Assignment on Spectrometer

Submitted by –

Md. Samsur Rahman Sujan

Roll : FH-018-121

Registration Number : 2019018180

Second Year, Department of Physics

Lab Group : C , Batch 08

Submitted to –

Dr. Md. Abdus Satter

Pulak Das Gupta

 WHAT IS A SPECTROMETER ?
A spectrometer (/spɛkˈtrɒmɪtər/) is a scientific instrument
used to separate and measure spectral components of a
physical phenomenon. Spectrometer is a broad term often
used to describe instruments that measure a continuous
variable of a phenomenon where the spectral components
are somehow mixed. In visible light a spectrometer can
separate white light and measure individual narrow bands
of color, called a spectrum. A mass spectrometer measures
the spectrum of the masses of the atoms or molecules
present in a gas. The first spectrometers were used to split
light into an array of separate colors. Spectrometers
were developed in early studies of physics, astronomy,
and chemistry. The capability of spectroscopy to
determine chemical composition drove its advancement
and continues to be one of its primary uses. Spectrometers
are used in astronomy to analyze the chemical composition
of stars and planets, and spectrometers gather data on
the origin of the universe.
Examples of spectrometers are devices that
separate particles, atoms, and molecules by
their mass, momentum, or energy. These types of
spectrometers are used in chemical analysis and particle
physics.
 TYPES OF SPECTROMETER

Colorimeters
In a colorimeter, a sample is exposed to a single wavelength
of light, or is scanned with many different wavelengths of
light. The light is in the visible band of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Colored liquids reflect, transmit (let pass) or
absorb different colors of light to different degrees.
UV Spectrometers
Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy works on a principle similar
to that of colorimetry, except the light applied to the sample
is in the ultraviolet range.
IR Spectrometers
Infrared (IR) spectrometers measure the response of a
sample when exposed to infrared light.
Atomic Spectrometers
Atomic spectrometers are used to analyze the elemental
composition of samples and to determine the
concentrations of elements of interest. There are two basic
types of atomic spectrometers— emission and absorbance
Mass Spectrometers
Mass spectrometers are used to analyze and identify the
chemical structure of molecules, especially large and
complex ones.
Electron Spectrometers
 In an Electron spectrometer, an incoming beam of
electrons is bent with electric or magnetic fields. As higher
energy electrons will be bent less by the beam, this
produces a spatially distributed range of energies. Electron
spectrometers are used on a range of scientific equipment,
including particle accelerators, transmission electron
microscopes, and astronomical satellites.
Optical absorption spectrometers

Optical spectrometers (often simply called "spectrometers"),

in particular, show the intensity of light as a function of
wavelength or of frequency. The different wavelengths of
light are separated by refraction in a prism or
by diffraction by a diffraction grating. Ultraviolet–visible
spectroscopy is an example.
These spectrometers utilize the phenomenon of optical
dispersion. The light from a source can consist of
a continuous spectrum, an emission spectrum (bright
lines), or an absorption spectrum (dark lines). Because
each element leaves its spectral signature in the pattern of
lines observed, a spectral analysis can reveal the
composition of the object being analyzed.[1]

Optical emission spectrometers

Optical emission spectrometers (often called "OES or spark

discharge spectrometers"), is used to evaluate metals to
determine the chemical composition with very high
accuracy. A spark is applied through a high voltage on the
surface which vaporizes particles into a plasma. The
particles and ions then emit radiation that is measured by
detectors (photomultiplier tubes) at different characteristic
wavelengths.

Mass spectrometer
A mass spectrometer is an analytical instrument that is
used to identify the amount and type of chemicals present
in a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio and
abundance of gas-phase ions.[2]

Time-of-flight spectrometer
The energy spectrum of particles of known mass can also
be measured by determining the time of flight between
two detectors (and hence, the velocity) in a time-of-flight
spectrometer. Alternatively, if the velocity is known, masses
can be determined in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
Magnetic spectrometer

A positive charged particle moving in a circle under the

influence of the Lorentz force F
When a fast charged particle (charge q, mass m) enters a
constant magnetic field B at right angles, it is deflected into
a circular path of radius r, due to the Lorentz force. The
momentum p of the particle is then given by

,
 Focus of a magnetic semicircular spectrometer
where m and v are mass and velocity of the particle. The
focusing principle of the oldest and simplest magnetic
spectrometer, the semicircular spectrometer,[3] invented
by J. K. Danisz, is shown on the left. A constant
magnetic field is perpendicular to the page. Charged
particles of momentum p that pass the slit are deflected
into circular paths of radius r = p/qB. It turns out that
they all hit the horizontal line at nearly the same place,
the focus; here a particle counter should be placed.
Varying B, this makes possible to measure the energy
spectrum of alpha particles in an alpha particle
spectrometer, of beta particles in a beta particle
spectrometer,[4] of particles (e.g., fast ions) in a particle
spectrometer, or to measure the relative content of the
various masses in a mass spectrometer.
Since Danysz' time, many types of magnetic
spectrometers more complicated than the semicircular
type have been devised.[4]
CONSTRUCTION OF A SPECTROMETER
A spectrometer is used for observing pure spectra of
sources of light in the laboratory. It is also used for
determining of refractive index of a transparent refracting
material like glass, water etc. Three main parts of
spectrometer are:
1. Collimator
 2. Prism table
3. Telescope.
(a) Collimator: Collimator provides a parallel beam of light.
It consists of two co-axial cylindrical tubes; one can slide
inside the other by rack and pinion arrangement. The free
end of inner tube carries a slit of adjustable width and free
end of outer tube carries an achromatic lens combination.
The slit is illuminated by the source. When the slit is at the
focus of the source, a parallel beam of light is given out.

(b) Prism table: It is a horizontal metallic circular plate P

on which the prism is mounted horizontally on a vertical
stand of adjustable height. The free end of the stand lies at
the center of main circular scales S graduated in degrees
from 0 to 360. The two diametrically opposite Vernier, V1
and V2 enable us to read accurately the position of the
prism.
(c) Telescope: Telescope is meant for observing the
spectrum. It is usually an astronomical telescope with
objective lens L2 and Rams den eye piece E. it is mounted
horizontally on a vertical attached to the main circular
scale. The telescope can be rotated about the prism table.
SPECTROMETER BASED ON DIFFRACTION GRATING or
PRISMS
This type of spectrometer is most commonly used in the
experiments such as, determination of the angle of prism,
determination of the refractive index of the material of a
prism and materials such as water, glycerin etc.,
determination of wavelengths of light from different
discharge tubes using diffraction grating and many others.
Many spectrometers exploit the wavelength-dependent
diffraction on one or several diffraction gratings, or the
wavelength-dependent refraction at one or several prisms.
Typically, an incident light beam is collimated (made
parallel) before being sent to a grating or prism. After that
dispersive element, different wavelength components
propagate in slightly different directions. The light may
then go through some additional optics and finally get to a
photodetector.
 In a scanning spectrometer, the detector can be a single
photodiode or a photomultiplier, placed after a narrow slit,
so that only one narrow range of wavelengths can get to the
detector at one time. The slit position or the angular
orientation of the grating or prism may then be moved such
that a certain wavelength range can be scanned, assuming
that the PSD of the input light remains constant during
that time. The optical setup then functions as a tunable
monochromator. The acquisition time for a full spectrum
can be long if a wide spectral range is scanned with high
resolution and if the detector cannot be very fast, e.g.
because the low optical power enforces a substantial
average time.

ELEMENTS RELATED TO SPECTROMETERS

1. Spirit Leveller
2. Discharge Tube
3. Prism
4. Diffraction Grating
5. Polarimeter