RESUM-EFHS-UNIT-4-6.

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English for Health Sciences

1º Grado en Enfermería

Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Manresa

Universidad de Vic-Universidad Central de Catalunya

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 RESUM: UNIT 4 - 6
DIABETES
Serious disease in which there is too much sugar in blood

➢ Type 1: IDDM
➢ NIDDM
➢ Type 2: NIDGD (during pregnancy) or Diabetes Insipidus (rare condition that occurs when the kidneys are
unable to conserve water as they perform their function of filtering blood)

MEDICAL TERMS
● Pancreas: organ which produces insulin, which regulates blood sugar
● Diabetes: disease characterised by high levels of sugar in the blood
● Diabetic: person who suffers from diabetes
● Hypoglycaemia: low level of sugar in the blood
● Hypoglycaemic agent: medication used to lower blood sugar
● Glycosuria: presence of glucose in the urine ⇒ glucosuria
● Ketones: y-product produced when fats metabolise
● Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): condition where the blood is more acidic than the surrounding tissues
● Insulin: hormone produced in the beta cells of the pancreas
● Blood Sugar Level (BSL): amount of glucose in the blood

● Beta cells: cells which secrete insulin in the pancreas

● Bile: greenish fluid secreted by the liver which helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats
● Blood Glucose Level: concentration of sugar in the blood ⇒ Blood Sugar Level
● Bolus: extra dose of a medication given to raise the blood concentration to a therapeutic level
● Carbohydrates: simple compounds which are used by the body for storing and transporting energy
● Common bile duct: duct that forms when the hepatic duct and the cystic duct join before emptying bile into
the duodenum
● Co-morbidities: condition of having 2 or more diseases at the same time
● Ketoacidosis: acidosis due to the accumulation of ketone bodies ⇒ Diabetic Ketoacidosis (diabetes)
● Duodenum: 1st part of the small intestine which extends from the pylorus end of the stomach to the jejunum
● Gallbladder: a small organ under the liver which stores bile until it is needed
● Glucose monitor: instrument which measures and records the amount of glucose on a strip containing
capillary blood
● Hypoglycaemic attack: condition caused by decreased blood sugar levels; to low for proper brain function
● Islet cells: cluster of cells found in the pancreas which secrete hormones including insulin and glucagon ⇒
Islets of Langerhans
● Nicotine patch: adhesive patch for the skin which contains slow-release nicotine, used by smokers when
quitting smoking to minimise withdrawal symptoms
● Syringe: medical instrument used to inject fluids into the body or take fluids out of the body
● Type I Diabetes: severe form of diabetes caused by insufficient or absent insulin and resulting in abnormal
metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
● Type II Diabetes: milder form of diabetes exacerbated by obesity and an inactive lifestyle vial

EMPATHETIC RESPONSES
Oh dear That’s a shame MM. Yes… Mm, I see
That’s good Oh, that’s a pity Oh, that’s not so good I’m sorry to hear that

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 ABBREVIATIONS
GP: General Practitioner (Local Doctor) BSL: Blood Sugar Level
IDDM: Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus l’ade: Lemonade
NIDDM: Non Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus u / a: urinalysis
DKA: Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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MEDICAL FOCUS: The Pancreas
The pancreas is a small L-shaped organ which sits against the duodenum behind the stomach. It is quite small, at
around 15cm long. The pancreatic duct runs along the middle of the pancreas and empties into the duodenum. It
supplies pancreatic enzymes (pancreatic juices), which aid in the digestion process. This is described as the
exocrine function of the pancreas (exo meaning “out”). Pancreatic juices flow out of the pancreas through the
pancreatic duct, which is joined by the common bile duct before emptying into the duodenum.The pancreas also
has an endocrine function (endo meaning “within”). This is the release of hormone within the bloodstream.

There are 4 main types of hormone produced in the hormone - producing

cells of the pancreas - the islets of Langerhans (islet cells). Beta cells
produce insulin. The function of insulin is to lower the BSL. Beta cells
make up almost 80% of all islet cells. Alpha cells make up almost 20%,
and these release glucagon, which raises the level of glucose in the
blood. This is the opposite function to insulin. Insulin stimulates cells in the
body to use or store the glucose produced from the metabolism of
carbohydrates in food. Glucose is used in the body as an energy source.

DIABETES
The normal pancreas produces a hormone called insulin in the beta cells. Insulin regulates BSL by moving
glucose from the blood into the muscle liver and fat cells. This means that glucose is used as fuel for the body.

The diabetic pancreas may not produce any insulin at all in the beta cells, or produce too little insulin to normalise
BSL. If no insulin is produced, this is called Type 1 diabetes and is often the cause of diabetes in children. Daily or
twice daily infections of inulin are needed by people with Type 1 diabetes.

When the pancreas produces too little insulin, this is called Type 2 diabetes and makes up about 90% of all cases
of diabetes. This type of diabetes may be treated with an oral hypoglycaemic medication and sometimes also
with insulin injections. 2 new devices, insulin pumps and insulin inhalers, offer great improvements in lifestyle
for all diabetics.

