphic rocks consists of unusually large grains,
called , that are surrounded by a fine-grained
matrix of other minerals
 this textures develop in a wide range of rock types and
metamorphic environments when minerals in the parent
rock recrystallize to form new minerals.
METAMORPHIC ENVIRONMEMTS
 There are many environments in which metamorphism

occurs. Most are in the vicinity of plate margins, and several
are associated with igneous activity. We will consider the
following types of metamorphism:
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
CONTACT OR THERMAL
 occurs in rock exposed to high temperature and low
pressure, as might happen when hot magma intrudes into or
lava flows over pre-existing protolith.
 This combination of high temperature and low pressure
produces numerous metamorphic facies. The lowest
pressure conditions produce hornfels facies, while higher
pressure creates greenschist, amphibolite, or granulite
facies.
MAIN TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
A. CONTACT OR THERMAL
MAIN TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
B. REGIONAL
occurs when parent rock is subjected to
increased temperature and pressure over a
large area and is often located in mountain
ranges created by converging continental
crustal plates.
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
HYDROTHERMAL
 This type of metamorphism is often closely associated with
the emplacement of magma. As large magma bodies cool
and solidify, silica-rich fluids (mainly water) are driven into
the host rocks. When the host rock is highly fractured,
mineral matter contained in these hydrothermal solutions
may precipitate to form a variety of minerals, some of which
are economically important.
OTHER TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
HYDROTHERMAL
BURIAL
occurs when rocks are deeply buried, at depths
of more than 2000 meters (1.24 miles) [10].
Burial metamorphism commonly occurs in
sedimentary basins, where rocks are buried
deeply by overlying sediments
METAMORPHISM ALONG FAULT

 metamorphic rocks made along faults
METAMORPHISM ALONG FAULT
IMPACT METAMORPHISM
(also known as SCHOCK METAMORPHISM)
is a metamorphism resulting from
meteor or other bolide impacts, or
from a similar high-pressure shock
event. Shock metamorphism is the
result of very high pressures (and
higher, but less extreme temperatures)
delivered relatively rapidly
USES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
 Metamorphic rocks are very hard and can be used in the

construction industry
 used for rip rap in coastal defence schemes
 Decorative rocks such as marble can be used in homes for
fireplaces and kitchen work surfaces
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS ACCORDING
TO PHYSICAL
Stratified rocks
These rocks are having layered structure.
They possess planes of stratification or
cleavage. They can be easily split along
these planes.
EX :Sand stones, lime stones, slate etc.
TO PHYSICAL
Un-stratified rocks
These rocks are not stratified. They possess
crystalline and compact grains. They cannot
be split in to thin slab.
Granite, trap, marble etc. are the examples
of this type of rocks.
TO PHYSICAL
Foliated Rocks
These rocks have a tendency to split along
a definite direction only. The direction need
not be parallel to each other as in case of
stratified rocks. This type of structure is
very common in case of metamorphic
rocks.
TO CHEMCIAL COMPOSITION
Siliceous rocks
These rocks which have silica as
the main constituent.
The silica in the free state is
called sand and in combined state
is silicate.
Examples: Granite, Quartzite,
Sandstone etc.
Argillaceous rocks
These rocks which
have clay or
alumina as the main
constituent.
Examples: Kaolin,
Laterite, Slate
etc.
Calcareous rocks
These rocks which have
calcium carbonate or lime as
their leading constituent.
These rocks are readily acted
upon by even dilute HCl.
Examples: Limestone and
Marble.

Petrology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Petrology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Petrology means “STUDY OF ROCKS”

deals with the mode of formation

Igneous rocks are the primary rocks, which are formed

These Rocks are formed at

These Rocks are formed at

These rocks are formed due to

 exhibit a fine-grained texture ( from words

 exhibit coarse-grained texture

During some volcanic eruptions, molten rock is

-also known as fragmented texture

are mostly feldspar (especially K-feldspar), at least

are roughly even mixtures of felsic minerals

are dominated by plagioclase and

form from the accumulation of sediment at earth’s

Clastic or Detrital deposit rock

They are mechanically formed rocks. These

-If the grain size are more than 2 mm in dia,

If the grain size is in between 1 and 2 mm.

If the size of the particle is < 1mm in dia,

 used in power plants as well, for production and

comes from the Greek words:

metamorphism means to change

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

 CONFINING (o LITHOSTATIC) PRESSURE

DIRECTED (or DIFFERENTIAL) PRESSURE

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

 Recrystallization that produces new minerals with grains

 Mechanism that change spheritically shaped grains into

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

 There are many environments in which metamorphism

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

METAMORPHISM ALONG FAULT

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

 Metamorphic rocks are very hard and can be used in the

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

You might also like