INFORMATION LEAFLET
Worn all the time, delivers a steady flow of insulin throughout the day. Rapid or short-acting insulin is delivered
through a catheter placed under the skin. Give an extra, or bolus dose to cover times when more carbohydrate is
eaten during a meal or snack. Patient has fewer large swings in BGL.

Insulin is drawn up from a vial into a disposable syringe. Varying doses can be drawn up if needed. 1 or 2 types
of insulin can be mixed in the syringe. Markings on the side of the syringe can be difficult to see, which makes
drawing up accurate doses more difficult.

Insulin cartridge fits into the device and can be changed. Pre-filled devices are disposable and easier for
diabetics who have arthritis or are visually impaired. Needle is inserted on the end of the device and changed with
each injection.

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English for Health Sciences
Banco de apuntes de la
 Refer = derivar (el pacient a algun lloc) Intake = ingest = consumir
Acknowledge = reconèixer / admirar Nasty = very bad
By-product = subproducte (prod. secundari / derivat)

ABBREVIATIONS
UTI: Urinary Tract Infection MSU: Midstream Urine Specimen

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IDC: Indwelling Catheter Malaiser = malestar

Specimen jar = Specimen container Lid = tapa Kidney = ronyó

Build-up = increase In situ = permanent Leucocytes = white blood cells

MEDICAL FOCUS: The kidneys

Unfiltered blood enters the kidney for filtration through the renal artery from
the heart. Blood passes to the kidneys in large quantities so that it can be
filtered well and have most of the waste products removed. Renal veins carry
the cleaned blood away from each kidney. Renal veins are wider than renal
arteries because they transport blood towards the inferior vena cava of the
heart.

The blood returned from the heart through the renal artery contains a toxic
product (urea) and also high levels of salt and a large amount of water. The
kidney’s function is to filter out these unwanted materials. In addition, the
kidney also reabsorbs any products the body needs and secretes waste
materials as urine.

Blood enters the kidney through the hard outer layer or cortex .The filtration units of the kidney (nephrons) are
found in the renal cortex. The nephrons help to filter out waste from the blood, leaving a filtrate of important salts
and glucose. The renal medulla is where the level of salt and water in urine is controlled. Sodium ions are
concentrated in the medulla so that very concentrated urine is produced.

Any excess water and waste products are then secreted as urine. The urine collects in the renal pelvis, which is
the fan-shaped section at the narrowest part of the kidney that joins onto each ureter. The ureters are 2 tubes
which transport the urine from the kidney to the bladder, or storage section. From the bladder there is another
tube (urethra) which is where the urine passes to the outside.

MEDICAL TERMS
● Urinalysis: process of analysing urine using physical or chemical tests
● Urine: fluid which is excreted by the kidneys
● Urinal: used by male patients to pass urine into (bottle)
● Bed pan: toileting receptacle which is used by bed-bound patients (“urinal”)
● Renal: relating to the kidneys
● pH: measurement of how acidic or alkaline a solution is
● Proteinuria: protein in the urine (albuminuria)
● Haematuria: blood in the urine
● Specimen: a sample, usually of urine or blood
● Oedema: excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues
● Anuria: no urine output
● Nephrons: filtering units of the kidney
● Oliguria: low urine output

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 ABBREVIATIONS
CDs: Controlled Drugs Sc: Subcutaneous (“ “ subcutaneous skin’s layer)
INR: International Normalised Ratio IM: Intramuscular (injection given into the muscle)
Mane: In the morning mg: Milligram
Nocte: at night mcg: Microgram
Supp: Suppositories ml: Millilitre
Tab: Tablets Po: By mouth (per os)
Cap: Capsule GIT: Gastrointestinal Tract

5 RIGHTS IN DRUG
1. Right patient: Check the patient's full name, identity bracelet and date of birth by checking the hospital label
2. Right drug: Crosscheck the name of the medication on the Prescription Chart and the medication label
3. Right dose: Crosscheck the dose of the medication on the Prescription Chart and on the medication label
4. Right time: Check how often the medication is to be given and at what times
5. Right route: Check the route of administration on the Prescription Chart

To relieve pain = alleviate Clot = solid mass Crosscheck = check again

Countersign = sign again Medical chart = Prescription chart Label = etiqueta

STAGES OF MEDICATION CHECK

1. Ask for help
2. Crosscheck chart and patient information
3. Check the medication label
4. Crosscheck route
5. Crosscheck time of administration
6. Check the INR result
7. Crosscheck done on Medication Chart
8. Take out medication
9. Sign Medication Chart
10. Countersign Medication Chart

ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF ATORVASTATIN

After you swallow the tablet, it enters the GIT. It passes through the
oesophagus, the tube which leads to the stomach. The tablet passes
into the stomach, where it is absorbed. It mixes with the liquids there
so it can pass into the bloodstream. It then goes into the liver via the
small intestine, the part under the stomach.

The drug is metabolised (chemically changed) in the liver, which stops

the production of an enzyme which causes the body to produce a
harmful type of cholesterol. By inhibiting this enzyme, the amount of
“bad cholesterol” which is released into the blood is reduced.

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Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.